english for the eager learners- l1-2.pdf

8/22/2019 English for the Eager Learners- L1-2.pdf

1/33


2/33

Copyright 2012 by Ira P. Boone, Maria Company

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, photocopying, mechanical, recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN-10: 1468191837ISBN-13: 978-1468191837

Published by Maria CompanyPrinted in the United States of America

Please send inquiries to: [email protected]

http://englishfortheeagerlearners.blogspot.com/


3/33

Contents

Table of ContentsLesson 1

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 4

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

Lesson 9

Lesson 10

Lesson 11

Lesson 12

Lesson 13

Lesson 14

......................... P.1 - P.17

.................................. P.18 - P.29

....................... P.30 - P.41

............................................ P.42 - P.54

........................ P.55 - P.65

.......................................... P.66 - P.75

..................................... P.76 - P.88

P.89 - P.99

................................. P.100 - P.111

... P.112 - P.123

......... P.124 - P.136

....... P.137 - P.149

... P.150 - P.160

.................... P.161 - P.175

Nouns and Adjectives

Verbs, Suffixes

Sentences and Phrases

Adverbs

Prepositional Phrases

Pronouns

Passive Voice

Gerunds and Noun Phrases (Infinitives)

Complements

Clauses, Sentences,and Coordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions,,Adverb Clauses,Subject-verb Agreement (1)

Adjective Clauses,Subject-verb Agreement (2)

Noun Clauses, Tenses and Time

Tenses - Past Eventsiii


4/33

Contents

Lesson 15

Lesson 16

Lesson 17

Lesson 18

Lesson 19

Lesson 20

Lesson 21

Lesson 22

Lesson 23

Lesson 24

Lesson 25

Prefixes

Summary

Answers

Index

.................. P.176 - P.187

................................. P.188 - P.201

.................... P.202 - P.214

......... P.215 - P.227

........................................ P.228 - P.239

................................... P.240 - P.254

.......................................... P.255 - P.266

............ P.267 - P.278

.......................... P.279 - P.292

..................................... P.293 - P.304

........ P.305 - P.320

..................................................................... P.321

.......................................................... P.322 - P.324

......................................................... P.325 - P.346

......................................................... P.347 - P.350

Past Progressive Tense

Future Time

Conditional Sentences

Modals and Auxiliary Verbs

Negation

Punctuation

Articles

Direct and Indirect Speech

Verbless Clauses,Comment Clauses / Phrases,Absolute Phrases

Inversions

Contractions and Omissions

iv


5/33

Lesson 1

1

Lesson 1

Nouns and Adjectives

ANOUNis theNAMEof anything.

1. John kicked thefootballthrough thegoal. (goal- a wooden frame)

2. The resultwas onegoalto nil. (goal - a point)

3. His team won a narrow victory.

4. His wish came true.

5. John got excited and drank up a can ofbeer.

When we WRITE, a noun has to be decided rst.

a.

b.

c.

d.

We put a noun

before a verb.

after a verb.

after apreposition.

after a 'be'.

- Johnkicked

- kicked the football

- through the goal

- was one goal

Please don't get deceived by the simple appearance of Lesson One.

In fact, it lays the sound foundations of all upcoming lessons

and is often referred to later on when your studying gets stuck.

Reminder

n.

n.

n.

n.

v.

v.

v.

prep.

1

Nouns


6/33

2

Lesson 1

Now turn our thoughts the other way round.

Any words or a group of words will be taken as nouns when they are found in thesefour positions:

a. Before a verb.

b. After a transitive verb.

c. After apreposition.

d. After a be.

This important concept will help us understand the formation of noun phrases, gerunds(pages 89 - 91) and even noun clauses (pages 150, 155, 237, 310, 312, 324).

a. Before any verb we can nd a subject noun-John kicked.

b. After a verb we can nd an object noun- kicked thefootball.

c. After apreposition we can nd an object noun- through thegoal.

d. After a be we can nd a complement noun

- was onegoal.

