english grammar for grade 12-1

7/27/2019 English Grammar for Grade 12-1

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ENGLISH TENSES

1/ Present continuous:* Form: S + be + V-ing* Use:- Ni mt s vic ang xy ra ngay ti thi im ni.

Eg: Don't go out. It is raining .- Ni ai ang gia qu trnh lm mt vic g nh ng khng nht thit phi ang lm ngay lc ni.Eg: I'm reading an interesting story book.- Ni ln s thay i ca nhng tnh hung hin ti.Eg: The population of the world is rising quickly.- Dng vi trng t always ni mt s vic xy ra qu th ng xuyn, th ng xuyn hn ng i ni ngh l hp l.You are always losing things. Can't you be more careful?- Ni v s sp xp cho t ng lai ( nhng s vic ta s lm trong tng lai nh ng ti thi im ni th quyt nhv sp xp lm)They are getting married at the end of this year.Ch : Th ny dng cho nhng tnh hung tm thi, do vy th ng c cc trng t thi gian sau i km: Now, at

the moment, at present/ for the time being, tonight, today, this week, this month ....- Mt s ng t khng dng cc th tip din: want, need, belong, suppose, consist, contain, know, like, mean,realise, remember, prefer, mind, depend, hate, seem, believe, think( = believe), have (means "possess" )2/ Simple present:* Form: S + V ( s, es)* Use:- Ni ln s thch yu ght, nhu cu tnh cm ca con ng i hin ti. I like classical music.-Ni ln nhng thi quen trong sinh hot hng ngy, nhng s vic lp i lp li t x a n nay.

My mother usually stays up late and gets up early.- Ni ln kh nng, nng lc ca ai hin ti. He speaks English fluently.- Ni ln quy lut tt yu ca t nhin, nhng s vic c tnh chn l.

The earth goes round the sun.- Dng trong mnh iu kin ca cu iu kin c tht hin ti.If you work hard, you will pass the exam.- Dng trong mnh cha lin t thi gian ( when/ by the time, as soon as, until/till, after, before, while ) trong cuni v t ng lai.When I get home, I will phone you.- Ni v nhng ch ng trnh th thao, phim nh hoc i khi l nhng k hoch c nhn s c thc hin trongt ng lai nh ng c sp theo thi kho biu.The train to Ha Noi leaves Thai Nguyen station at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning.

Ch : Th ny dng cho nhng tnh hung bn vng.3/ Simple past:

*Form: S + V-ed/ Irregular verbsRegular verbs: V-ed-Nhng ng t tn cng bng e ch thm "d" Live -> lived-Nhng ng t tn cng bng y,tr c y l mt ph m th ta i y thnh i ri thm "ed": study -> studied-Nhng ng t tn cng bng y,tr c y l mt nguyn m th ta khng i y , m ch thm "ed": play -> played- Nh ngc ng t n m tit tn cng bng mt nguyn m + mt ph m, ta nhn i ph m cui ri thm " ed":stopped* Use:- Ni mt hnh ng xy ra v hon tt trong qu kh, kt qu khng cn l u n hin ti.In my childhood, I lived in a small village.

- Ni mt chu nhng hnh ng din ra lin tip trong qu kh.This morning, I got up at 5 o'clock. I did morning exercise for 15 minutes. I cleaned my teeth and washed my face. Ihad breakfast and then went to school.- Ni ln nhng s kin mang tnh lch s.


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President Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence at Badinh Square on Sep 2 nd1945.- Ni mt hnh ng xen gia mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh.They were playing football when it rained.Ch : N th ng c cc trng t thi gian hon tt trong qu kh i km: yesterday, last week, last month, lastyear, last time...

4/ Past continuous:* Form: S+ was/ were + V-ing.* Use:- Ni mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im tm thi trong qu kh.We were sleeping at 12 o'clock last night.- Ni hai hnh ng xy ra song song trong qu kh.I was reading a book while he was listening to the radio.- Kt hp vi th QK ni mt hnh ng ang din ra th mt hnh ng khc xen vo.We were watching TV when the light went out.5/ Present perfect:* Form: S + have/ has + Past Participle.

* Use:- Ni mt hnh ng xy ra v hon tt trong qu kh nh ng khng cp dn thi gian c th.I have done my home work. I have seen that film.- Ni mt hnh ng bt u xy ra trong qu kh, lin tc ko di n hin ti, va mi hon tt hoc vn cn tipdin ( cch dng ny th ng dng cho nhng ng t khng chia cc th tip din)I have been a teacher for 10 years. This car has belonged to my family for 5 years.- Dng trong mnh iu kin ca cu iu kin c tht hin ti.If you havent eaten anything, I will cook something for you. If it has stopped raining, we will go out for awalk.- Dng trong mnh cha lin t thi gian ( When/ by the time, after, till/ until/ as soon as) trong cu ni v t nglai khi nhn mnh mt hnh ng hon tt tr c khi mt hnh ng khc xy ra.When I have taken the exam, I will go on holiday.You wont have any more cakes until you have eaten your cooked rice. + Ch :-Th ng c cc trng t: recently/ lately, so far/ up to now hay today, this week, this month.... khi nhng khongthi gian ny ch a kt thc.- C cc trng t: never, just, already, yet, ever i km.

- Th ng dng sau cc thnh ng :This is the first/ second/ third .... time ...This is the first/ second. Third. Time I have travelled by plane.Ch :I havent seen him for 5 years.It is 5 years since I (last) saw him The last time I saw him was 5 years agoI last saw him 5 years ago.So snh BEEN TO & GONE TOBEEN TO din t ai i n mt ni no v tr v:My father has been to many countries in the world.I have never been to England.GONE TO din t ai in mt ni no nh ng ch a tr v:He isnt here. He has gone to the bank.Lan has gone to HoChi Minh city and wont come back till next month.6/ Present perfect continuous:* Form: S + have/ has + been + Ving.* Use:- Ni mt hnh ng bt u xy ra t trong qu kh, lin tc ko di n hin ti v vn cn tip din n t ng

lai.It is raining. It has been raining since I got up.


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- Ni mt hnh ng va mi kt thc hin ti ( ngi ni th ng c du hiu khng nh iu mnh ni).Her eyes are red. She has been crying.- Ni mt thi quen, mt hnh ng lp i lp li sut mt khong thi gian t qu kh n hin ti.He has been playing the piano since she was five.7/Past perfect :

* Form: S + had + Past participle.* Use:-Ni mt hnh ng hon tt tr c mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh.When I arrived at the station, the train had left for five minutes.When he returned from the Front, the girl in his neighbourhood had got married.I didnt know who he was because I hadnt met him before.That was the most interesting film I had ever seen.8/ Past perfect continuous:* Form: S + had been + V-ing* Use:- Ni mt hnh ng xy ra tr c mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh, lin tc ko di n hnh ng v vn cn

tip din .When I got up it was raining. It had been raining for a few hours.They had been playing football for 20 minutes when it rained.- Ni mt hnh ng va mi kt thc tr c mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh ( ngi ni th ng c du hiu khng nh iu mnh ni).Her eyes were red. She had been crying.When I got up, the sun was shining but the ground was wet. It had been raining.- Ni mt thi quen, mt hnh ng lp i lp li sut mt khong thi gian nh ng kt thc tr c mt hnh ngkhc trong qu kh.My father retired last year. He had been working as a driver for 25 years.Ch : Th qu kh hon thnh tip din chnh l qu kh t ng ng ca th hin ti hon thnh tip din.9/ Near Future:Form: S + be going to + V*Use:- Ni ln mt k hoch ca ai trong tng lai.( Ti thi im ni, ng i ni quyt nh lm)We are going to leave for Ho Chi Minh city in a few days.Where are you going to spend your hoplidays this summer?- D on mt hnh ng s xy ra trong t ng lai thng qua nhng tnh hung hin ti.Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.I feel dizzy. I am going to be ill.Ch : Th ny th ng c cc trng t thi gian trong t ng lai i km: Tomorrow, next week, next year, in 5months....10/ Simple future:Form: S + will + V*Use:- Ni mt hnh ng s xy ra trong t ng lai, nh ng ng i ni quyt nh lm ngay ti thi im ni, ch a c dnh tr c.Oh, I've left the door open. I'll go and shut it.- Ni mt hnh ng tt yu s xy ra trong t ng lai.Autumn will come soon.-Ni mt thi quen sp c lm trong t ng lai.He will leave for work in five minutes. ( he often goes to work at 7 and now it is 6.55)- Dng trong mnh chnh ca cu K c tht hin ti.What will happen if gravity is zero?

- Dng trong mt s tnh hung nh khi ta ng , t chi, ha hoc ngh c gip ai lm g.This exercise is difficult. I'll help you with it.


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Th t-ng lai n th-ng dng sau cc thnh ng: I think/ I don t think/ Im sure/ I expect/ I wonder/ probably- Dng Shall we + Verb? gi ai cng lm g vi mnh.Shall we go to the concert tonight?- Dng Shall I + Verb? hi kin ng i khc cho php mnh lm mt vic g.Shall I turn down the radio?

