english grammar for class eleven

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English Grammar For Eleventh Class - 1 -

English Grammar for

Eleventh Class

By student

Jaeger Khorsheed

With Help

Mahmud teacher

This gift quires for all students



Prepositions of Time:

1. (at) + (O’clock, am, pm, night)

- She wakes up at 7:30 am.

- They have a party at night

2. (on) + (days of week)

- The exam will be on Sunday.

3. (in) + (year, month, season, the evening, the morning)

- She was born in 1996.

- The meeting starts in May.

- The match starts in evening.

4. (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 96th) + (of) + (month)

- Newroz will be 21st of March.

5. (during) + time

- The school will open during these two weeks.

Relative Clauses: who (that)/ which (that)

2= Subject1 Subject

+ S.2 + S.1 +

- The people live in there in Iraq. They speak Kurdish.

The people who speak Kurdish, live in there in Iraq.

- My car is broken. It is so expensive.

My car which is so expensive, is broken.

Who ( )

Which ( )



1Subject2Subject

+ +S.2

- These are two engineers. They build this dam.

These are two engineers who build this dam.

- There are parts of Iraq. They are deserts.

There are parts of Iraq which are dserts.

1Subject2Object

+ + S.2 + auxiliary verbs

- Vana is a new teacher, we will meet her.

Vana is a new teacher who we will meet.

- The Alps are mountains, Vana describes them.

The Alps are mountains which Vana describes.

Extra Information with Relative Clauses:

S.1 + + [Extra Information] + com…

- Tourism from south of Iraq visit Kurdistan. [don’t have mountains]

Tourism from south of Iraq who don’t have mountains, visit

Kurdistan.

- Tone Price is a new teacher. [play tennis]

Tony Price who play tennis, is a new teacher.

Who

Which

Who

Which

Who

Which



Possibility:

S. + + be +

- It carries lots of passengers. [Possibility use: may]

It may be a train.

- It flies in the sky. [express possibility use: a plane]

It might be a plane.

Certainty:

S. + + be +

- The baby is crying. [express certainty use: must]

The baby must be hungry.

- It flies in the sky. [certainty use: can’t]

It can’t be a plane.

May

Might

Could

+ Noun

Adjective

A

An

Must

Can’t

+ Noun

Adjective

A

An



Advice:

You + + V. + com…

- I’ve got a bad headache. [giving advice use: ‘d better]

You’d better see a doctor. [advising use: need to]

- I’ve got a problem with phone.

You need to change it.

Ability:

- In Present:

S. + can + base + com…

S. + + able to + V. + com…

- Show Dana’s ability to sing songs.

Dana can sing songs.

Dana is able to sing songs.

- We work in the lab. [able to]

We are able to work in the lab.

Should

‘d better

Need to

Ought to

Am

Is

Are



- In Past:

S. + could + V. + com…

S. + + able to + V. + com…

Dana could sing songs.

Dana was able to sing songs.

We were able to work in the lab.

- In Future:

S. + will be able to + V. + com…

- The can help you easily. [insert will]

They will be able to help you easily.

- Dana is able to solve this problem. [change to future]

Dana will be able to solve this problem.

Was

Were



Past Perfect and Simple Past:

After + S. + had + P.P + com…, S. + V. in past + com…

- After they write their homework, they go out.

After they had written their homework, they went out.

- The man finishes my car, and then I pay money.

After the man had finished my car, I paid money.

- Before we start the lesson, they had left us.

We started the lesson, after they had left us.

Afterhad

Past Simple:

- Positive:

S. + V.ed + Obj +

- We try to help this boy yesterday.

We tried to help this boy yesterday.

- I see my friends last week.

I saw my friends last week.

- They are able to solve this problem.

They were able to solve this problem.

Yesterday

Last + time

Before + time

Back + time

In + time

Time + ago



- Negative:

S. + + not + (V.) + com…

- The man gave this toy last year.

The man didn’t give this toy last year.

- We were so busy before two days.

We weren’t so busy before two days.

Present Prefect: with (just/already)

S. + + + + com…

- They arrive this city with us.

They have just arrived this city with us.

- Suha cooks our dinner. [insert: already]

Suha has already cooked our dinner.

Present Perfect: (not…yet)

S. + + not + + com… + yet.

- They arrive this city. [insert not…yet]

They haven’t arrived this city yet.