When weREAD, a verb orpreposition should catch our eyes rst. Then a noun comes next.

Kinds of Nouns:1. 2.

2

3


7/33

Lesson 1

3

A common noun is the name used for any one of a class, such as book (concrete),

family (collective), happiness (abstract) and copper (mass). It is contrasted with a

proper noun, which is used for a special person or place.

Note:

A name for a special person,place or company, such as John,

Paris, IBM, etc.1. Proper Noun

a. ConcreteNoun(countable)

b. Collective Noun(countable)

d. Mass Noun(uncountable)

Things that we can seeand touch, suchasbook, table, cup, bottle,

car, house, etc.

A number or collection that we

treat as a whole, such as family,mob, flock, army, fleet, etc.

c. AbstractNoun

(uncountable)

Something that we cant touch orsee but only feel, such as happiness,success, bravery,energy, wisdom,honesty, etc.

Things that dont have separate units,such as wood, water, gold, cotton,homework, money, advice, travel,weather, jewelry, news, etc. Intwo pieces of gold, we count pieces.

2. Common Nouns


8/33

4

Lesson 1

Please put the underlined nouns of the following passage in the boxes

below.

A.

Lucky,alittledog,iscrossi

ngabridgewithapieceof

meatinhismouthwhenhehappen

stoseehisshadow

inthewaterbelow.Hemistakeshisownshadow

tobe

anotherdogwithabiggerpi

eceofmeat.Nowhewants

theotherdogsmeatandt

riestosnatchit.Whilehe

doesso,thepieceofmeati

nhismouthdropsintothe

wateranddisappearsindark

nessforever.Sadly,Lucky

goesbacktojoinhisfamily

withemptyhands.

(Youmayloseeverythingif

youaregreedy.)

TheDogandHisShadow

Proper Concrete Collective Abstract Mass


9/33

Lesson 1

5

Why do we classify a noun?

Singular Plural

FORCE

MANNER

PAPER

RETURN

WATER

- strength

- method of doing things

- sheet

- coming back

- liquid

- army

- politeness

- documents

- profits

- an area of water

FORCES

MANNERS

PAPERS

RETURNS

WATERS

From the kind of noun we can get: (1) its exact meaning, (2) its countable or

uncountable nature. This nature will guide us to the correct uses of: (3) articles(a, an, the), (4) verb forms (singular / plural) and (5) adjectives of quantity.

We come to understand the meaning of a noun according to its type.

(2)

(1)

Countable or uncountable nature of a noun carries a different meaning.

(3)Countable concrete and collective nouns take articles (a, an, the); uncountable

mass and abstract nouns dont.

In a barthe attendants were serving a group of tourists from an India town.

Beer brings temporary pleasure to drinkers. (no articles)

concrete n. collective n.

mass n. abstract n.

(4)Some nouns in singular number take a singular verb under one meaning, and

in plural number take a plural verb for another meaning.

The return of the companys former CEO was good news to the staff.

The returns on the new investment of the company were encouraging.

(5)Some adjectives of quantity such as many and few are used to qualify

countable nouns, while much and little to describe uncountable nouns.

Much beer has been sold during holidays.

At the close of business hours, only a few beers were left unsold.

mass n.

concrete n.

My catBeautydoes not like sh. (proper noun)Mary is still a beauty in her middle age. (concrete noun)

Everybody admires herbeauty. (abstract noun)

Beer [U] an alcoholic drink (mass noun uncountable) Beer is sold here.

[C] a bottle, can or glass of beer (concrete noun countable)

Give us two beers, please. (=two bottles, two cans or two glasses)

proper n.


10/33

6

Lesson 1

GEORGE WALKER BUSH

Christian name

First name

Forename

(Given Name)

Middle name Last name

Surname

Family name

Knowyourname!

wyourname!

our

name!

o n

Anounisthenameofapersonor

athing. Whocangiveme anoun?Acow.Verygood. Anothernoun?!Anothercow!