- Dng Will you + Verb? ngh ng i i din lm mt vic g.Will you keep silent for a while?Will you stop talking?11/ Future continuous:Form: S + will be + V- ing*Use:- Ni mt hnh ng s ang xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh trong t ng lai.This time next year, I will be studying at a university in Ha Noi.We wont be studying English this time tomorrow. What will you be doing at 8 oclock tonight?- th nghi vn n c th c dng hi v k hoch ca ai trong t ng lai.

Will you be passing the post office on your way home ?Will you be using your car tonight?No, you can have it.12/ Future perfect:Form: S + will have + Past Participle.*Use:- Ni mt hnh ng s hon tt tr c mt thi im trong t ng lai. Thi im ny c th quy nh bng mt mcthi gian c th hoc bng mt hnh ng khc.By the time we meet again in 10 years' time, I'm sure you will have changed a lot.Dont phone me at 4 am tomorrow.I wont have got up by then.How much money will you have saved by the end of this year.

13/ Future perfect continuous:Form: S + will have been + V- ing*Use:- Ni mt hnh ng s xy ra tr c mt hnh ng khc trong t ng lai, lin tc ko di n hnh ng v vncn tip din.By the end of this year, I will have been living in this city for 10 years.When the clock strikes at 9 oclock, we will have been studying English for two hours. How long will you have been teaching by the end of this year?


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Use the correct tense and form of the verbs in brackets.1/ Now I remember your (ask) me to bring sandwiches to the picnic. Your complaints about my (forget) things seemjustified. I'm sorry.2/ (Attend) the dance proved to be an (embarrass) experience for me, especially since I don't know how to dance. I

felt like a fish out of water. I wanted (hide) some place or (get) out of there, but my friend wouldn't let me (leave).3/ After I decided (have) a garage (build) next to the house, I hired a carpenter (do) the work.4/ A: Alex, you (know) where Ms Rodriguez is? I (look) for her for the past hours.

B: She (see) Mr Frost at the moment about the shipment of parts which we (receive) earlier today. Some of theparts are missing.

A: Oh, oh. That (sound) like trouble. Please tell Ms Rodriguez to phone me when she (have) some free time. I(work) in my office all afternoon.5/ Ali and Mustafa (complain) to the landlord many times since they (move) into their present apartment, but to datenothing (do) about the leak in the roof and the broken window in the bedroom.6/ Peter: You (telephone) for ages. You nearly (not finish).

Jack: I (not get through) yet. I (try) to get to our Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning.

7/ When I (buy) my new house, I (ask) for a telephone. The post office (tell) me to wait, but I (wait) for a year nowand my phone still (not come).8/ He told me (try) (come) early.9/ Before he let us (go), he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen.10/ I suggest (hold) another meeting next week.11/ If you put your money into that business, you risk (lose) every penny.12/ I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble).13/ It's time we (do) something to stop road accident.14/ We must take an umbrella. It (rain).15/ Where do you think Tuan is today!- I have no idea, he (sleep) late.16/ He suggested that a petition (be) drawn up.17/ Fred was pleased (admit) to the college.18/ Mr Smith never (walk) up in time in the morning and always (get) into trouble for being late, so one day he (go)to town and (buy) and alarm clock.19/ I'd rather you (pay) me cash weekly.20/ It's almost impossible to prevent boys (play) soldier.21/ Come in now! I'm sorry to keep you (wait).22/ (turn) round several times, I never (see) anybody.23/ I think that people (become) tired of the poor quality of television.Programmes,though they (improve)lately24/ I (consider) buying a house but I now (change) my mind.25/ They admitted to (be) members of the gang .26/ We regret (inform) you that your application (turn) down.27/ It is essential that he (arrive) before six.

28/ I'd rather (live) in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome.29/ It's bound (rain) tomorrow.II/ Choose the word or phrase (A,B,C or D) which best completes each sentence1/ Her parents were very ............ because she was out so late that night.A responsible B sorry C worried D overcome2/ After alot of difficulty, he.......... to open the door.A managed B succeeded C obtained D realised3/ I have been looking for this book for months, and............. I have found it.A at last B in time C at the end D at present4/ My employer's ........... of my work does not matter to me at all.A meaning B belief C opinion D expression

5/ The purpose of the examination was to............ the student's knowledge of the subject.A try B inspect C prove D test


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6/ I'll have to............. to you, otherwise he will hear.A shout B say C whistle D whisper7/ As soon as the firebell rang everyone walked quickly downstairs and out of the building, .............. gathered in thecar park.A while B then C before D to

8/ There's ............. to be frightened of the dog; he's quite harmless.A a fear B no fear C no need D any reason9/After closing the envelope, the secretary ............ the stamps on firmly .A licked B sucked C stuck D stuck10/ The teacher........... them the answer to the question.A explained B told C said D discussed11/ The station clock is not as ............. as it should be; it is usually between one and two minutes fast.A strict B certain C true D accurate12/ We flew to the island, than ............ a car for three days and visited most places of interest.A lent B bought C hired D charged13/ One ........... of their new house is that it has no garden.

A pity B dislike C complaint D disadvantage14/ When he spoke over the telephone, his voice was so ............. that I could hardly hear him.A faint B dim C dull D unnoticeable15/ They tell me he is .............. a lot of money in his new job.A having B earning C gaining D profiting16/ She heated the chocolate until it ............., then poured it over the cake.A formed B melt C changed D flooded17/ He drives so quickly that I am afraid that one day he will............... someone crossing the street.A crash down B knock down C turn over D run across18/ Hello. Is that 820489 ? Please put me..............to the manager.A across B up C over D through19/ Although he was completely............... as a furniture-maker, he produced the most beautiful chairs.A untrained B unable C incapable D uneducated20/ I have never ...........any experience of living in the country .A had B wished C done D made21/ Because it rained very heavily all day they had to .............. the garden party until the following Saturday.A pre-arrange B postpone C re-arrange D preserve22/ The child was told to .............. for being rude to his uncle.A excuse B apologise C forgive D confess23/ She walked to the............of the swimming pool and jumped in .A start B size C extent D border24/ When we visited the zoo on Sunday afternoon it was very crowded but on a weekday it's practically.A full B clear C empty D uncrowded

25/ You may not have to stay the night but take a toothbrush just in ............A case B time C order D preparationIII/1/ The translation and interpretation of works and speechs from one language to (1) takes great skill. It (2) takesgreat dedication and many years of (3) for a person to be comfortable with translating and interpreting. Knowingtwo languages to perfection (4) important. I plan to attend a special school records last week, but through specialpermission. I received an extension (7) five days. The first course I (8) to take is a brief introduction to the art oftranslation. The teacher will give us a clear explaination of (9) translation and interpretation are. Their definitionsare basically the same except that interpretation is (10) while translation is written. At the end of the year, we willreceive an invitation to the United Nations. It will be most intersting to watch the interpreter's participation in thissession.


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2/ Two days ago I took my final exam, and (1) was pretty difficult. The (2) are being marked now. My teacher (3)me that I would probably (4) I hope so. If I (5). I'll get a certificate (6) will be very useful. I (7) be able to get (8)job.3/ Everyday thousands of people jog why has jogging- running slowly for long distances- become popular? DonaldRobbins, who is forty-two years old (1) works in an office, began jogging (2) few years ago because he felt (3) was

too fast. At first he (4) only run about 100 yards, and (5) took him almost three months to (6) able to run a full mile(7) two years later, he ran in (8) Eastern marathon race-over twenty-six miles (9) you jog, too? If you decide (10) besure to ask your doctor (11) advice.

Does jogging cost much? No, (12) costs almost nothing. But most agree (13) good running shoes are veryimportant. (14) protect your feet and legs from (15) shock of running on halhard surfaces (16) you start jogging itcould make your heart (17) and also help you to feel better about yourself.4/ Man probably could not live without the help of animals. The (1) of animals in the balance of nature ranks astheir most important service to (2).

Animals also serve man by (3) him with many foods and other useful products. Without animals, man (4) haveno meat, milk, eggs, or honey; or wool, fur, or silk.

For thousands of years, man has caused changes in the (5) kingdom. He has tamed many kinds of animals and

used (6) for food and clothing. He has killed or driven away animals once attacked him or interfered with his use ofland. Today, he tries to (8) many kinds of animals that are in danger of dying.Like man, most plants depend (10) animals for many of their basic needs. Without animals , many (11) could not

easily reproduce. For example, many plants with flowers depend on bees and (12) insects to carry their pollen fromplant to plant. Many oak trees gorw from acorns that the squirrels bury and then forget, or (13) acorns that deer stepon and push deep into the soil. Birds often fly from one place to another with seeds slinging to (14) feet. The (15)many sprout a great distance from the parents plants.5/ Our demand for water is constantly increasing. Every (1) there are more and more people in the world. Factoriesturn out more and more (2) and need more and more water. We live in a world af water. But (3) on of it about 97percent-is in the oceans. This water is too (4) to be used for drinking, farming, and manufacturing. Only about 3percent of the world's (5) is fresh. Most of this water is not easily (6) to man because it is locked in glaciers andiceaps.

