english in a nutshell

8/7/2019 English in a nutshell

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2/10

TUTORINGOURSEGOI{

GrammarevfrewVERBS

; E N G [ . l S H

Englishhas six tenses, achof which has a simple orm andaprogressiveorm.Simple ProgressivePresent I worlc I am worlcinsPast I worked ! waqworkingIfuhrre I vuil l ,olk I will be workingPresentPerfect I haveworked I havebeenworlcingPastPerfect I had worked I had beenworkingFuturePerfect I will liave worked I will havebeenworl


3/10

EFIGI. ISHNA [ \ !U:TSi- :ELt:

I talk v,ti.th'er.I talked with her.I hadtalked with her

hregular verbs,however,may have different forms for the simplepasttenseandfor the past paricipie usedwith theperfecttenses.Here are somecommon irregi-r-js1slbs;Present Past Past Pa.rticiple Present Past Past.Pafitciam wa.s been grow grew

besin Degan Degun know knew knownbrins brought brought leave left leftcome came come read read readdo did done ride rode riddendrive drove driven run ran runeat ate eaten speak spoke nfall fell fallen take took takenEet got sot/sotten wear wore worngo !vent gone wflte wrote wntten

PRON(}UNSPersorialronounsredentifiedyperson,ender,umber,nd ase,

Person Number Subjective Objective PossessiveFirst Person S ngular T me my, inlneSecondPerson Singular and Plural you you ;v'o111',OurSPlural we US cui'sThird Personmasculine Singular he him hisfeminine Singular she her helneutral Singular 1 L ir :,_^r_ iiThird Person Plural they them their, theirs|. Apronounmust greengender ndnumberwiilt itsantecedentoun.Apronaun'sntecedents tke wotd a whiekt refers. ronouns ust green bath {enderndnumber ith heirantecedents.singular ronaunkowldtandn fora singulat nteceden7pluralpran1unhauldstandn farapluralanlecedent.

Mary was late or work because he orgot to set the alarm.GiveyotLrclassduesto Tom, sincehe is the treasurerSeniorswill get their report cards next Friday.A,pronoun'sn{ecedentayappear fter t ina sentence,Becauseshe orgot to set the al.arm,X4arywas late or work.Si.ncee is the treasurer, ive your classdues o Tom.After tkeir report cards are issued, he seniorswill practice for graduation.

2. Use he suhjeetive ase:when pronuuns thesuhject f a verh.She works or an insurancecompany.My brother is thrtlled that ke got a part in the school play.Afier they retwrnfromvacation, the Madigans will be moving to Boston.

E( AP A hI 1 7 9


4/10

TUTSRTN&CIuRsEorlt( E['dGt[sH

befare a verb fhat is nat statert u{ unrlerstaod.Gary is talle,r Jtan he (ts).Theyarrived eariier rhan we (did).

aftera linkingverb ike o bc.It was I who bi.ottl3ht he bol\oons.

3, use heob,ieetivease:when pranlans theabjeet fa verb,verborn or preBosition"Give that io n:e.I called ki.tn on. riie pizorie.Asking theyn to go rlas a big mistalce.in eomparisonsetweenabjeetsf vcrbshat arc not :tatedutunderstood"Shecallsyou tnore lzan shecalls)me.They'llhave o payproJessiorLalsore han they,il ave opay) us.

4' Use he retative i-)t'ansu:tsrta rid tttytarn hen efeffing o peopte.Who s thesubjeuive etts,3).o/L()Ll.lLser| o refer opeople.Thewomany,thais stnndi.rLgt thepiano is my sistet:Whom s tlte objective casepronoLrl r.Lsedo refer to people.The woman witlzwhom I o.nx taying is nty sisterYouco,Iled ry"tto L?

lf yau?enaf surc vriei:ilcl vvilu,i''ilh'rii fs e a,,eet n a seiltene, try thistSylveste6 wko or u,li.ctytz?,)s a1"r,icl f theclark,sleepswith'the iBhtson.Lookat the ralativtt fJt,L.irirtui.tnd rurrt its ttause nta a question.YVho r tukowt s r4lraictof Llteclark?Thenanswer:;,iii- i!Jf;;i,,;i yttti;ti: pribstlaI srlunoun.Xfe is.lf .you nswerheqL,estirtntith :;ub.ieetiveaseronouo,as aw idhere),hesubjeetivecaseho seorrcct.ylveste4who i,ga,frcLiclf the clarlt,sleepswitlt the l.ightson.If yau answer he guestionwith an nbieetiveease, heobjreetivecase h'm is eorrcet.fo (whoor whoru? should. add.resshe etter?Tome.