Teacher:

Firstboy:Teacher:Secondboy:

Ronald Wilson Reagan

We usually write:

Ronald W. Reagan or Ronald Reagan

Barack Hussein Obama

Christian name

First name

Forename

(Given Name)

Middle name Last name

Surname

Family name


11/33

Lesson 1

7

Singular Plural Exceptions

Regular

Nouns that end in

a hissing sound

(-sh,-ch,-s,-x,-z)

Nouns that end in

-o

Nouns that end in

-f or -fe

Nouns that end in-y

Nouns that dont

follow any of these

rules

Nouns that refer to only one are singular.

Nouns that refer to more than one are plural.

men

teeth

geese

children

mice

sheep

oxen

Germans

dwarfs/ dwarves

scarfs/ scarves

wharfs/ wharves

book

horse

cat

dish

bench

box

buzz

ass

glassinch

life

knife

loaf

shelf

thief

dwarf

scarf

wharf

potato

tomato

echo

duty

army

lady

city

fybody

man

tooth

goose

child

mouse

sheep

ox

German

books

horses

cats

dishes

benches

boxes

buzzes

asses

glassesinches

potatoes

tomatoes

echoes

lives

knives

loaves

shelves

thieves

duties

armies

ladies

cities

fiesbodies

stomachs

monarchs

photos

pianos

casinos

hippos

proofs

beliefschiefs

keys

days

valleys

monkeys(A vowel before y)

Nouns: singular and plural

(ch pronounced as k)


12/33

8

Lesson 1

News / Information

Aerobics

PhysicsGarbage / Trash

Equipment

Baggage / Luggage

Furniture

(No news is good news.)

(Aerobics is a form of exercise.)

(Physics is a science subject.)(Garbage is collected on Wednesdays in this town.)

(Our ofce equipmentis said to be up-to-date.)

(Too much baggage / luggage is not allowed on the plane.)

(Thefurniture of the home suits the style of the house.)

The following nouns are used ONLY in the singular:

1. In winter people wear heavy clothinglike hats, scarves, boots, and overcoats.

2. Many cloths of high quality are used for making fashionable and expensive clothes.

Some Final Words on Nouns at this early stage:

1. A noun has rst to be classied as countable (concrete and collective) oruncountable (abstract and mass).

2. Countable nouns require articles (a, an, the); uncountable nouns dont.

3. Countable nouns take singular / plural verbs; uncountable nounsonly singular.

4. Before a noun we nd a transitive verb /preposition, e.g. ... showlove, ... inlove. After a noun we nd a transitive / intransitive verb. E.g. Birdseat worms. Birdsy.

Please refer to Lesson 2.

tr. v. n. prep. n.

n. tr. v. int. v.n.

Sweets

Thanks

Riches

GoodsFireworks

Wages

Remains

(My sister bought a packet ofsweets to suck on her way to school.)

(It was thanks to my uncle that I got the job.)

(Some people wanted fame, while others were crazy about riches.)

(Our company supplies honestgoods at honest prices.)(Last night the whole city was entertained with reworks.)

(The little shop pays very low wages per week.)

(The remains of yesterdays lunch were still seen lying on the table.)

The following nouns are used ONLY in the plural:

Singular

cloth (C)

clothing (U)

Plural

cloths

clothes (C)

Examples

a yard of cloth

an item of clothing

a suit of clothes

exchange seats; shake hands; make friends with; take turns; be friends with

E.g. We may change trains at the next station. (NOT train)

Some nouns in certain expressions must be in plural number:


13/33

Lesson 1

9

The adjective qualifes the noun.

adjective noun

An adjective adds information to a noun.

We say that the adjective qualifes the noun.

Usually an adjective goes before a noun or comes after a linking verb.

(Please see page 19.)