There is as much water on earth today (7) there ever was or will ever be. Most of the water we (8) finds its wayto the ocean. There, it is (9) by the sun. It then falls back to the earth (10) rain. Water is used and (11) over and overagain. It is never used up.

(12) the world as a hold has plenty of fresh water, some regions have a water shortage. Rain does not fall (13)over the earth. Some regions are always too dry, and (14) too wet. A region that usually gets enough rain maysuddenly have a serious dry spell and (15) region may be flooded with too much rain.6/ A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany. In his (1) he was walking in (2) forest when twomen ran out (3) tried to throw him (4) the ground. He ran off as fast as he (5) but they followed. He reached a place(6) he saw two separate roads in front (7) him, one to the right and one to the left (8) road ought he to take?

He heard (9) two men behind him, getting nearer, and (10) the same time he heard a voice in his ear. It told himto go the right.

7/ Strange mindsThe mind of man is clever and wonderful, but it is not properly understood. Sometimes the mind can do

surprising things.One strange (1) was that of Edgar Cayce, who was the son (2) a farmer in Kentucky, and new (3) or nothing

about science or medical matters. When he was young, he (4) ill and lay in bed unconscious. Doctor, of (5) did theirbest for him and tried to (6) him better, but he remained unconscious for a long time. Then he suddenly (7) to speakclearly.

He described the cause of his (8) and explained all the things that must have been done to make him better.Heknew the name of all the medicines he must take. Everyone was surprised, of course. How did a farmer's son knowall this?8/ In addition to reducing pollution, public transport (1) valuable city space. Buses and trains carry more people in

each (2) and, if they operate on their own rights of way, they can safely run (3) much higher speeds. In other (4) ,they not only take (5) space but also occupy it for a (6) time.


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Public transport also plays an important role in (7) areas of the Third World. In many cities in Asia and Africa,buses make 50 to 80 percent (8) all motorised trips. Buses are sometimes hopelessly overcrowded. It is notuncommon to see several riders clinging the outside. Yet most Third World cities have (9) public transport use perperson than (10) in Western Europe.9/ My home is in the air. I do an enormous amount of travelling. It is a fast life and (1) of work, but I like it and that

is the only way (2)me.Everything is tiring-music,travelling-but what can I do?I am not (3) to complaining.It is hardto imagine now(4) I will ever very long in one place.My home town is on the Caspian Sea.There is sea, wind, sunand (5) many tourists and hotels. I have my own flat with four or five rooms, but I am seldom there.It I am there fora day or two.I prefer to (6) with my mother or grandmother. They live in a small house, (7) it is very comfortableand my mother cooks for me. I like good simple food. I have no wife, no brothers or sister and my father (8) when Iwas seven. He was an engineer and I don't (9) him very well. He like music very much and wanted me to (10) amusician.10/ Books are witten to provide knowledge and good books enrich the mind. By putting (1) under the influence ofsuperior mind, we (2) of superior mind, we (2) our metal powers. Through good (3) we learn that people areeverywhere the (4), in all ages, and in all (5) .This knowlegde improves our love (6) others and helps us to live inpeace with them. We also (7) that the world was made not only for man (8) but for every creature that can feel

hunger and thirst, warmth and cold.Though may be possible for us to travel (9) the world and see the things that happened in the past. But goodbooks (10) us to see not only into the most remost regions of the world today, but also into thr world in which ourancestors lived.


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SOME IMPORTANT STRUCTURES WHICH MUST BE LEARNT BY HEART BY ENGLISHLEARNERSFORCUS ON I THE FIRST AND THE LAST1/ I +haven't done sth +before= Have never done sth +before

= This/it is the first time +S +have done sth= Never have S done sth before= S is/are/am V-ing for the first time2/ S +have not +done sth +for + time

since +clause= S +(last) did sth + time +ago

when +clauseat/on/in/.........

= The last time +S +did sth +was +time+agowhen +clauseat/on/in.......

=It is+time +since +S+(last) did sthFOCUS ON II IT +BE +TIME +SINCE....3/S +have done for time = It is time since S +V-ed4/S+ had done for time =It is time since S +V-ed5/S +V-ed+ago =It is time since S +V-edFOCUS ON III PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS &SIMPLE PAST

6/ S + have been +V-ing for time = S + began to V time agostarted V-ing time ago

7/ How long+ have not +S+ done sth? = When did S+ V?How longis it since S + V-ed?

8/ S haven't been to +a place . = It+ be +one's first visit to a place

FOCUS ON IV IT +BE + THE MOST....9/ S+have never V(p.p)+such +adj +noun. =This is +superlative adj =noun + S +have never V(p.p)10/ S + have never V(p.p) comparative adj +noun . =S +be +supelative adj +noun +S =have ever V(p.p)FOCUS ON V S+ BE+ SUPERLATIVE + & NO OTHER +NOUN11/ S +be superlative adj +noun = No other +noun +be +as adj as +SFOCUS ON VI COMPARISIONS

12/ Comparision of superiority = Comparision of inequality13/ Superiority =No noun be compacative14/ S1 +be +less +adj +than S2 =S2 +be +not +as +adj +as S115/ S + adv +V = S +V +adverbin comparative form16/ S +V =measurement = S +V +as ...as +measurement

ex: The flagpole is four meters in high = The flagplole is as high as four meters17/ S +V +number =S +V +as ... as numberex: I weigh 70 kilogrammes = I weigh as much as 70 kilogrammes18/ S +be +noun/adj = S +be +as adj as +Sex: It's bell clean = It's as clean as a bell19/ S1 +S2 +be +adj = S1 +be +as adj as +S2

S1 +S2 +V +adv = S1 +V +as adv as +S220/ S + be +but +S +be = S +be +comparative adj than +S +to be

S +V + but +S +V =S +comparative adv than +S +VFOCUS ON VII DOUBLE COMPARATIVES

21/ S2 +V2 +comparative adv/adj +S1 +V1= T he +comparative adj/adv +S2 +V2,The comparative adj/adv +S2 +V222/ Sth =increases with sth = The more.......the more23/ Sth +be +hopded to.. +soon =Short adj +er.. short adj+er


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FOCUS ON VIII NOT ...UNTIL (TILL)24/ S +V +time or time clause =S+V(negative) +until +time or time clause=Not until +S +V +inversion of +V+V= It is not (was not) until (till) time or time clause that +S +V +OFOCUS ON IX TOO +ADJ +TO INF&SO .. THAT; ENOUGH

25/ So +adj/adv +that +clause26/ Too +adj/adv +(for sb )+ to do sth27/ Not adj/adv (opposite meaning ) +enogh(for sb)+ to do sth28/ So +adj + a +noun that clause29/ Such +a(n) +adj noun +that +clauseFOCUS ON X ALTHOUGH /DESPITE

30/ Although31/ Even though32/ Though + clause1 + clause233/ Much as34/ In spite of the fact that

35/ Despite the fact that36/ In spite of + V-ing +clause 2Noun

The fact that37/ Despite + V-ing +clause2

NounThe fact that

38/ However + adj +S +may beadv +S +may be

39/ Adj +S +may be+as(though) +Clause2

Adv S +may V40/ Clause1 +but(yet) +clause242/ No matter how +adj +S +may be

+adv +S+ may VFOCUS ON XI NO MATTER HOW/WHAT /WHERE42/ No matter how +adj/adv +S +V43/ No matter what +S +V44/ No matter where +S +VFOCUS ON XII PROUD&PRIDE45/ S +be proud of= S+ pride +oneself +on +V-ing

S+ take pride inFOCUS ON XIII WRONG 7 CONTRARY TOS+ think +but +S +be +wrong=Contrary to +noun(phrase)... +S +VFOCUS ON XIV NOTHING BUT46/ S + insist on +sth

Nothing but sth +would satisfy sb- S + don't like anything.....FOCUS ON XV SOON& NOT LONG BEFORE47/ S +V +soon = It + be +not + long beforeFOCUS ON XVI STRUCTURE WITH CONJUNCTION ''ONCE''48/ S+will +V +and then +S +will V = Once +S +have P2 S +will VFOCUS ON XVII STRUVTURE WITH ''HARDY''AS ADVERB49/ S +no +noun = S +hardly +V +any +nounFOCUS ON XVIII SURPRISE &FANCY


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50/ What a surprise to do sth + Fancy +doing sthFOCUS ON XIX NO SOONER .... THAN &HARDLY .... WHEN- Immediately after- Just after = Hardly +had +S+P2 + when V-ed- The moment = Scarcely +had +S +P2 +when V-ed