To wltonzsltould. t, rtlc/ressl,Le.ettet.,?5' Use the retativ' prcftiiiiii:i tl,hit,i ;:iti,'t,');.rta tefer to inan,imateobjeets.Generally'whir:h is:tseJfo infrotltrce?t ftllrascor clause$et aff by eammasand that is usedwithin the hody of a sentiLt.t{;ilrc hotel tJlatwe stayed rt ltctd. n indoor swimntingpool.The hotei' wlzir:h.zrrr,' i'L n(ro()/ st,ii*uningpoor, is one of our favorites,6, PfAn U SffiUSl ha V !; : ,., tL t,.l i1_..!l ). .,. li leehe nts"A pranoun s arnitigu:t;;si li::; t ss,J,,tii,.l;,itatiieeedent,,RONG' Joe rt:esi't'tike the rrLusickeypray on this,radiostahonwho are hey'r iie ciur'r-eii, becauseireres no antecedentor.theJ)ronoun.Apronoun 9a;sc irLi!,;,i!!s ";,ori" ;,ri,t rugit;airyefert0m*rc hanoneanteeedent.WRONG:_intluanciAnLy;/ier,.ro titec:oncertn her car

i ,,T"::e did heyuse? b oon't i'o* 5inss er couLdreferoeither indaorAmy.1 8 0 I (A PLAfu'


5/10

Et '{Gt lSHf' {A NUTSI ' l I i - i -

Ambiguityrrarc anbe Earrectedy replailng heprannunwith heappropriateaan.Joe doesn't like what tke disc ockcys play on this radio station.Linda and Amy went to the concert in Amy's car.

ADJECTIVESNE3\IEPDSl. Use djective"anadifynauns !?d fttnnuns.

A worr,.o.;tr, a white dressstccd next to the dd. tree.The eaky boo,thadn't been used n many years.

2. Useadvefts a modify erbs, djeetive$ ndatheradverbs.Many, utnotall, adverbsnd n -ly.The inteniewer looked appravingtry t the neatly dressedapplicant.That m.oviewas very long.Don't eat too quickly.

USAOEEVIEW/ phrases aqroupf wsrdshatdaes otEantainath subject nd verh.lookingout thewindowbehind he scenes' on saleat the armer's market,4clausesagrowpf wlrds hatcantains atha subject nda veft. Clausesanke ndependent,fieaninghey anstandaloneas sefitencesiI was looking out the window.Wewent behind he scenes.Fresh corn is now on sale at the Union SquareGreen Market.u subordinate, eaningheycannot:because was ooking out thewindowwhen we went behind hesceneswhich is now on sale at the armer's market/ sentences agroupof wardshatcontains t eastnne ndependentlause ndexltressesantnpletehought. od0 so,a sentencenust ontain subiect,boutwhich nmethings said,andaprediatererb,whiehsaysomethingabouthe sub.iect"I was lookirzgout the window when the car passedby.Wewent behind he scenes o learn how a televisionnewsshow sproduced.Fresh corn is one of the vegetablesnow on sale at the Union SquareGreenMarlcet.

RUN-(}NSNI) RAGMENTSl. A sentencehatdlesnntcontain t least ne ndependentlauses a fragmenL 'A sentenceragment aybegrammaticallyncompleteecauset lacks suhject rapredieate erb!

WRONG: Freshcorn on sale at the Union SquareGrcenMarket.WRONG: Going behind the scenes o learn how a newsshow is produced.at ngicallyneompleteecausether lementsecessaryot t t0e)qrcss eampletehowghtre nissing:WRONG: I was loolcingout the window wlten,WRONG: Becauseresh corn is on sale.A sentenceragmentanhecorrectedyadding henissingelement(s)f thesentence:Fresh corn is on sale at the Union SguareGreen Market.

