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English Survival Kit

This summary has been conceived as an everyday work tool for solving the students' grammar problems that I have seen in the classroom at an ESO & Batxiller level. As a result, many explanations have been simplified. For further information you should consult English grammar books such as:

- Eastwood, John & Mack, Ronald A Basic English Grammar . Oxford Univ. Press.- Thomson & Martinet A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press.- Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage . Oxford University Press.

I hope you find these summaries useful both at our lessons here and in the future.

Joan Gallardo i Gallardo [email protected] I.E.S. Camp de Túria 31/10/09

IES Camp de Túria Joan Gallardo

Table of contents

Explained Achieved

1.ARTICLES 4

2.DEMONSTRATIVES 4

3.TELLING THE TIME 4

4.NUMBERS 5

5.NOUNS 65.1Masculine & feminine 65.2Plural 65.3Possessive case (Saxon genitive) 65.4Countable & uncountable(= no plural) nouns 7

6.ADJECTIVES 86.1Comparison 86.2Adjective order 9

7.VERBS 97.1Modal Verbs 107.2Colloquial forms 107.3Tenses chart 117.4Question tags 137.5Verb patterns I 13

8.PERSONAL PRONOUNS (& adjectives) 15

9.WORD ORDER 169.1Basic word order. 169.2General word order: 169.3WH words 17

10.ADVERBS 1810.1Adverbs of manner (after the objects) 10.2Adverbs of place & time 10.3Adverbs of frequency 10.4Adverbs of degree

11.PREPOSITIONS 19 11.1 Place 11.2 Movement 11.3 Time 11.4 Others

12.SUBORDINATE CLAUSES 2012.1Relative clauses 2012.2Time clauses 2012.3Place clauses 2012.4Purpose clauses 2112.5Cause clauses 2112.6Result clauses Translating "per tant…" "així que…" 21

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12.7Contrast clauses 21

13.CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 2213.1Type 1 (probable condition) 13.2Type 2 (improbable or impossible condition) 13.3Type 3 (the condition didn’t happen)

14.THE PASSIVE VOICE 24

15.REPORTED SPEECH 2515.1We can report 15.2When reporting PAST sentences

16.TYPICAL TRANSLATION PROBLEMS 2616.1Translating "que" 2616.2Translating "com" 2616.3Translating "durant" (during/for) 2616.4Translating "també" 2616.5Translating "muy, mucho/s, más" 26

16.6 Translating "menos, poco, pocos"16.7Translating "ja no…" (castellà: ya no) 2716.8Translating "encara"("todavía, aún")* 2716.9Translating "hi ha" ("hay") 2716.10Translating "seria millor que…" 2716.11Translating "preferiria…" 2716.12Translating "estar a punt de…" 2716.13Translating "either/neither" 2816.14Translating "get" 28

16.15translating "other, others, another"

17. SPELLING 28

18. PHRASAL VERBS 29

19. IRREGULAR VERBS 30

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1. ARTICLES

a (an + vocal) the /đ∂/ ( /đi:/ + vocal)-is used like un/una in our language, and: -is used like el/la/els/les in our

language, but not :- to be + profession: he's a teacher - talking in general: I like cars- quantity expressions: a hundred three times a (per) day (al dia)

- at home, in/to bed at/to work at/to schoolbut go home

- exclamations: what a girl! (countable) what weather!

- not with parts of the body: I wash my hair.

2. DEMONSTRATIVES

--X ----------XX this thatXX these those

3. TELLING THE TIME

- What's the time?- What time is it? It's- What time do you make?

