eng nature and economy. esval results in tkm 2015

TheresultsofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservicesinTurkmenistan

Technicalreport

Nature and the economy

ThisreportwaspreparedbyanIntersectoraltechnicalexpertgroupforidenti�icationandvaluationofecosystemserviceswiththesupportof the jointprojectof theMinistryofNatureProtectionofTurkmenistan,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram(UNDP)inTurkmenistan and the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) on “Planning of NationalBiodiversity to support the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)fortheperiodof2011-2020”(Reg.ЕК-848of1/07/2013). Methodofeconomicvaluation was developed with the support rendered by the British company“MetroeconomicaLtd”. OnthenationalsidethetechnicalsupportwasprovidedbytheNationalChiefTechnicalAdvisor(NCTA)andtheProjectImplementationUnit.

AygulMelyayeva

AmangozelAtayeva

MeretgulyEzizov

JoraGundogdyyev

SaparmuratShalyyev

YusupSeyitgeldyyev

MuratNepesov

MinistryofNatureProtectionofTurkmenistan

FisheryCommitteeofTurkmenistan

MinistryofWaterEconomyofTurkmenistan

InstituteofStrategicPlanningandEconomicDevelopmentundertheMinistryofEconomyandDevelopmentofTurkmenistanInstituteofEconomyandManagement

UnionofEconomistsofTurkmenistan

MembersoftheIntersectoraltechnicalexpertgroup:

RepresentativesoftheCompany“MetroeconomicaLtd”:AnilMarkandyaElenaStrukova

RepresentativeoftheUNDPTurkmenistan:Oleg Guchgeldiyev, National Senior Technical Advisor (NSTA), project on “Planning ofNationalBiodiversitytosupporttheimplementationoftheConventiononBiodiversityfortheperiodof2011-2020”.

Ссылканадокументобязательнаввиде:ESVAL2014.NatureandEconomy.ResultsofecosystemservicesvaluationinTurkmenistan.Technicalreport.Ashgabat2014.

MinistryofFinanceofTurkmenistan

“Todaythe environmenthasadirectimpactonhumanlivesandwell-beingallovertheworld,theimplementationofplansforsocialandeconomicdevelopment,situationindifferentregionsandaffectsrelationsbetweenstates”.

Source:PressconferenceofthePresidentofTurkmenistanGurbangulyBerdimuhamedovbasedontheresultsofparticipationinthe65-thUNGeneralAssembly.

1.Summary

2.Introduction2.1.Descriptionoftheproject2.2.Descriptionoftheconservationplandevelopmentprocess

3.Methodology3.1.De�initionofecosystemservices3.2.Descriptionoftheecosystemapproach3.3.Descriptionofthemethodologyofrapidassessmentandvaluation3.4.Descriptionandthekeymethodofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices

4.Studyresults.EcosystemservicesandtheirvalueinTurkmenistan

4.1.Drinkingwater4.2.Irrigationwater4.3.Pastures4.4.Medicinalplantsandfat4.5.Fishingandhuntinggoods4.6.Forestsandclimatechange4.7.ProtectedareasofTurkmenistan4.8.Firewood

5.Recommendationsforbiodiversityconservation5.1.Nationallevel5.2.Sectorallevel

6.References

Annex1.Methodofthequickidenti�icationandeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices(summary)

Annex2.Theprinciplesoftheecosystemapproach(summary)

Annex3.Classi�icationofecosystemservices

Annex4.TableonvalueofexistenceofimportantspeciesinTurkmenistanbymethodoftransfer

Annex5.Descriptionofpastureecosystems,numberofcattleandpastureproductivity

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Tableof Content

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Figures

Figure1.

Figure2.

Figure3.

Figure4.

Figure5.

Charts

Chart1.

Chart2.

Chart3.

Chart4.

Chart5.

Chart6.

Chart7.

Tables

Table1.

Table2.

Table3.

Table4.

Table5.

Table6.

Table7.

Table8.

Table9.

Table10.

Table11.

Table12.

Table13.

MajorecosystemsinTurkmenistan

ExamplesofecosystemsinTurkmenistan

CarryingoutthevaluationofecosystemservicesinTurkmenistan

Thekey“keepers”ofcarbonandairoxidationagentsin

Turkmenistan

MapofpasturelandsinTurkmenistan

KeyecosystemservicesinTurkmenistan

Principlesofstrategicplanningandactionplanforbiodiversity

conservation

Processofidenti�icationandselectionofecosystemservices

Processofgatheringinformationforvaluationofecosystemservices

Phasesofworkimplementationforvaluationofecosystem

servicesinTurkmenistan

RankingecosystemservicesinTurkmenistan

Tradeinmedicinalplantsbyprivatesectorinwelayats

Methodofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices

ForageyieldofpasturesinTurkmenistanbywelayat

RationalpasturecapacityinTurkmenistan(bywelayats)

EconomicvaluationofecosystemservicesinTurkmenistan(by

welayats,thousandmanats)

Economicvaluationofprovisionofirrigationwaterin

Turkmenistan

Marketvalueofthelivestockandgoodsdeliveredbypastures

CalculationofthetotalvalueofnaturalpasturesinTurkmenistan

basedonstockkeepingallyearroundandproductionoutput

ValueofcarbonabsorptionbyforestsinTurkmenistan

ValueofcarbonabsorptionbyforestsinTurkmenistan

AreaofnaturalpasturesofTurkmenistanbygrades

Averageweightof1animal(bytheexampleofSarjinsheep)

Averageproductionoutputper1animal(bytheexampleofSarjin

sheep)

Pastureproductivityduringtheallyear-roundstockkeeping

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Tableof Content

4

Acronyms

BSAP

CBD ConventionESVAL

GEFCentnersIUCNKgm³NCTANPAs

PA

SL

“PlanningofNationalBiodiversitytosupporttheimple-mentationoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity”.StrategicPlanofTurkmenistanfortheperiodof2011-2020.UNConventiononBiodiversity.UNConventiononBiologicalDiversity.Identi�icationandeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices,brieftitleofthestudyinTurkmenistan(acronym).GlobalEnvironmentalFacility.HundredweightEquals100metrickilograms.InternationalUnionofConservationofNature.Kilogram.Cubicmeters.NationalChiefTechnicalAdvisor.Natureprotectionareasincludingwildlifesanctuaries,naturereserves,parksetc.Protectedareas,includingzapovedniks(strictlyprotectedareas),zakazniks(wildlifesanctuaries),parksandother.Smalllivestock.

Summary

Raisingawarenessamongdecision-makersabouttheimportanceof

conservationofecosystemserviceswasoneoftheobjectivesof

identi�icationandvaluationofecosystemservicesin

Turkmenistan.Developmentofproposals(activities)and

mainstreamingeconomicinstru-mentsinthemanagementof

ecosystemserviceswasalsotheobjectiveoftheworkperformed.

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1Summary

Natureandtheeconomy.TheresultsofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservicesinTurkmenistan.TechnicalReport.

Withincreasingunderstandingofthedependenceoftheeconomy,health,andhumanexistenceontheso-calledecosystem(natural)services,thereisgrowingglobalrecognitionoftheimportanceoftheirconservationandsustainableuse.Ecosystemservicesincludeboth–serviceswhichbringdirectbene�itstopeople,suchasfood,water,pasturesandsoon,andnon-direct, invisibleserviceswhichdonotbringdirectbene�itsbutplayanimportantroleintheprovisionofdirectservices(e.g.pollination),aswellasprotectingpeoplefromnaturalandotherdisasters(e.g.�loods,landslides).

Theuseoftheecosystemapproach,whenanalyzingthewholeofecosystemservicesanddecisionsaimedattheirconservationbecomesmoreimportantasapolicytoolforsustainablelivelihoods.Economicvaluation,inturn,helpsimproveunderstandingoftheimportanceofcertainservicesandoffereconomictoolsthatmaintaintheseservices.

The Convention on Biological Diversity signed by Turkmenistan in 1996, offers two out of twenty globalstrategicgoalsforconservationofbiodiversityrelatedtotheuseofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservicesasatoolfordecision-makingandgeneralpolicydevelopment,particularlyineconomicsectors(AichiTargets1and2).

Raisingawarenessamongdecision-makersabouttheimportanceofconservationofecosystemserviceswasoneoftheobjectivesofidenti�icationandvaluationofecosystemservicesinTurkmenistan. Developmentofproposals(activities)andmainstreamingeconomicinstrumentsinthemanagementofecosystemserviceswasalsotheobjectiveoftheworkperformed.

Experts fromTurkmenistanused the “Methodologyof thequick identi�icationandvaluationof ecosystemservices”,aimedatthecapacitybuildingoflocalexpertsoneconomicvaluationthroughtheintensivetraining,engagement of representatives from all key economic sectors and local people for identi�ication ofmajorecosystemservicesinregionsandquickvaluationofthemostimportantservices. Aspartoftheimplementa-tionofthismethod,a10-daytrainingcoursewithparticipationoftheBritishcompany“MetroeconomicaLtd.”wasconducted,andatechnicalgroupofexpertsfromtheministries,educationalestablishmentsandNGOswassetup.

Duringtheactivitiescarriedoutinwelayats(regions)ofthecountry,twelvekeyecosystemservices,includingirrigationwater,drinkingwater,tourismandrecreation(healthresorts),historicalandculturalmonuments,habitatsprovidedbynaturereserves,landscapesofnaturereserves,pasturelands,huntingand�ishinggoods,fruitharvesting(includingpistachionuts),medicinalplantsandfat,pollination,climateregulationbyforestswereidenti�ied.Outofthetotalnumber,onlyeightecosystemserviceswereselectedforvaluation.Thelackofdatameansfordatagatheringandaccurateassessmentandotherwerethemainreasonsforthislimitation.Therefore,thevaluationwascarriedoutwithoutsocialstudiesandsurveys,onlywiththeinvolvementandparticipationoflocalstakeholders.

Themethodofeconomicvaluationwasapprovedbyleadingexpertsofthecompany“MetroeconomicaLtd.”.Briefmethodologypresentedbythetable1includesmethodsofmarketvalueassessmentoftheservicesdeliv-ered,costsofinputsforprovisionofservices,assessmentofprovisionofthealternativesandother.

Basedontheresultsoftheconductedanalysis,thetotalannualvalueofkeyecosystemservicesinTurkmenistanisestimatedatapproximately7.84billionmanatsor2.75billionUSDin2014.Thisisequalto3%ofthegrossnationalproduct(GNP)or14%ofthegrossagriculturalproduct.