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TuTCIRINGCIURSijEt{K :ENGtlSl{

or by eambiningt rwith n ndeLteridentlause:Goingbehindhesceneso eatn nw a news how,s roduced,ur media rnssearned g.eatdeal n a very !'oi i,2' A senfenee antaining'iluttiple ndependent lauseswhichare not rupertyeombineds a run-sn.wRoNG"Thechildren adbeen l.ayingn thepark theywere overed ithmud.wRoNG: Thecltirtrreniur,.r;,:,.i. ro.yingn thepark, theywerecoveredwithmud.A run-on ente!";eeat be aatrsc?:r ;yntakingeaehelause separate enteneetTkeckildrenkod been rnying n tkeparrc.TLtey erecovered ithmud.by eombiningtte ndepenelclrf/aijseswitha semieolon:ThechiLdrenadbeen raving n tlrcpark; theywerecoveredwith mucr.byma4inganeaf thee/affses ubardinate.Eecauserae hildv'enadbeentiaytng n thepar,rc,heywerecoveredwithmucr.Trze kdren who ;*dbeet1tu:;yiitgn theparrcwere overed ithmud.Thechildrenhad'been laying n thepar"tc, hichv,aswhy heywerecovered ity'tmud.or by oining !'teojausi:sttjth ,j t.iji::tiitanCa coardinatingoijunetiontThecl'iilclren.Lu.c)eetttlai;lrry irL l.Le1to,rk,nd heywerecoyered.ith mucl.Thechi'rrJreitor)beeit raying n thepark,so heywerecoveredwithmud.(coordinatingonjunctit'rns'c1ttde7?ri;-ncl,zot; ut,oti, et, and.o.use hemnemonicANBoys toheipyou ememberh,:;r

SUBJE0T--VERB\ii iE,Ervr1r\l. A verbmustagfeevyitr ts subleett fiersan"A firstpetsanubiew llDit:t'];!!:i"t)i,i:)s making statementbauthimsetf. irst ersansabJ'eefsare hepranauns ,rt,ie.

Xamgoinr to Pn.ris.Wearegoing o pctrirA secand etlvri'l?liliir'rr;fi'teatts{ttiled,ftes speaking irectly o someonelse"The eaond persanubjects theprcr,tailil0u"Vouare going o paris.A thirdperssilsitlJi':t'eii;alftsa stuttiliii")fitth"autlffieother person, laee, r thing"The hird persanubjeets re h.ranounse, ;i'ri],t, t:;:tt,'l;!lJy,:js tLt.Jj!sal l nauns"He isgoi;,tgopu,t,s,.

Annalise is goi.rt.g vitlL LirnThe light will takeeight hours,.

2, A verb mus'! ;1it;e'.,yi!:!:ls ;1fi i.:-.;, ' i : ,:,nbei,A singular sui;,;'cc;t',)u;;.1.,,,1si:ilesjt;Eular grn af a verb.Mickello talws tJtr.:; ,; o school evet?mornrng.A plural sultjett ret1uire:: _ plura,t nrm af the verb.Many stuuttent,salce lxebus ro scltool evety morning.hfirlzelie rndl:,bh1t':ake l.iebu,s o sch.ooleverymonting.A verb'subject's' /fen)ai kc t,unc]use*ta t n thesentinee"Will snirnak iung,lesall otter tl.teworld are endangered.Be sure o ,,match,,z verbs o theu trppropiatesubjectnouns.

3" AolbetiVe fta!,jtl:jajT lj; ,!titrt:i iie,:,,:,r j:igliJat,Gslleetiven'iitis arh rtcii;)s i,ili ta;irt'i ;t'lt't'itzsithm,re than ,fie rnemyertsrenasgroup, eanl, andtanily.Eve, r:hti,,hcse aunseLrcsentot't:ha'itatte eislt:' theyare ran itiirtty u,rgoturnd equire ingularerlt fonns.182


7/10

gNGLISHI$,t [\1U'SfrjEtil.

The colieciicrt ofpaiiztingsentitled "Matisse n Morocco" is one of themost widely viewetio"r"t xhibits n recentyears.A commi|lee to siudry he easibility of the renovationswes appointed by the m.ayor.

4. 0nly when colleetitre (va$ftsare in fjlnral farm da they require plural verhs"My collec:.iotzs f rare coins o,ndcanceledstampsare worth more than I thought.Seyeralcontnail:teesere involved inchoosing heJincildesign.