1. Demonstrative AdjectivesThese adjectives point out people, things, etc.

This house is old. (singular)

That house is old. (singular)

These houses are new. (plural)

Those houses are new. (plural)

The school is open. (singular)

The children are playing. (plural)

This house

(this, that, these, those, the, a(n), etc.)

Adjectives are classifed in order to make a neat stacking (arrangement) ora smooth, natural description o a noun. (Please see page 12.)

This and these

That and those

This and that

These and those

The

refer to things close to the speaker.

point at things less close to the speaker.

go with singular nouns.

go with plural nouns.

goes with both singular and plural nouns.

Any word that adds inormation to a noun is an adjective.


14/33

10

Lesson 1

1. The Possessive of a noun whether singular or plural is formed by adding s to the noun:

the boys book; the kings crown; the familys income;

mens club; childrens school; peoples leader

Formation of the Possessive:

2. When a noun ends in s, the Possessive is formed by adding an apostrophe ()

after the s:

the boys school; the students teacher

2. The PossessiveThis kind of adjectives shows ownership.

That is Johns car.

Johns shows ownership or possession.

Johns car The car that belongs to John.

The Possessive answers the question, 'Whose?'

Whose car? John's.

=

(noun in the possessive form used as an adjective)


15/33

Lesson 1

11

a nice man an old car a beautifulbig roundold table

a large city a blue shirt a blackJapanese car

a square table the English language

4. Adjectives of Quality

These adjectives answer the question: Of what kind?

thin man

(opinion, size/shape/age, color, proper adjectives)

Adjectives of opinion include beautiful, ugly, nice, bad, dirty, good ... .Note

:

3. Adjectives of Quantitysome money muchpatience

enough food all his wealthno sense whole amount

many days eachboy

These adjectives answer the question: How much or how many?

some money

Many goes with countable nouns. (concrete and collective nouns)

Much goes with uncountable nouns. (abstract and mass nouns)

Note:

i ii iii iv v vi

i

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

i ii iii iv

v vi


16/33

12

Lesson 1

A beauty salon (A salon that provides beauty services)

A beautiful salon (A salon that looks beautiful)

An information center

An informative talk

(A center that provides information)

(A talk that gives people helpful ideas)

A gold chain

Golden hair

(A chain that has the element of gold)

(Hair that has bright yellow color)

A silk suitA silky voice

(A suit that is made of silk)(A gentle voice that is like soft silk)

Function:

Element:

n. n.

n.adj.

n.

n. n.

n.n.

n.

n.n.

n.adj.

adj.

adj.

ANOUN QUALIFIES ANOTHER NOUNA noun can be used as an adjective to qualify another noun in order to show theFunctionorElementof the second noun.

Word order of the adjectives

The chairmans two beautiful large round old brown Indian teak tables.

demonstrative possessive of quality noun used as adj.

to show element

opinion size shape age color proper adj.

(4)of quantity

(3)(2)(1)


17/33

Lesson 1

13

Adjectives Nouns

femalecharm

intuitiona ... dog

vital

a ... role

a ... game

clues

importance

all-round

full-time

secondary

adult

consumer

education

{a ... person

Adjectives Nouns{

{

a ... fig-tree

a ... officer

(= feeling)

(= chief)

Collocation(matching of different parts of speech)A noun and an adjective are close partners.

An adjective can qualify a few nouns, and, likewise, a noun can be qualied by afew adjectives.


18/33

14

Lesson 1

The secret of writing good English lies in a good match between nouns and adjectives.

ONLY through extensive reading can a learner acquire such a kind of valuable knowledge.

Please underline all the adjectives in this passage.

Janets family had a big, old house with a beautifulgarden, a lot of owers and many old trees. One morning,

Janet came in from the garden. She was a tall, fat woman,thirty years old. It was the hottest day of the year, butshe wore a warm, brown skirt and yellow shirt. She wentinto the kitchen to get a refreshing drink of cold water.Just then the back door opened. And her mother came in.Her mother Molly was a tall, dark woman with gray hair.

