engineering vol 69 1900-05-11
DESCRIPTION
Engineering Vol 69 11th May 1900TRANSCRIPT
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7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11
1/31
MAY I
I, 1900.]
N G I N R I N G
THE
PARIS
INTERNATIONAL
disastrous collapse
of the bridge
leading from
the
Champ de Mars, over
the
Avenue
de
Suffren, to
EXHIBITION.
what will
be
the very
po
pular
side show of
the
THE
Po w
ER STATIONS. Globe Celeste, occupying a piece of
ground
S C )
on th
e opposite side of
the
Avenue,
and
along-
(FROM OUR PE
C
IAL
ORRESPONDENT. side
the new station
of
the
lines coming from
Paris, May
4. Moulineaux
and the Gare
St. Lazare.
The
facts
IN our article describing the co
ndition
of the
Paris
attending
thi
s accident have
al r
e
ady
been pub
prior to
the offi
cial o
pening
~ o n y , we lished in full detail
by
the daily press ; a brief
that the presence
of
the pubhc would . reference, however,
should be made to
it here, be-
I
I
w
,
F -91.
I
I
11)
- - ~ - - H - - - - - - - - 6 - - - - ----- ---
FIG.
1.
CRoss
-SECTION
OF BoiLER-Ho usEs .
:
:;:
------------------------------
I
I
I
I
3
6os
built of re-enforced beton,
ought to have been
finished two
or three
weeks earlier, so as
to have
given
the
material
time to
consolidate before
the
centring was
struck. When i t
is
remembered
how
largely
this
ciment
arme, enters
into the con
struction
of
the
terraces beside
the
Seine ;
that
beams of
it
carry much of the weight
of
the
pavilions in
the Rue
des Nations, over
the
electric
railway between the Champ
de Mars
and the Es
planade des Invalides ; and that it has
been
used
in
many
other places where
it
will have to with
stand the strain
of heavy and eccentrica
lly
moving
loads;
it
is q
uite
natural
that
no
little
inquietude
exists.
It
is
not
forgotten either,
that during the
progress of
the
works, several failures occurred
with
beams made of this material,
and
employed in
the
river
terrace
near
the
Horticultural
Building. We
trust that none of the misgivings now very
naturally
expressed, will
be
justified by events, and we dis
miss the subject for the present
with
the remark
that the system followed by M. Galeron was one
devised by an
Hungarian
engineer, M.
Matre.
The
especial object of
Lhis present
article is
to
describe
the
general
arrangements and the
actual
condition of
the
power stations of
the Exhibition ;
in these
stations are
included
the steam
boilers,
engines, electric generators,
and
the many aux.il
liary appliances by which energy,
whether
for light-
4
I
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~ . . . . . . ; . . . ____
. ---- --, . .
Fie3
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5
5
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p A
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11
Fto.
2. PLAN
OF
THE
BouRDONNAIS
BoiLER-HousE.
,
A G I UL
TUR L
UIL ING
1
~ : : ~ ~ : : ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ = = = = ~ = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ ~ = = ~ ~ = = ~ ~ ~ = = = = ~ = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
r
P TH /
I f t
/ /
+ - - - - = - : : . . - ; ; . - :
: : : : . . - : = - : : . . - : : ~ -
= = ~ = = = : . . . . , : . - . = = = = ~ = . . : = = r : : = = = = = - : . . : - . = : = = - - -=-----
------------------------
-+
/
.
~ ~ ~
/
,.,...-- - --: '.O:
0
_
....... ------
-lit
--- - - 1
I
14
15
=
--
-
--
--
-
--
- -
==
-
--
-
-
--
-
----
- - - - - -- ----
----
23
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- - - - -
11
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18
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20
18
Cl
-
22
-
---
H 1
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Il ll
- ' ----
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FIG. 3. PLAN oF
THE SuFFREN
BoiLER-HousE.
I
retard the efforts of
the authorities
in carry- cause
the material and type
of
constructi
on
th
at ing
or
for motive power, will
be distributed through
ng
to completion
the
large amo
unt of
wo
rk that
failed,
are
so
larg
ely employed in
the
co
nstruction
of
the
wide
area
of
the Exhibition
grounds.
I t
is
to
be done.
Whether to
this,
or
to so
me the Exhibition.
Bo
th the
celestial globe
and
the obvious
that
as one great souree of
interest
in
the
must
be
ascribed the small
degree
of bridge leading
to it,
were
the
work
of an
architect,
Exhibition
is machinery in motion,
and
as the
that has
been
made
during
the
last
18 days M. Galeron, who
presumably acted
under
the super-
chief
popu
lar
attraction
depends on
the
iUumina
cannot tell; but
it
is
certainly
discouraging to vision of the Exhibition
execut
ive.
However
this tions at
night,
no part
of
the great
undertaking
is
a considerable
part
of the
Exhibition
in much may be, the globe was finished and so was the foot- of more capital importance than the
power stations
.
he
same
state as it was
on April 14;
indeed, in
bridge
leading
to it; on Sunday
afternoon,
April29, I t
will
be
remembered
that
a special
feature
of the
sense,
it
may be said
that the
undue
haste with
when
the
A venue
de
Suffren was crowded
with
general a
rrangement of the Paris International
the work was
pushed
forward
during
the
few people,
the
centring
of
the
bridge was removed,
Exhibition,
was th
at
of,
as
far as possible, placing
before the opening, has actually
retarded and the structure
collapsed
under its
own
weight; the
mechanical means of production alongside the
because in some cases, work
has to be
many
wer
&
ki
lled by the falling mass,
and still manufactured
pr0duct, so
that
the visitor would
over again,
and
in
many
more, a careful in-
more were
injured. We believe that
an
inquiry
have
beneath his eyes
the
various processes going
is demanded for th e
sake of
the public. has
resulted
in exonerating the
Exhibition
autho- forward, and
their
results. Electric transmission
to the exhibitors, there is certainly not a
Group
rities,
but
one
cannot help
feeling that the frenzied alone
has
rendered
this feature
- absolutely novel
with
but
few exceptions,
not
a Class-
that
is
yet haste with
which
everything
was
pushed
forward,
in
a
great International Exhibition-
possible.
The
enough to
be
studied with
full advantage.
had
much
to
do
with the catastrophe, and
t
ha
t in
same
source of energy
has
placed
at the
disposal
of
Great
con
sternation was
naturally created by the any
case
an experimenta
l
structure like this
bridge,
th
e
authorities,
a means of
illumination
on a scale
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hitherto unattempted.
Of
course ample current
for both these req
uirem
ents will be available in
time, but that
time h
as
n
ot
yet come
; the garde
ns
h
av?
been partially ligh.ted with jets of gas; and
~ u n l ? g
the l
ast
few. e.
venings
a
very
scanty
electric
hghtmg
has been
VISible; but
the
current
for this
has
been
a
lm
ost wholly,
if
n
ot
entirely,
derived
from an outside source,
while
the interiors of the
buildings
are left in
darkness.
That neither the steam
generators
nor
engines
and dynamos. are yet
in
? ~ e r a t i o n
is
due chiefly
unreadin
ess
of exhibitors ; though it
seems
difficult to
exonerate
the authori t i
es
fr
om
the
blame
of
a ~ l ~ \ ~ i n g ex
hi
bitors,
on
whom the vitality
of the
ExhibitiOn depends,
to
have been
so
l
ax in
the ful
~ l m e n t of
their
engagements.
At the time of
writ
In
g,
though seve
ral
groups
of
engines
and
dynamos
are ready
to be started,
it appears
hopeless to
e x ~ e c t a sufficient supply of steam for several days .
This very unfortunate
delay
will n
ot,
how ever,
prevent us
from making
a
so
mewhat close in
spec
tion of the power stations,
t ho
ugh
we
propose
to
Fis 4._-------------
--
----------
--
-------
I
E N G I N E E R I N G.
vided for bringing
fu
el to the differe nt generators
and
for removing as
hes, &c.