4

quarter to twoquarter past two half past two two o'clock


4. NUMBERS

cardinal ordinalone, twenty-one… 1st first, 21st twenty-firsttwo 2nd secondthree 3rd thirdfour 4th fourthfive 5th fifthsix 6th sixthseven 7th seventheight 8th eighthnine 9th ninth /nainθ/ten 10th tenthtwelve 12th twelfthtwenty 20th twentiethforty 40th fortieth

a. 100-1,000-1,000,000: a(one) hundred, a(one) thousand, a(one) million

b. "and" before the last TWO figures (not in USA): i.e. 240 = two hundred and forty

c. decimals & thousands…: 3,404.5 = three thousand four hundred and four point five

d. 0normally UK nought /no:t/

USA zerofigure by figure (USA zero) like letter "o" measurements 0ْC = zero degree Centigradeteam-games score (USA zero) Valencia 3 – Liverpool 0 = (nil)tennis love

e.once, twice, three times…

f. MoneyEurope USA UK€1 one euro $1 one dollar ₤1 one pound1c one cent 1c one cent 1p one penny,

one p /pi:/2p two pence, two p

€1.20 one euro twenty $1.20 one dollar twenty ₤1.20 one pound twenty

g. Dates:

- 4th November 2000: the fourth of November, two thousand- November 4th, 2000: November the fourth, two thousand

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5. NOUNS

5.1 Masculine & feminine

Some nouns have different forms for masculine and feminine:

people jobs animalsboy girl actor actress bull cowbachelor spinster conductor conductress cock henbridegroom bride heir heiress dog bitchfather mother hero heroine duck drakegentleman lady host hostess gander goosehusband wife manager manageress lion lionessman woman steward stewardess ram ewenephew niece waiter waitress stag doeson daughter stallion mareuncle aunt tiger tigresswidower widow

5.2 Plural

add -s a car, two carsAfter "o, ch, sh, s, x": add -es /iz/ two tomatoes, churches, kisses, boxes

Exceptions: kilos, photos, pianos- y > -ies 1 baby > 2 babies

1 day > 2 days-f(e) > -ves 1 wife > 2 wives

1 wolf > 2 wolves Exceptions: handkerchiefs, cliffs, safes

Special plurals ox>oxen child>childrenfoot>feet tooth>teeth man>mengoose>geese mouse>mice woman<women /'wum∂n/>/'wim∂n/

No change fish, sheep, aircraft, quid (slang for ₤1) Tricky! Everybody IS happy. The people ARE happy

5.3 Possessive case (Saxon genitive)

We normally use it with people, animals and countries. Also with:

- ships: the ship's bell (optional for other vehicles)- time expressions: a day's work- "worth": ₤1's worth of stamps

Add: -'s John's fathertwo children's father

Plurals ending in –s: add ' a boys' schoolAfter names ending in –s: 's or ' Charles's girlfriend

Charles' girlfriend

Note: A friend of John's (un amic de John) A friend of mine (un amic meu)

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5.4 Countable & uncountable(= no plural) nouns

- Truc informal per saber si un substantiu és countable or uncountable:"m'agraden les taronges > plural > COUNTABLE"m'agrada el pa" >singular > UNCOUNTABLE

Countable Uncountable singular plural there is there are there isPosit: a(n) I want an orange

someI want some oranges

someI want some wine

Neg&Inter a(n) any any there isn't an orange = there is no orange

there aren't any oranges= there are no oranges

there isn't any water= there is no water

How many? How much?Posit: a lot of (formal: many)Neg&Inter many (*)

Posit: a lot ofNeg&Inter much (*)

a few a little

* for questions which expect a negative response we also use a lot of.

Tricky words: countable uncountablepeople (many people, people are…) money (much money, money is…)

information ( " information, information is…)newsadvice

- any shops- any money

Any in positive sentences mean "qualsevol".i.e. You can ask me any questions.

Compounds with some-, any-, no-.

things places peoplePositive something somewhere someone

= somebodyNegat. & Interrog. anything anywhere anyone

= anybody

there isn't anybody= there is nobody

nothing nowhere no one = nobody

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6. ADJECTIVES

6.1 Comparison

LESS than TWO syllables: -ER i.e.: small, smallER, the smallEST the -EST -Y pretty, prettiER, the prettiEST -ER clever, cleverER, the cleverEST

( -ow… narrow, narrower, the narrowest)

TWO syllables:

-ING MORE boring,the MOST boring -FUL MORE awful, the MOST awful

etc...