A black and white dog came into the kitchen after herand ran across to her. She sat down, put her hands onits head and said to Janet, I usually did the same to youwhen you as a kid were having a sad and depressed look.

a new

the human

a rare

an extinct

an endangered

species(singular and plural)

{B.

5

10


19/33

Lesson 1

15

Most adjectives have the positive degree, the comparative degree followed by than to

compare 2 things, and the superlative degree preceded by the to compare more than 2 things.

All one-syllable adjectives follow the -er / -est pattern.

Positive Comparative Superlative

tall

quick

old

taller

quicker

older/elder

tallest

quickest

oldest/eldest

If the positive ends in -e, only -r and -st are added.

brave

cute

wide

braver

cuter

wider

bravest

cutest

widest

If the positive ends in -y, it changes to -ier and -iest.

drysly

shy

drierslier /slyer

shier /shyer

driestsliest /slyest

shiest /shyest

Most two-syllable adjectives, especially those ending in -able, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ive, -less

and -ous, take MORE / (LESS) in the comparative and MOST / (LEAST) in the superlative.

If the vowel of the positive is short, the last consonant is doubled.

big

red

wet

bigger

redder

wetter

biggest

reddest

wettest

readable

hopeful

charmingfoolish

active

more readable

more hopeful

more charmingmore foolish

more active

most readable

most hopeful

most charmingmost foolish

most active

Comparison of Adjectives

Other two-syllable adjectives follow the -er / -est pattern as the one-syllable adjectives do.

clever

simple

happy

friendly

cleverer

simpler

happier

friendlier

cleverest

simplest

happiest

friendliest


20/33

16

Lesson 1

We use than with the comparative degree.

The is used with the superlative degree.

John is as fatas Jack.

Mary is not as fatas John.

John is fatterthan Mary.

This dress is morebeautiful thanthat dress.

John is thefattest of the three boys.

Mary is the most beautiful girlin the class.

This isthe fastest caron the running track.

However, some two-syllable adjectives can take EITHER-er / -est ORmore / most:

Your servant was stupider thanI thought.

Your servant was more stupid thanI thought.

e.g.

The following Adjectives are exceptions:

Irregular Comparison

We use as...aswith the positive degree.

good

badlittle

much

many

far

better

worseless, lesser

more

more

farther/further

best

worstleast

most

most

farthest/furthest

sENTENCE WRITING

MOST

can be used

without the

to mean very.

E.g.

-The movie

was most

interesting.

-People

opposed

the bill most

strongly.

Note:

common; stupid; pleasant; handsome; polite; gentle


21/33

17

To Learn English (1)

Lesson 1

Clear and correct English makes people easily understand you, and they wouldimmediately decide that you are well educated. As a result, they truly respect you:

this brings to your career every chance of success.

However, to achieve good English, people need some basic tools for the long,steep climb to the goal. These are determination, patience and effort.

To begin with, the meaning of a word varies according to what part of speech itis. Often, a different part of speech of a word carries a different meaning:

Examples:

SoEnglish is a language of denition (to read according to rules).

Remarks:

Was taken ill (idiomatic expression) = fell ill

Bush ducks shoe throw in Iraq is newspaper English, which usually omits the

articles (a,an,the). Traditional English is Bush ducks a shoe throw in Iraq.

(Throw is a countable noun, which requires an article.)

The dog was taken ill. (adjective - sick)Poverty is an ill. (noun - problem)

The children are running about. (adverb - in different directions)The report is about the weather.(preposition - concerning)The movie is about to start. (adjective - soon going)

To understand a clause, we frst fnd out its verb and next its subject/object.

Tokyo ofce costs cost a lot of money.(Cost is a transitive verb, meaning need)

(Costs is a plural noun, meaning expenses, subject of the transitive verb cost.)

Bush ducks shoe throw in Iraq.(Ducks is a transitive verb, meaning avoids.)

(Throw is a noun, object of ducks.)

(Shoe is a noun, used as an adjective to qualify throw.)