IDIt)MSSome dioms mustbe constnrctedn a cefi,ainway to be correct.|, Between.,.antt

WRONG. leht;een hot hogs or ltamburgers, prefer hantburgers.RIGHT: Betweetr,tot hogs and.hantburgers, prefer hamburgers.

2, Not only...but:a!:;eWRONG. Th.isseme,gier rIatt i,s aking not anly chemistryblut biology, too.RIGIIT: This semester,Matt is taking mat orelychemistrybut also biology.

3. As...asWRONG'Tlzalsuil; .sas exlten,sivehate his one.RIGHT: 7'hatsuit is as expensiveq,s lxisone.

4. Either...r/lle 'tk ,,.,,nrThis meto,I .,s eitker strong nor.fLexible.Eitker Debby or AIec will. meet heplane.

Mt)I)IFIERSl. A modifyingard rphrasemust ep{apeily lacedn referenceo hewnrdhat t is intendedo modjfy.WRONG: llyingor the i.rst inte, he oar of theet enginesrightened h.e hiLrj..As this sentefic.ts written, hepkraseFlyi.ngor the irqt timedescrib+$heroar of tl:e et ensines Whatshauldthisphrase ogically he nrndityingT

trttyingor tke irst lime, theckild was rightenedby theroar of theet engines.REDUNDANCYl. Wards r phrasesreredundantwhen heyhavebasicallyhesane meaningn the ean'textn wkieh heyare used.WRONG: h.e chool, asowndedund establislaedn 1906.Don'tuse wo wordswhenonewiil do.

Theschoclwct.:;ott.ndedn 1906.Theschool,uas',gtablishedn i 906.2. A watd s used edundantlywhen ts meanifig s implicit in the meaning0f afi1therwortl.

WRONG: felta sense f newousanxietybefore hecurtainrose.The deaof beingnervauss part of themeaningaf the worrlanxiety. lsing them tagetfuers retlwndant"I felt nervowsefore lrccurtain ose.I felt a sense J'anxiety efore lrccurtain ro,se.W(|RDINESS| . flaving unnecessary ards n a sentence an resuf in a styleprcbtem;he cansisen your writitxg.WORDY: hesupplyof musicalinstrurnentsha.tareantique s timited.

[ (AP ! . AN 183


8/10

TUTORIAI&OEJRSECIOK JENOF=ISFI

CONCISE; The supply of aietiqu,ewrusical nstruments is limited.woRDy,we were n agreernentwith esch otraer hat Max shourdbe captain.CONC:ISE,,,/eagt.eer!,hat Max should,be captain,OCIMM()NLYIONFUSEBCIRDS1.AmounUNumbcr

usearnount hsneferring8afl tuteadntabtcoun;r/seumberarcfer oa eaunfablene"Theamount o,f ood he threw o,waywourdfeed a substantiarnumber of peopre.2. Fewer/Lessuse esswhert'eferringa atl aneuntableaan;/seewer arcfer 0a eauntabrcne"If you nn ke ,"e.r.:,;. our : tu,s. ., you t.t l spend ess money.3. Mueh/Manyusemuehwhencfcfi'tilg'tail Ltno0antableoun:use any0refet 0a e untable ne"Despite :zaiiy ooLbaLl;.,iurics,Tom ioesn,tfeelmuch pairr.4. Aver/MorehanUse verwheneferring,fa pasitionr toeafian.The warcr irL l.Le le p el,ci s aver my lLead,USe mOfe thAU rti:,o.;i ":Jj_ti,t..:ntsu e j t)fil,bct.Of qUantity,They spent ,taoi'e rtdn irtree yectr,s' esearching the new treatmew.5. ltsflt,st;iri;r'l:rof;t:::;'- ;'::i"i :t'ttlv';|r"e)ttt)it",4tth0ughm*st aunsequire naBostraphentheir passessiyearrrs.i:,i