MORE than TWO syllables: MORE i.e.: MORE intelligent, the MOST intelligent the MOST

1. Irregular adjectives: good better the best bad worse the worst far farther the farthest further the furthest

old older the oldest (regular) elder the eldest (family members, i.e. my elder brother)

2. Structures:

2.1. Comparatiu de superioritat: Peter is taller THAN John Peter is more intelligent THAN John

2.2. Comparatiu d’inferioritat: Peter is less clever THAN John

Peter is AS tall AS John Peter isn't AS/SO tall AS John 2.3. Comparatiu d’igualtat: Peter and John are JUST AS tall

2.4. Superlatiu: Peter is THE tallEST in the class Peter is THE LEAST tall in the class

2.5. THE MORE you live, THE MORE you learn: QUANT MÉS vius, MÉS aprens:

2.6 smaller and smaller: cada vegada més xicotet.

3. Spelling -Y > i pretty, prettier-R wide, wider

6. Doubling consonants: Dupliquen l´última consonant si són: -monosíl.labes (o agudes)

-consonant + vocal + 1 consonant: hot, hoTTer

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(for further information= per a més informació)


6.2 Adjective order

vO Te FOR CO PA MA NAOpinion Tamaño tiempo FORma COlor PArticipio MAerial NAcionalidad,

origennice big new square red torn paper Spanish book

noun

7. VERBS

7.1 Modal Verbs I

Function StructureAdvice You had better (not) give up smoking

should(n’t) ought to

Obligation You must study have to (‘ve got to)

Prohibition You mustn’t smoke

Lack of obligation(no cal)

You don’t have to help me, I can do it. needn’t

Probability It may / might rain tomorrow. can / could

Permission Can I come in?May

Ability(saber)

He can swim.

Logical deduction The street is wet. It must have rained.

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Modal Verbs II

Present (affirm.)

Negative Past Future Notes

have (got) to(not modal)

don't have to

had to will have to "tener que", obligació externa

must mustn't(prohibition)

" " "deber", el que parla està d'acord amb l'obligació

should = ought to

shouldn't = ought not to

"debería…"

Present (affirm.)

Negative Past Future Notes

can can't = cannot

could will be able "poder"

may may not was/were allowed to

will be allowed to "poder" only for permission and possibility

could= might (possibility)

couldn't= mightn't

"podría"

needn't "no cal..", "no es necesario que…" - for to need as a normal verb, consult a grammar book

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Notesdare daren't

= don't dare (to) Dare you…?= Do you dare (to)…?

"Atreverse"

Affirmative Negative Noteswill ('ll)

won't - Auxiliary verb for the Future tense (I/we shall = I/ will)- Requests (peticions): Will you repeat, please?- Offers (oferiments) : Shall I translate?

would ('d)

wouldn't - Auxiliary verb for the Conditional tense

7.2 Colloquial forms

colloquial gonna wanna gotta ain't yeahformal going to want to have got to isn't, aren't, am not

haven't, hasn'tyes

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7.3 Tenses chartBasic tenses

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Short Answ. Remarks

Present simple I work. (he, she, it works)

I don't work. v(he, she, it doesn't work)

Do I work? s v(Does he, she, it work?)

Yes, I do.No, I don't

- 3rd person: -s: (-es: -o, -s,z,sh,x, -ch)- cry > cries - pla y > plays - Usage: habitual actions. FreqAdv, every… want, think, like, know…

Present continuous I'm working('s, 're)

I'm not working. to be(isn't, aren't)

Am I writing? Yes, I am.No I'm not.

- double cons:"aguda", (cvc) i.e.: stop > sotpping, (but travelling)- cry > crying pla y > playing- Usage: - this moment (now, at present…) - future plans- Not used with: can, must…& verbs of possession (belong, owe, possess)

"going to" I'm going to work('s, 're)

I'm not going to work(isn't, aren't)

Am I going to work Yes, I am.No I'm not.

Usage: future plans, and intentions

Future tense I'll work v

('ll = will)

I won't work v(won't = will not)

Will I work? Yes, I will.No, I won't.

to be > I'll be.- special : can > I'll be able (to…) must > I'll have to - future- Usage: -- requests: Will you repeat, please? - offers: Shall I translate?

Conditional tense I'd work('d = would)

I wouldn't work (wouldn't = would not)

Would I work? Yes, I would.No, I wouldn't.

can* > I'd be able (to…), I could must* > I'd have to, I should

Simple past I worked I didn't work Did I work? Yes, I did.No, I didn't.