Pasturesarethemostvaluableecosystemservices(Chart1).Theirvalueconstitutesmorethan62%ofthetotalvalueofnatural services,orapproximately4.863billionmanatsperyear (1.706billionUSdollars).Otherimportantecosystemservicesare:irrigationwaterprovision(1.846billionmanats),drinkingwater(approxi-mately 450 million manats per year), and provision of habitats by the national nature reserves (about

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Table 1. Method of economic valuation of ecosystem services.

Source: Authors.

562millionmanatsperyear).Itshouldbetakenintoaccountthatthelatterdoes not include such important economic services as preservation ofwatercatchmentinriverbasins,provisionofpollinationservices,pasturesandvalueofconservationofwildrelativesofcultivatedplants.Allthiscansigni�icantlyincreasethevalueofnatureconservationinnaturereserves.

Theresultsoftheworkperformedshoweconomicvalueandimportanceof provision of ecosystem services in Turkmenistan. Special attentionshould be given to pastures as the most valuable natural capital. Theanalysisrevealedtheneedfordevelopmentofthemechanismsofsustain-able pasture use, development and implementation of new forms of�inancingforpastureconservation.Forexample,themoneypaidfortheuseofpasturescanbeallocatedforimplementationofmechanismsofthe

Basedontheresultsoftheconductedanalysis,thetotalannualvalueofkeyecosystemservicesinTurkmenistanisestimatedatapproximately

7.84 2.75billionmanatsor

billionUSDin .Thisisequal2014to ofthegrossnational3%product(GNP)or ofthe14%grossagriculturalproduct.

Ecosystem service

Drinking water

Irrigation water

Pastures

Firewood

Calculation methodology

Calculation of cost of inputs for water provision

Calculation of cost of inputs for water provision

Calculation of pasture capacity and sustainableuse of forage

Alternative supply of rewood (market value ofthe alternative)

Fishing and hunting resources

Forests (climate change)

Natural medicinal plants

Calculation of the product market value

Calculation of cost of greenhouse gas emission

Calculation of the product market value

Nature reserves (protected areas) Value of habitats (costs for provision of habitats, feed andvalue of provided lands), value of conservation ofimportant species

Drinking water 5,75 %

Irrigation water 23,55 %

Pasture lands 62,04 %

Firewood 0,04 %

Fishing and hunting goods 0,07 %

Forests (climate change) 0,93 %

Natural (medicinal) plants 0,47 %

Nature reserves (protected areas) 7,16 %

23,55%

5,75%

62,04%

7,16%0,93%

0,07%

0,04%

0,47%

Chart 1. Key ecosystem services in Turkmenistan.

1Summary


8

sustainablepasturemanagement.Thesameconcernsprotectedareas.Accordingtotheassessment,theser-vicesdeliveredbynaturereservessigni�icantlyexceedmaintenancecostsforsuchservices;itshowspro�itabil-ityof“investing”innatureprotectionactivities.Toconductthetotalinventoryofecosystemservicesinnaturereserves,tousetheeconomicassessmentforjusti�icationofthenewnaturereservesandparkscouldbetheareasforfutureactivities,aimedatintegrationofeconomicvaluationofnatureresourcesintothedecision-makingprocess.

1Summary


Introduction

9

2.1.Descriptionoftheproject2.2.Descriptionoftheconservationplandevelopmentprocess

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2.1.Descriptionoftheproject

2

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ThemainprinciplesofthismethodologyshownintheChart2areasfollows:

Integrationprinciple,ormainstreaming,duringtheearliestactivitiesanddevelopmentplanningstage,biodiversityconservationissuesintotheplansandprogramsofthekeyeconomicsectorsthathaveanimpactonnature.

Participatoryprinciple,orinvolvementofallstakeholdersatthesectorallevelinthedevelopmentofenvisagedactivitiesandincreasetheownershipoftheactivitiescarriedoutbythesectoralagencies.

Co-ordinationprinciple,orapprovalandco-ordinationofconservationactivitieswiththebudgetaryand

Theproject“PlanningofNationalBiodiversitytosupportimplementationoftheConventiononBiodiversity.StrategicPlanofTurkmenistanfortheperiodof2011-2020”wasfundedbytheGlobalEnvironmentalFacilityandimplementedjointlybytheMinistryofNatureProtectionandtheUNDPTurkmenistan.Thekeyobjectiveoftheproject isto identifycountry'sgoalsfor integrationofbiodiversityconservationandsustainableuseineconomicsectorsdealingwiththeuseofnaturalresourcesandmainstreamingthesegoalsintothegovernmentplanningstructures.

Themaintasksoftheprojectwerethefollowing:thereviewofthesystemofbiodiversityplanning,thedevelop-mentofthenewstategoalsandanupdateoftheActionplanaswellasenhancingthenationalsystemofimple-mentationoftheActionplanonbiodiversityconservation.

Theprojectenvisagedtheimplementationofthefollowingimportantactivities:thereviewandanalysisofthesystemofbiodiversityplanning, theconductofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices, theanalysisanddevelopmentofactivitiesinordertomainstreambiodiversityissuesintoeconomicsectors.

WithintheimplementationofinternationalcommitmentspertainingtotheConventiononBiodiversity,theprojecthaspreparedthe5thNationalReportfortheConventionandthe2ndNationalReportfortheCartagenaProtocol,andwillupdatetheInternetsiterelatedtothemediationmechanismofsharinginformationbetweenthecountries-partiestothisConvention.

The project also takes a new approach to the co-operation between the UNDP Turkmenistan and theGovernment.Thenewapproachisaimedattheenhancingexpertiseandcapacitybuildingofthegovernmentof�icialsandjointimplementationoftheproject.FortheimplementationoftheprojectandpreparationoftheBSAPanintersectoralworkinggroupcomprisingmid-levelof�icials-representativesfromeightkeyministrieswassetup.Besides,atechnicalgroupforcarryingouteconomicvaluationandanintersectoraltechnicalgroupofITexpertsweresetupandtrained.

2.2.Descriptionoftheconservationplandevelopmentprocess

During its implementation, theprojectwas guidedby the relevant internationalpractices, adoptedby theConventiononBiodiversity,whichTurkmenistanaccededtoin1996.Moreover,theprojectdevelopedameth-odologyaimedattheintegrationofbiodiversityissuesintoproductionsectorsofthecountryinordertomain-streamissuesofbiodiversityconservationintothenational,sectoralandlocaldevelopmentplans.

2Introduction


1 Decision of the CBD, UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/X/2

Economicvaluationofecosystemservicesisanimportantpartofthepreparationofnationalstrategyandactionplanonbiodiversityconservation,asensuringunderstandingofbiodiversityvalueswillleadtobroadpoliticalsupport¹forfundingtheissuesofbiodiversityconservation.

Allactivitiesoftheprojectareimplementedwithparticipationoftherelevantgovernmentof�icialsandexpertsfromotherinstitutionsinordertobuildtheircapacityand,subsequently,jointlyimplementtheprojectobjec-tives.

Chart 2. Principles of strategic planning and action plan for biodiversity conservation.

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�inancialinstitutionsattheearlystagewiththeaimofpreparationofrobustprojectactivitiesand�inan-cialplanshereto.

INTEGRATIONPRINCIPLE

Maintreaming of biodiversity conservation issues intothe plans and programmes of the key economic sectors

PARTICIPATORYPRINCIPLE

Involvement of stakeholders at the sectoral andnational level

CO-ORDINATIONPRINCIPLE

Co-ordination with the budget and nancialinstituions prior to the approval of the document

2Introduction


Methodology

3

3.1.De�initionofecosystemservices3.2.Descriptionoftheecosystemapproach

3.3.Descriptionofthemethodologyofrapidassessmentandvaluation

3.4.Descriptionandthekeymethodofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices

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3.1.De�initionofecosystemservices

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Sand,clayandgypsumdeserts,rivervalleys,oasesandmountainsarethemainecosystemsofTurkmenistan.Desertscoverthemajor(morethan80%)areaofthecountry,followedbymountainousecosystems,thenoasesandriverecosystems.Marineecosystemsoccupythebiggestpartofthewesternbordersofthecountry.

Source: http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/turkmen/soe2/english/diagrams/mapeco.htm

Figure 1. Major ecosystems in Turkmenistan.

Ecosystemsareanintegralpartofhumanactivityandconnectedtoitthroughecosystemservices.TheCBDConventionde�inesecosystemservicesas“bene�itsthatnaturalecosystemsprovidetopeople”.Anotherde�ini-tionofecosystemservicesis:“theconditionsandprocessesthroughwhichnaturalecosystemsandspeciesthatmakethemup,sustainandful�illhumanlife”.

Ecosystemservicesmayinclude“provisioningservicesi.e.provisionofbene�icialgoods”,suchaswildfoods,rawmaterials, fresh water, plant-derived medicines and others, “regulating services/functions”, such as localclimateregulation,airquality,carbonsequestrationandstorage,mitigationofextremeweatherphenomena,wastewatertreatment,preventionofsoilerosionandmaintenanceofsoilproductivity,pollination,biologicalcontrolandotherservices,aswellassupportingservices(controlofhabitatsfor�loraandfauna,conservationofgeneticdiversity),andculturalandaestheticservices, including recreation, tourism,sourceof inspira-tion/spiritualvaluesforculture,artanddesignetc.(SeeAnnex3.Classi�icationofecosystemservices)

“theconditionsandprocessesthroughwhichnaturalecosystemsandspeciesthatmakethemup,sustainandful�illhumanlife”.

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3Methodology


Followingconsultationsatthelevelofwelayats,thefollowingecosystemservicesofTurkmenistanwererecognizedasmostimportant:

Irrigationwater.

Drinkingwater.

Tourismandrecreation,healthresorts,historicalandculturalmonuments.

Provisionofhabitatsbynaturereserves.

Pastures.

Desertecosystems

Riverineecosystemsandoases

Mountainecosystems

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Onlysomeoftheseserviceswereselectedforeconomicvaluationafterthecollecteddatawasanalyzed.

Figure 2. Examples of ecosystems in Turkmenistan (from left to right): desert ecosystem, mountainous ecosystem andecosystem of river valleys.

Landscapesofnaturereserves.

Huntingand�ishinggoods.

Harvestoffruit,includingpistachionuts.

Medicinalplants,fat.

Pollination.

Climateregulationbyforests.

3Methodology


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Ecosystemapproachstipulatesmainstreamingtheissuesofrestorationorconservation of systematic supply of ecosystem services into the pro-cesses of natural resourcemanagement or local decision-making. Theapproachincludesstocktakingandmaintenanceoftheprocessofprovi-sionofpeoplewithnaturalservicesduringthedecision-makingprocess.Moreover,theapproachrecognizesahumanbeingasapartofecosystem.

The CBD Convention de�ines the ecosystem services approach asfollows::“Theecosystemapproachisastrategyfortheintegratedman-agementofland,waterandlivingresourcesthatpromotesconservationandsustainableuseinanequitableway”.