The cat liclrcil l) ; i,,:t,,,,i,:.It's ba cantractionif ,t s or t has.Itrs raining cats and. logs.Itts beena weelcsincewe went o r:he talL.If lr's cannotbe ogicaily replacerin a sentencewith lr is or it has, thenit,s ncorrect.6. Whase/Vllha,sYrlfrY'ir'!,rof:;;i;::f;!oitn ar he rr,n,unwha"Atthoushffi*st*unsequirenap'srrophentheir posses,\.i,iWhose hone i, t r rzgti.tgWho's s a eantraetiln a;/vurios crwl_ro ers.Wo's knoclcing n thedoor?Whotsbeenknoclcin3.tn.hr : it.tcr?If who's cannotbe ogrcally replaced n a sentencewithwho is or who has, thenit,s ncorrect.7. Theirlfhey're/Tlt,tTheir s lrepossesslvg,fitrnaf he tranounhey. Atthoughmryst(ast pranlans de nt!.) 'ct'lvv'ateltuu$Il rtosEn0ans require an apastrophe in their posscssitz*),ii!j,, ,Thegirls rode ij teii. bij:e:r or,rcThey're is a eontraetian o! tlteya-re.

. They're training.for tlzeBostonMara.thon./fthey're Eann,fbe rcqir:alty'replar;cdin a se:n{enee iththey are, hcn it,sneaffeet.Tn*c ean unetien n a fiumbr:t ;SJrs:184 ry$


9/10

EUqU$Hzu ruuTSilEi_ras an adverit:

Stop right tnere.asaprcnoan:There iire r,ej)enpeople in nqvfamily.0f 65 2 nOtti'i:You cart to.lte t: ?cm th"e!"e.

PunctuatlonlviervCt)MMASl. Use nnnas g separatetetnsna serles"lf nore than wo tems re Iistedna series,heyshoutd esepanted y c0mmas.My reci;e for bul'termi.Ilci,sc:r'Litsrcc|urlesfl.our, baking soda,salt, shortening, a,d buttermilk^commasskqu{'ttnnt be plaeerl befare he tirst eleffiento, ,ftu, the tastelcment af a series.wRoNG' L[y recipefor chocolatecake nch,rdes,flour, baking soiia, srtgcr,egg,t, tilk, anrl chocolate.WRO\IG Flour, ba.kingsorlc ,sugar, ggs,milk, and chocolate,are ilte i;rgrerlir:;ti,s.t1rt...sL1r.6lol:eake.

2, Use anmaso set ff nonessentiathrasesnrlclauses.trfaphrase rclauses nat necessaryo the senfence'sain dea, t showldesetaf{h.y vffiffias.PhiW' v'ihohas neverhad'anyformal chef s training, bakesan excellent cheesecalrc.ill':,:X:;K'::,frrr::::f;iT;:,H:l:{r thenrervening-ctause,hichtereivu,nrur-ru,tnereseriptionrphittip,If a phrase a: ::l;:iisc is reces.sar;' t thenicani:tg'of the sentence,t shaull tis! /r : se ; {f ,51,',;;:tnas.WR}NC \''/eCiove,ove!tl l"el4isstssirvpif l.hter,thelongestriverinNor;ihAit.r,-ir:c:since the senionce oesnot makesensewithout the nterveningclause,he first comma s incorrect.3. Use nmmasfterntrodwctoryhrasesr clauses.If a descriptivehraser etrauseegins sentence,t shoutd e set ff ront the est f the entenceya comna.

y:ri';fr';tl;':t'0,!;ru*""ias every avcluiirtgksdrought,Harotdwa,'disapl;oiriied.h.t hisgarctenas,A"fterke barcqwet,an and.Melissawentdancing.4. usecoxnnnasifh coordinating onjunctionso cornbinendependentrauses.use a comnahefarea coordinating FANBaYfleonjunctionhit connectswo ndependenterauses.A clause sndependentf it cswldstandon ti'own as a sentence,)Ma.rtas goodat baslcetball,ut sl.te'setter t soccerSEMIC(}LONS| use a semicarona eambinewo ndependentcrausesn a singre sentence"Twondependeilt rauses anbe combinerJitka semicoron.Whooping rq,nesreend.anger.ed;nty ifiy of themarealive od,ay.lirxfl':;i,::tr'::':{:rit#x"i,ctausesntessoth trausesrendependent.A tauses ndependentf tcourd

wRoNG; IUhoopingcranesare e,dangeredl becauseon\t fifly of themare arive today.Donot use sentiealanetweenlauseshat are ambined itha FAfllgaysaniwnetion;se eaffimanstead.wRoNG" only fi'fly whooping crq,nes re alive today; so theyare erdanpered.