1)

2)

3)


22/33

18

Lesson 2

Lesson 2

VerbsA VERBtells us something about a person or thing and is

the most important word in a sentence.

When we write, we rst have some nouns in our mind, such as key

and door. (Please refer back to page 1.) Then we look for a suitable

verb opens to match the nouns like this:

Subject(noun)

Verb Object(noun)

A key opens a door.

Here the noun key governs the verb opens. It is subject (the action doer) of the verb.

The second noun door (the action receiver) is the object governed by the verb opens.

Transitive verbThe verb opens is a transitive verb because it passes the action from the action doer key

(subject) to the action receiver door (object). A transitive verb must take an object.

Key anddoor are countable concrete nouns,which need an article a.*


23/33

Lesson 2

19

Intransitive verb Subject Verb

The world laughs.

MoreExampl

es:

Linking verbThe linking verb be (am, is, are, was, were, been, being, be) is used most frequently. It

links a noun or an adjective with the subject to make the meaning of a sentence complete.

Subject ComplementJohn is a doctor.

(noun) (linking v.) (noun)

Subject Complement

John is happy.

(noun) (linking v.) (adjective)

(Please see page 100.)

Why is it first and foremost to classify a verb?The answer is easily seen in the following examples:

1. He stopped to smoke. (= He walked no farther and stood there and smoked.)

2. He stopped smoking. (= He gave up smoking and smoked no more.)In 1, the intransitive 'stopped' ends with the subject 'he', and 'to smoke' tells us why he

stopped. (Please see page 98.)

In 2, the transitive 'stopped' means 'quitted' and takes the noun (gerund) 'smoking' as its

object. (Please see page 90 for more explanations of gerunds.)

She turned, and dropped the ball. (= She went round and dropped the ball.)

She turned and dropped the ball. (= She turned the ball and dropped it.)

intr. v.

tran. v.

intr. v.

tran. v.

The action verb laughs stops with the action doer world (subject).

There is no action receiver (object).


24/33

20

Lesson 2

ComplementsBoth the noun doctor and the adjective happy are complements of is. There are

many other linking verbs, such as seem, appear, become, grow, turn, prove, look,

come, go, feel, get, etc. They take a noun or an adjective as theircomplements, NOT

as objects.

ForExamp

le:

We can understand the sentence in two ways:

The adjective ne is complement of the

linking verb looks. The adjective ne qualies the noun

weather.

Nounoradjective?If we put a noun instead of an adjective after a linking verb, we say the two nouns

refer to the same person or thing.

John becomes a teacher. (John = a teacher )

So the following sentence is incorrect.

John is happiness.

John is a man, and happiness is an abstract noun. They are different things. Here

we must use the adjective form happy instead.

John is happy. ( = happy John / a happy man)

The weather looks ne.

The weather looks fine.n. link. v. adj.


25/33

Lesson 2

21

Tips

A verb in different types suggests different meanings:

PlayThe children are playing. (intransitive are having fun)

The wifeplayedthe violin badly. (transitive performed)

The husbandplayeddeaf. (linking pretended)

The following are the most frequently used sentence patterns:

(1) SV

(subject + intransitive verb / transitive verb in the passive voice)

My dog barked.

A rat was caught.

(2) SVO

(subject + transitive verb + object)

The dog killed the rat. (concrete noun)

The rat stole some food. (mass noun)

(3) SVC(subject + linking verb + complement)

The food was cheese. (mass noun)

The cheese smelt good. (adjective)

(4) SVOC (Please see page 105.)

(subject + transitive verb + object + complement)

I called the dog a good boy. (concrete noun)

The dog made me happy. (adjective)

(5) SVOO(subject + transitive verb + object + object)

I gave the dog some cookies.

Tom handed Susan apresent.

n. (obj)

n. adj.


26/33

22

Lesson 2

Please nd out the sentence pattern of each of the following sentences.