TheConventionde�inesseveralprinciplesofimplementationoftheecosystemservicesapproach,includingrecognitionofimportanceofresourcemanagementatthelocallevel(de-centralizedmanagement),consider-ationoftheimpactonotherecosystemsduringdecision-making,conservationofecosystems'functioningforprovisionofecosystemservicesandothers.Theseprinciplesareincludedintheannex2.

3.2.Descriptionoftheecosystemapproach

“Theecosystemapproachisastrategyfortheintegratedmanagementofland,waterandlivingresourcesthatpromotesconservationandsustainableuseinanequitableway”.

Chart 3. Process of identication and selection of ecosystem services.

I. Identication of main ecosystem services

II. Selection of the most important ecosystem services , including

- name;- key beneciaries;

- geographic coverage;- available gures.

III. Ranking the selected ecosystem services by criteria:

- economic value; - value of ecosystem maintemance;

- local value, dependence; - cultural, aesthetic value.

Themethodologybasedonparticipatoryassessmentwasappliedfortheidenti�icationandselectionofimpor-tantecosystemservices.Forthis,agroupofexpertsfromstakeholderorganizationsconductedanumberofmethodologicalworkshopsforrepresentativesfromeconomicsectors,includingnatureprotectionsector,andlocalgovernments.Theidenti�icationandselectionprocessisshowninthe.

3.3.Descriptionofthemethodologyofrapidassessmentandvaluation

Ineachwelayatafteraworkshopwasconducted,the�ieldtripswereorganizedtovisitimportantsitesdeliver-ingecosystemservicesandtogatherthedataandinformation.Themaininformationsourcesweretheexpertknowledgeoftheworkinggroupparticipants,thedatareceivedfromthelocalsectoralrepresentativesaswellas

3Methodology


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Chart 4. Process of gathering information for valuation of ecosystem services.

3.4.Descriptionandthekeymethodofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices

Generalinformationaboutvaluation

engagementofthebroadnumberoflocalstakeholdersduringthestageofidenti�icationandvaluationofecosystemservices,whichenabledidenti�icationandselectionofthemostimportantecosystemserviceswithhighaccuracy;

involvementofspecialistsfromtheministries,academiaandnon-governmentalsectorintheimplemen-tationoftheactivitiesaimedatthedevelopmentoftherequiredproduct;

capacitybuildingofthelocalgovernmentof�icialsandbroadnumberofstakeholdersintheissuesoftheecosystemapproach,ecosystemservicesandtheirvaluation.

Themethodologyof “the rapidassessmentandvaluationofecosystemservices”, developed by the technical expert group, was applied foridenti�icationof valueof ecosystemservices.Themain featuresof thismethodarethefollowing:

Themainworkingphasesareshowninthe.Firststepsincludedsettingupanintersectoraltechnicalexpertteamtoconductvaluation,whichincludedrepresentativesfromthenationalministriesandagenciesdealingwiththeuseofnaturalresourcesandecosystemservices,aswellasacademicinstitutionsandprofessionalagencies.Thenanintensivetrainingfor18institutions,includingministriesandagencies,educationalestablishmentsandprofessionalagencieswasheld.A10-dayworkshop,organizedbythecompany“MetroeconomicaLtd”,pursuedtheaimofthecapacitybuildingatnationalplanning,�inancialinstitutionsandnaturalresourceman-agementagenciesonthe issuesof theecosystemapproach,methodologyof identi�icationandvaluationofecosystemservices.

Duringthetraining,itsparticipantsdiscussedthe“rapidassessmentandvaluationoftheecosystemservices”methodologyanddetailsof its implementation.ThemethodologyofrapidassessmentandvaluationoftheecosystemservicesisincludedintheAnnex1.Themainelementsofthismethodare:identi�icationandranking

Gathering of initial quantitativeinformation :

Gathering information on theground:

Processing information:

- experts, users etc interviews;

- visits of important habitats;

- selection of methodology of valuation of ecosystem services;

- selection of information for valuation;

- valuation.

- assessments of experts from welayats;

- work with documents, scientic papers and other sources.

theinformationgatheredduringthe�ieldtripsbywayofinterviews,surveysandsitevisits.Theprocessofgatheringinformationforvaluationofecosystemservicesisshowninthe.

- work with ofces, experts from institutions, users.

3Methodology


17

(selection)oftheecosystemservices,carryingouttheeconomicvaluationandanalysisoftheoutcomes.Forthispurpose,visitswereorganizedtoallwelayatsofthecountry.Duringthesevisits,theworkinggroupconductedstakeholder meetings, �ield trips to the sites delivering the importantecosystemservices, �ieldwork tocollect themissingdata.Thiswas fol-lowedbyworkingmeetingsontheground,economicvaluationbyteammembers thatwasdiscussedata laterstagewitheconomists fromthe“MetroeconomicaLtd”.

(from right to left and down): participants of training workshops on economic valuation; participants of the working group take interview from the staff of the Hazar State Nature Reserve; the representative of the Ministry of Finance G. Atayeva helps the participants to rank ecosystem services during the stakeholders meeting in Lebap welayat.

Figure 3. Carrying out the valuation of ecosystem services in Turkmenistan.

Chart 5. Phases of work implementation for valuation of ecosystem services in Turkmenistan.

Preparation anddisseminationof the report

Developmentand approval by

the team ofthe methodology for

implementation activitiesand valuation

Setting upa technical team

on ESVAL

Intensivetraining

of the team

Implemenation of the“rapid assessment and

valuation of theecosystem services”

methodology

3Methodology


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Asthereisnorealmarketpriceforwaterandthealternativewaterconsumption(e.g.forpowerproduction)isminimal,thevalueofirrigationandprovisionofdrinkingwaterwascalculatedbymeansofde�initionoftheso-called“shadowpricing”.The“shadowpricing”orthevalueofwaterresourcesisbasedonthecostsofwatersupplytotheenduser.Thecostscompriseoperationalandcapitalcostsforrehabilitationandconstructionofinfrastructure.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,thecalculationofcostsforirrigationanddrinkingwatersupplybywelayatsofTurkmenistanin2010wasused.

Firewoodharvestingwasassessedbythemethodofthealternativewoodprovision.Thecurrentuseofwoodharvestedinnaturewasestimatedincubicmetersandmultipliedbythemarketpriceofwoodineachwelayataccordingly.

valueofaservicefortheregionalornationaleconomy;

valueofaserviceforecosystemsmaintenance;

valueforthelocalpeople,includingtheirdependenceontheservice;

culturaland/oraestheticvalue.

Inordertoidentifythemostimportantecosystemservicestherankingofecosystemservicesbytheirrelevancewasperformed.Belowarethemainrankingcriteria:

Economicvaluationofecosystemservicesidenti�iedbythemethodologyofrapidassessmentandvaluationwasbuiltontheexistingmethodologydevelopedbytheexpertsfromthecompany“MetroeconomicaLtd.”andaftertheapprovalbythiscompanywasadaptedbytheworkinggroupmembers. Detailsofthemethodologyareprovidedbelow.

Waterprovisionfromothersourcesbydeliveringthewaterbyautomotivewatertankswithcarryingcapacityof5tons.Forinstance,mountainousvillagescanbeprovidedwithwateronlythisway.

Waterextractionfromwellsandwatertreatment.Thewaterextractedfromwellsusuallyhasmineraliza-tionupto5g/l.Watertreatmentiscalculatedbasedonthetechnologyofbackosmosis,thatis:

Investmentsinequipmentandawellwillbeapproximately$1peroneproducedliter.Depreciationperiodforequipment(pumps,tanks)is8years.Replacementperiodforthewaterstopis12months,other�ilters-6months.Otheroperationalexpendituresincludesalaries,electricitybillsandotheradministrativecosts.Theplantwiththeproductioncapacityof6,000litersperdaywasselectedforthecalculationpurposes.

Rankingecosystemservices

Drinkingandirrigationwater

Drinkingwaterprovisiontomeettheneedsofpeoplecouldbecalculatedonthebaseof thealternativeprovisionofwaterresources.Alternativewaterprovisioncouldbecalculatedbytwoways:

Firewoodharvesting

3Methodology


19

Protectedareas(PAs)haveanumberofecosystemserviceswhichareofparamountimportancefornatureconservation. Thesefunctionsincludeprovisionofhabitat,functionsofconservationofprotectedandmigratoryspecies, support to conservation of genetic and biological diversity,supporttofunctioningofrivercatchmentareasandothers.

Protectedareas

ForquickvaluationonlythemostimportantspeciesofanimalsincludedintheredBookofTurkmenistanandtheIUCNRedListofspeciesinhabitingtheterritoriesofthenaturereservesweretaken.

Habitatsforimportantspecies

Thetotalvalueofhabitatscomprisesthevalueoffoodandvalueofwildlifeconservationfromanthropogenicimpacts,whichcanbeshowninthefollowingformula:

V =V +V ,hab f prwhere

Vhab-totalvalueofhabitats,

V f -valueofprovisionofforage/food,

V pr –valueofconservationofwildlifehabitat.

Moreover, many PAs signi�icantly invest in the national socio-economic life. For instance, mainte-nance/conservationofwatercatchmentareasofmanymountainousrivers,supportandprovisionwithmedici-nalplantsandpastures(inwildlifesanctuaries),provisionofpollinationbywildbeesthesurroundingorchardsandagriculturalcrops–alltheseregulatingfunctionsdeliveredbythenaturereservesplayanimportantroleforthesupportofsucheconomicsectorsasagricultureand�ishery,aswellasthepeopleresidingwithinorinthevicinityoftheprotectedareas.

Inthisstudy,identi�icationofthevalueofnationalPAsisaresultoftheassessmentofbothhabitatsofimportantspeciescoveredbytheRedBookofTurkmenistan,andvalueofexistenceofthesespecies.

ProvisionoftheforageforeachofvaluablespeciesV_(f)canbepresentedasthecalculationofthealternativeprovisionoffood.

V =S ×D ×N ×P ,f pop daily dh altwhere

V f -valueofaserviceforprovisionofhabitats,

S pop –numberofpopulationofspecies,

D daily –diet(food)required/perdayperoneanimal,

N dh -numberofdaysofhabitationforeachanimal,

P alt -costofalternativefood.

Valueofconservationofwildlifeforeachofspeciescanbepresentedascostsrequiredforthemaintenanceofprotectionregimeforwildlifeinthehabitatsofspecies,andallotmentoflandsforhabitats.Fortheformertheoperationalcostsofnaturereservesforprotectionofhabitatswereapplied.Forthelatterthealternativecostoflandleaseintheamountof285manatsperhectareperyearwasapplied.