All these arrange
ments are indic
ated on the ou t
lin
e
plan,
Fig. 2, of
the
French
boiler-h
ouse
.
In
this plan A shows
the
position of
the
chimney shaft,
B B
are
the
un d
erground
flues, and
b b
the cross flues from
the
various generators to the main
collectors,
c a in d
icate
t he positions of the large aerating
~ h a f t s
t hat
ventilate
the underground vassages
1n
which
the
steam
and water mains, el
ectr
ic
cables, &c., are placed, and
to
wh ich r eference
was made
in
the article above r
eferre
d
to.
Th
e
position of
these
shafts is
also shown at A in the
cross-section
Fig.
1. The
lines
of rails
fo
r the
boiler service are shown at D D
in
t he plan ; they
are so
placed
that th e trucks can be
run
in and
out with9ut
interfering
with the p ublic conveni
ence
. The
various group
s of
generators
shown
on
the plan
have
b
een
furnished by the following
exhibitors
:
1.
MM.
J.
and
A.
Niclausse.
2.
M. Crepelle-Fontaine.
(M
AY I I ,
1900.
that the central passage is impassable, so
covered is it with debris and materi
al
of all kinds.
Continuing
our walk al
ong
the
public
space in front
?f the boiler-house, the
absence
of flooring, or,
indeed,
of
any attempt at levelling the ground, is ex
plained
by the
constant
and heavy traffic of con
tractors carts, of stacks of bricks required for th e
boiler
settings,
and of portions of boilers awaiting
erection, to
say nothing
of sacks of coal
brought by
porters to be
in readiness
for
the earliest moment
when one or other of
the
boilers
sha
ll
be
complete
and
able
to
get
up steam. Th e overhead steam
mains are in place, it is
true,
but they have yet to
be lagged, and evidently
no steam
can
be
usefully
distributed until this has been done. Group
No . 2, that of
MM.
Crepelle-Fontaine, and No. 3,
that of MM. Mathot
and
Son,
are
in evidence only
by
the lower
parts
of the settings,
by
sacks of
cement and other materials, and by sections of
the boilers themselves which lie awaiting the
advancement
of the brickwork. Following these
is
anot
h
er very
l
arge group (No
. 4) which is
-------------------------c.---- ------------------------ ----------------------------------- :
2
.
i.
.
1 I
3 5
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1
1
n 7
:c I'
1 2 .
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( : I
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- - - -__1
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t t : J t
t t ~ I : j t = = = = = = ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - + - + - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - + -
+ - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 -
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ / c t ~ ~
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I
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a a
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15
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13 14 U
I I
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tq; I I
ll
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- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------- I
FIG. 4.
PLAN
oF
THE BoURDONNAI
S
(FRENC
H) PowER STATION.
Fte 5
'
----
--------------- -----------------------------------
-------------------------
,,- -------------------------------
i
Z
..z
1
.. .
lrf 2
Jr
f+
21
-
17
18
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...
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M
AV I
I
I
900.
E N G I N E E R I N
G.
THE
HENDEY-NORTON METRIC
LATHE
AT
THE
PARIS
EXHIBITION.
CON
TRU
CTED BY THE HENDEY-NORTON MACHINE C ~ P A N Y LTD., TORRINGTON, CONN., U.S.
A.
o1 D
esc? ipt
ion s
ee
Page 612.)
exhibitors,
but
on
the
adjoining and incomplete
installations, as well as on the general w
ork
re
maining to be done in the boiler-house.
One cause of the great confusion which exists
at
the t
im
e of writing, is
the condit
i
on
of
Group No.
6,
the installation of the Fives-Lille Company ; prac
ically all the sectio
ns
forming the generators of
his group are
yet
stacked
upon
the
gro
und, so
hat a considerable time
must
pass before
it
can
become
useful, and meanwhile the work of erec
ion will
interfere with the progress of the more
exhibits . I t will be noticed from the
that close by
the
F ives-Lille group is the
ventilating shaf t, the arrangem
ents
of
are far from being completed .
Bey
o
nd
is
the
of Mr. Roser Group No . 5) ;
this
consists
six boilers, which will probably be supplying
before these l
ines
are
published
; t
heir pro
of the t
ot
al amo un t req
uired
is, it is need
to say, but a small one . To sum up the posi
at the time of our visit, this boile1-house when
will co
ntain
50
generat
ors,
of
which
will
be furnished
by
the
Niclausse Company,
by Me ssrs. Babcock and Wilcox, and six
by
de Naeyer
and
Co. ; of
these,
16 gene
rs do not strictly belong
to
French exhibi t.s.
total production of steam will ultimate
ly
be
120,000 kilogrammes per hour.
The second boiler-house, which is devoted nomi
exhibitors, is on the other side of
Champs de Mars, and adjoins the Avenue de
The construction
and
dimensions
of
the
g are similar to those of th e
French
boiler
the arrangements are ind icated on the plan,
g.
3
in which
th
e co
rr
esponding
parts
are indi
by the same
letters
as in
Fig.
2. The figures
the plan refer to different installations as follow :
11.
Messrs. Galloway
an
d Co.
12. Messrs. de Naeyer
and
Co.
13. Me ssrs.
Fi
tzner and Gamper.
14. Messrs. Babcock and Wilcox .
15. :Messrs. Siemens
an
d
Halske
Ste
inmuller
16
. Mr. Petry Dereux.
17.
Mr. Berninghous.
18. Mess rs. J.
an
d A. Nic1ausse.
19. Messrs. Mathot and Sons.
20. Messrs.
The
Schuckert Company Berning
generator).
21. Messrs. Petzold a
nd Uo.
22. Messrs. Simons and Lanz.
23. Mr. Pauksch .
From this
boiler-house,
an
equal quant
ity
of
stea
m- 120,000 kil ogrammes
per
ho
nr
- will have
to be furnished.
It
is worthy of note that four
important in
stallations Gro
up
s Nos. 12, 14, 18,
and 19)
are
by t
he
same exhibitors, who contri
bute so la rge
ly
to the French boiler-house.
A
t
the end of the building is Group No. 11, com
prising six boilers
by
Messrs. Galloway and
Co
. ;
these
appear
practically ready to be put
in stea
m.
Group N o. 12, consisting of four generators by
Messrs.
de Naeyer
and Co.,
are
also com
pl
ete;
wbile t
he
small boiler of Messrs. Fitzner and
Gamper has alrea
dy
been tested . No. 14 com
prises two sets each of t wo Babcock and Wilcox
genera tors;
these
form a co
ntra
st
to the
groups
just
referred
to, as a considerable amount of
work remains to be done. N o. 15 is n
inst allation of five Steinmuller ge
ner
ators, con
tributed by
Messrs. Siemens and
Halske
;
they
are
practically finished,
as
also is 16)
the
small
boiler of Messrs.
Petry
Dereu x and Co . The
gene
rator of
Mr.
Berninghous, of Dui
sb
urg, 17) is
n
ot
qui te so far advanced as
the others
we have
just
referred
to; it
s completion, however, is o
nly
a matter
for a few days; i t is worth no ting that the furnaces of
this group
are
at the end,
and not
at the side, of
the
setting. This completes the range of generators of
the south side of the boiler-house. On the opposite
side, No. 23,
the
boiler s
upplied by Mr.
Pauk soh
is a
lr
eady
und
er steam ; those of Simons and Lanz,
and of Petzold Nos . 22 and 21)
are
quite completed ;
the four Berninghous generators contributed by
the
chu ckert Compa
ny are ye
t
very
unfinished, while
No. 19, which will ult imately be the exhibit of
Messrs. Mathot
a
nd
Sons, is at present o
nly
indi
cated hy tho commencement of a brick
setti
n
g;
finally, t he group of Messrs.
J.
and A. Niclausse,
No. 18, consisting of two generators, is practically
complete.