- As soon as (when) = No sooner +had +S +P2+ than V-edFOCUS ON XX STRUCTURE WITH "PREVEN'T"51/ S + be +so +adj + that +S +V(negative)52/ S + V + because of + noun or because + S +V + O53/ S +V so that + S + V54/ S +prevent s.o / sth +fromdoing sth- S + stop s.o / sth + fromdoing sth- S + ban s.o / sth + fromdoing sth- S + bar s.o/ sth + fromdoing sth- S + hinder s.o/ sth + fromdoing sth- S + restrain s.o/sth + fromdoing sth

- S + make it impossible for s.o to do sth- S + get in the wayof sthFOCUS ON XX AS/ BECAUSE/ SINCE+ CLAUSE &BECAUSEOF/ DUETO+PHRASE55/ S + V +as/ because/ since+ clause56/ S + V + dueto + noun phrase- On accounl of + noun phrase +S + V- Thanks to + noun phrase + S + V- Oning to + noun phrase + S + V- As a consequence of + noun phrase +S + V- in view of + noun phrase + S + V- As a resufl of + noun phrase + S + V

- Ving + O , S + V + ONote ON NO ACCOUNTUNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCE(S) = IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCE(S) = NOT : NEVER* TO TAKE STH IN TO ACCOUNT = TO TAKE STH INTO CONSIDERATION* TO ACCOUNT FOR = TO EXPLAINFOCUS ON XXII LEAD TO & RESULT IN57/ Lead to/result in To be brought about

To be caused byTo be due toTo be the resuft of

FOCUS ON XXIII WOULD RATHER & WOULD PREFER58/ Would rather verb than verb (present)- Would rather be V- ing than V- ing (present continous)- Would rather have PIIthan have PII (simple past)- Would rahter S did sth (present)- Would rather S had PII(Simple past)NOTE* WOULD SOONER = WOULD RATHER* RATHER THAN = SO AS NOT TO VERB* SO AS TO = IN ORDER TO = TO VERB = WITH A VIEW TO VING(NOUN)* WOULD RATHER NOT VERB = HAVE NO DESIRE TO VERB STH059/ S + prefer sth to sth- S + prefer + Ving- S + prefer + Ving + to + Ving (conditionV1# V2)

- S + prefer + ving + to + being P2(condition : V1= V2)- S + prefer + to V rathe than + V


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- S + prefer + to have P2( Simple past)- S + prefersb + (not) to V

- S + think + S + be + preferrable to + Ving60/ For preferrence, S + would +V61/ Ono's preference wouldbe for (is for) + noun

62/ In preference toNOTE*S + like .... better than ....*S + like + Ving better than + Ving* S really want to V sth* ( Please) do/ don't do smtS + wwould rather + someone + did / didn't do smt

S + would pre for + someone + to do/ not to do smt* Feel like + Ving = to be in the mood ffor Ving(to V)= to be in the habit of VingFOCUS ON XXIV TO BE SORRY & APOLGIZE63/ To be sorry that = to be atrai that = to reghet that64/ To be sorry that S + Ved + O = To be sorry for Ving = To be sorry to have + P2

65/To be sorry to V

( dien ta mot hanh dong o hien tai (66/ To be sorry for sb = to feel sorry for sb67/ To be sorry for sth68/ To be sorry to hear ( know)Note* To be sory vlcTo make an excuse = to excuse oneself = to make one's apology = to apologize (tto sb)* To be sory ctS + said sadiyFOCUS ON XXV CONNECTED STATEMENTS

AND CORRELATIVE CONJUNTIONS69/ S1 + V1+ and +S2+ V2 s1 + v1 + and + S + be , too

do

does

did

and + so +be /do/dose/did + S2

70/ S1+ V1(neg) + and + S2+ V2(neg)S1+ V1(neg)S1 + V1(neg) + and +S2 + be + not, either

do

does

did

and + neither + be/ do/

does/ did/ + S2

71/ S1+ and + S2+ V (neg)Neither + S1+ nor + S2+ V

72/ S1+ S2+ and + S2+ V2S + V + either .........or


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73/ S + spend + time + doing smt

74/ S + spend + money + on + noun/ - Ving

75/ Doing smt + takes sinb + time

76/ It + takes + smb + time + to do smt

FOCUS ON XXVII PITY , SORRY & WISH

77/ It is a pity + someone + do / dont do smt (did/ didn'tdosmt)

78/ S is sorry

79/ Someone + wish + (that) S + didn't /did smt (had done smt)

FOCUS ON XXVIII REGRET& WISH, IF ONLY

80/ S + wish (if only) - S + Ved/were

- S + had + P2S + regret(*)+ Ving

- S + wouldV

81/ Have not regrets on / over/ about Ving

FOCUS ON XXI V OWN & BELONG TO

82/ Whose + be + noun?

83/ Who + do/ does + the + noun + belong to?

84/ Who + owns + the + noun?

85/ Who + is + the owner + of + the + noun?

86/ S + be + the owner + of + nounnoun belong to + smb

FOCUS XXV ON BE SURE & IT + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE87/ I'm sure + that + S + did / didn'nt do smtS + can./can't + have + done smt

88/ It is impossible that S + Ved S + may / may not have + P2sth

89/ The chances are thatS + VedS + may / may not have + P2sth

90/ It was stupid of you to V S + should not have + P2sth

careless

91/ There is on need for you to have P2S + need n't have + P2


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FOCUS XXVI ON ARRIVAL & WHEN ; DURING& WHILE

92/ On arrival + somewhere + clause when S arrive + somewhere + clause

93/ S + V + during + noun phrase S + V +while + past continuous

FOCUS ON XXVII THERE & HAVE

94/ S + have /had + smt +in/at .........., There are / is + smt+ in/ at ....

FOCUS ON XXIII IT IS EASY (DIFFCULT), FIND STH ADJ & HAVE DIFFICULTY , BE USED TO

+VING

95/ S + find + smt / doing smt easy/difficultS +be/ not be used tyo+ smt/doing smt

96/ S + find + smt /doing smt + easy/ difficuld S + have difficuldly in V ing

S + doesn't find sth easy

Ving sth + to be + adj

FOCUS ON XXIX IN ORDER TO & SO THAT

97/ S + do/ did smt + so that + S + can/could + do smt

S + do /did smt + imotder to + dosmt

so as to

to

witha view to Ving sth

FOCUS ON XXX HAD BETTER & IT IS TIME

98/ You'd better + do /not do smt

99/ You shouldn't + do smt

100/ You ought to do sth

101/ I + advise + you +to do / not to do smt

102/ It is advisable + that + you + do/don't do smt

103/ It is time for sb to do sth

104/ It is time + S + Vedsth

105/ It is about time + S + Ved sth


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106/ It is high time + S + Ved sth

107/ It is time + S+ was/ were Ving sth (continuous)

108/ It is time + S(0) +was / were +P2 sth (passive)

Note

* Every time = When

* At no time = Never + Under no circumstances = In any circumstances

* This is the first time = S + have never + P2 + before

* Have a good time = enjoy oneself

Other uses of " time"* By the time S + V(s, os), S + will V

S + Ved S had P2

* At the same time

* At a time

* Once upon a time

* On time , In time

* From time to time = at times = sometimes

* To be out of time

* In time of need

* To have time to V

* Times with out number

* Once in a life time

* In no time at all

* For the time being

* Time after time

* Behind the time

FOCUS ON XXXI LET & SUGGEST


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109/ Let's + do +smt , shall we? that S + V

110/ Why + don't we + do smt? that S should V

111/ What about + doing smt? I + suggest + doing smt

112/ How about+ doing smt that S + Ved

113/ Shall we + do smt to sb that + S + V + O

114/ Let sb VTo be + let V or To be allow ed to V (passive)

115/ Allow sb to V but Allow + Ving

116/ V + O + adv or of place Let + O +be + P2 adv of place

117/ Let sb go (leave ) = Reletso sb from swh118/ Let sb down = get sb down = depress sb

119/* S + suggest Ving

decide To V Object

reccmmend Ving

S' + suggest

decide that S (o) + should be P2

recommend

It + to be suggested

decided that S(0 ) + should be P2

recommended

FOCUS ON XXII INVERSION

Not once

Nover(before)

Only when

Only after

At no time

Oly later


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Only with

Not + Noun ............. + Inversion

Only by

Never before

Underno circumstances

On no account

Only then

Only at

Only yesterday

* It is (was) only when .........+ that + clause

until

*S + V (neg) until

*It is (was) not until ....... that......

* Not until ........ + Inversion

* No sooner than

*Hardly had + S + P2 when + S + Ved + O

* Scarcely when

First ......... then

Just after + N/ ving

Immediately after + N/ Ving

As soon as (when) + clause

FOCUS ON XXIII THAT ....................... (SHOULD) + V

IT + Be + necessary + that + S + (should) + V ( inf)

vital

crucialimperative

essential

important

urgent

advisable

S + advise ( obj) + that + S + ( should) + V ( inf)

recommendrequest


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demand

command

decide

insist

stipulate

decree

suggest

prefer

propose

arrange

agree

order

STRESS

A. Vowel lengthRule 1: In every English word with more than one syllable, one syllable is stressed the most.Examples: pizza comedy

Lemon committeeRented

Rule 2: Stress vowels are extra long.Rule 3: Most unstressed vowels are reduced ( extra short). A reduced vowel is called schwa.Examples: Oklahoma Arizona Manitoba

Stressed syllables: rhythm.In the following words, the stressed syllables are in bold letters. Practice saying these words:


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Sofa around solution beautifulOven event arrangement horriblepicture arrange it's awful open itII. Two _ syllable names and phrasesRule: If you leave out verbs, 90 percent of two- syllable words are stressed on the first syllable.