3Methodology


20

Inordertoassessthevalueofexistencethemethodofreadinesstopayaswellasothermethodsofindirectassessmentwereapplied.AsthestudiessimilartothecurrentonewereneverconductedinTurkmenistanbefore,themethodofvaluetransferwasused,whentheassessmentmadeinothercountriesrelatedtosimilarspeciesofanimalswastransferredbasedonthe difference between the real GDP per capita and indexation withreferencetotheyear2013.

Productsextractedfromthenatureasaresultofhunting,�ishing,plantsand berries harvesting for food and medical purposes were assessedbasedonthemarketvaluemethod.Forthisthefollowingformulacouldbeused:

V=Q ×P -Q ×C ,пр рыноч пр добwhere

Qпр–quantityofgoodscollected,harvested,extractedfromthenature,

Pрыноч–purchasingpriceormarketpriceofgoods,

Cдоб-costsassociatedwithextraction,catchorharvestoftheunitofgoods.

Incasewhenthecostsofextractionorcatch/collectionarenotavailable,eitherthepeerreviewisappliedorthe

principleof50%ofthemarketvalueofgoods.

Valueofexistence

Huntingand�ishingproducts,collectedherbsandcherriesandsimilar

Pastures Duringthevaluationofecosystems,typesofservicesprovidedbyacertainecosystemfreeofcharge/gratisandtheirbene�itsforpeoplearetakenintoconsideration.Pasturesareopenecosystemthatprovidesthepossibilityforcattlegrazingallyearround.Thebasisforthemigratorygrazing,i.e.thepastureforage,isfullyprovidedtousbythenature.

Table 2. Forage yield of pastures in Turkmenistan by welayat.

Source: Institute of Deserts, Flora and Fauna of Turkmenistan.

Administrative region

Balkan welayat

Ahal welayat

Mary welayat

Lebap welayat

Dashoguz welayat

Total in Turkmenistan:

10 291,95

9 065,41

7 670,79

7 940,34

5 670,68

40 639,17

Pasture area[thousand hectares]

Forage yield -gross annual average

[centners/hectare]

Gross annual averagequantity of forage

[thousand centners /year]

3,66

3,03

3,43

2,65

2,74

3,15

37 683,66

27 507,19

26 292,12

21 015,20

15 514,20

128 012,37

3Methodology


21

Suchservicecanbevaluedbasedontheoutputofthe�inalproducts(inourcase,thesearemeatandwoolproducedbysmallcattle)aswellasnthenumberoflivestockduringthepasturegrazingallyearround.Thisservicecanbeassessedbycomparisonwiththecostofalternativesourcesforforagerequired.

The�irstapproachwastakenasabasisforvaluation.Themarketvalueofthelivestock(perhead)andthatofthemajorgoods(meatandwoolproducedbythesmallcattle)wereselectedasindicators.

Thescienti�icresearchdataprovidedbytheNationalInstituteofDeserts,FloraandFaunaundertheMinistryofNatureProtectionofTurkmenistanwasusedforthecalculation.Becauseofcompilationandaggregationofdataontheseasonalyieldofforagecropsbypasturetypesthefollowingpicturewasreceived(see).

Basedontheavailableinformation,thecapacityofpastures,theirabilitytoprovidegrazingforthecertainnumberoflivestockwithoutcausingirreversibledegradationofthevegetationandsoilcoverhadtobecalcu-lated.Theconceptof“permissibleload”ofcattlegrazingwasincludedinthe“pasturecapacity”conceptanditshouldcorrespondwiththequalitativestateofpasturestakingintoaccountthevegetativemassconsumedbythecattle.

PasturesofTurkmenistanmakegrazingpossibleallyearround;neverthelessitisanextremelyfragileecosys-temwhichisexposedtonaturalandanthropogenicdegradation.Thisiswhythenecessaryfollowingassump-tionsweremade.

Firstassumption:

Allyearroundpasturegrazingofthesmallcattleallowscuttingproductioncostsforlivestockproductiontotheminimum.

Itmeansthatduringvaluationofpasturesthesigni�icanceofecosystemservicesdeliveredtousbypasturesgoesuptothemaximum.

Secondassumption:

Theimpactofcattlegrazingonpasturescanbebothpositiveandnegative.Whereasmoderatecattlegrazingbasedonpasturerotationusuallycontributestotherenewedgrowthofthepasturevegetation,heavyandprotractedloadsofpasturegrazingespeciallyduringthevegetationperiodinevitablyleadtotheextinctionof themostvaluable foragegrasses fromthegrasscoverandconsequently topasturedegradationandtheirremovalofuse.

Whilemaximizingthesigni�icanceofthisecosystemservice, it isextremelyimportanttoensurethefuturesustainabledevelopmentofthepasturesasaneco-systemi.e.toavoidincreasingrisksofpasturedegradationasaresultofanthropogeniceffect.Pasturesbeinga“liveecologicalorganism”havetheirownnaturaldegradation.

Fordeterminationofpasturecapacityweshallrelyontheevidence-basedandrecommendedfortheconditionsofTurkmenistanfollowingrationsforthetranshumancestockkeeping[2]:

3Methodology


720kg–annualrationperheadofthelivestock,basedondailyconsumedforageandseasonaldurationcharacteristicforTurkmenistan.

810kg–annualrationperheadofthelivestockbasedonthestandardstructureofthecattleanditsturnover.

950kg–annualrationofpastureforageperheadofproductionoutputofthelivestocktakingintoaccountaninsurancestock(upto15-17%),basedonthearidzoneandclimateconditionsstipulatingtheyield�luctuationsfromyeartoyear.

22

Rationa)isusedusuallyforthecalculationofpotentialcapacityofpastures,andshouldmeetthe�irstmen-tionedassumption,butshouldbecriticalinregardtothesecondassumption.Rationc)agreesmostwiththesecondassumptionbutimpliesavailableirrigatedlands(apartfrompastures)forproductionoftheinsuranceforagestock.Forthesolutionofourtasktherationb)isidealbecauseitmeetsbothassumptionsandtakesintoaccountthestandardstructureandthecattleturnover,whichisrequiredduringthecalculationoftheproduc-tionoutput.

Secondaforementionedassumptionalsostipulatestheuseoftheindicator“Consumptionofpastureforagestocks”,notthegrossvalueofstocks. Thecalculatedresultsoftherationalpasturecapacityareshownbelow(see):

Table 3. Rational pasture capacity in Turkmenistan (by welayats).

Natural pasturesof Turkmenistan

Mary welayat

Balkan welayat

Dashoguz welayat

Lebap welayat

Ahal welayat

Total in Turkmenistan:

1,26

1,28

1,85

1,18

1,01

1,33

Note: Consumption of the pasture forage, based on biodiversity conservation and pasture sustainability.Source: Authors' calculations.

Area[thousandhectares]

Average quantityof the consumed

forage per annum[thousand centners/

year]

12 994,65

11 622,25

14 194,07

9 351,26

5 706,61

53 868,86

6,42

6,32

4,38

6,88

8,05

6,11

Consumptionof the pasture

forage per annum [centners /h]

Rational pasturecapacity

[thousand headsof small cattle/year]

Calculatedpasture ration

[hectares/head]

7 670,79

10 291,95

5 670,68

7 940,34

9 065,41

40 639,17

1 604,28

1 434,85

1 752,35

1 154,48

704,52

6 650,48

Climateregulationbyforests

Climateregulationisassessedbythecalculationofpuri�iedandcapturedcarbonwiththeuseofcarbonpriceattheInternationalClimateExchangefortradeingreenhousegasemissions.Forthispurpose,thequantityofforestsinhectaresiscalculated,andthenanaveragebiomassperahectare

3Methodology


of forest isdetermined, followedby the calculationof capturedgases, according to the available scienti�icestimates.

Then the value of carbon sequestration is assessed on the base of prices of Chicago Climate Exchange orEuropeanClimateExchange.

23

Figure 4. The key “keepers” of carbon and air oxidation agentsin Turkmenistan.

(left to right, up to down): the riverside tugay forests; wetlands; mountainous forests; the trees planted under the government programmes.

3Methodology


24

Study results

4

2627272930303131

4.1.Drinkingwater4.2.Irrigationwater

4.3.Pastures4.4.Medicinalplantsandfat

4.5.Fishingandhuntinggoods4.6.Forestsandclimatechange

4.7.ProtectedareasofTurkmenistan4.8.Firewood

EcosystemservicesandtheirvalueinTurkmenistan

25

Chart 6. Ranking ecosystem services in Turkmenistan.

Drinking water

Irrigation water

Pastures

Firewood harvesting(saxaul)

Hunting andshing goods

Medicinal plantsand fat

Protected areas

Climate regulationby forests

4,0

3,0

2,0

1,0

“InTurkmenistan,theirrigationanddrinkingwater,pastures,protectedareasandwildlifegoodsarethemostimportantecosystemservices,whereasthe�irewoodandclimateregulationbyforestsweredeemedlessimportant.”

The results of the conducted valuation revealed themost important ecosystem services of Turkmenistan.Duringtheworkwithstakeholderstherankingofecosystemservicesbytheirrelevancewascarriedout.ThesummarizedresultsareshownintheChart6.

Drinking water

Irrigation water

Pastures

Firewood

Fishing and hunting goods

Forests (climate change)

Natural (medicinal) plants

Protected areas

66,374

181,029

515,249

801

698

14,625

1,087

68,743

Table 4. Economic valuation of ecosystem services in Turkmenistan (by welayats, thousand manats).

Source: Authors' calculations. NB: Data rounded off, possible discrepancy in sums.Source: Authors' calculations.

64,795

24,263

1,049,372

1,099

3,538

14,625

257

170,346

120,340

168,094

1,281,580

318

262

14,625

117

109,667

103,441

734,864

1,173,285

318

588

14,625

34,975

81,819

95,756

737,829

844,324

562

210

14,625

262

82,598

450,706

1,846,079

4,863,810

3,097

5,297

73,124

36,698

561,569

TOTAL 848,604 1,328,296 1,695,002 2,143,915 1,776,166 7,840,380

Service/Welayat Ahal Balkan Dashoguz Lebap Mary Total inTurkmenistan

4Studyresults


AstheChart6showstheirrigationanddrinkingwater,pastures,protectedareasandwildlifegoodsarethemostimportant ecosystem services,whereas the �irewood and climate regulation by forestswere deemed lessimportant.

26

TheresultsofeconomicvaluationofecosystemservicesinTurkmenistanpresentedintheTable4.Itshowsthevalueofdeliveredecosystem(natural)servicesinTurkmenistan,whichismorethan7.84billionmanatsorabout2.75billionUSDperyear.Thisisapproximately12%ofthegrossnationalproduct(GNP)oftheagricultureor2.8%ofthenationalGNP².