I ,''u(API .AI , I


10/10

TUT{tRtNesuRSHrioK li l \J&LlsH- i' iI2' use semiealbnu sepaffiteistedtems hen nyor al!of the tcmslreatly ontain 'mrnas.when neor uare f he tcrnsi?n seri,',sr ist eonfainslmmas, se semieolano separatekeffi"we had o buyt'i'uits, egetables,ndcerealfarR.eggie;astafor shel; cltipsand coolciesor Fat; and ct, r:t,,for Lynne.

e0t0Ns1, Usea ealon ta,!ittia{.;uae iisi:, lfiIr;ti,0ii, r explanati0n"A eolon ean be uscara introuut;e a tist, definition, ar brief expranation"Tlzis s what you'tt find' in my refrigerator; a rime and a ar of peanut batter.Your nstritctions are as 'olLov'ts"Nleadhe passagecarefully, &nswer lbequestions,ane! rn ovey. ou, answ{j:heet.

My sister s o'1;oroi.egaL'iegatpro;ilessionalwhoworksclosely tuitkatto,neys.Da not usea ea'!snta scparate a sffijeM fram its verb.wRoNG' i[he te'quiretnent's the assignment: were to research nformationfrom two dffirent sources,wri.te t00-wordppori, and c;.ert.te bibtiography.Do not us ea Dni'anfi ri/ iriarat:t:tet,.h r,nrepasitionra m its object(s)"wRo^rc; Loo;citt.g'ttt n1t,ti3^,,,s,crzecrced:he desh,my dresser, nd rnypurse.wRoN G" s he had,are ry di,s gree r-wtth rcerfriends, family, o, coreagues.DASHESI. Ase a dash a inijtt;t:iit at ! afirufi iit.::,2i,,,, haught,A dash can be !t:;[)i-t..i],;:nir;e,i..,.tJft!.tlt n tfinught,An alligatoT'urLlilce crocodiLe, il l usuallynot attackhumans--unless, hat is, heJbels hat her yor.tng re i,anger.

I left my no'rcbookn m.t ,66ft0r__,_no,,,.,ait,I think t,s in thecar.2, USea daSh A sr,j.,;.,j,i.;i,,,..::,,;,:!.i):t!i,,i!r,jljtii:)L0eilXAfyinfOfnatiOn,Adasheanalssi r t tJrsr ; r / lost . ! : r . f ; ' i )parcf i lhet iDalorsupplementaryexprcssror if remtherestof t . ,esef l fsfee.At 32" Fahi:enheir;-wLticlt..srct,oo, the celsius scare-water w,r;freeze,n0 nht usc a das!,' i 1;1.i ';Lct{tirt^;t:liicti th;tt is neeessary0 the meatringaf thesentenee.wRoNG" A/ionv oolff r.''rcmr.trlentet:novies*that don,tlive wtr)a expectations.APIISTROPHESL Useanap1strophefi a cafili:HctiaiLa indieatehat one rmareleffeis ave beenrttitted.Donnie,s lDort, t ie !, r o. it /rpe.r , . iLcltessWe can't Icrt l i". ., t\ , lr . s.: : , !ot: l \v, i i , i .ut irtg oo l onweekends.I don't Ido notJ /.,,rve9]:otzi.s,hl.cLssol.a1t.

2, USe an apAstfAplit: fut t,;,'L:!itu rd iJrsijijssi,irit ;,0ffi Of a nAUn,An apostroBhe '' ; ''l;:-'i'"ir'il''';; - i:l ,;:'r;rrfr;'ii;rpossessiveform of singwlar nuuns nd Blural nounsthat don,talreadv tii;tJTheboytsfac'evr{t,i cverec!,,,;Li:i1rnrrr,.tito iteswhenhe returned.fronl.cclmp.Thebook club m.eets.n h.e ltildyen,.soo]lx t the ibrary.fnmastcases' kr::nfioairrya!orrrt r r tai!flendsns, the pnstroBkes uscd laneo shawstossessr"on"rrc earnmettzbers'r:r'sey., )ei'.: ot,erecr,,vithud after the gante.

english in a nutshell

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