ENGLISH BUSINESS IENGLISH BUSINESS I

TUTOR: LUNGGUH JATMIKA, SSTUTOR: LUNGGUH JATMIKA, SS

The Usage of “a” / “an” / “the”The Usage of “a” / “an” / “the”““a” follows singular countable nouns a” follows singular countable nouns begun with consonants.begun with consonants.ExamplesExamples: : a ball, a chair, a dictionarya ball, a chair, a dictionary etcetc..Or, follows singular countable nouns Or, follows singular countable nouns begun with vowels which are begun with vowels which are pronounced as consonants.pronounced as consonants.Examples:Examples: a university, a unitya university, a unity etc.etc.

“an” follows singular countable nouns begun with vowels.Examples: an apple, an egg, etc.

Or, follows singular countable nouns begun with consonants which are pronounced as vowels.Example: an hour.

““a” and “an” are used in sentences when they a” and “an” are used in sentences when they are mentioned by the speakers for the first time.are mentioned by the speakers for the first time.

Example:Example:

““I hadI had aa sandwich andsandwich and anan apple for lunch. The apple for lunch. The sandwich wasn’t very good but the apple was sandwich wasn’t very good but the apple was nice.”nice.”

““the” is used when we are thinking of one the” is used when we are thinking of one particular thing.particular thing.

Examples:Examples:

-- Tom sat down onTom sat down on thethe chairchair nearestnearest thethe

door.door.

-- Did Ann getDid Ann get thethe jobjob she applied forshe applied for??

We also use “the” when it is clear in the situation which We also use “the” when it is clear in the situation which thing or person we meanthing or person we mean..

Examples:Examples:

- Can you turn off the light, please? - Can you turn off the light, please? (= the light in this room)(= the light in this room)

- I took a taxi to the station. - I took a taxi to the station.

(= the station in that town)(= the station in that town)

- I’d like to speak to the manager, please. - I’d like to speak to the manager, please. (= the manager of this shop)(= the manager of this shop)

We also useWe also use “the”“the” when there is only one of somethingwhen there is only one of something..Examples:Examples: - What is the longest river in the world?What is the longest river in the world?- The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round

the earth.the earth.

““the”the” is also used after the capital of a nation.is also used after the capital of a nation.

Example:Example:- Paris is the capital of France.Paris is the capital of France.

We say:We say: the sky, the sea, the ground, the country, the the sky, the sea, the ground, the country, the environmentenvironment

Examples:Examples:- We looked up at all the stars in the sky.We looked up at all the stars in the sky.- Would you rather live in a town or in the Would you rather live in a town or in the

country?country?- We must do more to protect the environmentWe must do more to protect the environment..

Names with and without “The” (1)Names with and without “The” (1)

A. Names without “the”A. Names without “the”• We do not use “the” with names ofWe do not use “the” with names of

people, continents, countries, people, continents, countries, states/regions etc., islands, states/regions etc., islands, city/towns etccity/towns etc..

Examples: Ann Taylor, Africa, France, Examples: Ann Taylor, Africa, France, Texas, Corsica, Cairo Texas, Corsica, Cairo..

When we use Mr./Mrs./Captain/Doctor etc. + When we use Mr./Mrs./Captain/Doctor etc. + names, we do not use “the”. So we say:names, we do not use “the”. So we say:

Mr. Johnson, Doctor Flash, Captain Mr. Johnson, Doctor Flash, Captain Dickson, President Carter, Uncle Dickson, President Carter, Uncle James, Aunt Mary, Saint Catherine, James, Aunt Mary, Saint Catherine, Prince Andrew etc.Prince Andrew etc.

We do not use “the” with names of We do not use “the” with names of mountains/mounts and lakes.mountains/mounts and lakes.

Examples: Mount Everest, Lake ConstanceExamples: Mount Everest, Lake Constance

Compare:Compare:- They live near the lake.They live near the lake.- They live near Lake Constance.They live near Lake Constance.