- Dana writes his homework. [insert not…yet]

Dana hasn’t written his homework yet.

Did

Was

Were

Have

Has

Just

Already

V.ed

P.P

Have

Has

V.ed

P.P



Present Perfect Continuous:

S. + + been + V.ing + Obj + + (time).

They have been finishing our project for two days.

Halbeen has been studying English since 2006.

Describing changes: V + adv

S. + auxiliary verbs + V. + adv (ly) + com…

- CO2 levels have been increase rapid in the world.

CO2 levels have been increasing rapidly in the world.

- Temperatures fall slight in the north of Iraq during winter.

Temperatures fall slightly in the north of Iraq during winter.

ingadvly

Describing changes: adj + n

S. + auxiliary verbs + + adj + n + com…

There was a rapid rise in CO2 levels.

Temperatures has been a slight fall in the north.

Have

Has

For

Since

A

An



Verb + Infinitive:

1- S. + + to + infinitive + com…

- They expected saw this man in the park.

They expected to see this man in the park.

- The man is trying help you.

The man is trying to help you.

to

2- S. +‘d + + to + base + com…

- I’d love smoke in the school.

I’d love to smoke in the school.

- They’d hate learn English with you.

They’d hate to learn English with you.

Verb

Want

Try

Expect

Need

Refuse

Help

Love

Like

Hate

Prefer

Continue



3- S. + V. + + com…

- She has begun make this project.

She has begun to make this project.

She has begun making this project.

- I start help this blind man.

I start to help this blind man.

I start helping this blind man.

4- S + V.ing + com…

- Can you imagine live in a world like that?

Can you imagine living in a world like that?

- She asked choose some friends.

She asked choosing some friends.

- Would you mind drive my car from here?

Would you mind driving my car from here?

Q/ under line silent letters?

1- /k/ kn >>>> Know, Knee, Knife, Knight

2- /s/ >>>> Island, Islander

3- /t/ tch >>>> Watch, Switch, Match

ste >>>> Listen, Fasten

stl >>>> Castle, Whistle

>>>> Often, Soften, Past Pone

To + base

V.ing



4- /l/ alk >>>> Talk, Walk, Chalk

alm >>>> Calm, Psalm

alf >>>> Half

>>>> Would, Should, Could

5- /n/ mn >>>> Autumn

6- /b/ mb >>>> Lamb, Climb, Camb

>>>> Debt, Doubt

7- /h/ gh >>>> Might, High, Although

ho >>>> Hour, Honest, Honor

wh >>>> What, While, When, Whistle

oh >>>> Oh

8- /g/ gh >>>> Sight, Right, Might

>>>> Sign, Design

9- /r/(I,o,u,a,y,e)

>>>> Sword, World, Car, Iron

10- /w/ wr >>>> Wroth, Written, Wrong

ew >>>> Crew, Few, New

ow >>>> Snow

aw >>>> Draw

11- /e/ >>>> Move, Wide, Write

12- /p/ ps >>>> Psychology



Stating Dimensions:

- For adjectives:

S. + + number + +

- Use (15 meters/ Wide) in a sentence for stating dimensions.

The road is 15 meters wide.

- The canal is 20 meters_____. [depth or deep]

The canal is 20 meters deep.

These rooms are two meters high.

- For nouns:

S. + + + of + number +

- Use (15 meters/ depth) in a sentence for stating dimensions.

The river has a depth of 15 meters.

- The bridge has a _____ of 75 meters. [high, height]

The bridge has a height of 75 meters.

These rooms have a length of five meters.

Is

Are

Cm

M

Km

Adjective

Long

Wide

Deep

High

Has a

Have a

Noun

Length

Width

Depth

Height

Cm

M

Km



Or, And:

V.2 + Com… + + S. + will + V. + com…

- If you don’t stop smoking. It will kill you. [change If to Or]

Stop smoking, or it will kill you.

- If you don’t drive in the middle. We will fall off the edge. [use

Or instead If]

Drive in the middle, or we will fall off the edge.

- If you look right. You will see Duhok’s dam. [add And]

Look right, and you will see Duhok’s dam.

- If you study hard. You will pass easily in the test. [change If to

And]

Study hard, and you will pass easily in the test.