Two-syllable personal names are also likely to be stressed on the first syllable.Charlie Chaplin instant coffee

Elvis Presley frozen yogurtIII. Stress pattern rules:Rule 1: In evry word with two syllables, one vowel will be stresses ( long and clear). The other vowel is usuallyschwa.Example: frozen yogurt.Rule 2: In words with three or more syllables:- One vowel will get the main stress ( long and clear)- Some vowels may get a little stress ( clear, but not as long as the vowel with the most stress)- Some vowels may be reduced ( schwa)

Example: economic argument calculator admistrationPractice the rhythm of the following words.3 syllables 4 syllables 5 syllables 6 syllablesreduction opposition participation identificationsuggestion complication examination electrificationintention registration administrationpermission politician contamination

NOTES:

Verbs (two- syllable verbs) : o O ( 80 -> 90 %)

Example: remove, regret, preserve, discard, rewrite, outlive..

Exceptions: cancel, copy

verbs ending in " er", "en" : O o

Example: answer , happen, enter, offer, open, listen

NOUNS: ( two-syllable nouns) O o

Example: party, market

Nouns/ verbs: record object desert produce

Exceptions: mistake, machine

PUT THE VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS INTO THEIR APPROPRIATE TENSE OR FORM .

1. The accident ........( report ) ............( cause ) by a reckless motorist .

2. When I get my degree , I ............( study ) at this school for four years .

3. I don't know why you always ............( talk ) in class , boys .


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4. I didn't do the test well . I ............( prepare ) it very carefully at home .

5. Who was that girl you .................( talk ) to when I ..........(pass ) you in the street ?

6. Today is the first anniversary of Grandpa Max's death , and I ..........(think)about him all day . How fortunate I

.............(be) ........(.have) a Gradpa like him !

7.I found that everything I said on the phone had been reported to the police .

- Your phone .........(tap).

8. This time next year I propably .................(live) on the other side of the world .

9. By the time the war was over , thousands of innocent people ...........(kill ).

10. My uncle would rather that I ...........( not, leave ) yesterday .11. When I see my sister again , she ..........( finish ) all her exam .

12. The weather .............(be) bad , they couldn't but ..............( cancel) the camping trip .

13. It's great pity you ............(not , come ) to Brighton with us last Sunday . As you ...............(never see ) the see

before, it ...............(be ) a new experience .

14. The cup , which is old , certainly (lose) .............its origional color .

15.When my grandmother died , I cried .I would like ( be) ............... able to to tell her I ( love) .......... her just one

more time before she died .(Lose) ............a grandma like her (be) ...............very sad .But I think that (never

have)................my grandma (be) ............even sadder.

16. I had to walk home yesterday .I had no money for my fare . You (tell) me ! I (lend) you the money .

17. I ( hope) it (stop) raining by five o'clock this afternoon .

18. The robber who (watch) him (run) to the tree (sit ) down under its branches and(begin) to attack him.

19. It's your own fault , Tom . You (aks ) for an estimate before an estimste before letting the start .

20. It has been suggested that the government (assist) ...............the poor in improving their living condition .

21. The programmes for hunger elimination and poverty alleviation (improve ) ............ living condition in remote

regions .

22. After ( climb ) .........for six hours , we managed ( reach) ............ the summit.

23. I don't mind you ( use ) .......... my bike provided that you (take ) .............care of it .


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24. Were the painting genuine ? It (be ) .............worth thousands of pounds.

25. My uncle would rather that I ( not stay ) .............. up late last night , I ( not feel ) ..............sleppy now .

26. For three months Sarah Halminton (walk) ......(1).........around with a bullet in her head , thinking it (be)

.......(2).......a sore .

Sarah , aged ten , of Ward End , Burmingham , (walk ) ......(3).........with a friend to a fish and chip shop in july

when she (feel ).........(4)..... a sharp painon the crown of her head . She( think)...............(5)...... she (hit)......(6)..........

by a stone and, two days later she (see)...........(7)........ a doctor who (give) ..............(8).......... her ointment for the

sore .

But yesterday , as her brother , Paul , (wash ) ...........(9)..... her hair he ( see)..........(10)........... a piece of metalthat ( stick) ..........(11)............. out of her head . She (take)............(12)........ to a Burmingham hospi5tal where

doctors (remove) .........(13).......... the bullet. Police (try) ...........(14).......... to find who (fire)..........(15)................ the

22 bullet .

27. You shouldn't get Jack (type).......... this letter .He 's a careless man .

28. The teller (make) ............... (lie)............. down on the floor .

29.I (say)................... that last night ? I (be)............ absentminded.

30. When my father (retire) ................. next month , he (teach)................ for 40 years.

31. I resented (unjustly , accuse ) ...............and aksed him (apologise)..............

32. I didn't feel like (work)............... so I suggested ( spend ).............. the day in the garden .

33. Mary assured him that she ( finish) ,.................. it by 11.

34.I could tell from the (frighten) ......... look on her face that something terrible ( happen ) ...........

35. While I( walk ) ............. to the busstop , I realised I ( leave ).............the cooker on .

36. Danny's train ( arrive) .........tomorrow everning at 6.00 so we (meet) .............. him at the station.

37.Everyone's futuredepends on the whole (concen) ............... about the ozone layer.

38. The photorgrapher wuold rather we ( stand) ..................... close toghether than we ( stand).....................

39. I don't mind her( appoint)....................... above me.

40. She feels as though she (sit) ..................on a fire .


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41. Tom demanded that he ( give) ................... the right (call) ....................... the layer.

42. If you (take )........................ my advice, you (work)................... in this company at the moment .

43.- How about your job in the new city ?

- It's all right . But I'd rather (apply)............... for the job in your company.

44. Hellen ...........(work) at the company for three years when the redundancies were announced .

45. David ............(sleep)....... on a rug in the gaden when a fighter plane suddenly screamed past at low altitude and

woke him up .

46. The pollice (get)................. to Daisy's house as fast as they could , but the burgars ( disappear)...............

47. This time next year I ( propably live ).................... on the other side of the world .48. by the end of this week we (raise)................ over 800 pounds for the children's charity .

49. The occupants of the house ( say ) ............that they (never notice ) .............. any strange noises in the attic until

the nght terrible storm ( break)........... .

50. I don't believe it ! It's three in the morning and that party still ............. (not finish ).

51. I visit the new country every year . By the time I ( be ) .............. sixty , I (visit ) all the most interesting

countries in the world .

52. When I (buy),.............. my new house , I ( aks)............ for a telephone .The post office (tell) me (wait) but I (

wait) for a year now and my phone still ( not come ) .

53. I advise you ( start ) (look) for a flat at once .

54. Hurry up ! We ( wait) for you . What (take) you so long ? I( wait) for an important phone call.

55. He resented ( aks) ( wait) . he ( expect) the minister ( see ) him at once.

56. Would you please ( hand ) .............. me that book ?

57. I ( just, go ) ....... to bed when I ( hear ) ............. a knock at the door .

58. I met Mary last night , she ( become ) ...................... a very nice girl.

59. I wish they ( stop)............. making so much noise so that I cuold concentrate .

60. had he not interfered in his siter' marial problems , there (be)................... peace between them .

61. By the end of next morning , we ( come ) .............. and (go) .


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62. She would rather that you ( come) ............... last week .

63. I saw that my wallet (steal).................... when I opened my handbag .

64. If you ( take) .................. your doctor's advice , your health ( not be) ................... so bad now .

NINE tenses in the passive voice

I. Khi nim cu ch ng v b ng:A. Cu ch ng: L cu c ch ng l ch th to ra hnh ng. Cu ch ng c dng khi chng ta bit r chth ca hnh ng.Eg: My grandfather bought this house 20 years ago.

Newton invented the theory of gravitation.

Mr John teaches us English.


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B. Cu b ng: L cu c ch ng l ng i hay vt chu tc ng ca hnh ng. Cu ch ng c dng khi takhng bit r ch th ca hnh ng hoc c bit nh ng ng i ni mun nhn mnh ti i tng hn ti ch thca hnh ng.

This house was bought by my grandfather 20 years ago.The theory of gravitation was invented by Newton.