4.1. Drinking water

ProvisionofdrinkingwaterisoneofthemainfunctionsofecosystemsinTurkmenistan.Turkmenistanhasoneofthehighestratesofwaterconsumptionpercapitawhichcanbeattributedtothehighlevelofagriculturalproduction,highwaterconsumptionbytypesofagriculturalcropanduseoffreshwaterinagriculture.Alimitedquantityofrenewablewaterresourcesmakestheprovisionofcleandrinkingwaterbyexistingwatersourcesanditsconservationagoalofparamountimportance.

WatersuppliedbythetransboundaryriversAmudarya,Murgab,Tejenandothers.

WatersuppliedbysmallriversandspringsinthemountainsofKopetdag,Balkan,Koytendag.

Undergroundaquifers.

Themainsourcesofdrinkingwaterare:

Although the majority of water sources in Turkmenistan originates in other countries and they aretransboundarybynature,somesourcesoriginatewithinthecountrynamelyinthenorthernslopesofKopetdag,slopesofBalkanmountainsandNorth-WesternendofthePamir-Tyanshanridge.Thetotalnumberofriversandstreamsisabout2,972withthetotallengthofaround167km.

EconomicvaluationofprovisionoffreshdrinkingwaterinTurkmenistanismorethan1.84millionsmanatsperyear.Thisresultwasachievedduetothe“shadowpricing”method,i.e.byestimatesofservicecostsforprovisionofirrigatedwaterin2010.ThedistributionofresultsbywelayatsarepresentedintheTable5.

Table 5. Economic valuation of provision of irrigation water in Turkmenistan (thousand manats per year).

Source: Authors' calculation.

Irrigation water 181 029 24 263 168 094 734 864 737 829 1 846 079

Service/Welayat Ahal Balkan Dashoguz Lebap MaryTotal

inTurkmenistan

2 Data on the GNP taken from http://data.worldbank.org

4Studyresults


27

4.3. Pastures

Valuationofpasturesisbaseduponthenumberofthesmallcattleanditsproductivity(seeAnnex5).Themarketvalueofthesmallcattleandproductionoutput(meatandwool)istheessenceofpasturevaluationi.e.valuationofassetsintheformofpasturesthenatureprovidesuswith.

6,69USDper1kgofmutton–weightedaveragecostofmutton⁴;

0,477USDper1kgoflambswoolexportedfromTurkmenistan⁵.

Afterthestudyofthedomesticagriculturalmarketwascompleted,theaveragemarketpriceof1sheepwasdeterminedas340Turkmenmanatsthatisequivalentto119.29USD.

ThecalculationoftheannualmarketvalueofthelivestockandproductionoutputispresentedintheTable6.

Theprincipleofthebestandmosteffectiveuseofthesubjectofvaluationisatthecoreofvaluation.Inourcase,thepastureecosystemisthesubjectofvaluation.Asopposedtoaclassicalitemoftherealestate,naturalpas-turesarevulnerabletodegradation–bothnaturalandanthropogenic.Thisiswhythemoderategrazing,basedonpasturerotation,wasinthecenterofattentionasitcontributestotherenewedgrowthofpasturevegetationi.e.biodiversityconservation.

Onthebaseoftheagriculturalglobalmarketanalysis,theaveragemarketpriceformuttonandlambswoolwasdeterminedasfollows:

3 Here and further in the text, materials of the working report of the working group member Jora Gundogdiyev are used.4 According to the data of procurement prices on mutton in EU countries for January 2014 – source: http://www.farmit.ru/ekonomika/rynok-myasa/tseny-na-baraninu-es5 According to good exchange, xed in recent times – source - http://rustm.net/catalog/article/2156.html

4.2. Irrigation water

ThetotalamountofwaterresourcesinTurkmenistanduringtheyearofaveragewatercontentisestimatedas25cubickilometers.Twentytwobillioncubicmetersor88%ofthetotalsurfacewaterrunoffissuppliedbyAmudaryaRiver.TheremainingpartissuppliedbytheMurgabRiver–1.631billionm³(6.5%),TejenRiver–0.869billionm³(3.5%),Etrek,SumbarandChandyrrivers–0.354billionm³(1.4%)andsmallrivers–0.15billionм³ (0.6%). The KarakumRiver plays an important part in accumulation and distribution ofwaterresources.Currentlyitslengthismorethan1300km.Thetotalarea,irrigatedbytheKarakumRiver,isapproxi-mately2millionhectares.TheannualgrosswaterintakeoftheKarakumRiveraccordingtothesetlimitsis11.6billionm³.Thetotalintakefromtheundergroundaquifers�luctuatesyearbyyearwithinthelimitsof470-650millionm³/year.Totalprovengroundwaterreserves inTurkmenistanare3.4millionm³/day,explored–6millionm³/dayandprojectedreserves–9millionm³/day.

Thestructureofwaterconsumptionwithregardtothecategoriesofwaterusersisasfollows:91.2%ofthetotalamountisconsumedbytheagricul-ture,6.3%-bytheindustry,1.9%-bymunicipal/communalservices,0.1%-by�isheryand0.6%-byothers.

Economicvaluationoftheirrigationwaterprovisionismorethan1,846billionmanatsperyear.

Economicvaluationoftheirrigationwaterprovisionismorethan1,846billionmanatsperyear.

4Studyresults


28

Table 6. Market value of the livestock and goods delivered by pastures.

Welayat

Mary

Balkan

Dashoguz

Lebap

Ahal

Total in Turkmenistan

1 604,28

1 434,85

1 752,35

1 154,48

704,52

6 650,48

Number of the smallcattle - sheep

[thousand heads]

Market value ofthe small cattle -

sheep [1000 US$/year]

191 387,59

171 174,61

209 052,86

137 727,10

84 048,00

793 390,15

Market priceof mutton

[1000 US$/year]

Market priceof lamb wool

[1000 US$/year]

393 403,24

351 854,80

429 714,75

283 102,39

172 763,31

1 630 838,49

3 322,10

2 971,24

3 628,73

2 390,66

1 458,90

13 771,65

Source: Authors' calculations. Number of sheep based on the sustainable pasture use andthe natural indicators of productivity without additional investments.

ThevalueoftheecosystemserviceprovidedbypasturesingeneralinTurkmenistanis2.438billionUSDperyear;itisshownintheTable7.

Asmentionedbefore,allyearroundpasturegrazingofthesmallcattleallowsreducingproductioncostsforthelivestocktotheminimum.Accordingtothepeerreview,operationalcostsconstituteabout10%ofthetotalproductioncost.Theoperationalcostsalsoincludewatersupplyforthelivestockkeepinginpastures.

Asfarasthewatersupplyofpasturesisconcerned,itisacomplexissueastheinventorydatabaserelatedtopasturewatersourcesis lacking.Thestudy of relevant materials and opinions allowsmaking the followingassumption: all available natural and arti�icial water sources are able,nevertheless,tomeetthewaterdemandprovidedthemoderategrazingtakesplace,althoughthey[watersources]needcertainmeansfortheirmaintenance. According to the analysis of available information onvaluationofdesertpastures,itmightbeassumedthatthelevelofcostsforwatersupplyisintheregionof30%oftheproductionoutputvalue.

Hence,theaggregatedcostsconstitute40%oftheproductionoutputvalue.Thesecostsaredeductedfromthemarketvalueofproducedgoods.

Therefore,thevalueofpastureecosystemsofTurkmenistantakingintoconsiderationthecostsofmaintenance,grazingandwatersupplyaswellasissuesofbiodiversityconservationcanbedeterminedatthelevelof2,438–40%=1,780billionUSdollarsperyear.

Theannualrationperheadofthelivestockcouldhavebeenreducedandmaximumgrazingduringthespringandsummerseasonscouldhavebeenappliedresultinginalmosttwo-foldincreaseofthepasturecapacity.However,underthisscenarioitwouldhavebeena“one-off”valueobtained,notannual,becauseonlyapartoftheecosystemservice(springandsummerseasonsandduringtherestoftheyearout-of-thesystemsupple-mentaryfeeding)willbeused,and,secondly,theriskofpasturedegradationwilldrasticallyincrease.Thiswillresultinanannualproductionloss.

Therefore,thevalueofpastureecosystemsofTurkmenistantakingintoconsiderationthecostsofmaintenance,grazingandwatersupplyaswellasissuesofbiodiversityconservationcanbedeterminedatthelevelof2,438–40%=1,780billionUSdollarsperyear.

4Studyresults


Table 7. Calculation of the total value of natural pastures in Turkmenistan based on stock keeping all year round and production output.

Natural pasturesEstimated value of pastures based

on stock keeping all year round andproduction output [thousand US$/year]

Mary welayat

Balkan welayat

Dashoguz welayat

Lebap welayat

Ahal welayat


7 670,79

10 291,95

5 670,68

7 940,34

9 065,41

40 639,17

57,14 $

58,02 $

83,75 $

53,30 $

45,54 $

59,99 $

588 112,93 $

526 000,65 $

642 396,35 $

423 220,15 $

258 270,21 $

2 438 000,29 $

Pasture area[thousandshectares]

Source: Authors' calculations.

Value of 1 hectareof pasture [US$/year]

4.4.Medicinalplantsandfat

Thisecosystemserviceischaracteristicforallregionsofthecountry;199speciesofmedicinalplantsandfruitareutilizedbybothprivateandstatesectors. The state sector is responsible for a bigger share in resultingeconomicef�iciency.ItcanbeexplainedbyabroadscaleutilizationofthelicoricerootinLebapwelayat.Themedicinalplant“BUY�ON/Licorice”inTurkmenabat produces the concentrate, syrup and dried licorice root,

“InTurkmenistan,medicinalplants,fatandfruitusedinTurkmenistanamounttothe

totalof36,548,198manats.”

whichareexportedabroad.In2013,therevenueof34.8millionmanatswasreceivedasaresultofharvestingandrealizationofthelicoricerootonly.

Thesurveyoftradersattheregionalanddistrictmarketswasconductedinordertovaluatemedicinalplantsandherbsdeliveredbynatureandbene�itedbytheprivatesector.Asaresult,itwasdiscoveredthatpeople,i.e.privatesector inTurkmenistanasawhole,generatefromthistypeofecosystemservicesmorethan1,533millionmanats,70.9%ofwhichfallsontheAhalwelayat,5.5%-Balkan,7.6%-Dashoguz,8.7%-Lebap,and7.3%-Marywelayats(seeChart7).

Therefore,medicinalplants,fatandfruitusedinTurkmenistanamounttothetotalof36,548,198manats.Thisvaluationdoesnotre�lecttherealsituationinfull,asduetothelackoftimeandmeansitlacksthedataaboutcollectionandrealizationofmedicinalherbsandfruitsingovernmentandprivatepharmaciesaswellashar-vestingandutilizationofmedicinalplantsbythepopulationforprivatepurposes–notforsale.