If and Unless

- If >>>>> Unless

- If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass easily. [change If to Unless]

Unless you study hard, you won’t pass easily.

- If she doesn’t cook for me, I won’t stay at home.

Unless she cooks for me, I won’t say at home.

- If you didn’t prepare the project, I would help another

group.

Unless you prepared the project, I would help another

group.

Or

And



- Unless >>>>> If

- Unless you help me, I won’t ask that man. [change Unless to if]

helpdon’t

If you don’t help me, I won’t ask that man.

- Unless she passes the test, you won’t ask her.

spassesdoesn’t

If she doesn’t pass the test, you won’t ask her.

- Unless we watched TV, we wouldn’t know any news.

watcheddidn’t

If we didn’t watch TV, we wouldn’t know any news.

If (conditional)

- First conditional ( )

If + + Com… + S. + + V. + com…

- If you listen to me, you (not lose) the game again.

If you listen to me, you will not lost the game again.

- If Halbeen (eat) fish, I will buy it for her.

If Halbeen eats fish, I will buy it for her.

- If he (not play) well, I will change him quickly.

If he doesn’t play well, I will change him quickly.

V.s

V

Will

Shall

Can

May



- Second Conditional: ( )

If + S. + V.in past + com… + S + + V. + com…

- If we arrived home early, we (stay) at home.

If we arrived home early, we would stay at home.

- If they (build) a dam, I would give some money.

If they built a dam, I would give some money.

- If I (not make) a cake, she would be upset.

If I didn’t make a cake, she would be upset.

- Third Conditional: ( )

If + S. + had + P.P + com… + S. + + have + P.P +

com…

- If we had studied hard, we (pass) in the test.

If we had studied hard, we would have passed in the test.

- If the man (write) my notes, he would have done well.

If the man had written my notes, he would have done well.

Would

Should

Could

Might

Would

Should



The … ing form acting like a noun:

1- For Subject.

Swimming in the water is good for health.

Teaching kids is interesting.

2- Adjective + + V.ing

She is good at driving a car.

I was interested in painting walls.

3- V + V.ing

She hates cooking fish.

I like watching movies.

In

At

On

Into



Tag questions:

- Positive, negative?

S. + aux + com…, aux + not + S.?

- You are so clever boy. [add tag question]

You are so clever boy, aren’t you?

- You will be ready.

You will be ready, won’t you?

- Halbeen has passed easily.

Halbeen has passed easily, hasn’t she?

- Susan likes a new job.

Susan likes a new job, doesn’t she?

- Joe and Pip talked in the inn.

Joe and Pip talked in the inn, didn’t they?

- We study French at school.

We study French at school, don’t we?



- Negative, Positive?

S. + aux + not, aux + S.?

- You don’t help us.

You don’t help us, do you?

- She won’t help us.

She won’t help us, will she?

- They can’t play the match.

They can’t play the match, can they?

do

V. ----- Don’t | Play – Don’t play

V.s ----- Doesn’t | Plays – Doesn’t play

V.in past ----- Didn’t | Played – Didn’t play



Cause and Effect:

+ cause + effect.

Or

Effect + + cause.

- It was a heavy rain, I didn’t go out. [because]

Because it was a heavy rain, I didn’t go out.

I didn’t go out, because it was a heavy rain.

- I took a taxi for the school, I was so late. [since]

I took a taxi for the school, since I was so late.

Since I was so late, I took a taxi for the school.

- The world is changing, new jobs are appearing. [as]

As the world is changing, new jobs are appearing.

New jobs are appearing, as the world is changing.

And

Cause + + effect.

- I know who he is, because I have seen him on TV. [so]

I have seen him on TV, so I know him.

- I took a taxi for the school, since I was so late. [therefore]

I was so late, therefore I took a taxi for the school.

Because

As

Since

Because

As

Since

So

Therefore

As a result



Phrasal Verbs with Objects:

S. + V. +

- Emma has set up a new website. [phrasal verb]

Emma has set it up.

- Dana and Ali turn off all these switches.

They turn them off.

- Sally tidies up her room.

She tidies it up.

Passive Voice:

- For Present Simple: by + agent

Obj + + P.P + com… + by + S.

- Emma studies French with us. [change to passive voice use: by agent]

French is studied with us by Emma.