- double consonant. stop > stopped- Pronouncing –ed. /t/ /d/ /id/- - cry > cried pla y > played - Irregular verbs- Usage: finished actions, if time is given- when, …ago,

Present perfect I've work ed participle(he, she, it 's)('ve=have, 's=has)

I haven't worked

(he, she, it hasn't)( haven't= have not)

Have I worked?

(Has he, she, it worked?)

Yes, I have.No, I haven't

- see Past simple.(doubling, -y,-ed, irr.)- Usage: not finished actions & recent past- been to/gone to- since yesterday - for a week - …yet. - Have you ever…? - I've just …-ed.

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Other tenses Affirmative Negative Interrogative Short Answ. RemarksPast perfect I had worked

participleI hadn't worked Had I worked? Yes, I had.

No, I hadn'tPast continuous I was working

(he, she, it was)(we, you, they were)

I wasn't working Was I working? Yes, I was.No, I wasn't

Typical use with two past actions: He was having a shower when she rangWhile he was having a shower, he rang

Present perfect continuous

I have been working I haven't been working Have you been working?

Yes, I have.No, I haven't.

Usage: like present perfect but the action is (or is regarded as) continuous or repetitive(porte treballant…)

Future perfect I will have worked participle

I won't have worked Will I have worked? Yes, I willNo, I won't

Conditional perfect I would have worked participle

I wouldn't have worked Would I have worked? Yes, I wouldNo, I wouldn't

Past perfect continuous

I had been working I hadn't been working Had I been working? Yes, I hadNo, I hadn't

Future perfect continuous

I will have been working I won't have been working

Will I have been working?

Yes, I willNo, I won't

Conditional perfect continuous

I would have been working

I wouldn't have been working

Would I have been working?

Yes, I willNo, I won't

ImperativeAffirmative Negativework! Don't work!

Let him/her/them work! Don't let him/her/them work!

Let's work! Let's not work!

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7.4 Question tags

They mean "veritat?" i.e.: You don't speak French, do you?You would help, wouldn't you?She is funny, isn't she?

7.5 Verb patterns I

verb + infinitive I can work(modal & auxiliary verbs)

verb +…ingI like working("likes" verbs)

verb + to + infinitiveI want to work(most verbs)

can couldshall shouldwill would may mightmust

had better would rather

like lovedislike hateenjoy

finish stop (see patternsII)avoid suggestkeep

don’t mind can’t stand feel like can’t helpetc…

agree choosedecide expecthelp hopemanage promiserefuse try (see patternsII)want have towould like affordwould love ought towould prefer to be + willing etc…

Verb + sb + to + infinitivehe wants me to go

Verb + sb + infinitive (no to)He lets me go

allowadviseaskencourageexpecthelpinvitetellwant

somebody to go

letmake

somebody go

Verb + ing or to + infinitivebeginstart

continue

raining/to rain

But: it's starting to rain

to use: - I used to read cartoons when I was a kid = solia llegir cómics quan… - I'm used to listening to loud music = estic acostumat a escoltar…

to look forward: - I look forward to hearing from you soon.

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Verb patterns I I

Verb + ing or to + infinitive BUT with different meanings.

stop - I stopped drinking. (= give up)- I stopped to drink. (= in order to)

try - I tried to drink, but I couldn't. (= intentar)- I tried drinking tequila. (= experimentar, provar)

rememberforgetregret

The action takes place in different times:

- I regret (1st) to tell(2nd) you the bad news.- I've failed the exam because I didn't study last evening. I regret(2nd) going out(1st) last evening..

Adjective + infinitive (to) Preposition + gerund (-ing)- That story is hard to believe adjective

- Clean your teeth after eating. preposition

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8. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (& adjectives)

Personal pro. Object pro. Possessive adj. Possessive pro. Reflexive pro.I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourselfhe him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself

we us our ours ourselvesyou you your yours yourselvesthey them their theirs themselves

I'm English Tell me the time This is my car This car is mine. I do it myself

Note:. The same forms are used for the plural:- this is my book.- these are my books.