29

4Studyresults


30

4.6.Forestsandclimatechange

InTurkmenistan,forestsenjoyanexceptionalprotectionstatus;theyareunderthestrictprotectionofstateandwiththeexceptionofrarecases,cannotbecutforlocalconsumption.Moreover,thestatesupporttotheaffores-tationprogrammes(plantingforestzonesand'green'beltsaroundtowns)andstateapproachtoafforestationimpactinapositivewaythecarbonsequestrationandairpuri�ication.

Lebap9%

Dashoguz8%

Balkan5%

Mary7%


4.5.Fishingandhuntinggoods

Fishresourcesaretheimportantpartofthefoodbasketofthecountry'spopulation.Themainuseroftheseecosys-temservicesistheFisheryCommitteethatisresponsiblefor�ishinginrivers,waterbasins,lakesandtheCaspianSea through the regional/welayat branches of “Turkmenbalyk”(Turkmen�ish) Association. The total value of�ishingisapproximately15millionmanatsperyear,ormorethan5millionUSdollarsinrealpurchasingprices.Themainshareofallrevenuescomingfrom�ishingfallstotheCaspianSeaandisabout70%ofthetotalvalue.

Chart 7. Trade in medicinal plants by private sector in welayats.

Huntingisnotasigni�icantlivelihoodapartfromthesmallnumberofvillagessituatedinthecoastalzoneoftheCaspianSeaandinthe Karakum desert. Hunting is a recre-ationalactivityforthemajorityofpeople.According to the of�icial records of theUnion of Hunters and Fishermen, theamateur hunters receive ecosystemservices in theamountofmorethan170thousandmanatsonanannualbasis.

Table 8. Value of carbon sequestration by forests in Turkmenistan.

Source: forests areas – Forestry programme of Turkmenistan, Sequestration value- Authors' calculations.

Forest types

Mountainous

Desert

Riverside

Planted forests

Protective “green” belts surroundingagricultural areas


Forest area, hectaresAssessed input in carbon absorption,

manats per year

146,000

3,958,000

26,000

105,000

26,000

4,261,000

23,053,604

41,664,916

7,991,916

139,888

273,696

73,124,020

Ahal71%

4Studyresults


31

Thestudyconductedvaluationoftheforestbiomassandthenappliedtheassessmentofthecapturedcarbonfromthepointofviewofexistingtransfersofpurchasedcarbonemissionsininternationalmarkets.Theresults,presentedinthetable8,showthattheannualbene�itfrom carbonabsorptionbyforestsinTurkmenistanismorethan73millionmanats,oraround25.5millionUSdollars.Thisincludesmountainous,desert,riversideforestsandplantedforests,andprotectiveforestssurroundingagriculturalareas.

4.7.ProtectedareasofTurkmenistan

Protectedareasoccupyapproximately4%oftheterritoryofTurkmenistanandserveasimportantwildlifehabitats.Theirmainecosystemfunctionsaretheprovisionofhabitatsforthenationallyandgloballyimportantspeciesof�loraandfauna,supporttotheexistenceofsuchspeciesbyprovisionoflandareaandprotectionofspecies.Valuationdidnotencompasssuchvaluesofprotectedareasasthevalueofexistenceofsuchsitesforlocalpeople,carbonsequestrationandabsorptionbyplants(apartfromtheforests),andprovisionofhabitatsformigratinganimalspecies.Duetothelimitedtimeframeandfunding,thevalueofsuchimportantfromtheeconomicpointofviewecosystemservices,asprovisionofconservationofriverwatercatchmentareas(provi-sionoffreshdrinkingwaterbyrivers)andagriculturalservices(maintenanceofsoilenrichment,provisionofpollinationbywildbeesandpastureswithinthewildlifesanctuaries),wasnotassessedaswell.Theseservicesaremostimportantfromthepointsofviewofbotheconomicvalueandlocaldevelopment.

Economicvaluationofecosystemservicesinprotectedareashasshownthatthetotalvalueofabove-mentionedecosystemservicesinnaturereservesofTurkmenistanis562millionmanats,ormorethan197millionUSdollarsperyear(seeTable9).

4.8.Firewood

Firewoodharvestingisaninsigni�icantecosystemservice,asmorethan95%ofpopulationofthecountryhasaccesstogasandelectricpower.ThemainusersofthisservicearepasturesettlementsandvillageslocatedintheKarakumdesert,aswellasasmallpopulationofso-calledculturalzones(arablelandareas)whoisusingthe�irewood(mainlysaxaul/Haloxylon)forcookingontheopen�ire.Economicvaluationofthe�irewoodusedbyshepherdsinpasturesbymethodofprovisionofthealternativefuel(�irewood)hasshownthevalueofthisserviceatthelevelslightlyexceeding3millionmanats(ormorethan1millionUSdollars)peryear.Valuationoftheuseofsaxaul/Haloxylonas�irewoodforcookingpurposesindesertvillages,lackingaccesstonaturalgasandforcookingpurposesintownsandvillages,wasnotperformed.

4Studyresults


Table 9. Economic value of ecosystem services of the protected areas of Turkmenistan (in thousand manats).

Food for main animalspecies

Existence of main species

12,501

15,088

69,928

12,760

Dashoguz

8,995

15,964

3,240

27,370

Mary

31,040

20,401

122,691

183,524

Total

Provision of habitats, thousand manats per year

BalkanAhal Lebap


Costs for conservationof species

1,208 1,314 642 2,067 828

Land resources 32,427 81,915 78,584 31,375 24,988 249,291

6,061

TOTAL value, per year 61,225 165,917 104,186 64,054 77,259 561,568

4Studyresults


33

Recommendationsfor biodiversityconservation

5

5.1.Nationallevel5.2.Sectorallevel

3434

5.1.Nationallevel

34

Incorporationofecosystemservicesanduseofnaturalresourcesintothenationalsystemoftheanalysisandreportingwillenableraisingawarenessamongdecision-makersaboutthestateoftheuseofnaturalresources. Itwill alsohelpbringing thenational reportingup to the current level of global standards.Incorporationoftheanalysisoftheuseofnaturalresourceswillalsohelptrackingthesituationconcerningtheloadforresourcesanddevelopmeasures,aimedatreducingthisload.

One of the �irst steps can be an introduction of the system of Environmental-EconomicAccounting(SEEA)developedbytheUNStatisticalCommissionandapprovedatits43rdsessionin2012.ThesystembasedontheCentralAccountingFrameworkthatwasapprovedbytheUNasthe�irsteverinternational standard on environmental-economic accounting, and a series of subsystems,which areconnected to theCentralAccountingFrameworkand support speci�ic topics for the analysisofnatureresources and accounting. For instance, the subsystem SEEA-Water(water resources) is aimed at theanalysisoftheuseofwaterresources,theiraccessibilityforpopulation,ef�iciencyofinvestmentsintothewatersectorandallrelevantissues.SubsystemSEEA-Energy(power)isaimedattheanalysisandreportingonthewholerangeofissuesrelatedtothesustainableuseofenergyresources.

1

In 2010 theWorld Bank initiated aWAVES (Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services)Programme,whichisdealingwiththeimplementationofthesystemofnaturalaccountsatthegovernmentlevel in thecountrieswithvarious levelsofdevelopment.Currently65countriesaresignatories to theMemorandum,whichcallsuponthecountriestotransfertothestatestatisticalsystem,re�lectingtheuseofnaturalresourcesthatenhancestheimplementationandincorporatesecosystemservicesandothernaturalgoods,whicharenotusedintheeconomyandaredif�iculttomeasureinthesystemofreportingandanaly-sis.Severalcountries,includingColumbia,Botswana,PhilippinesandIndonesia,approvedtheinitiativeatthehighestlevelandareworkingontheimplementationofthisreportingsystem.

2

5.2.Sectorallevel

Agriculture Raising awareness about the value of ecosystem services leads to thedevelopmentofef�icientpolicyforconservationandsustainableuseofkeyecosystemsandtheirresourceswiththeaimofreceivingthemaximumof

6 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/projects_and_initiatives/biodiversity- nance-initiative/7 www.wavespartnership.org/8 http://www.wavespartnership.org/en/frequently-asked-queАббюююstions-natural-capital-accounting-nca?active=6

Thespecialattentionintheagricultureshouldbepaidtotheuseofwaterresourcesandimportantecosys-temservices, suchaspollination,plantprotectionandsoil rehabilitation.For the former, thecompleteimpactanalysisofdirectandindirectbene�itsoftheuseofwaterresourcesduringthelandcultivationshouldbeconductedwithintheimplementationofprojectsrelatedtothewaterresourceuse.Highindirectbene�itsdeliveredbyriversalsocallforawarenessraisingcampaignsaboutthesebene�itsnotonlyamongthewatersectorof�icialsbutalsoamonglocalpopulationandlocalgovernments.Incaseofotherecosystemservices,themorecompleteanalysisofthesectoraldependenceonsuchimportantservicesaspollination,

3

directandindirectbene�its.Thisisespeciallyrelevantforagriculture,whichisthelargesteconomicsectordependingonecosystemservicesandaffectingthestateofthenature.

5Recommendationsforbiodiversityconservation


35

soil rehabilitation,andprovisionofnatural (live)pesticides forplantprotectionwillberequired.Suchanalysisshouldresult in theprogrammeonsustainableagriculturalproductionwhichwilladdresstheimportantecosystemservicesand implementevidence-based toolsandmechanisms in theproductionprocesses.

3

Nationallivestockbreedingisoneofthebene�iciariesofthebene�itsdeliveredbynaturalresources.Inthisconnection,conservationofnaturalpastureproductivityshouldbecomeakeytargetduringthedevelop-mentofthiseconomicsector.Proposedmeasuresincludeinteraliatheuseofevidence-basedrationsforgrazingofthesmallcattleinpastures,whilethestandardcapacityofthepasturesshouldbecomethemain criterion for themigratory stockgrazing; itwill contribute to conservationofbiodiversityof thepastureecosystem.Useofpasturerotation,includingoptimizationoftheseasonaluseofpasturesdepend-ingonthetypesofpastureswillfacilitatethemaintenanceofpastureproductivityatthesustainablelevel.Eventually,carryingoutthegeo-botanicalstudiesfortheevaluationoftheforagestockinpastures(pastureevaluation)onaregularbasis(oncein10-15yearsatleast)willcontributetothedevelopmentandimple-mentationofthelong-termstrategyforsustainablelivestockbreeding.

4

Environmentalsectorofthecountrydoesnotdelivertangiblebene�itstoeconomic development, however it provides support to the economicsectorswhichgeneraterevenues(e.g.agriculture)andcontributestothesafe livelihoods(e.g.provisionofwaterresourcesormedicinalplants).

