engine performance and certification emissions 2 engine...• cfm56-2c1 engines – 22,000 lbs...

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

www.nasa.gov

Engine Performance and Certification Emissions

Dan Bulzan, Changlie Wey, and Robert Howard

NASA Glenn Research Center, ASRC Corporation, AEDC/ATA

AAFEX II Workshop Jan 13, 2012 Nashville, TN

1


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Engine Performance

• CFM56-2C1 engines – 22,000 lbs thrust – Bypass Ratio 6.0 – Overall PR 31

• # 2(port) engine operated on JP-8 for

reference and E-31 testing • #3(starboard) engine operated on test fuels • N1, N2, Fuel flow rate, and exhaust

temperature recorded manually


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Fuel Properties (Post-Test)

3

Test JP-8 Tallow

HRJ FT HRJ/JP-8 FT+THT Sulfur (ppm mass) 188 6 4 276 1083 Aromatics (% vol) 21.8 0.4 1.4 10.2 2.1 Initial Boiling Point (°C) 149 158 146 150 151 50% Recovered (°C) 201 209 177 204 177 End Point (°C) 268 254 226 263 224 Flash Point (°C) 46 52 43 46 43 Density @ 15°C (kg/L) 0.811 0.758 0.761 0.783 0.761 Freezing Point (°C) -47 -53 -49 -76 -54 -77 Viscosity @ -20°C (mm²/s) 4.1 4.9 3.7 4.3 3.2 Hydrogen Content (% mass) 13.5 15.3 15 14.4 15 Smoke Point 22 34 34 31 30 Net Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 42.8 43.6 43.8 43.3 43.8 Olefins (% vol) 0.7 0.2 1.6 0.6 1.5


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AAFEX 1 & 2 Comparison, JP-8

4


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Engine Performance

5


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Engine Performance

6


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Engine Performance

7


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Engine Performance

8


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Exhaust Gas Temperature

9


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Left (#2) Engine Rake Right (#3) Engine Rake

Gaseous Certification Emissions Sampling Rakes at 1 m Downstream


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Right (#3) Rake showing mounted probes


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NOx Emissions

12 1/3/2012

Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EIN

Ox

(g/k

g-fu

el)

0

5

10

15

20

25

C

C

C

C

FT2+THTHRJ BlendFT2HRJJP8ICAOC


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NOx Emissions – HV Corrected

13 1/3/2012

Corrected Fuel Flow Rate, lbm/hr0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EIN

Ox

(g/k

g-fu

el)

0

5

10

15

20

25

C

C

C

C

FT2+THTHRJ BlendFT2HRJJP8ICAOC


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CO Emissions

14 1/3/2012


EIC

O (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CCC

C

ICAOCJP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT


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CO Emissions – HV Corrected

15 1/3/2012


EIC

O (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CCC

C



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Unburned Hydrocarbons

16 1/3/2012


EIH

C (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

5

10

15

20

25

CCC

C



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Unburned Hydrocarbons – HV Corrected

17 1/3/2012


EIH

C (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

5

10

15

20

25

CCC

C



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NOx Emissions

18 1/3/2012

N1, Corrected to Standard Day Condition0 20 40 60 80 100

EIN

Ox

(g/k

g-fu

el)

0

5

10

15

20

25

C

C

C

C



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CO Emissions

19 1/3/2012


EIC

O (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CCC

C



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Unburned Hycrocarbon Emissions

20 1/3/2012


EIH

C (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

5

10

15

20

25

CCC

C



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Combustion Efficiency

21 1/3/2012


Com

bust

ion

Eff

icie

ncy,

%

95

96

97

98

99

100

JP8HRJFT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT


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SO2 Emissions

22

Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EIS

O2 (g

/kg-

fuel

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

HRJFT 2 (Sasol)

JP-8

HRJ BlendFT 2 + THTICAOC

1/3/2012


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CO Emissions – Low Power Conditions

23

Ambient Temperature, F40 50 60 70 80 90

EIC

O (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120Solid Symbol: 4%Open symbol: 7%

JP8HRJ

FT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT


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Unburned Hydrocarbons – Low Power Conditions

24

Ambient Temperature, F40 50 60 70 80 90

EIH

C (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

5

10

15

20

25Solid Symbol: 4%Open symbol: 7%

JP8HRJ

FT2HRJ BlendFT2+THT


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Conclusions

• Negligible effect of fuel type on engine performance when compared on mass measurement basis and corrected for heating value within the accuracy of the measurements

• Slight reduction in NOx emissions at higher power conditions for FT fuel

• Scatter in CO and HC emissions at idle and sub idle due more to temperature effects than fuel type

• SO2 emissions correlated directly with Sulfur in the fuel as expected

• Some slight leakage under engine with neat HRJ and F-T fuels

25


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Acknowledgments

• Jeffrey Braun (Air Force Certification Division) and Tim Edwards (Air Force Research Laboratory) for providing the Alternative fuels for the experiments

• NASA Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility Personnel for their assistance in performing the testing.

26


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Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EI N

Ox

(g/k

g-fu

el)

0

5

10

15

20

C

C

C

C

Engine #3

RG4

RG5RP5RG6

Rake = -8-4-20 -10

ICAOCLG5LG4LG3

Engine #2

EINOx of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)

27

AAFEX-2 AAFEX

1/3/2012

Fuel flow, pph0 2000 4000 6000 8000

EIN

Ox

(g/k

g-fu

el)

0

5

10

15

20

C

C

C

C

Rake -6 4 6 8

JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7

ICAOC

JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC

Rake -6 -4


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Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EI C

O (

g/kg

-fue

l)0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CCC

C

Engine #3

RG4

RG5RP5RG6

Rake = -8-4-20 -10

ICAOCLG5LG4LG3

Engine #2

EICO of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)

28

AAFEX-2 AAFEX

1/3/2012

Fuel flow, pph0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EIC

O (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

CCC

C

Rake -6 4 6 8

JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7

ICAOC

JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC

Rake -6 -4


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Fuel Flow, pph0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

EI H

C (

g/kg

-fue

l)0

5

10

15

20

25

CCC

C

Engine #3

RG4

RG5RP5RG6

Rake = -8-4-20 -10

ICAOCLG5LG4LG3

Engine #2

EIHC of JP8 Fuels (AAFEX vs. AAFEX-2)

29

AAFEX-2 AAFEX

1/3/2012

Fuel flow, pph0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

EIH

C (

g/kg

-fue

l)

0

5

10

15

20

25

CCCC

Rake -6 4 6 8

JP8, RG10 JP8, RG7

ICAOC

JP8, LG6 JP8, GRC

Rake -6 -4

engine performance and certification emissions 2 engine...• cfm56-2c1 engines – 22,000 lbs...

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