Altogether
the
re
is
a
st
riking difference
be t ween t he
Fr
ench and foreign boiler-houses , the
la t
ter, as will be ga thered
fr
om the foregoing brief
review, being
in
a far
mor
e advanced condition
than the former in fact, it is not too much to hope
that, with
the
exception of t he inst allation of
Messrs .
Ma
th
ot an
d Sons,
all
t
he
diffe
rent
gro
ups
will
be fur
nishing
their
full supp1y of steam, and
-
enabling one- half of the lighting and power
en
ergy req
uir
ed
to
be di
stribut
ed t
hr
oughout
the
Exhibition in
a few days. Altogether there will be
41 boilers in
the
so-called foreign power station.
We may now pass in very brief review the con
di
t ion, at tho time of writing, of the two corres
ponding electrical stations which depe
nd
for
their
usefulness upon the completion of
the
boiler-h ouses.
We shall not, of course, attempt any detailed de
scrip tion of
the
various installations which will
form the subj
ect
of separate articles.
It
may be
in terest ing, however, to give some general indica
tions about the two buildings, which, with the
boiler-houses, c omplete
the
power stations,
the one
being devoted to French exhibits,
and
the other to
foreign inst allat ions. The buildings containing
these exhibits are close to, and parallel with, the
boiler-h ouses ;
they
form the two
great
wings of
the Electricity Palace,
and
are 98 ft. 6 in. wide.
The construction of the buildings preseuts no
f
ea tur
es of special
interes t
.
Th
e
area they
cover
is quite
in
sufficient for t he
required
purpose, con
side
ring
tha.t,
in
addition to the
m
otors and
elec
tric generators, space had to be made for general
electrical
ex
hibits, and even for some in
st a
llations
belonging
to the
Machin
er
y Building. To some
extent relief has been found by the construction
of overflow annexes between the ends of the boiler
houses
and the
cen tr al part of the Electricity
Building, and some power plants have also
be
en
placed in the Chemical Industries and Machinery
Buildings, which
are in
direct communication
with
the
Electricity Palace.
The power stations, like the boiler-houses,
are
distinguished ns
that
of the Bourdonnais, and of the
Suffren;
the former is devoted to
Fr
ench, and the
la
tt e
r to foreign, exhibits. A plan showing the
general arrangement of the installat ion in the Bour
don nais
station
is given
in
Fig. 4.
n this
diag
ram
the
locations occupied
by
t
he
different exhibitors
are as follow :
1.
MM. Cr
epe
ll
e,
Garand,
and
Decauvi1le.
2. The Fives-Lille Company.
3. The Societe Alsacienne.
4. Th e Societe de Laval.
6.
Th
e Cail Company
and the
French Thomson
Ho u
ston Company.
6 MM.
Pi
guet
and
Grammont.
7. MM. Paul and Augustin
Farcot
and
Hutinet
.
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8. MM. Weyher and Richemond
and
the Com
Electricite et Hydraulique.
9.
MM. Weyher and
Richemond
and
the
Com
Gener
ale
Electrique de Nancy.
10.
MM. Weyher and Richemond and the Com
d 'E
lectricit
e de Creil.
11.
MM. Delaunay-B
e
ll
eville, and
the Maison
12. MM. Garnier and Faure
Beaulieu
.
13.
MM.
Bietrix
and Nicolet
(electric
lighting).
14. MM
Dujardin
and Co.
(electric
lighting) .
15.
MM.
Dujardin and Co. and
MM. Schneider
Co.
16. The Maubeuge Iron Works.
The 16
groups, of which
the
li
st is given above,
ill
furnish
15
,000 indicate
d
hor
se-
power
collec
ively.
At t he first glance the
situation appears to
be pra.ctically the
same as
that
of the corresponding
boiler-house; the
main
passages are blocked by
wagons and
material,
and
t he overhead travelling
rane
s
upplied
by
Me
ssrs. Le
Blanc
and Co.,
is
incessan
t ly
occupied
in
transporting
different parts
of machinery which hav
e yet to be
erected.
On the
left is an
in
stallation (Group No. 1) made
by
Mess
rs.
Cr
e
pelle
and
Garand
and by
Me
ssrs.
Decauville
and Co.
This
is intended to
supply
a
continuous
current of 250 volts. In nearly
the
whole of
these
installations the steam
engine
and the
dynamo
come from
different
manufacturers, the exceptions
being
in
the
case
of those exhibitors
who
make
both
engines and
el
ec t
rical
generators.
The next
group,
t
hat
of
t he
Fives-Lille
Company, is
one
of
these
exceptions
; their in stallation will furnish a tri
phase current
of 2200 volts,
with
a
freq
uency
of
50. t is e
vident
that
this
output will
not
be available
for
some
time, as the erection
is
far
from comp
l
ete,
and the large
double
flywheel
of the dynamo is still lying
in pi
eces on the
fl
oo
r. In
the next space
we
find on
one side
the
commencement
of
the Laval exhibit,
whose
steam turbines will
drive
a
dynamo
to furnish a
co
ntinu
o
us
current of 250 volts ; this
mo
st intere
st
ing exhibit, the dynamo of
which
has been
fur
nished by
the
Breguet Company, is
ready to start;
and,
indeed,
at the time of our
visit steam
was
being
admitted to the motor. Adjoining
Laval
is the
in
stallation of the Societe Alsacie
nne de
Con
structions,
of Belfort;
this
will give a
continuous
current, but
at
500 volts. The e
ngine
s
of
the
Alsacienne Company
(3) will
have
a
very
imposing
appearance, but a g
reat
deal
of work remains
to be
done before
an
experimental
run
can take
place. Behind
the
second part of
the La
val
space (see
plan,
Fig. 4) is the Cail exhibit (5) ; the
engine sent by this c
ompa
ny, otherwise known
as the
Societe
Fran9aise
de
Constructions Me
caniques, will,
when
complete,
drive
a
dynamo
furnished by
the
French
Thomson
-Houston Com
pany ; the whole
of
this group will fo
rm
an inte
res
t ing
exhibit and one of very
considerable
proportions
;
it
will
supply
a tripha
se
current
at
5000
volts
and 25
frequency
. The next group,
No. 6, is that
in
which
the motor is
supplied
by
Messrs.
Pi
guet
and
Co.,
and
the dynamo by
Alexandre
Grammont; this
installation
is
not
so
far advanced
as that of Cail and t
he Thom
son
Houston Company, but
it
will ultimately
furnish
a triphase
current
of 2200 volts
and
50 frequency.
Messrs.
Paul
and Au
gus
tin
Farcot
(7) have cOin-
pleted
the
e
rection of their
engine, but
the
Hutinet
dynamo which
it will drive
is not yet in place. In
this
case the
current
will be
two -phase
and of
2200 volts and 42 frequency.
T h i ~ brings
us
to the
end
of the
building, or
rather to
the
foot of t he staircase by which access
is gained to the first storey of the
Electrical
Palace ;
and
here it is satisfactory to see,
in
regular work
in
g, a sn1all, tho';lgh
c ~ m p l e t e ,
elec_trical statio_n
(see
A,
Fi
g. 4), In whiCh
the
~ o t i v
power
1s
fortunately independent
of
the bo1ler-house. The
engine is a
r o l e u m
n;
oto
r
_of
the Charon
system,
a
nd
has
been
1n operatiOn s1nce
last
January; all
the
current
generated
in
~ h e E x h ~ b i t i o n
has, B? far,
come from
this installatiOn, whiCh
has furni
shed
power
for
working the
two l a r ~ t r a v e l l i n ~ crane
s
that are
so busily employed
1n
transportmg the
various
parts
of engin.
and dyna:mos
in the
t wo
power stations
. SuffiCi
ent
exper1ence
has be
en
gained
with this in stallation to demonstrate t
he
high efficiency of the Charon petroleum. m o t o ~ , to
which
we
shall hereaft
er
devote
a special article.