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9. WORD ORDER

9.1 Basic word order.

Interrogative Negative Short answer

Question tag (veritat?)

Normal verbs Do you speak English? Do+Subject+Verb does did

You don't speak Eng. doesn't v didn't

Yes, I doNo, I don't

Do you?Don't you?

to be, can, must, should, ought to, may…will, would

Are you happy? verb + Subj.

You are n't happy. verb

Yes, I amNo, I'm not

Are you?Aren't you?

Note: to have uses both forms:

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Short answer

haverYou have to study

Have you worked? You have n't worked

Yes, I have.No, I haven't

(WH.)

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tindre

You have (got) a car

Have you got a car? You have n't got a car Yes, I have.No, I haven't

Do you have a car? You don't have a car


tindre que(sic.)have to

You have(got) to study.

Do you have to study? You don't have to study


prendre you have a bath Do you have a bath? You don't have a bath Yes, I doNo, I don't

Note: in British English have to (tindre que) is also possible without do.

Special uses. - I had my car cleaned = Vaig fer netejar el meu cotxe . - You'd better study = Seria millor que estudiares

(had better)

9.2 General word order:

Frequency adverbs The postman gave the packet to my neighbour carefully at the post office yesterday Subject+ Verb + Direct + Indirect + Adverb + Adverb + Adverb

object object manner place time

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9.3 WH words

- who, what, which, when, where, whom (a qui? & after preposition) whose, why,- how many, how much, how long, how often, how old… - what else, who else…

- who/what as a subject: Who speaks French?- " " an object: Who are you talking to?

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10. ADVERBS

10.1 Adverbs of manner (after the objects) slowly carefully easily loudly bravely happily kindly badlybadly/well somehow quickly, fast hard …

i.e.: He drives his car very carefully

10.2 Adverbs of place & time (at the end or beginning of the sentence) Place: here there somewhere anywhere nowhere …

Time: today yesterday tomorrow now then afterwards soon at once till=until recently eventually lately …

i.e.: He arrived yesterday

10.3 Adverbs of frequency

sometimes usually always normally never seldom hardly ever often

I

I am to be

work at home. verb happy.

(very / quite often)

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10.4 Adverbs of degree - very extremely so too - a bit=a little much = a lot = far- "bastant, prou":quite, fairly (+), rather (-),- "sufficient": tall enough /i'n ۸ f/, (but: enough water)

adj. noun

- "casi (castellà), gairebé": almost = nearly- "a penes": hardly = scarcely = barely

i.e.: He's fairly polite but rather sillyi.e.: He almost passed all the examsi.e: It hardly rained last year

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11. PREPOSITIONS

11.1 Place behind beside/by/next to on the car the car close to the bank near the car

BANK HOTEL in the car

SCHOOL

under the car opposite the bank in front of the car

BANK in/inside out/outside in cities, towns & countries the bank the bank I work in Valencia "en" at concrete places

I work at the high school

11.2 Movement along the road from across A to B the road

A ……………B up to onto the box into the room out of the room down the stairs through

the door

up the stairs towards the door

11.3 Time 11.4 Others

at in till = until

since

Durant - for + amount of time - during + a period

after - before

with – withoutoftoagainstaccording toaboutfor beside = next to by passive transportationbetween / amongoXo ooXooo oooooo

at six o'clockat midnight

at Christmas, Easterat the weekendat night

morningin the afternoon eveningin Decemberin summerin 1985in two weeks' time

onon Saturdayon Monday morningon May 24th

Pub

past the pub

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12. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

12.1 Relative clauses

Defining relative clauses (no commas)a. Traduït "que"people

That's the woman I love S

thingsThat's the car I like S

whothatØ

whichthatØ

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- L'opció Ø només és possible si va seguit d'un subjecte.- Si l'oració subordinada va separada per comes, només who i which són possibles.

b. whose = cuyoc. Other pronouns: when, where, why & whom (a qui)

Non-defining relative clauses (between commas)- The information added is not essential.- That and Ø are NOT possible.

12.2 Time clauses

after before when while as (=when or while) since till/until as soon as

i.e. wait until I call you

12.3 Place clauses

where wherever

i.e. you can go wherever you like

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12.4 Purpose clauses

a. Translating "per a"Before a noun/pronoun This letter's for me

object pron.