Protectedareas

Awarenessraisingamonggovernmentof�icialsanddecision-makersatthenationalandlocallevelonvaluesof provision of ecosystem services and the relevance of the ecosystem approach for the developmentplanningandimplementationcanbeachievedthroughthesettingupandmaintenanceoftheInventoryofecosystemservicesoftheprotectedareasofTurkmenistan.Fullinventoryofecosystemserviceswillalsohelptoidentifythemostimportantterritoriesfortheeconomicdevelopmentandsupportinglivelihoodsofthecountry.Itwillfacilitatejusti�icationfortheincreaseoffundingofprotectedareasandwilleventuallyleadtothesustainabilityofconservationofecosystemservices,essentialforhumanactivity.

5

Moreover,performingthefurtheranalysisofecosystemservicesofwildforests,parksandothernatureareas surrounding agricultural,water and other areas and facilitieswill help to developmeasures forconservationandsustainableuseoftheseecosystemservices.Thefollow-upmeasurescouldincludethepreparationofjusti�icationandimplementationofmeasurestowardsexpansionofthecurrentprotectedareas,establishmentofthenewprotectedareasandterritorieswithvariousprotectionregimesforsustain-ableprovisionofnatureservices.

6

Protectedareascouldcontributetotheagriculturalproductiondevelopment,conservationofsafewateruseandetc.bythewayofconservingtheimportanthabitats,speciesandgeneticbiodiversityandprovidingsuchservicesaspollinationbywildbees,maintenanceof thewater catchmentareas in riverbasinsand soon.Therefore, raisingawarenessandunderstandingabout such 'invisible' functionsofprotectedareasamongdecision-makersshouldbecomeanintegralpartofthepoliciesofnatureprotectionagencies.

Conservationofwildrelativesofplantsandanimalsinthenaturalhabitatisaprerequisiteforthesustain-able agriculturalmanagement,maintenance of the national genetic fund and introduction of themosteffective types of the �lora and fauna. Development of measures for conservation, reproduction andunhinderedmigrationwithinprotectedareasandbeyondwillfacilitateconservationandincreaseofgeneticdiversityofTurkmenistan'snature.

7



36

9 http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/n/rmws-2014-04/other/rmws-2014-04-workbook-bion-ru.pdf10 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/projects_and_initiatives/biodiversity- nance-initiative/

The Initiative proposes a methodological model for its implementation at the national level, which includes the following:

analysisofintegrationofbiodiversityandecosystemservicesintosectoraldevelopment;

analysisof�inancial�lowsforthemanagementofbiodiversityandecosystemservices;

developmentandfacilitationofimplementationofnationalplansonmobilizingtheresourcesforconser-vationofbiodiversityandecosystemservices.

8 Inordertoenhanceconservationofnaturegoodsandservicesandaddresstheissuesofbiodiversityconser-vation, the UNDP introduced the Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN).TheInitiativeisaimedatrenderingassistancetothegovernmentsinpreparationoftheclearfeasibilitystudyforincreaseofinvestmentsinthe sustainableandfairmanagement,protectionandrestorationofbiodiversityandecosystems⁸.

Themarketofnaturalmedicinalresources

9 The naturalmedicinal resources are an important part ofprovision of population with environmentally friendlymedicine.TheuseofthenaturalmedicinesinTurkmenistanistraditional;therefore,theconservationofhabitatsdeliver-ingnaturalmedicinalresourcesshouldbecomeanintegralpartoftheworkofnatureprotectionagencies,localgovern-mentsandproducersofmedicinaldrugs.

10 Currently,thereisaneedtofacilitateconditionsforef�icientuseofthelicorice,namelyconstructionoftheplantwithstate-of-theartlaboratoriesandhighlyskilledexpertsonproductionofglycyrrhizinacid,whichwillincreasetherevenuetenorevenhundredtimesmoreascomparedtothecurrentrevenue.



37

References

6

1.N.T.Nechayeva,V.N.Nikolayev,V.A.Smetanina.RecommendationsonimprovementofpastureuseinTurkmenistan.Ashgabat,AcademyofSciencesofTurkmenSSR,InstituteofDeserts,1977(Restricted).

2.V.N.Nikolayev.PasturesinTurkmenistan(integratedassessmentofnatural,biologicalandeconomicaspects)–Dissertationforthepost-doctoraldegree(agriculturalsciences)Ashgabat,AcademyofSciencesofTurkmenSSR,InstituteofDeserts,1974.

3.DesertProblemsandDeserti�icationinCentralAsia:TheResearchesoftheDesertInstitute/Editor:AgajanG.Babaev.–Berlin;Heidelberg;NewYork;Barcelona;HongKong;London;Milan;Paris;Singapore;Tokyo:©Springer,1999.ISBN3-540-65647-2/V.N.Nikolayev,V.V.Nikolayev,M.D.Nepesov.Modelingofthedevelopmentofdesert-pasturelivestockbreeding,pp.125-133.

4.RichardsonLeslie,LoomisJohn.2009.Thetotaleconomicvalueofthreat-ened,endangeredandrarespecies:Anupdatedmeta-analysis.EcologicalEconomics68(2009),p.1535-1548.

5.TEEB(2010)–TheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversity:MainstreamingtheEconomicsofNature.Asynthesisoftheapproach,conclusionsandrecommendationsofTEEB.

6.“TurkmenistanynMillitokaymaksatnamasy”.Turkmendowletneşiryatgullugy.Aşgabat2012y.

7.M.V.Nikolayev.EvaluationofdesertpasturesinKazanjykdistrictwithintheStatelandregister–Review.Ashgabat:TurkmenInstituteofScienti�icInformation,1990.

8.MapsdrawnbyexpertsfromtheNationalInstituteofDeserts,FloraandFaunaandPublicgeo-ecologiclaboratory(Turkmenistan).

9.FeasibilitystudyofthedevelopmentofwatereconomyofTurkmenistanuntil2030.

10.ProgrammeofdevelopmentofwatereconomyofTurkmenistanfortheperioduntil2030.SystemofwatereconomydevelopedbytheInstitute“Turkmensuwylymtaslama”,2010.

11.StatisticalannualreviewofTurkmenistan,2013г.NationalStatisticsCommittee“Turkmenmillihasabat”.

12.SimilarprojectsimplementedlatelybytheInstitute“Turkmensuwylymtaslama”.

38

Annex

1

Methodofthequickidenti�icationandeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices(summary)

3.Thephaseofvaluationandanalysiscomprisesprocessingofinformationandcarryingoutananalysisoftheobtaineddata,aswellaseconomicvaluationofecosystemservicesanddraftingthereport.Thisincludes:

Processingofinformation,themainsourcesofwhicharetheexpertiseofthetechnicalgroupmembers;informationobtainedfromthelocalrepresentativesofvarioussectors–attendeesoftheworkshopsandinformationobtainedduringthe�ieldtripsthroughinterviews,surveysandsitevisits.

Theanalysiswasconductedbasedonindividualassessmentsofthegroupmembersaccordingtotherepresentedsectors,followedbytheresultspresentedbythetechnicalgroupmembers.

Eachgroupmemberdraftsthenarrativeofthereportincludingthedescriptionofthemethodologyofeconomicvaluation, resultsof theassessment, andpossiblepolicy issuesand follow-upactivitiesbasedon theobtainedresults.

39

Annex1.Methodofthequickidenti�icationandeconomicvaluationofecosystemservices

ThemethodwasdevelopedwithintheprojectoftheMinistryofNatureProtection,UNDevelopmentProgramandGlobalEnvironmentalFacilityon“PlanningofNationalBiodiversitytosupportimplementationoftheConventiononBiodiversityfortheperiodof2011-2020”.

Theaimofthemethodwastoquicklyidentifythemostimportantecosystemservicesbyabroadnumberofstakeholderswiththeuseofinteractivemethodsandalsothroughawarenessraisingandcapacitybuildingamongthedecision-makersatbothlocalandnationallevel.

Theworkperformedaccordingtothemethodisbasedonthreephases.

1. preparatoryphaseDuringthe thecapacityforimplementationoftheactivitiesisbuilt.Thephaseincludes:

Theorganizationofatechnicalgroupatthenationallevel.Theworkinggroupcomprisestechnicalspecialistsfromthekeynationalagenciesdealingwithconservationand/oruseofnaturalresourcesinTurkmenistan.Academia,representativesfromnon-governmentalsectorworkinginthe�ieldoftheeconomicsofecosystemservicesandnatureusecouldalsobeinvitedtoworkwithinsuchgroup.

Carryingoutanintensivetrainingforgroupexpertsonecosystemapproachandeconomicanalysisofecosystemservices.Other representatives of stakeholders could be involved in the trainingwith thepurpose of nationalcapacitybuildingintherelevant�ield,forinstance,representativesofscienti�icandeducationalestablishments.

Approvalbythegroupofaworkingplanonidenti�icationofecosystemservicesandtheirvaluation.

2. the data gathering phaseDuring the technical group visits nationalwelayats/regions,where it implements theactivitiesandundertakesidenti�icationofimportantecosystemservicesandgathersinformationfortheassessment.Theactivitiesincludethefollowing:

Consultationswithabroadnumberoflocalstakeholders.Theinviteesincluderepresentativesfromtheagriculturalsector,serviceonlandresources,livestockbreeding,industry,watereconomy,natureprotectionsector,forestry,transport,tourism,departmentofstatistics,socio-economicdevelopmentand�inance,educationand�isheryandlocalgovernance.Theconsultationsareaimedat:

Explanationabouttheecosystemapproach,ecosystemservices,theirimportanceandvaluationmethodsIdenti�icationofmajorecosystemservicesofthewelayat,theirrankingbyeconomicrelevance,socialdevelopmentandothercriteriaAssessmentofinformationandothersourcesavailabilityGathering information anddatabyvisiting sites related to theprovisionofmajor ecosystemservices, interviewingorganizationsforobtainingthedataandvaluation.Final selection of ecosystem services for economic valuation, including assessment methodology and subsequentanalysis,throughtheconsultationsoftheworkinggroup.


40

Annex

2

Theprinciplesoftheecosystemapproach(summary)

Source:http://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/principles.shtml

Managementobjectivesareamatter choice.ofsocial

Managementshouldbe ifpossible.decentralized

Eco-systemmanagementbodiesshouldtakeintoaccountand effects(actualorpotential)thatanalyzetheiractivitieshaveonotherecosystems.

Havingrecognizedthepossibilityofthepositivemanagementresults,itisnecessary,however,tounder-standtheecosystemfunctioninganditsmanagementintheeconomiccontext.Anysuchmanagementprogrammeshouldreducemarketdistortionsthatadverselyaffectbiodiversity;provideincentivestosupportbiodiversityconservationandsustainableuse;costsandbene�itsoughttobe internalized, ifpossible,withinthefocalecosystem.