Casua
lly we may
remark that the staircase leading
to t
he fust
storey of the
Electrical
IJalace is in
~ h e
same
cond
i
tion
as it was on the day
of
the openmg
ceremony. vVe also noticed, with some s
ur
prise,
E N G I N E E R I N G.
the active
presenc
e of a portable
for
ge
which
threw
showers
of
sparks over
loose
timber
and
straw
t.hat
belonged to the
packing- cases of
the
Societe
Anonyme
des Hauts Fourneaux
de
Maubeuge
(16,
Fig.
4), a group which later on will
furnish a
continuous
current of 250 volts. Return
ing to the other end of
the building
along
the
Oen
tral Ave
nue, we have first
(No. 15) the
engines
of Mess
rs.
Dujardin and Co., which will
drive the
Schneider dynamos, and give a triphase current
of
3000 volts with 50
frequency
. The Dujardin
firm
have
also
supplied
an engine in
the adjacent
group, No.
14,
to be
co
upled to
a
dynamo
from
the
works
of the Eclairage Electrique Company,
with a continuous current
of
250 Yolts. This
pa.rt
of the power station
is
somewhat more
back
ward
than elsewhere, in
co nseq
uence of construc
tive work
st
ill
in progress.
At
the time
of our
vis
it
an interested
crowd
was
watching
the first
trials of the combined group of Messrs. E. Garniar
and Faur
e
Beaulieu working
in
conjunction with
Mes
srs.
Post
el, Vinay, anrl Co. ; this
installat
ion
will
furnish
a
continuous
current
of
600 volts. t
may be rea
dily
im
agined
that the first group of
ma
c
hines
put in
movement created quite
an impor
tant
event. Group No
. 11 is that of the combina
tion
Delaunay-B
elleville, and the Breguet Company,
who supply a
dynamo
built for a tripha.se current
of 2200 volts and 50 periods; this installation is
e
ntirely
complete, and is
only
awaiting steam, which
the
bo
iler-h
ouse is
no
t
in
a position to supply.
Fol
lowing
this
is
Group
No. 10,
that
of Messrs.
Weyher
and
Richemond
and
tho General Electric Company,
of Creil, which l
atter,
we believe, is a
branch
of
Messr
s . Day de,
Pile,
and Co., of whom,
as
con
tractors,
we
have
had frequent occasion to speak.
Only the engine
of
this in sta
llation
is com
pleted. Group No
. 9 also contains an engine
by
1\Iessrs. Weyher and Richemond, the
dynam
o
being furni
shed
by the
Compagnie
Genera
le Elec
trique de N ancy ; this plant at the time of
writing
was having a preliminary trial, but, of course, was
not furnishing current,
which will
be triphase at
3300 volts. Finally
Group
No . 8 comprises a third
e
ngine
by Messrs. Weyher and Richemond, driving
a triphase 2200.
volt
dynamo and 50 frequency ex
hibited by
the
Electricite
et
Hydraulique
Company.
Power
trials
were in progress at
the
t ime of
our
visit, so that a partial lig
hting
of the grounds and
buildings, so far as the capacity of the installation
allows, is
by this time probably
available.
In order
to
reach
the second power
stat
i
on
de
voted
to foreign exhibitors,
it
is necessal'y
to
cross
the Champs de Mars, which is m
ost c o ~ v e n i e n t l y
done by
passing
through
the
central ~ o r t w n
of the
Electricity Building
. Here all was 1n a state of
confusion that defies description ; the
ground
was
inter
sec ted with
open trenches,
with unfinished
lines of electrical communications,
with
wagons,
packin
o
cases and
fl
ooring, which, having been
laid
too
s o o ~
was necessarily taken up
on account
of its
havino- been
broken
by the
pas
sage of wagons and
h e a v y t : ~ cases. This will all have to be relaid. The
plan
of the for eign
~ l e c t r i c ~ l
power
stati?n
is shown
in Fig.
5, page
606; It
contams
the
fo
ll
owmg groups :
No. 17. Messrs. Robey and Co.
No . 18. Messrs. Galloway and Co.
and
Messrs.
1\Iather
and Platt.
No. 19.
Me
ssrs.
Willans
and
Robinson
and
Messrs.
Siemens Brothers.
No. 20.
No. 21. The
Helios Company
and the Societe
d'Augsb
ourg.
No.
22. Societe
d'
Augsbourg and
the
Societe
Nuremberg and Lahmeyer.
No. 23. Messrs. Carels
Freres
and Kolben.
No.
24. Messrs. V
an
den
Kerchove
and
the
Compagnie Indust
ri
ell
e_ d'Electricit
e. .
No.
25.
Me
ssrs.
Bollmckx
and the SoCiete Elec-
trique et Hydraulique.
No. 26.
No. 27. Messrs. A. Borsig and
Me
ssrs. Siemens
and
Halske.
No. 28. Messrs. Schuckert
and
Co.,
and
the
Societe
de
Nuremberg .
Th
e
in
sta.
llations in
the
building devoted to
for eio n
ex
hibits will,
when
complete, develop an
energy
of 21,000 horse-power. Besides those shown
on the plan and enumerated above, there is in
an
annexe,
a Russ
ian
not
intended to be
set
in
mot ion, and two ta
lian
ex
hibits
; of
th e
se
latter
one
is contributed by the cons
tructors, Franco
Tosi, ' of Legnano, and
by
the S ? c i ~ l e c -
tricit
e " o
nc
e
Schuckert and
Co.; t
h1
s w1ll give a
contin'uous c urrent of 500 volts. t is
nearly ready
(MAY I 1900.
to work as, too, is a second Ita.lian group, also
by
the Tos1 Company as regards the engine, but in this
case
the generator
is
furnished by another
I talian
firm, that of Bacini ;
it
will,
like
the former, give
a
500-volt continuous current. Near by
are
a few
English
exhibits,
n
ot
in tended to be worked
and
whi?h,
t h e r ~ f o r e do
n
ot
fo
rm part of the
power
stat1_on
wh1ch commences beyond
the stairway
eadm
g
t?
the. first f l ~ o r of the El e?t ricity Build
Ing. Th1s stairway,
It
may be
menti
o
ned,
is com
pleted.
First,
on the right-hand side, is the com
bined group (No
. 23,
Fig.
5), of Messrs. Carels
Fr
eres, of
Gand, and
of
the Kolben
Electri city Com
pany . This engine and dynamo will generate a 3000-
triphase current with a frequency of 50; the whole
in
s
tallati
on is ready,
and
is
only
awaitino- steam
from the boiler-house.
Next
(No. 24) is ~ n o t h e r
group
for
triphase current,
but of 2200 volts
and
50 peliods . The combined exhibitors are the Van
den Kerchove Company
as
regards the eno-ines
while the Compagnie
Internationale d'Elect;
icite:
of
Li
ege (formerly Messrs. Pieper and Co.), furnish
the dynamo.
This
installation
appears
complete,
except
the flywheel of the ge
nerator.
Belgium also
occupies the
adjacent
space (25), the exhibitors
being re
spect
ive
ly the
Bollinckx Company
and the
Societe
Electricite
et
Hydraulique
; the current is
triphase, of 2200 volts and 42. This exhibit is
practically ready. Beyond,
and
adjoining a
numbe
r
of machinery exhibits (Nos. 20
and 26),
that
appear out of place in this building, is the collective
installation of M
es3
rs. A. Borsig
and
Co.
and
of
Siemens and
Hal
ske, ready a.s soon
as
steam can
be furnished,
to generate
a
triphase current
of
2200 volts of 50 frequency.
Thi
s is a very re
markable insta
llati
on,
to
which we shall return
on a la t
er
occasion. Beside it stands the group
of
the
N
ur
em
burg Engine
Construction Company,
and of
the Schuckert
Company (28). In this group
a 5000-volt triphase current of 50 periods will be
generated,
as
well
as
a 500-volt continuous cur
rent.
This,
like
mo
st
of
the other
installat ions we
have
noticed
in
this
building, is wai
ting
for
stea
m.