Example: The tree has been blown away. ( 1 ) SV

1. Someone is coming.

2. She is the champion.

3. Tiffany feels bad.

4. All of the witnesses are being investigated.

5. Tom found his wallet.

6. We showed the ofcial our passports.

7. I found Tom sleepy.

A.

B. The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs

In paragraph 1, please write Ifor intransitive verb,Tfor transitive verb and

Lfor linking verb. The rst one has been done for you.

PARAGRAPH 1 (I)

The nightfell. A farmer came to his gooses nest. He found a heavy, yellow egg

there. He felt strange, Someone has played a trick on me. Still, he took it home but

was very happy because the egg was a lump of gold.


27/33

Lesson 2

23

In paragraph 2, try to look for a noun/pronoun in the FOUR positions:

( 1 ) before a verb,

( 2 ) after a transitive verb,( 3 ) after a linking verb,

( 4 ) after a preposition.

The 1st sentence has been done for you.

PARAGRAPH 2

(1) (2) (4) (4)

The farmersold the egg for a handsomesumofmoney. Every evening the goose

laid an egg of gold, and very soon he became a rich man.

In paragraph 3, try to write subjectfor the noun/pronoun before a verb, objectafter a transitive verb OR a preposition, and complementafter a linking verb.

PARAGRAPH 3

subj. subj. compl. subj.

As the farmergrew rich, he turned greedy man. But hedidnt want to get only one

egg everyday. He said, Id better cut the goose open to take all the eggs out ofherat

one time. So he cut open the goose but found nothing. Now he became an unhappy

man. (N.B. There is no a before greedy man. Please see turn on page 104.)

For ONLY, please point out which is a noun and which is a verb in thefollowing sentence.

Shaw saw saws saw saws.

See page 95 for tips.


28/33

24

Lesson 2

discipline

custom

world peace

living standard

a persons outlook

historic buildings (prevent decay)

food (prevent decay)

electricity, water, etc.

(not to waste)

land, forest or other natural resources

(prevent them from damage)

historic buildings (prevent decay)

food (prevent waste)

preserve

conserve

Note:

TRANSITIVE VERBS NOUNS

Bothhistoric buildings and food can be governed by eitherpreserveorconserve.

Here we can see how an object noun can be governed by several transitive verbs and

qualied by several adjectives. If the noun is uncountable, no article is needed.

VERBS

keep

maintain

impose

lack

ADJECTIVES

strict, lax

tough

proper

normal

NOUN

discipline (uncountable)


29/33

Lesson 2

25

Likewise, a transitive verb can also govern a few different nouns, and each noun can be

qualied by a few adjectives, too. If the noun iscountable, an article is needed.

main, major, great

grave, deep

little

genuine

public

growing

express concern

(uncountable)

sincere

deepest

humble

public

profound

express a apology(countable)

Verbs, adjectives and nouns are 3 in 1. And we should not study an English word singly.

Verb + (a/ an/ the/ no article) + adjective + noun is a core pattern of sentence-writing.

To read more and to consult dictionaries often will help (to) pave the way to success.

Please say what part of speech each word in italics is in the following sentences.C.

Example: I springover the garden gate to pick some springowers.

1. Bath the little dog in this bath, and wrap it up with abath towel.

2. Iron this shirt with an electric iron on this iron table made ofiron from the USA.

3. Waterthis plant with waterfrom these waterbottles.

int. v. adj.


30/33

26

Lesson 2

wolf subject of the transitive verb saw.

side object of the preposition by.

evening object of the preposition in.

shadow object of the transitive verb saw.

EXAMPLES:

1. A frog braver than the rest putting his head above the

water cried to the boys loudly.

2. Near an apple tree grew a rose bush. (Please refer to P.294.)

Summary (At this frst stage, it is good enough to understand the following.)

A wolf walking by the mountains side in the evening saw hisown shadow.

Subject

Object

Complement

Word(s)(before a verb)

(after a verb / prep.)