- They send some letters every year.

Some letters are sent every year by them.

- She shows me this way.

I am shown this way by her.

- The coach trains the team. [use: by agent]

The team is trained by the coach.

It Prepositions ( )

in, up, of, off, away..

Noun (Singular)

Them Nouns (Plural)

Is

Are



- For Past Simple:

Obj + + P.P + com… + by + S.

- Mr. Alan asked many questions. [change to passive voice use: by agent]

Many questions were asked by Mr. Alan.

- Halbeen sent a message yesterday.

A message was sent yesterday by Halbeen.

- Repair this car in the garage. [two days ago]

This car was repaired in the garage two days ago.

- Provide these books to the students. [yesterday]

These books were provided to the students yesterday.

- For Present Continuous:

Obj + + being + P.P + com… + now.

- She is studying French at the college.

French is being studied at the college.

- I am bringing some new books for the project.

Some new books are being brought for the project.

- Give this message to the manager. [now]

This message is being given to the manager now.

Was

Were

Am

Is

Are



- For Present Perfect:

Obj + + + been + P.P + com…

- The boy has started the plan for the project.

The plan has been started for the project.

- My father was finished these papers for the job.

These papers have been finished for the job.

- Visit this man at the hospital. [already]

This man has already been visited at the hospital.

- For Future:

Obj + + be + P.P + com…

- They will prepare a big party for us tomorrow.

A big party will be prepared for us tomorrow.

- I will read French in the college.

French will be read in the college.

- Record a song on this CD. [tomorrow]

A song will be recorded on this CD tomorrow.

Have

Has

Already

Just

Will

Shall



- Obj:

Obj + + be + P.P + com…

- Suha is going to give some money.

Some money is going to be given.

- I can drive this car easily.

This car can be driven easily.

- This boy has to send a message.

A message has to be sent.

Reported Statements:

- Subjects:

I ----- he, she

You ----- they, he, she

Your ----- his, her

We ----- they

Our ----- their

Is going to

Are going to

Can

May

Might

Have to

Has to

Had to



- Auxiliary Verbs:

Am, Is ----- was

Are ----- were

Have, Has ----- had

Must ----- had to

Will ----- would

Shall ----- should

Did ----- had

Do, Does ----- V. in past

V. ----- V. in past

- Reported Statements:

S. + + (that) + S. + aux v. in past + com…

- I am at grade 11 at the school. [Dana said…]

Dana said that he was at grade 11 at the school.

- You are so smart boy here. [his teacher thought]

His teacher thought that he was so smart boy here.

- We start the project. [he replied]

He replied that they started the project.

Said

Thought

Replied

Answered

… Etc.



- Reported Requests, Orders and Advices:

S. + + + (not) + to + V. + com…

- Could you drive the car slowly, please? [His mother told him…]

His mother told him to drive the car slowly.

- Don’t speak during the lesson. [my teacher advised us…]

My teacher advised us not to speak during the lesson.

- Please, write notes on the notebook. [the head told us…]

The head told us to write notes on the notebook.

1- Could, can, would… (Reported Requests)

2- Don’t… (Reported Orders)

3- Please… (Reported Advices)

Told

Advised

… Etc.

Me

Us

Him

Her

Noun



- Reported Yes/No Questions:

- Aux + com…?

S. + + + S.2 + aux v. in past +

com…

- Is Dana playing tennis? [he wanted to know]

He wanted to know if Dana was playing tennis.

- Are you so tired? [his mother asked]

His mother asked if he was so tired.

- Did the manager phone the police? [the boy asked]

The boy asked if the manger had phoned the police.

didhadhadP.P

phonephoned

- Reported wh, questions:

S. + + wh-word + S.2 + aux v. in past + com…

- Where is Dana from? [she asked]

She asked where Dana was from.

- Why does he come late? [the boss inquired]

The boss inquired why he came late.

- What did you do? [she asked]

She asked what (she, he, they) had done.

Asked

Wanted to know

… Etc.

If

Whether

Asked

Wondered

Inquired

… Etc.



English Grammar for

Eleventh Class

By student

Jaeger Khorsheed

With Help

Mahmud teacher Special thanks… Special thanks for my teacher Mahmud. And thanks for all my friends for respect for me.

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english grammar for class eleven

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