On
the other side
of
the
central
passage we find
(No. 22) a
German
group, the engine being sup
plied
by
the
Au
gsbourg
Engine
Construction
Company, and the N
uremburg
En gine Construc
tion Company, the dynamo
by
the
Lahm
eyer
El
ectr
ical Company ; here the current will be
triphase
with a voltage of 5000
and
50 the
installation is
quite
complete. So is
the
adjoining
group
(No. 21)
contributed by
the
sa
me Augsbourg
Company and the H e
li
os Electrical Company.
With this an alternating current of 2200 volts and
50 frequen cy will
be generated
; it is in teresting
to note
that
steam had been furni
shed to
this
engine
for making its preliminary tests, which
were
extremely
successful. Of
English
exhibitors
we find (No. 19)
the
group of Messrs. Willans
and Robinson, whose engine we
illustrated and
desc
ribed re
cently (see page 552 te, and of
Messrs. Siemens and
llalske
; this will furnish
a 500-volt continuous
current. Then
comes
the
combination of Messrs. Galloway and Co.'s engine
with
Messrs. Mather and Platt's
dyn
amo to give a
continuous current of 250 volts ;
and,
finally, the
installati
on of Messrs.
Robey and
Co
.,
to
generate
a similar current. The
se
three form a melancholy
contrast to
the other
exhibits
in the building; the
first is far from complete,
the
dynamo
not
being
erected
; the second shows
little
else
than the
foundations,
and
the
third, though further
ad
vanced, will not be
able
for a considerable time to
contribute
it
s
proportion
of
current.
We have now briefly reviewed the installations
in
the
foreign power station,
on
which a large
part
of
the Exhibition
will
depend
for
its light and
energy ; others, however, remain
to
be noticed.
As said above, some of the space in the building has
been
occupied
with
machinery exhibits of differe nt
kinds. t was necessary, therefore,
to
find space
elsewhere for the
remaind
er of the engine
and
dynamo installations. In the annexe of the Electrical
Building,
situated between the
Salon d' Ho
nn
eur
and
the French boiler-house is a
Dutch
installation,
ex
hibited
by
Messrs .
Storck
Brothers
and
Co ,
for
the engines, and the Smit El
ect
rical Compauy
for the
generator,
which will give a 500-volt con
tinuous current
.
The eng
ine is almost erected,
but the dynamo is not
in
place. In t
he
annexe
on
the opposite s
ide
of the Salon d 'Honneur, near the
foreign boiler-house, is a group contributed
by
Messrs. Ladislas, Lang,
and
Co.,
and by
Messrs.
Ganz and Co., of Budapest;
this
is almost ready
for working, but
steam has
not been available f
or
-
7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11
5/31
M
AV I
I,
I 900 ]
ial s ;
the current
will be tripha.
se
, at
volts, with a fre
quency of
50. Close
by
is
a
oup by the Ringhofer Company and Siemens
Vienna, which will give a 500-
ontinuous
current. This
installa
tion
awaits
steam supply.
Finally there
is the completed
hibit of Messrs.
Er
ste,
Brunner, and
Co.,
and
Messrs. Ganz
and
Co., of Vienna ;
this
will
sh a triphase
current
of 2200 volts, with a
eq
uency of 42. Besides these
there are
o
ther
ower installations e
ntirely
misplaced, acoording
the official
ar
r
angement
.
Thus, in the
Chemical
there are three
Swiss
exhibits
considerable
imp
or
tance
; a
ll
of
th
ese
ar
e r
eady
furnish current.
The
first is the
exhibit
of MM.
er
Fr
eres
and
the Oerlikon Co
mpany
;
this
will
an
al ter
nating c
urrent
of 2200 vo
lt
s
an
d
. The second is
by
Messrs. E scher,
Wyss
,
and
, and the Oerlikon Company, for a
tripha
se
ent, also of 2200 volts and 50 ;
th
e t
hird
for a
lt continuous current comes
fr
om t
he
works
M.
Emil Mertz, of Bale,
and the Alioth El
ectrical
any.
It
will
be gathered from the foregoing brief
that
the
forei
gn
exhibits
are
(except those
om this country)
in
a more forward
state than
ose of France, bo
th
as
regard
t
he steam
boilers
nd the power
plant
;
it
is clear,
ind
ee
d, that for
time the Exhibition must chiefly depend on the
foreign installations for
curr
e
nt. t
is also notice
nble that there is an
entire
absence of American
exhibits; these we shall
probably
find
in
re
mote
in
ce
nnes.
A few words remain to be added
about
the
system of current distribution.
There
are two
switchboards placed on the
ground fl
oor of the
gallery
that
separates the
Electricity Building fr
om
the Chateau d
Ea
u,
and
which is
not
well
adapted
for
ex
hibits on account of imperfect lighting. They
are
eac
h 196 ft. long ; one is reserved for con
tinuous, and the
ot
h
er
for
alternati
ng,
currents.
For
the latter there are as
many
collectors as
there ar
e
different natures of
curren
t ; each
of
these co
llect
o
rs
is
coupled to its corresponding machine, and serves
a special system of mains. From
what
we have
said, and which will be more
evident
when we con
sider in detail
the
various installations,
the
elec
trical
ex
hibits
in
the 1900
Exhibition
will
far
surpass anything that has been seen before, and
will form a very complete illustration of the pheno
mena
l
pr
og
ress in el
ec t
rical
engineerin
g
durin
g
the last few years.
t
is to
be re
gre
tted,
though
this is the inevitable fate of e
xhibition
s,
th at
all
is so far behindhand. Time alo
ne
can remedy
this deficiency, and in this connection we are very
glad
to
learn
that
an official decree will
be
issued,
to
the effect that no more goods will
be
r eceived
after the 12th in
st., and th
at unfinis
hed
installations
will
be removed at
the
cost of the
tardy
exh
ibi
tors. t is too much to hope that this decree will
be rigidly enforced, but we
trust
that it may be
so
far
put
in to execution as to teach ex
hibitors
that
th
ey
cannot break
th
e
ir contra
c
ts with impunity,
and
that the
various Commi
ss
ions
are bound
to
see that the conditio
ns
of the co
ntract
s are
respected, The
Paris
Exhibition
authorities
have
doubtless much to answer for in their failu
re to
hav
e carried o
ut their undertakings in
time,
but
their responsibilit ies
are small compared
with
that of exhibitors and Commissions, French and
foreign, wh o appear wholly to disregard their obliga
tions in completing
the
various cou
rt
s for which
they are responsible.
MODERN FIELD ARTILLERY.
(Continued from page 577.)
TH
S
cHNEIDER C.ANET ~ r .
75-Millimetre
(2
.952-In.) Gun, Long T ype, on
Ca tiage 1rith Tr
ail
Spade ancl H ydra11lic Recoil
Cylinders
(Figs. 113 to 124, pages 610
and
611).
Th
e following are particulars of
the gun
:
Weight
of
gun
... ... 355 kilogs. ( 782
lb)
, carriage ... . .
635 , (1399 , )
, pr
ojec
tile ... 6.5 , ( 4
i , )
Mu
zzle
velocity ... .. .
600 m. (1640
ft
.)
Ene
rgy
of projectile ... 83 t.-m.
(276
foot tons).
In
a modified
type the principal
pa r
t iculars
were
:
\V
eight
of
gun .. .. .
348
kilogs. ( 769 lb.)
11 carriage .. . .. . 638 , (1406
11
, projectile ...
6.
5 , , )
Muzzle velocity ... ... 580 m. (
19
03' ft.)
Energy
of projectila ... 111.5 t. m. (371
ft.
.-tons).
In these models the following propert ies we
re
s
hown
to exist
in
a high deg ree
under test
:
N G I N R I N G
1.
Reduced
recoil, allowing
continued
fire .
2. R
ap id and
su
st ained
fire
n.t
comparatively
sho
r t
range, with
out re-tr
aining the
gun.