(after a linking verb)

=

=

=

(before a verb)

(after a verb / prep.)

(after a linking verb)

=

=

=

Word(s)

Word(s)

Noun

Noun

Noun / Adjective

Here is a little test for OUTSTANDING learners.

Please nd out the subjects and objects in the following sentences:

(See P.107.)

To think this way

To think the other way


31/33

Lesson 2

27

Suffixes

-ain(-an,-en,-on) -ar(-er, -eer,-ier,-ary)

-ate(-ee,

-

ey,-

y)-

er(-

ar,-or,-yer)

(2) Denoting state, action, result of an action.

-age-ance(-ence)

-cy

-dom

-ness-ship

-th

captain, musician,

citizen, surgeon.

scholar, teacher, engineer,

financier, missionary .

advocate, employee, attorney, company .

painter, beggar,

sailor, employer.

marriage, leakage,

bondage.

bril liance, assistance,

excellence, in nocence .

fancy, accuracy,

bankruptcy

freedom, wisdom,

kingdom.

darkness, goodness, sweetness, boldness .

friendship, partnership,

hardship.

health, growth,

strength.

-ment

punishment,ju dgment, improvement .

-ion

action, union,

opinion .

-ice(-ise)

service, practice,

exercise .

-ure

pleasure, p icture,

treasure .

-ty

difficulty,

beauty, cruelty.

-y

victory, story,

misery.

-ling

duckling, darling,

nestling.

Of Nouns(1) Denoting mainly the agent or doer of a thing.

Different suffixes can help us easily understand whether a word is a noun,verb or adjective and hence their meanings. (Please try to memorize them.)


32/33

28

Lesson 2

Suffixes

-al

-en(transitive)causative,forming;

-ary

-less

freefrom,without;

-fulfullof;

-en

made of;-ar

-ishsomewhatlike;

-ate

-ywiththequalityof;

-ive

national, usual,

final, gradual, legal.

weaken,sweeten, harden,

widen, strengthen .

necessary, ordinary,

contrary.

fearless, shameless,

hopeless, senseless.hopeful,joyful,

beautiful, fruitful .

wooden, golden,

woolen, earthen.

familiar, similar,

regular.

girlish, foolish,

womanish .

fortuna te, obstina te, tempera te .

wea lthy, hea lthy,

greedy needy, dirty .

active, attentive,attractive .

-edhaving;

gifted, learned,

ta lented .

-ble(-ible,-able)

able

, possible,

laughable, sensible.

-ous

dangerous,

copious, tedious .

-lent

excellent, violent,

turbulent.

-fy(transitive)

simplify, purify, terrify, verify .

-se(transitive)

to make;

cleanse, r inse,

realise.

Of Adjective

Of Verb

-ish(transitive)

publish, punish,

banish.


33/33

To Learn English (2)

Lesson 2

An English word must be learned together with other words at the same time. This

word-matching, or word-combining is called collocation. Such a close connection among

words spreads through the whole language. It includes proverbs, idioms, phrasal verbs,

and many xed expressions.

Examples:No news is good news. (Proverb)

Dancing is not my cup of tea. (Idiom)

We ran out of money after our holidays. (Phrasal verb)The story is about love at rst sight. (Fixed expression)

There are many types of matching as the following sentence shows.

very

quiteutterly

fairly

reasonably

veryrather

quite

recently

cheaplyquickly

Adjective

50,000 wholly

Adjective

a

leading

reasonably

(adverb)

large

(adjective)

buy

(verb)

h th h t kb k

Tips to learn

collocations:1. Through all kinds of

reading materials.

2. With dictionaries.Adverb

A very reasonably large company have recently bought 50,000 shares wholly through a leading stockbroker.

:Adjective :Adverb

subject tran. v. object prep. object

Adverb Adverb

Adverb

A very reasonably large company has recently bought 50,000 shares wholly through a leading stockbroker.

english for the eager learners- l1-2.pdf

Documents