We also do not use “the” with these We also do not use “the” with these following words: eastern, northern, following words: eastern, northern, western, southern, south-eastern etc.western, southern, south-eastern etc.

Examples: Examples: - We prefer to spend our holiday in northern We prefer to spend our holiday in northern

France.France.- She lives in south-eastern Spain.She lives in south-eastern Spain.

In the same way, we do not use “the” In the same way, we do not use “the” with names of most streets, roads, with names of most streets, roads, squares, parks etc.squares, parks etc.Examples:Examples:

- Union Street, Fifth Avenue, Hyde Parks,Union Street, Fifth Avenue, Hyde Parks,Piccadilly Circus, Broadway, Times Piccadilly Circus, Broadway, Times Square,Square,Waterloo Bridge etc.Waterloo Bridge etc.

We do not usually use “the” with names of We do not usually use “the” with names of important buildings or institutions like important buildings or institutions like these:these:Kennedy Airport, Cambridge University, Kennedy Airport, Cambridge University, Victoria Station, Edinburgh Castle, London Victoria Station, Edinburgh Castle, London Zoo, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Zoo, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, Canterbury Cathedral etc.Palace, Canterbury Cathedral etc.

• Many shops, restaurants, hotels, banks etc. are named after the people who started them. These names end in –’s or -s. We do not use “the” with these names:

McDonalds, Jack’s Guest House, Harrods etc.

Names of companies, airlines etc. are Names of companies, airlines etc. are usually without “the”.usually without “the”.

Examples:Examples:Fiat, Sony, British Airways, IBM etc.Fiat, Sony, British Airways, IBM etc.

B. Names with “the”B. Names with “the” We use “the’ in the name with We use “the’ in the name with

“Republic”, “Kingdom”, “States” etc.“Republic”, “Kingdom”, “States” etc.

Examples: Examples: The United States of America (The USA),The United States of America (The USA),The United Kingdom (The UK), The United Kingdom (The UK), The Indonesian Republic etc.The Indonesian Republic etc.

We use “the” with the names of oceans, We use “the” with the names of oceans, sea, rivers and canals.sea, rivers and canals.

Examples:Examples:The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Red Sea, The Suez Canal, The Nile,The Red Sea, The Suez Canal, The Nile,The River Amazon etc.The River Amazon etc.

We use “the” with plural names of We use “the” with plural names of people and places (people, countries, people and places (people, countries, groups of islands and mountain ranges).groups of islands and mountain ranges).

Examples: Examples: The Taylors (= The Taylors Family), The Taylors (= The Taylors Family), The Netherlands, The Canaries, The Netherlands, The Canaries, The British Isles, The Alps etc.The British Isles, The Alps etc.

Places which are usually have names with Places which are usually have names with “the”:“the”:

Hotels/Restaurants/Pubs:Hotels/Restaurants/Pubs:The Ritz Hotel, The Bombay, The Red The Ritz Hotel, The Bombay, The Red LionLion

Theatres/Cinemas:Theatres/Cinemas:The Palace Theatre, The Odeon The Palace Theatre, The Odeon CinemaCinema

Museums/Galleries:Museums/Galleries:The British Museum, The Oriental The British Museum, The Oriental GalleryGallery

Other buildings:Other buildings:The Empire State Building, The Empire State Building, the Festival Hall, the White Housethe Festival Hall, the White House

• Oceans/Seas/Canals:Oceans/Seas/Canals:the Indian Ocean, The Mediterranean the Indian Ocean, The Mediterranean Sea,Sea,the Suez Canal.the Suez Canal.

• Names of newspapers:Names of newspapers:The Washington Post, The Financial The Washington Post, The Financial TimesTimes

Names of organizations:Names of organizations:The European Union, The European Union, The British Broadcasting CorporationThe British Broadcasting Corporation

Names withNames with …of……of… usually have “the’usually have “the’Examples:Examples:

The Bank of England, the Gulf of The Bank of England, the Gulf of Mexico,Mexico,the Great Wall of China etc.the Great Wall of China etc.