3. Great stability during recoil on ordinary
gro
und.
4.
Very
slight deviat ion
of
the
gun
.
5. Strong
a
nd ab
solu te
ly
safe
breech-
closing
device.
6. High ballist ic power compared with the weight
of the g un.
7. Co
mplete prote
ct ion of
parts against
grape
sh
ot and dU E t.
The gun is of forged and
hard
ened steel ; it is
33.3 calibres
in
len
gt
h, and is made
in
two
parts;
the t
ub
e
in
which
th
e
br e
ech-block is screwed, a
nd
t
he jacket,
which covers
the tube
for a length of
1.210 me t res (47.637 in. ).
The
force
of
reco
il
is
transmitted
to the hydraulic rec
oil
cylinder
s
by the
jacket, so that the
tu
be has not to withsta
nd any
efforts t hat would
tend
to affect the breech
mechanism.
The gun
is connected
to the
recoil
cylinders by m
eans
of dovetailed flanges, which
f
orm
a st rong
attachment, but
allow
the
sy
stem to
be taken
to
pieces rapidly. Th e gun has been
designed to
take
a
truncated
conical metallic cart
ridge ; it is,
there
fo
re,
not fitted
with any
mechanism for
ob turati
on.
The b r e e c h ~ b l o c k
can,
howeve
r,
e
asily
be replaced at
any time by one
of
ordinary type, with plastic obturator, so as to fire
a che
aper kind
of ammunition ; in t his case, how
ever, rapidity of firing would be reduced by one
half.
Tbe
carriage is
pr
ovid
ed with hydraulic
recoil
cylinders, a trail-spade, and wheel drags. The
gun
runs
out
au t
omatically; the trail-spade is
s
haped
so as to automatically
penetrate ground
of
average h
ardness
,
and preliminary
digging is
not
.
necess
ary. Th
e wheel
drag
s
are
used when
the
gun is hauled from one place to another,
and
also
when firing on very soft grvund. When the
surface is of average hardness, it is n
ot
ne cessary
to re
sort
to this
device.
Percu
ssion
being absent
owing
to the
a
ct
ion of
the
reco
il
cylinder,
the
carriage ri ses only slightly even when on ploughed
grv
und.
In this case, however, corr
ec t
ion in
t raining
after
each
round
is
hardly
necessary,
especially
when the fi
r
ing
does
not require minute
precis io
n,
as, for
instance, when
firing
against
a cavalry charge. The carriage is very simple
in
const ruction, and
re
qu ires
no
preparation for
fir
in
g ;
the
recoil
cylinders
are
filled
with in
congea
lable
liquid,
and
as
they are
perma
n
ently
t igh
t, it
is
not
necessary
to
inspect
th
em
when the gun is placed in battery.
The
recoil
cylinders
and
t heir rods are protected against
grape-s
hot and du
st by closed slides, which form a
protective
armour; the
whole of
th
e sys
tem
occu
pies
but little
room,
and is
easily
taken
to
pieces.
Expan
sion of the gun has no influence
on the working of the various parts, for the
cylinders
can extend freely
in
the
cradle,
and
the
gl
ands round
the rods
are
not liable
to
be
come h
ot. The
carriage is
built up
of
steel plates
;
it consists of two cheeks st ayed by hollowed-out
plates, which allow
fr
ee recoil.
t
is
joint
ed
on
t he axl e, the
trail end
being fitted with
the
pivot-bolt seat
and
the spade. The lever for
la t
eral
tr ainin
g,
and the gun
sponge,
are
hooked
on
the
carriage ;
the gun sponge
is
in two parts,
to
fit
more
easily
aga
i
nst
t
he tr a
il.
Th
e g
un is placed
under
t he axle, so as to reduce the rising of the
syst
em
under
fire
as
much
as
possib le.
t
clas
ps
the
recoil cylinders, the
latt
er travelling in slides fitted
to
the axle,
and the
whole
system
oscillates on
the
wheels to obtain the required elevatio
n.
The gu n,
th
erefore,
re
coils along
its
ax is, whateyer be
its
incline. The
re
coil cylinders being movable,
the
rods are fixP.d
and
are
join
ed
to
the
ends
of the
slid es ; each of
the
cy
linder
s is fitted
with an arm
that
serves
to
take up
t
he pressure of the running
out springs, the latter bearing
on
a rod placed in
fr
ont of
th
e sy3tem. The
length
of the
set
of
springs r
eq
uir
ed
for
obta
ining the recoil
travel
allows
the
provision of twin-recoil cylinders,
and
th
is is
an ad
vantage as r
egards
the division of e
ff
o
rt.
During
recoil,
the liquid in each cylinder
pass
es
fr
om
th
e fron t
to
the rear of the pisto
n,
th rough
ports,
the
opening
of
which
is
in
rel
at
ion with
the
speed at all
points
of
th
e travel ;
resi
st a
nc
e is,
therefore,
prac
t ically cons
tant.
The running-
out
springs bein
g compressed,
their action is add
ed
to
th
at of
th
e recoil
cylinders to run out the
gun
when
recoil has ceased. These
spri
ngs are sufficient to
run out the gun
under
the
gr
e
atest
firing angle.
The piston-rods, while entering
the
cylinde
rs
on
one
side,
are withdrawn on th
e
othe
r,
the volume
of liq uid, therefore, rema ins constant, and
this is
of
great
ad vantage in preventing leakage. Leather
buffers, combined with
the set
of springs,
dead
en
all
shoc
ks during
return; these shocks, however,
nre ve
ry
slig
ht,
for the recoil cylinde
rs act
as
brakes
in
b
ot
h
di r
ections.
As above stated,
th
e gun, recoil cylinders, s l i d ~ s
and
axle, oscillate together
on
the wheels
to
gtve
the
gun th
e requ ired elevation. All these parts
are, moreover, joined
to the
carriage
through
a
rack
,
th
e pinion of which is ke
yed on
t
he same
axle,
with a tangent screw-wheel provided with a hand
c
rank.
The
g
un n
er
placed on
the
righ
t-
hand
s
ide
k
ee
ps his eye on the sights while he works
the
crank, this being effe cted
in dependently
of t he
loading of the
gun
, which is
carried out on the
left
ha
nd
side.
In
m
ost
ca
ses these tw
o
ope
rat io
ns are
conducted simultaneously, it being only when the
gun is fired at
rang
es higher t
han
3000 me t res, t
hat
the breech
end
is raised for closing the breech
block.
The
g
un is trained by means of the trail
lever.
t would be impossible
to
give to such a powerful
gun, a lat eral action
ind
ependent of the carriage,
owing to
the
deviat ion that would arise were
the
gun to be
placed obliquely
to
the
tr a
il.
Experience
h
as proved
that
the
g
unner
at
the trail eau
rectify
lateral training while the
point
er is occupied in cor
rect ing the elevation of the gun.
On
most
ground
the spade is displac
ed
laterally
by
lifting t
he
tr ail ;
and this
causes no difficulty, t
he
wheels
being
alwa
ys
moveable
even when the
wheel-drags
are on.
The wheel-drags are not of much impo
rt
a.nce, and
are
not generally resorted to to check
recoil;
when
the
trail
is fairly held
by the
spade
in
suitable
ground,
their
action is unnecessary.
The gun an
d
mounting ar
e easily ta
ken apart by rem
ov
ing
two
keys that hold the
gun to
the slide-shoes
and
sliding
the gun forward.
The fore-limber contains no special arrangem
ent.
I t
carries
a
chest
which
contains
36 cartridges,
placed hori
zo
n
ta
lly
in
wooden co
mpartments, and
two boxes of tools
and
spare parts.
t
is so de
signed as in t urning
to
form an angle of 60 deg. ;
the
system can therefore
turn ha
lf round in
a
width
of
fr
om 7
to
8 metres.
(To
be
continued.)