Oneoftheprioritytasksoftheecosystemapproachisconservationofecosystemfunctionsandstructuresthatsupplyservices.

Ecosystemmanagementshouldrecognizeandrespectecosystemlimits.

Ecosystemapproachshouldoperateatanappropriatescale,spatiallyandtemporally.

Objectivesoftheecosystemmanagementshouldbe consideringlaggedeffectsthelong-term,

Ecosystemmanagementshouldacceptchangeasinherentandinevitable.

Ecosystemapproachshouldprovideduebalancebetweenbiodiversityconservationanduseandtheirintegration.

Ecosystem approach should bring including scienti�ic evidence, knowledge,all knowledge to bear,innovationsandpracticesofindigenouspeopleandlocalcommunities.

Toaddress theecosystemapproach thenecessaryexpertiseshouldbedrawnuponand therelevantstakeholdersatalllevelsshouldbeinvolved.

41

Annex2.Theprinciplesoftheecosystemapproach


42

Annex

3

Classi�icationofecosystemservices

Source:TEEB(2010)–TheEconomicsofEcosystemsandBiodiversity:MainstreamingtheEconomicsofNature.Asynthesisoftheapproach,conclusionsandrecommendationsofTEEB.

43

Annex3.Classi�icationofecosystemservices

Habitatorsupportingservicesunderpinalmostallotherservices.Ecosystemsprovidelivingspacesforplantsandanimals,theyalsomaintainadiversityofdifferentbreedsofplantsandanimals.

Habitatsforspecies:Habitatsprovideeverythingthatanindividualplantoranimalneedstosurvive.Migratoryspeciesneedhabitatsalongtheirmigratingroutes.

Maintenanceofgeneticdiversity:Geneticdiversitydistinguishesdifferentbreedsorraces,providingthebasisforlocallywell-adaptedcultivarsandagenepoolforfurtherdevelopingcommercialcropsandlivestock.

Culturalservicesincludethenon-materialbene�itspeopleobtainfromcontactwithecosystems.Theyincludeaesthetic,spiritualandpsychologicalbene�its.

Recreationandmentalandphysicalhealth:Theroleofnaturallandscapesandurbangreenspaceformaintainingmentalandphysicalhealthisincreasinglybeingrecognized.

Tourism:Naturetourismprovidesconsiderableeconomicbene�itsandisavitalsourceofincomeformanycoun-tries.

Aestheticappreciationandinspirationforculture,artanddesign:Language,knowledgeandappreciationofnaturalenvironmenthavebeenintimatelyrelatedthroughouthumanhistory.

Spiritualexperienceandsenseofplace:Natureisacommonelementofallmajorreligions;naturallandscapesalsoformlocalidentityandsenseofbelonging.

Provisioningservicesareecosystemservicesthatdescribethematerialorenergyoutputsfromecosystems.Theyincludefood,waterandotherresources.

Food:Ecosystemsprovidetheconditionsforgrowingfood–inwildhabitatsandinmanagedagro-ecosystems.

Rawmaterials:Ecosystemsprovideagreatdiversityofmaterialsforconstructionandfuel.

Freshwater:Ecosystemsprovidesurfaceandgroundwater.

Medicinalresources:Manyplantsareusedastraditionalmedicinesandasinputforthepharmaceuticalindustry.

Regulatingservicesaretheservicesthatecosystemsprovidebyactingasregulatorse.g.regulatingthequalityofairandsoilorbyproviding�loodanddiseasecontrol.

Localclimateandairqualityregulation:Treesprovideshadeandremovepollutantsfromtheatmosphere.Forestsin�luencerainfall.

Carbonsequestrationandstorage:Astreesandplantsgrow,theyremovecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereandeffectivelylockitawayattheirtissues.

Moderationofextremeevents:Ecosystemsandlivingorganismscreatebuffersagainstnaturalhazardssuchas�loods,stormsandlandslides.

Waste-watertreatment:Micro-organismsinsoilandinwetlandsdecomposehumanandanimalwaste,aswellasmanypollutants.

Erosionpreventionandmaintenanceofsoilfertility:Soilerosionisakeyfactorintheprocessoflanddegradationanddeserti�ication.

Pollination:Some87outofthe115leadingglobalfoodcropsdependuponanimalpollinationincludingimportantcashcropssuchascocoaandcoffee(Kleinetal,2007).

Biologicalcontrol:Ecosystemareimportantforregulatingpestsandvectorbornediseases.


Annex

44

4

TableonvalueofexistenceofimportantspeciesinTurkmenistanbymethodoftransfer

Importance of species

Markhoor**Capra falconeri Wagner, 1839

Bezoar goat*Сapra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777

Argali, urial**Ovis vignei Blyth, 1841

Caracal lynx*Caracal caracal Screber, 1776

Black stork*Ciconia nigra Linnaeus, 1758

Houbara bustard -**Chlamydotis undulata Jacquin, 1784

Goatsh*Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Black francolin*Francolinus francolinus Linnaeus, 1766

Golden eagle*Aquila chrysaetos Linnaeus, 1758

Saker falcon **Falco cherrug Gray, 1834

Snake eagle*Circaetus gallicus (Gmelin, 1788)

Caspian seal**Phoca caspica Gmelin, 1788

16.99 $

16.99 $

16.99 $

21.59 $

43.69 $

11.38 $

11.38 $

11.38 $

21.21 $

32.27 $

32.27 $

165.80 $

Readiness to pay,by family per year in

the origin country

Source: Adapted from Richardson, L. et al. (2009).

Payment type andyear of valuation

Transferred valueof the readiness to pay,

by family per year

[Turkmenistan]

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

per year (2006)

one-off (2006)

one-off (2006)

one-off (2006)

3.36 $

3.36 $

3.36 $

4.27 $

8.63 $

2.25 $

2.25 $

2.25 $

4.19 $

6.38 $

6.38 $

13.39 $

45

Annex

5

Descriptionofpastureecosystems,numberofcattleandpastureproductivity

46

GeographicsituationofTurkmenistanstipulatesthattheessentialpartofitsareaiscoveredbynaturalpastures(approxi-mately83.3%).Flatlandpasturesofsand,clayandgypsumdesertsandrivervalleypasturesoccupythecentral,westernandeasternpartsofthecountry.Piedmontloesspasturesofthelower,mediumandhighmountainzonesandpasturesofmountainousrivervalleysaresituatedinthesouthernpartalongthepiedmontoftheKopetdagmountains.

Vegetation cover of Turkmenistan given the vast spacious �latland areas and vertical zonation inmountains is quitediversi�ied.Accordingtothescienti�icdata,inTurkmenistanthereare2,969speciesofwild-growing�loweringplants,belongingtomorethan800genusand109families.Theoverwhelmingmajorityoftheplantsgrowinginthe�latlandsandmountainsofthecountryareofthecertainforagevalueforanimals.Naturalandclimaticconditionsprovideforbothallyearroundcattlegrazingandpasturestockkeepingforthesmallcattle.

Naturalpastures,therefore,becomethemostvaluableecosystemserviceforTurkmenistan.ThefollowingpasturegradesareincludedinthepastureecosystemofTurkmenistan(seetable10):

Source: http://www.ya-fermer.ru/porody-ovec-tonkorunnye-ovcy-polutonkorunnye-ovcy-shubnye-i-smushkovye-ovcy-myaso-salnye-ovcy.

Table 10. Area of natural pastures of Turkmenistan by grades.

Source. Own calculations of authors. The area of forests – Forestry program of Turkmenistan.

Grades of pastures in Turkmenistan

Flatland pastures of sand desert

Mountainous pastures of lower, middle, upper mountain verticalzonation and pastures of mountain river valleys

Share in pastureecosystem

11 953,94

10 993,18

29,41%

27,05%

Pastures of piedmont - loess (ephemeral) desert

Flatland pastures of gypsum desert

Flatland pastures of clay desert

Flatland pastures as a combination of sand, gypsum andclay deserts

6 103,83

5 216,92

4 276,73

2 019,98

15,02%

12,84%

10,52%

4,97%

Flatland pastures of river valleys


74,59

40 639,17

0,18%

100%

Area [thousand hectares]

Allpasturesareclassi�ied.Eachclassdividesintotypesaccordingtothevegetation.InTurkmenistantherearemorethan100typesofpastures.

Numberofthelivestockandpastureproductivity

After the pasture capacity, that is the annual average number of sheep, wasidenti�ied,thenthepastureproductivitycanbecalculatedonitsbase.Therearevariouscurrentmethodsforcalculationofpastureproductivity,basedontheir[pastures] seasonal use and other factors. Our calculations are based on thefollowingreferencedata.

Table 11. Average weight of 1 animal (by the example of Sarjin sheep).

Ram

Ewe

Average per 1 animal:

Average weight [kg]

95,00

67,50

75,06

27,50%

72,50%

Cattle share [average]



Table 12. Average production output per 1 animal (by the example of Sarjin sheep).

Meat

Lambswool

Ram

Ewe

Average per 1 animal

Production output Minimum [%] Maximum [%] Average

70,10%

Minimum [kg]

4,50

3,00

64,60%

Maximum [kg]

7,30

4,50

67,35%

5,90

3,75

4,34

Source: http://www.okade.ru/ovcevodstvo-i-kozovodstvo/3308-struktura-stada-chast-1.html.

The�iguresofmeatandlambs'woolproductioninphysicaltermswereobtainedasaresultofthecalculation(seetable12).

Table 13. Pasture productivity during the all year-round stock keeping.

Welayat

Mary

Balkan

Dashoguz

Lebap

Ahal


7 670,79

10 291,95

5 670,68

7 940,34

9 065,41

40 639,17

Pasture area[thousand hectares]

Number of small cattle -

sheep [thousand heads]

1 604,28

1 434,85

1 752,35

1 154,48

704,52

6 650,48

Production of meat[thousand tons]

Production of lambs'wool [thousand tons]

58 800,14

52 590,09

64 227,45

42 313,99

25 822,12

243 753,79

6 964,57

6 229,03

7 607,41

5 011,87

3 058,50

28 871,38

Note:Productionoflambs'woolandmeatiscompetitiveandhaspotentialasexport-oriented.Ramshaveastablemarketpriceindomesticmarkets.

Figure 5. Map of pasture lands in Turkmenistan.

47

oases

dunestakyrs

slopedetritus

salinesoilwatersurface

rivers

canals

sanddesert

gypsumdesert

claydesert

piedmontdesert

sandandgypsum

sandandclay

sandandpiedmontrivervalleys

lowermountainzone

middlemountainzone

uppermountainzone

mountainrivervalleys

Legend

50 0 50 Кilometers



eng nature and economy. esval results in tkm 2015

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