We are taught English by Mr John.Quy tc chuyn cu ch ng sang cu b ng:*Quy tc chung: To be + Past participle1. Xc nh th ng php ca cu ch ng tm th b ng t ng ng ca n.2. Xc nh tn ng trong cu ch ng rt v lm ch ng trong cu b ng. Nu cu c hai tn ng th c thchuyn thnh hai cu b ng nh ng thng th ng ta chn tn ng ch ng i.1. Simple present:S + V (s/es) + Oject

S + am/is/are + P 2 + +by+ Agent

Eg:+ They sweep the streets every night => The streets are swept (by them) every night.- We don't water the flowers in the morning => The flowers are not watered in the morning.? What do they call the new hotel? => what is the hotel called?

1. This well- known library attracts many people.=>....................................................................................................................................2. We don't often help her with the housework .=>.......................................................................................................................................3. Do they grow rice and wheat in the North of England?=>.......................................................................................................................2. Present continuous:S + am/is/are + V_ing + Object

S + am/is/are + being + P 2 + by + Agent+They are building a bridge over the river = > A bridge is being built over the river by them.- He isn't decorating the room today. => The room isn't being decorated? Are they upgrading the road leading to the city centre. => Is the road leading to the city centre being upgraded bythem?1. He is preparing everything for the presidential election.=>......................................................................................................................2.Is she translating an article from English into Vietnamese? =>.................................................................................................................

3.The Prime Minister isn't making a speech at the moment. =>...................................................................................................................4. They are doing a physical experiment in thelaboratory.=>.....................................................................................................................5. Are they digging a pond in the garden?=>................................................................................................................................................3. Present perfect:S + have/has + P 2 + Object

S + have/has + been + P 2 + by + Agent

+The terrorist has kept three hostages for a week => Three hostages have been kept by the terrorist for a week.- We haven't found out a remedy to cure AIDS => A remedy hasn't been found out to cure AIDS


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1.A group of students have met their friend at the railway station =>............................................................................................................2. No one has ever known him to be dishonest =>..........................................................................................................................................3.Mr.Smith has taught us French for 2 years=>

..............................................................................................................................................4. They have moved nothing in your room since they sent you to hospital.=>......................................................................................................................................................................................................................5.Have you typed all the letters ?=>................................................................................................................................................................4. Simple past:S + Past of verb + Object

S + was/ were + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg.The thieves broke into the house.The house was broken into by the thieves.1.They didnt allow Tom to take these books home =>.................................................................................................................................2.No one could find my key =>....................................................................................................................................................................3. When did they found this organization? .=>.............................................................................................................................................4.They didn't look after the children properly =>.........................................................................................................................................5.Nobody swept this street last week =>

......................................................................................................................................................5.Past continuous:S + was/were + V- ing + Object

S + was/ were + being + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg.They were doing a physical experiment when I was there.A physical experiment was being done by them when I was there.1.Tom was writing 2 poems =>....................................................................................................................................................................

2.Workers were digging a larger hole in the ground=>...............................................................................................................................3.When I was there, they were building a bridge over the river =>.............................................................................................................4. Were they interviewing him when you came?=>......................................................................................................................................5.The statue broke while they were moving it to another room in the museum.=>

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

...........................

6. Past perfect:


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S + had + P2 + Object

S + had + been + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg:Nobody told me that they had discharged John from hospital.I was not told that John had been discharged from hospital.1.After he had told a story , we clapped our hands=>........................................................................................................................................2.They had taken the victim to hospital before the police came. =>........................................................................................................3. Had they pulled down the building to make way for a new road before you came back?=>.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. She hadn't informed me of the date of the meeting before another classmate of mine told me about it.=>.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................5.Someone had invented electric lights before I was born . =>......................................................................................................................7. Near future:

S + am/is.are + going to + V + Object

S + am/is/are + going to be + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg:We are going to make him the monitor of our class.He is going to be made the monitor of our class by us.1.Are they going to export more rice to Africa next year. =>........................................................................................................................2.How many exercises is the teacher going to give you ? =>........................................................................................................................3. We are going to make him the head of our class. =>.................................................................................................................................4. We aren't going to improve the public telephone service this year. =>........................................................................................................

5. He isn't going to turn down the job they have offered him. =>....................................................................................................................8. Simle future:

S + will/shall + V + Object

S + will/shall + be + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg:They will change the date of the meeting again.The date of the meeting will be changed again by them.1.The examiner will read the passage three times. =>.....................................................................................................................................


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2. They w ill pick me up at my house at 7 o'clock tomorrow morning. =>......................................................................................................3.The teacher won't corrert exercise tomorrow=>............................................................................................................................................4.My cousin will meet you at the station=>

.....................................................................................................................................................5.I will not forgive her for the serious mistake she has made. =>

...................................................................................................................9. Future perfect:

S + will/shall have + P2 + Object

S + will/shall have been + P 2 + by + Agent

Eg:By the time you come back, they will have finished the project.

By the time you come back, the project will have been finished1. By the time you come back here in 5 years' time, they will have knocked down those slums.

=>......................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. " We will have liberated the South of Vietnam before the rainy season." The commander said.=>......................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. By the end of this year, we will have upgraded all the roads in the city.=>......................................................................................................................................................................................................................4. Don't phone us at 10 pm tonight. I won't have finished my work by then.

=>......................................................................................................................................................................................................................5. How many letters will she have typed before the boss comes back?=>......................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Notes:Active: PassiveMake sb do smth ========== Be made to do smthThe teacher is making us work hard We are being made to work hard by our teacher.Help sb (to) do smth ========== Be helped to do smth

He helped me (to) repair the washing machine I was helped to repair the washing machine by him.Be let do smth ( or be allowed to do smth) (1)

Let sb do smthLet oneself be done ( 2 )

(1) His parents didn't let him buy a motorbike => He wasn't let buy ( wasn't allowed to buy) a motorbike by hisparents(2) He let her cheat him => He let himself be cheated by her1. The robber made everybody lie on the floor.=>............................................................................................................................................2. Don't worry! Our teacher will help us study English grammar.

=>...............................................................................................................


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3. Don't let others see you=>.............................................................................................................................................................................4. They made us stay indoors while they were testing the newweapon.=>.......................................................................................................5. He let me use his car for a week

=>...............................................................................................................................................................6. He has never let her look down onhim.=>7. The teacher made him stay after the class because he hadnt done his homework.=>.8. I will help you redecorate the room before Christmas comes.=>.Active: PassiveSee seenNotice noticedHear sb do smth ========== Be heard to do smth

Listen to sb doing smth listened doing smthWatch watchedEg:Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police.He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police.They saw him walking with his friend before he got lost.He was seen walking with his friend before he got lost.1. They saw him get on the car and driveaway.=>............................................................................................................................................2. They have never heard him say nonsense.=>................................................................................................................................................3. We noticed him breaking into the house.

=>.................................................................................................................................................*Modals and Auxiliary in the passive voiceActive: Passive

Can canCould couldMay mayMight mightMust must

S + ought to + V + Obj ========== S + ought to be + P2 + by + AgentShould shouldhad better had better

have/has to have/has toused to used to

1.He can't repair my bike=>..............................................................................................................................................................................2.Our teacher used to forbid us to talk in class=>.............................................................................................................................................3.My mother used to make clean thehouse=>..................................................................................................................................................4.She can sew 3 shirts a

day=>.........................................................................................................................................................................5 .He couldn't find hiskey=>.............................................................................................................................................................................


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6. Did Mr John use to teach you English?=>....................................................................................................................................................7.My classmates used to call meJohn=>..........................................................................................................................................................8.Mr. Brown will appoint Tom the director

tomorrow=>..................................................................................................................................9.You should pay more attention to yourstudy=>.............................................................................................................................................10.They can see the villey from the top of thehill=>.......................................................................................................................................11.You must wash yourhands=>.....................................................................................................................................................................12.The computer can do all the accounts.=>....................................................................................................................................................13.Children should treat old men with respect.=>...........................................................................................................................................

14.How many ways can you solve this problem?=>.........................................................................................................................................15.You must keep dogs outside shops.=>........................................................................................................................................................16.She didnt use to make cloth puppets.=>.............................................................................................................. .......................................17. We can't improve the public telephone service this year.=>......................................................................................................................18. You ought to do all the work on your own=>............................................................................................................................................19. Does she have to feed the pigeon twice aday?...........................................................................................................................................20. They must report it to the police or it will be too late.=>...........................................................................................................................

IV. Passive: HAVE /GET SOMETHING DONE (BY SB)Active: HAVE SB DO SOMETHING/ GET SB TO DO SOMETHING

Cu trc trn c dng theo hai ngha sau:1. ni ta thu xp ng i khc lm gip mnh mt vic g ( khng t mnh lm)So snh: Jill repaired the roof ( = She repaired it herself)

Jill had the roof repaired (= She arranged for smoebody else to repair it)I have cut my hair ( Ti t ct)I have had my hair cut ( ng i khc ct tc cho ti)I hate taking photographsI hate having my photograph taken.Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?How often do you have your hair done/ cut?Ive lost my key. Ill have to have aonther key made.Why did you take your car to the garage? To have it serviced.Why did you take your jacket to the cleaners? To have it cleaned.Why did you take your watch to the jewellers? To have it repaired.Why did you go to the hairdresser ? To have my hair cut.