Before a verb in infinitive(purpose clause)

I study (not) to pass exams. in order (not) to so as (not ) to

" but expressing the purpose of an object

The chalk is for writing on the blackboard

Before a verb NOT in infinitive(purpose clause)

I explain it so that you understand. in order that S

b. in case (en cas que) lest (no siga que…)

12.5 Cause clauses

because as/since (ja que) for (not usual) because of/due to

i.e. it was raining, he stayed at home.

12.6 Result clauses Translating "per tant…" "així que…"

so/therefore as a result/consequently that's why

i.e It was raining, so I stayed at home

12.7 Contrast clauses

but however /nevertheless (al)though in spite of/despite whereas/while

i.e. It was raining, so I stayed at home

AsSince

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From A Practical English Grammar, Thomson & Martinet

13. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

13.1 Type 1 (probable condition)

if + present, future

i.e. “If it rains, I’ll stay at home”

Notes: - will, can be replaced by: - other modal verb.

- an imperative- another future tense

- the present simple can be replaced by the present perfect.

13.2 Type 2 (improbable or impossible condition)

if + past, conditional

i.e. “If it rained, I’d (=would) stay at home” (if I were (was)…)

Notes: - might or could may be used instead of would.- past continuous or past perfect may appear instead of past simple.- If I were (was)

13.3 Type 3 (the condition didn’t happen)

if + past perfect, perfect conditional

i.e. “If it had rained, I’d (=would) have stayed at home”

Notes: - could & might may be used instead of would- had can be placed first and if omitted:

“Had I known you were coming, I’d have met you”

Synonyms of IFWhetherAs long asIf by any chanceProvidingIn caseunless = if ...not

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Important notes:

1. - will/would may appear in an if clause in POLITE requests:

“ I would be very grateful if you wouldn’t mind” ... meaning to want.“If he would tell me what he wants...”“If he won’t listen to me...”

- will/would like/care is a politer way for if + want/wish:

“If you would like to come, I will show it to you”

- if should in type 1 can be used to express that although the condition is probable, some difficulties may occur:

“If you should have any difficulty, call me up” or “Should you “ “ “ “ “ “

2. if + were = if + was:

“If I were a rich man...”

3. If may be replaced by:

- Unless (=if not): “Unless you start at once, you’ll be late”- But for: “But for ( =if it were not for) that, I wouldn’t be here”- Otherwise: “We must be back, otherwise we’ll be locked out”- Provided (that): “You can camp here provided you leave no mess”- Suppose/ing = What if: “Suppose/What if the plane is late?”- Inversion of subject and auxiliary: “Were I in his shoes...”

“Should there be a delay...”“Had he known it before...”

- In case: “I’ll come in case Mary wants”

4. If only = I wish/I hope: “If only he comes in time” = “I hope he’ll come in time”

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14. THE PASSIVE VOICE

I opened the door S D.O.

The door was opened by me S to be + participle + Object Pronoun

1.- Translation: sometimes the translation of a passive sentence sounds strange, in this case we normally translate using the pronoun “se”:

“German is supposed to be a hard language” = se suposa que l’alemany és un idioma difícil.

2.- Passive with auxiliary + infinitive:

Active: I must/can/should/etc open the door

Passive. The door must/can/should/etc be opened by me

3.- Use: The passive voice is used in English when it is more convenient or interesting to stress the thing done then the doer of it, or when the agent is unknown.

4.- Passive questions: Active: Who wrote it? Passive. Who was it written by?

5.- Infinitive constructions: After believe, feel, find, know, say, think, understand, etc two passive forms are possible:

Active: People said that he was jealous

Passive: It was said that he was jealous He was said to be jealous

Infinitive6.- “suppose”: You are supposed to know how to drive = Se suposa que saps conduir.

infinitive

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It is supposed that you know how to drive.

7.- have/get.

Get your hair cut! = Que te corten el pelo!

Have your car serviced! = Que te revisen el coche!