LITERATURE
D ie A nkerwickltvn[Jn
und
A flkerkon3truktionender kich-
. st om D ynamo1rutschiflen.
By Professor E. AR NOLD
.
Berlin: J. Springe
r ;
and Munich : R. Oldenbourg.
Pages 376 octavo,
with
12 Plates and 418 i g u r
[Price
15s.]
ALTERNATING currents
have
so
mu
ch come
to
the
fr
o
nt,
and we possess
already
so
many
books
on
continuous
-c
ur r
e
n t
dynamos, that, a new volume on
the
l
atte
r may a
lm
ost appear un
ca
ll
ed-for.
Yet
there always remain problems
to
be cleared up,
and electricians to be trained,
and
the author had
ot
her good reasons for compiling
this
co
mbination
of a text-book
and
a hand-book.
Professor E.
Arnold
is
the
first
di r
ector
of the
electro-technical
institute
of the Technical High School of Karl
s
ru h
e. Ihie e]e
ctro
-technical in titute, we may
ment ion, was built
in
1896,
uud
e
l
his supervisio
n,
with
a gran t of 30,000l.
fr
om
th
e Ba
den
Ch
amber
of De
puties. In the
first e
diti
on
of this work of
1891,
the
a
uthor
simply laid down
som e
rules
for
armature
construction. The second edition of 1896,
now
out
of
print,
explained and
furth
er developed
these
rule
s.
In order
to
gi\Te
a full theory,
and
to
derive the multipolar types from tripolar
t
yp
es,
the
au
thor
ha
s
had, in
t
his
third
edition,
to
rewrit
e t
he
firs t chapters entirely. He
further
explains his
ser
ies-parallel connections, designed especia
lly
for
drum
armatur es, which, he feels
sur
e, on
th
e
ground
of his own experience
and
that of firms
who
hav
e
adopted it,
will
replace
t
he parallel
wind
ing. F or con
st r
uctive
re
asons, t he
armature
wind
ings of multi polar dynamos are generally made of
bars. Both
with
the parallel and
th
e series con
nections, it is difficult
to
adapt
the number
of
bars to the current
in tens
ity.
The
seri
es-parallel
connecti
on offe
rs
the
further advantage
that
the
numb
er
of
the
br
a
nch
cu
rr
e
n t
s
in
the
armatur
e
may
be an even
numb
e
r,
independent of the number of
poles, and that every current
branch
passes
through
all the fields. In
this
way the annoying
sparking
is avoided, which is caused by the
di
ss imilarities of
the several poles .
The armature
reactions
and energy relations
-
7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11
6/31
SCHNEIDER CANET FIELD GUN CARRIAGE
WITH TRAIL
SPADE AND HYDRAULIC RECOIL
BRAKE.
Fig .113 .
Fie 114.
'
/11
'
-0
c... ..
tl
I I I
. t 1
H ""
. .
00 C
'
t - iH
. "'
I 0
'
\
. .121 .
Eg 11b
\ I
UD.,I. ----JJ
v I J u I U I . J Uu
Fi g .117.
For Description,
see
Page
609.
\
I
I
+;
-
t t_ .-J
. . .
Jt
( )30 . )
-.-
.Fig.118
.
Fi[] .120.
Fi[j .116.
..
. ......
:
/ . I
j
I
I I
. I
.
.
. \ _.
......... .
\ .
-
\
. ........... '
........... .
........
.
,
. -
.
-
7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11
7/31
MA
v
I I 1
goo.
J
E N G I N E E
R
I N G.
rr
SCHNE
IDER-CANET
75-MILLIMETRE G1
J N,
CARRIAGE,
AND Lll\1BER
Fi1J 1Z4
_
durin
o
the short-circuit period
are
the most no te
worthy addition to
the
new edition.
Th ese mathe
ma tical deductio
ns
are
due
to the author and to
Dr. Mie, one of his colleagues. In h e i r conc
lu
sions they dift
er
from
Thorburne
R ~ I d
who
co
n
siders that
a
con
st a
n t-cu
rrent de n
s
i ty
under the
brushes is the most favcura.ble
condition
for com
mutation, a
nd
also from J oubert
as
to the energy
waste throuo-h self-induction. This section also
deals
t e m ~ t i c l l y
with
the
winding systems of
S.
G. Brown,
Sayer, and
Swinburne.
The work is divided into
two
parts-armature
windings and armature constructions. Broadly
speaking,
the
theory
is
contained in
the
first part,
which dea
ls with
ring, drum,
an
d disc
armatures,
and then proceeds to the consideration of the
arma
ture reactions. But the line of demarcation be
tween t
he
th
eoret
ical and
constructive
parts co
uld
rigorously have
been d1
awn
only in
a
completely
rewritten volume, and the arrangement and the
sequence observed are for t
ha
t reason not always
of
a kind to facilitate
the
student's task.
Th
e
want of
an
alphabetical index
cannot
be
overlooked
und
er
those circumstan ces.
The
table of conte
nts
is
however, very complete, an d the construct ive
data of twenty-four of t
he
examples dis
cussed at
length are condensed in a large table. The
twelve
plates and many of the text figures are photographic
reproduct ions of working drawings
on
which t he
sca
le
is
indicated.
As
t he
origina l
s
were
three or
four times the size, th
ese diagr
ams
will
be ap pre
ciated by designers and st
ud
ent s.
Th
e originals,
which represent a great variety of types, were sup
plied to the autho
rs by
the leading el
ectr
ical firms
of Germany and
Switzerland
; French machines
are also shown. Th ere
are
sev
eral armatures of
the Oerlikon Company, w
ith which Professor Ar n
o
ld
wa
s for some
tim
e connected. The
diagram
s,
as
well as
the
gen
er a
l get-up, are excellent; some of
the views might be clearer .
Both
in
th eoretical
and
practical
respect the
volume would
rank with
the
best
of its kind,
even
if
.
there were more
contemporary ri v
als
to conten
d
mth.
Lub1ication bricants. By LEONARD AnonBUTT
F.I.C., F.C.S., and R. Mou NTl ORD DEELEY, M.I.
M
ecb
. E., F.G.S. London, 1900: Charles Griffin
and
Co. Pages 451 large ootavo with 123
text
figures.
This treatise on the theory and practice of lubri
cation,
and on the natur
e, properties,
and
tes t
ing
For Description, see Page 609.)
..
F IG.
122.
I
\
I
of
lubricant
s, is the joint work of Mr. Archbu
tt,
chemist to
the Midland Railway
Company, an d of
Mr.
Deeley, in s
pector
of
motors and
boilers of the
locomot
ive
department of the same
company.
Both
in
compas
s
and in breadth
of
.
treatment
t
he.
wm:k
leaves
its predecessors far
behind. The
s
ubJect lB
wide
and
has its two distinct
sides with
which
only
the experienced chemist and the engineer can deal
appropriately. J oint authorships have their draw
backs, however.
W e read th at
the
re sponsibility
for the
mech
anical and the c
hemical
sections mu st
necessarily
rest mainly upon one or other of the
authors, that the purely ph ysical sections are,
to
a la r
ge
extent, of
joint
authors
hip, and
t
ha
t
each
section
has so
far as
possible been
made com
plete in i tself. The reader will be
prepared
to
find repetitions under these circumstances,
and
he does
meet
with them.
Mu ch
remains
still
to be elucidated regarding
the chemical
con
stitution and ph y
si
cal properties of lubricants.
But
we do
not look
forward
to
a chemi
ca
l
tr e
at i
se
,
and
the
ch
em
ical sect
ions
are
most
satisfactory.
The distinctive feature of the
work,
we take it, lies,
how
ever,
in the
mechanical side
of
the
problems,
and we
s
hould hav
e
liked
to
see that
si
de, perhaps,
still more
accentuat
ed.