So snh: Passive: You should have/ get your eyes tested (by an occulist).Active: You should have an oculist test your eyes / You should get an oculist to test your eyes

If you want to wear earrings, why dont you have your ears pierced?


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Im have a house built at the moment. They are having a pond dug in the garden.Im going to have a telephone installed in my house next month.Where did you have your car serviced?2. ni mt s vic khng hay xy ra vi vt s hu ca ai/ ci g:

Georges nose was broken in a fight => George had his nose broken in a fight.

Jacks passport was stolen a few weeks ago => Jack had his passport stolen a few weeks ago.Have you ever had your passport stolen?The hurricane blew off the roof of the house.The roof of the house was blown offby the hurricane.The house had its roof blownoff by the hurricane.They have had their house broken into twice this month.Mr Brown had his hat blwon off in the wind.

V. B ng c bit:Mt s ng t quy nh: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege, acknowledge,

estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce c th dng vi mt trong hai cu trc sau:Cu trc 1:

It is/was + Past participle + that +clausePeople say that he is 100 years old. => It is said that he is 100 years old.People expect that the strike will end soon. => It is expected that the strike will end soon.Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses. => It is said that there is .Ch : Cu trc trn ch t ng ng vi cu ch ng c ch ng s nhiu vi ngha ni chung: people,everybodyCu trc 2:

Verb (1)Be + V-ing (2)

S + Be + Past participle + to + Have + Past

Participle (3)Have been + V-ing (4)

Dng (1) khi ng t trong mnh ph c chia th hin ti n, hoc t ng lai n:He is said to be 100 years old.The strike is expected to end soon.There is said to be a secret tunnel between those two houses.People said that he was a dedicated worker. => He was said to be a dedicated worker.Dng (2) khi ng t trong mnh ph c chia th hin ti tip din, hoc t ng lai tip din:They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain => The terrorists are thought to be hiding in the mountain.People believe that she is studying abroad. => She is believed to be studying ..

Dng (3) khi ng t trong mnh ph c chia th hin ti hon thnh, hoc qu kh n:People say that he escaped to a neutral country => He is said to have escaped to a neutral country.People think that she has made progress in her studies. => She is thought to have made.People allge that he stole the money. => He is alleged to have stolenDng (4) khi ng t trong mnh ph c chia th hin ti hon thnh tip din, hoc t ng lai hon thnhtip din:

People say that he has been playing football since he was 5.=> He is said to have been playing football since he was5Ch : Be supposed to ( do) c th c dng theo hai ngha sau:1. T ng ng ngha vi Be said to (do): c cho rng

This film is said/supposed to be very interesting.Why was he arrested? Hes supposed to have kicked a policeman.


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2. ni bn phn hoc ngha v ai phi lm g t ng ng vi cu trc: Its sbs duty to do smthIts her duty to make tea at 8 oclock. => She is supposed to make tea at 8 o clock.Its his duty to lock the door after the school finishes. => He is supposed to lock.Ch : i khi was/were supposed to con c dng ni mt k hoch, s sp xp nh ng th ng khc so vi thct xyra: The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.

You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didnt you do it?VI. Passive gerund ( Danh ng t b ng)Form: Being + Past participlePresent: being written /done/ made. Past: having been written/done/made.Danh ng t b ng c c c cch dng nh danh ng t ch ng ( tr trng hp cu to danh t ghp)

I like people praising me => I like being praised.She hates people staring at her when she is in the street. => She hates being stared at when I remember that my father took me to the cinema to see that film. => I remember being taken to the cinema by my

father to see that film.He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper.I remember being taken to Paris as a small child.I hate being told what to do.She is afraid of being taken away by the strong wind if she opens her parachute early.He objected to his son being criticised unfairly.He resented being kept waiting.The safe showed no signs of having been touched.

Need to do : Cn lm ( ngha ch ng) You need to work harder.Need doing = need to be done : Cn c lm ( khng c s khc nhau khi dng vi vt)This car needs to be serviced/ this car needs servicing.I need to clean my shirt because it needs cleaning/ to be cleaned. th b ng, vi ng i, ch dng need to be done ( Khng dng need doing)The old need to be looked after by the young. ( Khng dng need looking after)VII. Passive infinitive ( Nguyn mu b ng)Form: To be + Past participle

Eg: To be done/ made/ written.Nguyn mu b ng c cch dng t ng ng nh nguyn mu ch ng:I want you to repair the car now.=> I want the cat to be repaired (by you) now.Id like someone to take me to the Opera House.=> I d like to be taken to the Opera House.This calculator is small enough to be kept in your pocket.VIII : Mt s ng t quy nh c th c theo sau bi THAT. . . SHOULD+ V (INF): advise, agree,arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate,suggest, urge,prefer,decree. Note also: be anxious, be determined. (Should i khi c th c l c b)He insisted that his son (should) be named after his grandfather.They have decided to sell the house => They have decided that the house (should) be sold.They suggested making the tests easier.=> They suggested that the tests should be made easier.She advised that we should keep the gate locked/ She advised keeping the gate locked.=> She advised that the gate should be kept locked.He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up.- It is/was + adjective + that. . . shouldA that. . . should can be used after it is/was advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important,natural, necessary.It is essential that rare animals (should) be protected.It is advisable that everyone should have a map.It is essential for him to be prepared for this./ It is essential that he (should) be prepared for this.It is only right that she (should) have a share.


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Type I: Change these sentences into indirect speech:1."I'm going out now, "but I'll be in by nine", he said.

2."I'm working in a restaurant, and don't care much for it", she said.3."I can't live on my basic salary", said Peter. "I'll have to offer to do over time".

4. "My younger brother wants to be a tax inspector", said Mary. "I can't think why. None of my family hasever been a tax inspector".

5."We are waiting for the school bus", said the children."It's late again".

6. "I've made a terrible mistake !' said Peter, "You're always making terrible mistakes." I said, "You should be used

to it now".

7. " We've make $450 a week", said one of the men, "and send mostm of it home to our wives".8. "It's lonely being away from our families", said another, "but we earn three times as much in this factory as we

would in our own country".9. "We've been here for two and a half years", said the man who had spoken first,"and we're going to stay another

six months"

10. "I've got a job in an oil-rig", said Paul. "That'll be very hard work",I said.

"I know it'll be hard," he replied, "but I don't mind hard work, and it'll be a good experience."

11. "The ice will soon be hard enough to skate on," said Tom. "I'll look for my skates when I get home," Ann said.12. "I'm living with my parents at present," she said, "bu tI hope to have a flat on my own soon."

13. "I'm leaving tomorrow," she said,"by the 4.30 from Victoria." "We'll come and see you off," wesaid.

14."I've just bought a car, " said Peter, "but it 's not insured yet so I can't take you for a drive."

15."I 'd like to speak to Susan, " said Mary, "but I'm bathing the babies and they will drown if Ileave them alone in the bat h while I go to the phone."16. "I'm coming up to London next week. I hope you and Jack will meet me for lunch one day".Mary said17. "Nothing ever happens in the village" she said. "It's like a dead village . All th e young peoplehave drifted away to the towns."18. "I've missed my t rain,"said Bill . "Now I 'll be late for work and my boss will be furious.1'

19. "We'll wait for you if you're late," they said.


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20. "They are supposed to be landing at London airpo rt." I said. "But if the fog gets any thickerthe plane may be diverted "21. " If you lend me the chainsaw," said Mary,"I'll bring it back the day after tomorrow."22 "I hate getting up on dark mornings," grumbled Peter.

"It is horrible, " agreed his wife, "but the mornings will be lighter soon and then it won't bequite so bad".23."The sales are starting tomorrow,"said the typist."As soon as we fi nish w ork we ar e going to

make a dash for the shops".

24."I wish I had something to eat." said Peter.2 5 . " I f you're short of money I can lend you $50,"said my aunt, "and you can take your time aboutpaying it back"26."Who has been using my typewriter ?" said my mother.

27."Do you want to see the cathedral ?" said the guide.

28."Do you mean working on the night shifts ?" he asked.

29."Would you like to come with us ?" they said.

30."Who did you give the money to ?" asked Ann.

31."How long does it take to get to Edinburgh by coach ?" asked the tourist.

32. "How much do you think it will cost ?" he said.

33. "What did you miss most when you were in prison ?" Mary asked the ex-convict.

34. "Have you been here long ?" the other students asked h im.

35. "How long have you been learning English ?" the examiner said.

36.She said, " we were thinking of selling the house but we have decided not to"37.He said " I decided not to buy the house because it was on the main road"

Type II: Change these sentences into the indirect speech:

1. "Don't put sticky things in your pockets", said his mother.

2."Please, please don't do anything dangerous", said his wife.

3."Gc on - apply for the job," said my friend. "It would just suit you."

4."I should say nothing about it if I were you," said my brother.

5."Would you please wait in the lounge till your flight number is called ?" she said.