8.- made/letActive: He made us workPassive: We were made to work

Active: They let us goPassive: we were let go

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15. REPORTED SPEECH

15.1 We can report: Direct Speech Reported Speech

Commands Come Tom!Don’t come Tom!

He told Tom to come He told Tom not to come

(also with ask, invite, order,want...) WH questions

What’s that? He asked what that was

(also with wonder, enquire...) Yes/No questions

Are you happy? He asked if/whether I was happy (also “ )

Statements I’m tired He said ( that) he was tired

(also say, remark...)

15.2 When reporting PAST sentences the following changes take place:

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Tenses Present simplePresent continuousPresent perfectSimple pastFuturemaymust

Past simplePast continuousPast perfect “ “ConditionalMighthad to

Pronouns Iwememineoursmyselfthis, these

Hetheyhim, herhis, herstheirshimself, herselfthat, those

Adverbial expressions nowtodayyesterdaytomorrowlast weeknext weekhere

then, at that timethat daythe day beforethe day afterthe week beforethe week afterthere

Questions

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16. TYPICAL TRANSLATION PROBLEMS

16.1 Translating "que"

1. Questions What are you doing?2. Comparison I'm older than you3. "tener que" have (got) to

I've got to work

4. Exclamations -What a man! noun- How expensive! adjective

5. The rest:(Relative sentences, reported speech…)

That's the film that I saw.

16.2 Translating "com"

Questions How are you?Asking for description. What's he like?Comparing He speaks like a father (he isn't a father)

He speaks as a father (he is a father)

16.3 Translating "durant" (during/for)

During a period of time It rained during the summer.For an amount of time It rained for two hours. (a, many, several…)

16.4 Translating "també"

John speaks Russian too.John speaks Russian as well.

- In final position- John doesn't speak Russian either .(tampoc)

John also speaks Russian. verb

- Before the verb (after to be)

jo també: so do I = me toojo tampoc: nor/neither do I = me either (cif. either/neither)

16.5 Translating "muy, mucho/s, más"

English SpanishVery good Muy…Many books Muchos…Much water Mucho...More intelligent Más…The most intelligent El más…

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16.6 Translating "menos, poco/pocos”

English SpanishLess problems Menos…(a) few problems (unos) pocos…(a) little water bit of

(un) poco de...

16.7 Translating "ja no…" (castellà: ya no)

He doesn't live here any longer / any more = He no longer lives here

16.8 Translating "encara" ("todavía, aún")*

Positive: - I still live in Valencia Negative & Interrogative: He hasn't arrived yet. verb (final position) - I 'm still in Valencia to be

*for still in negative sentences and yet in positive, consult a grammar book.

16.9 Translating "hi ha" ("hay")

English Valencià CastellàThere is/are hi ha hayThere was/were hi havia habíaThere will be hi haurà habráThere has been hi ha hagut ha habidoThere would be hi hauria habría

16.10 Translating "seria millor que…"

You'd better study (had better)

16.11 Translating "preferiria…"

I'd rather stay at home (would rather)

16.12 Translating "estar a punt de…"

Your credit is about to expire

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16.3 Translating "either/neither"

You can have either meat or fish neither nor

o…oni…ni

- I don't like fish either tampoc m'agrada el peixWe can go either way, right or left noun

podem anar pels dos camins, dret o esquerre

16.14 Translating "get"

- I get what I want- I got a letter- I got to the station at 4 o'clock

- aconseguir- rebre- arribar

get

- entrar- salir- pujar- baixar- baixar d'un tren, autobús

I'll get better + adjective

- ficar-se + adjective

I've got a car - tindre

16.15 Other, others, the other, another

English Catalan Spanish

ADJECTIVE

Another book

The other bookThe other books

Un altre llibre

L’altre llibreEls altres llibres

Otro libro

El otro libroLos otros libros

English Catalan Spanish

NOUNThe others Els altres Los otros

17. SPELLING

-ed, -er - s -ingCVC*

Consonant+Vowel+ConsonantStop > stopped stops stopping

Consonant+Y Cry > cried cries crying Vowel+Y Play > played plays playing

* x, w, y never double: fixing, rowing...

inoutupdownoff…

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18. PHRASAL VERBS

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19. IRREGULAR VERBS

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