The volume
opens with theoretical chapters
on
the friction of solids
and liquid fric
t
ion or
viscos
ity
- the
o r ,
,
is
peculiar- and plastic
friction,
deal
ing with visco
us
flow be
twee
n
horiz
ontal and be
tween vertical planes and
through capillary
tubes,
Poiseuille's
viscosity
formula., a
nd
Osborne
Rey
n old s' theory. Since the lubri
catio
n effect
does
not only
depend
upon the viscosity, 'e specially
when
t he
oil supply is
inefficient, t
he rate
of
fric
t ion
very
.
lo
w, or
the
load excessive,
as Veitch
Wilson, Thurston, and others recognised, but also
up
on s
omething else whi
ch prevents
rupture
of
the
liquid
film
and
actual contact
between the rubbing
sur faces, the
authors in t
erpose a chapter on
superficial tension ; this is very welcome, but it
is
not particularly well arranged. The something
just mentioned
is
t he oiliness or
gre
asines
s. In
t he
preface the
claim
is raised
that ' '
in th e instru c
tions
for
th
e
manipulation
of testing
machines, an
endeavour has
been made
to
stat
e
the
conditio
ns
un der
which
te sts may be made for oiliness or for
viscosity, much
that
has
been
written on the sub
ject being un so
und, owing
to
a
want
of knowledge
concerning
the
condit,ions under which
these
two
'
.
_
-
,
..
.
"
properties of
lubricants
are of active
value.,,
We
s
hould
be
g
lad to hav
e
that
cl
aim
fu r
t her
sub
stantiate
d. A
re
al definition of oiliness is
not
given. On page
397,
however, _we read
: ~ h e
property
which
prevents the
lubriCant
from be1ng
pressed out is
called
oiliness . Thus, although
sperm
oil
is less viscous
than
glycerine, it
will
be
found to be a better
lubricant. Th
e glycerine
feels
harsh
between the
fingers, whil
st sperm
oil feels
greasy. With high speeds, moderate loads,
and
good
lubrica t
ion
it is,
no doubt, the
deg
ree
of
fluidity which principally determines
the value of a
lubricant for any pa
rt i
c
ular
purpose
;
but when
the
speeds are slow or very high, the l
oads
great,
or
the lubrica
t ion
im per
fec t ,
oiliness plays the
most
important
part in th
e r eduction of frictional re
sistance.,
To ret
urn
to
our summary, Chapter
IV.,
headed
Theory
of Lubricants,
is
ba
se
d
mainly
on
the
se ries of classical
experiments which
Mr.
Beauchamp
Tower conducted
at
the
in
stance of
t
he Institu
tion of Mechanical Engineers, and the th eoretical
deductions which Profe
ssor
Osborne Reynolds
evolved
fr om
those
and oth er researches.
Pro
fessors Goodman and Thurston are also quoted, of
course; further,
Professors J enkin, Ewing, and
K
imball,
on
the apparent
sudden c
hange in
t he
coefficient of fri
ction, when
the surfaces
in contact
come to:rest. Refere
nces
to Mo
rin
and Hirn occur
in the first chapters.
Bu
t a volume of this cha.
racter s
hould not
alt
ogether have di
sre
ga
rded
the
theory
of friction by
General
Petrow, of
the Ru
s
sian
genie
.
His
experimental researches predated
those of the In stitution, the work was crowned by
the
Acad
e
my
of
St
. P et ersb urg,
and
his
con
.
clu
sions
ha v
e
in the
main been confirmed
by
subsequent
invest
igations.
Martens' work, con
ducted at Charlottenburg since 1883,
might
also
h
ave
been
noticed, although the
experiments
do
not appear
to
h
ave
been
summarised, as
wa
s
in
tended. The rise
in
the temperature of the liquid
film
was
to be determined
by the aid
of thermo
couples.
I t
is
a
pity that
th is
has not
been d
one,
and
that
no means seem to ha
ve
been found for
increasing the thickness of oil films ; J ahn s made
proposals
to
this
effect.
Why
the
authors now pass over to physical and
chemical
properties of lubrican ts, methods of de
te
r
mining them, an d the systematic
testing
by
physical a
nd chemical methods, to return
after
wards to mechanical testing-the very subject just
discussed- is no t quite apparent. Mr. Archbutt's
name is identifi
ed with sev
era
l
impro\ements and
appliances, and we need
hardly
say t
ha
t
these
three
sec tions are excellently written and arranged. One
point, apropos : After describing the
method
for
inquiring
into
the dangers
of
spontaneous
ignition
of
cotton
wa
ste,
&c.,
impregnated
with
oi
l,
and
tabulating
resul
ts , the authors
mention
that they
found
it nece
ssary to
fo
rce air
through
the
apparatus
in such tests. f
that is no
t do
ne,
h
ow
can
corn
parative res
ults be
p e t e d
Chapter
IX., Mechanical
Testing of Lubri
cants,, describes
Thur
sto n s
machine
fully,
and
briefly
those of Ingra.m and Stapfer, Ashcroft,
Stroudley, Tower (both machines, for journal
-
7/17/2019 Engineering Vol 69 1900-05-11
8/31
612
and
for
pivot friction);
further, the disc
and
collar
machines of McNaught, Woodbury, De prez and
N ~ t p o l i ,
and
Ba
il
ey .
The
advantages
of
mecha
nical testing are not pressed, though nothing cg,n be
so instructive as
tests
approaching working condi
tions
. If the machi nes are not
perfect
enough,
they must be improved; what would electricity be
without the marvellous
accuracy
of
electrica
l in
struments 1
The
authors proceed
next to the ' 'Design
and
Lubrication of Bearings,
giving
useful tables con
cerning
the
composition
of materia
ls for
be
ar ings,
and
poin
t
ing
out the un desi rability of employing
metals wh i
ch
may
seize
or
weld,
al
so
devoting
a
few
rather
aimless
pages to hardne
ss
tests. Sub-head
in gs of this section
are
:
Th
e hardening of be aring
surfaces,
lubric
atio
n of
bearings,
fit of
bearings,
h eating of the
oi
l film,
admissible
loa ds
on
b earings,
cylindrical s
urface
bea ri ngs, &c . , methods of apply
ing lubricants . The rea der will ag ree thJ).t the
scientific
design of bearings
is still
in its infancy
;
there is,
hence, hope for im
pr o
vement n
this
sec
tion.
The diag
rams
of
bea rings
and of lubric
a
to r
s
do not call for commendation ; t hat
ring
lubricators
have become
very
popular
would
hardly
be sur
mised from the brief n ot ice, a
nd th
ere
is
no example
of
roller bearings
and
very
little on
ball bearings .
The la
s t
chapter,
The Lubricati
on of Machinery,
sun1marises the whole s ubject for the benefit of
engineers in charge of machinery.
Among the good points of the work, we should
menti
on
the excellent, exhaustive alphabetical
index
which helps
us qui0kly
to
find
apparatus
de
scribe
d
n another
place ; t
he
use
of
the
sa
me
symbols,
explained in the table of ccmtents t hr ough
out the
b ook ; the many
(96) extensive
tables
of
all
kinds
; the absence of misprints ; and the general
care of t he publisher. Am ong
the weak points:
The
occasionally scanty
references
to forei
gn
literature,
and the f
act
that those foreign papers are quoted n
mo st
cases
by
their abst ract
s,
abstracts of
acknow
ledged
stand
in
g,
it is true, published by
the
Society
of
Chemical
Indu
st ry, t
he
Chemical Society,
&c
.
Abst ra ctor s do very
useful
work, and we n1ay
presume,
n1oreover, that the
au th ors have
st udied
the ori ginals of im portant papers. But we appear
to
drift
into accepting
everything on the
faith
of
an abstractor,
who
may or may not have been very
careful, and wh o is n ot always allowed sufficient
space to allude to all
im po
rtant
f
ea tures. But
these
remarks are not especially meant
for
t
he
authors of
the
volume before us,
a
book
w
hieh
we can conscientiously recommend to
engi
n eers,
chemists, and
manufacturers of lubri
ca
nts.
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