6."Don't lend Harry any money." I said to Ann. "He never pays his debts."

7."Could yqy please ring back in half an hour ?" said the secretary.

8. "Would you mind moving your case ?" said the other passenger."It's blocking the door."

9."Remember to book a table" said Ann.

10."Get into the right lane," said the driving instructor.

11. "Avoid Marble Arch," said the policeman. "There's going to bea big demonstration there."12. "Hold the ladder," he .said. "It's rather unsteady." "Why don't you tie i t at the top ?" I said. "It's muchsafer that way."

13. "Read the question twice, " said the teacher, "and don't write in the margin."14. "You'd better not leave your money lying about," said one of the students.


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15. "Why don't you open a bank account ?" said Tom.16."Would you like to have lunch with me today ?" said Tom. "I'm afraid I couldn't ; I can't leave theoffice," said the girl.

17."Don't take more than two of these at once, " said the doctor, handing me a bottle of pills.

18."I can't sell the cassette player at that price "He said.19."'I'd buy the big tin if I were you," said the grocer.20."You're being exploited," said the other au pair girls. "You ought to leave your job."21."Fasten your seat belts ; there may be a little turbulance, " said the air hostess.22."Don't drive through fog with only a fog light on, " he said, 'or oncoming drivers may take you for a

motorcycle." ,23." Could I see your driving licence ?" said the policeman.

24."You'd better sweep up that broken glass," I said.25."The bathroom's empty now," she said. "Will you put the light out when you've finished ?"26."Remember to insure your luggage," my father said.

27.Please don't drink any more," said his wife. "Don't forget that we have to drive home."28."Why Don't you go to a dentist, Tom, before your toothache gets any worse," I said.29. "Why don't you cut your hair"? he said. "You'd find it much easier to get a job if you looked tidy". 30. "Could I have some more puddings, please." said the boy.TypeIII: Change these sentences into the indirect speech:

1.*Ann : What about having a party on Sunday ? Mary : Yet, Let's. Who shall we invite ?Ann : Let's not make a list. Let's just invite everybody.Mary : We don't want to do so much cooking, so what about making it a wine and cheese party ?

Ann : Suppose we ask everybody to bring a bottle ?

Mary : Shall we hire glasses fromour local wine shop ? We haven't many left.

2.'Ann : If it's warm, how about havingthe party in the garden ?Mary : Why not have a barbecue ?Ann : Why not ? We could ask Paul to do the cooking. Mary : Last time we had a barbecue the neighbours complained about the noise.Ann : Suppose we go round tothe neighbours and apologize in advance this time ?Mary : Why not invite the neighbours ? Then the noise won't matter.

Ann : What a clever idea ! Shall we start ringing everyone up tonight ?THE END


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The subjunctive* FORMI. The present subjunctive has exactly the same form as the infinitive; therefore the present subjunctive of to beis be for all persons, and the present subjunctive of all other verbs is the same as their present tense except thats is not added for the third person singular.The queen lives here, (simple present tense)

Long live the queen! (subjunctive)


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II. The past subjunctive has exactly the same form as the simple past except that with the verb be the pastsubjunctive form is either I/he/she/it was or I /he/she/it were. In expressions of doubt or unreality wereismore usual than was:He behaves as though he were the owner. (But he is not the owner.)Past subjunctives are often known as 'unreal pasts'.

* Use of the present subjunctiveA. The present subjunctive is used in certain exclamations to express a wish or hope, very often involvingsupernatural powers:(God) bless you! God save the queen!Heaven help us! Curse this fog!Come what may, we'll stand by you! Notice also the phrase if need be, which means 'if it is necessary':If need be we can always bring another car.C.Some certain verbs are followed by should + infinitive constructions. When the infinitive is be, the should issometimes omittedthat. . . shouldis more formal than a gerund or infinitive construction and usually implies less direct contact

between the advisers/organizers etc. and the people who are to carry out the action. Verbs which can be usedwith that . . , should include the following: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand,determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge,prefer,decree. Note also: be anxious,be determined.She advised that we should keep the gate locked.She advised that the gate should be kept locked./ She advised keeping the gate locked/advised us to keep it locked.recommend could be used above instead of advise and would sound more formal.They agreed/decided that the roof should be repaired. They agreed/decided to repair the roof.He arranged that I should go abroad./ He arranged for me to go abroad.They arranged that the minister should be met at the airport./ They arranged for the minister to be met at the

airport.He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up.The infinitive thus left alone becomes a subjunctive.- It is/was + adjective + that. . . shouldA that. . . should can be used after it is/was advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important,natural, necessary; afterfair (= just),just, right (these are often preceded by only) and after reasonable, as analternative to a for + infinitive construction:/(is advisable that everyone should have a map. It is better for him to hear it from you ./ It is better that he should hear it from you.It is essential for him to be prepared for this./ It is essential that he should be prepared for this.

It is only right that she should have a share.should is sometimes omitted before be: It is essential that he be prepared.- that. . . should can be used after it is/was absurd, amazing,annoying, ludicrous, odd, ridiculous, strange,surprising and similar adjectives as an alternative to that + present/past tense:It is ridiculous that we should be (= that we are) short of water in a country where it is always raining. Theperfect infinitive is sometimes used when referring to past events:It is amazing that she should have said (= that'she said) nothing about the murder.* As if/as though + past subjunctiveThe past subjunctive can be used after as if/as though to indicate unreality or improbability or doubt in thepresent (there is no difference between as if and as though):

He speaks/ spoke as if/though he were my father.


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He behaves as if he owned the place. (But he doesn't own it or probably doesn't own it or we don't know whetherhe owns it or not.)He talks as though he knew where she was. (But he doesn't know or he probably doesn't know or we don't knowwhether he knows or not.)He orders me about as if I were his wife, (but I am not) The verb preceding as if/though can be put into a past

tense without changing the tense of the subjunctive:- After As if/ though we can use a past continuous when referring an imaginary action at the time of speaking.I feel as if I were sitting on a fire.I didn't see anybody but I felt as if I were being watched.He talks/talked as though he knew where she was.After as if/as though we use a past perfect when referring to a real or imaginary action in the past:

He talks about Rome as though he had been there himself. (But he hasn't or probably hasn't or we don't knowwhether he has or not.) Again, the verb preceding as if'though can be put into a past tense without changingthe tense of the subjunctive:He looks/looked as though he hadn 't had a decent meal for a month.

It looks as if she had seen a ghost.The grass looks/ looked as if it hadn't been cut for a long time.She talked about the accident as if she had seen it with her own eyes.Notes: When we refer to a real action, the verb after as if/ though can be put in a normal tense based on thesituation.It looks as if it is going to rain.He appears to be running from your fierce dog. => It looks as if he is running away from your fierce dog.They seem to be talking about something secret => It sounds as if they are talking about something secret.It looks as if the light has been burning all night. I must have forgotten to switch it of before I went to bed lastnight.

- It is time + past subjunctive (unreal past)it is time can be followed by the infinitive:It's time to start or by for + object + infinitive:It's time for us to go or by subject + a past subjunctive:It's time we went. It's time we were leaving.There is a slight difference in meaning between the forms.it is time + infinitive merely states that the correct time has arrived; it is time + subject + past subjunctiveimplies that it is a little late. highcan be added to emphasize this idea:It's high time we left. It is time + I/he/she/it cannot be followed by were: It's time I was going._ Conditional sentences type 2:

If a burglar cam into my room at night I'd scream._ Conditional sentences type 3:If they had worked hard, they would have passed the exam- would rather/sooner sb did smth ( present)I'd rather you spoke English during the lesson.He'd rather she apologised to her.- Would rather sb had done smth ( past)I'd you had asked me for permission before you had a Friday afternoon off.I'd rather he hadn't written that letter.-Wish + subject + unreal past

A wish (that) + subject + a past tense expresses regret about a present situation:/ wish I knew his address = I'm sorry I don7 know his address.


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I wish you could drive a car =I'm sorry you can't drive a car.I wish he was coming with us = I'm sorry he isn 't coming with us. wish can be put into the past without changingthe subjunctive:He wished he knew the address =He was sorry he didn't know the address. Unreal past tenses do not change inindirect speech:

"I wish I lived nearer my work,' he said =He said he wished he lived nearer his work.B wish (that) + subject + past perfect (subjunctive) expresses regret about a past situation:/ wish (that) I hadn 't spent so much money =I'm sorry I spent so much money.I wish you had written to him =I'm sorry you didn't write to him. wished can replace wish without changing thesubjunctive:/ wished I hadn't spent so much money = I was sorry I had spent so much money. These verbs will be reportedunchanged:C if only can be used in exactly the same way. It has the same meaning as wish but is more dramatic:If only we knew where to look for him! If only she had asked someone's advice!_Wish (that) + subject + would

A wish + subject + past tense can express regret for a present situation, as shown in 300 above:/ wish that he wrote more regularly = I'm sorry he doesn't write more regularly.B wish + subject + would

english grammar for grade 12-1

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