english intensive course for first semester

8/11/2019 English Intensive Course for First Semester

1/114

UNIT 1

Grammar Focus:

ARTICLES (A, An, The)

What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles

modify nouns.

English has two articles: the and a/an. he is used to refer to s!ecific or !articular

nouns" a/an is used to modify non#s!ecific or non#!articular nouns. We call the the definite

article and a/an the indefinitearticle.

the $ definite article

a/an $ indefinite article

%or e&am!le, if ' say, (Let)s read the *ook,( ' mean aspecific*ook. 'f ' say, (Let)s

read a *ook,( ' mean any*ook rather than a s!ecific *ook.

+ere)s another way to e&!lain it: he is used to refer to a specificorparticular

mem*er of a grou!. %or e&am!le, (' just saw the most !o!ular movie of the year.( here are

many movies, *ut only one !articular movie is the most !o!ular. herefore, we use the.

(/an( is used to refer to a non-specificor non-particularmem*er of the grou!. %or

e&am!le, (' would like to go see a movie.( +ere, we)re not talking a*out a specificmovie.

We)re talking a*out anymovie. here are many movies, and ' want to see anymovie. ' don)t

have a s!ecific one in mind.Let)s look at each kind of article a little more closely.

A. Indefinite Articles: a and an

(( and (an( signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to anymem*er of a

grou!. %or e&am!le:

(-y daughter really wants a dog for hristmas.( his refers to anydog. We don)t

know which dog *ecause we haven)t found the dog yet.

(ome*ody call a !oliceman0( his refers to any!oliceman. We don)t need a s!ecific

!oliceman" we need any !oliceman who is availa*le. (When ' was at the 1oo, ' saw an ele!hant0( +ere, we)re talking a*out a single, non#

s!ecific thing, in this case an ele!hant. here are !ro*a*ly several ele!hants at the

1oo, *ut there)s only onewe)re talking a*out here.

. Remem!er, usin" a or an de#ends on the sound that !e"ins the ne$t %ord. So...

a 2 singular noun *eginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog

an 2 singular noun *eginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot;

an orphan

Grammar Focus:

1


2/114

a 2 singular noun *eginning with a consonant sound: a user3sounds like )yoo#1er,) i.e.

*egins with a consonant )y) sound, so )a) is used4"a university" a unicycle

an 2 nouns starting with silent (h(: an hour

a 2 nouns starting with a !ronounced (h(: a horseo 'n some cases where (h( is !ronounced, such as (historical,( you can use an.

+owever, a is more commonly used and !referred.

historical event is worth recording.

5emem*er that these rules also a!!ly when you use acronyms:

'ntroductory om!osition at 6urdue 3'a64 handles first#year writing at the

7niversity. herefore, an 'a6 memo generally discusses issues concerning English 89

instructors.

nother case where this rule a!!lies is when acronyms start with consonant letters *ut

have vowel sounds:

n -; 3material safety data sheet4 was used to record the data. n 6 !lan

3!ill 6revention ontrol and ountermeasures !lan4 will hel! us !re!are for the worst.

'f the noun is modified *y an adjective, the choice *etween a and an de!ends on the

initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article:

a *roken egg

an unusual !ro*lem

a Euro!ean country 3sounds like )yer#o#!i#an,) i.e. *egins with consonant )y) sound4

5emem*er, too, that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate mem*ershi!

in a grou!:

' am a teacher. 3' am a mem*er of a large grou! known as teachers.4 Brian is an 'rishman. 3Brian is a mem*er of the !eo!le known as 'rish.4

eiko is a !racticing Buddhist. 3eiko is a mem*er of the grou! of !eo!le known as

Buddhists.4

C. &efinite Article: the

he definite article is used *efore singular and !lural nouns when the noun is s!ecific

or !articular. he signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a !articular mem*er of a

grou!. %or e&am!le:

(he dog that *it me ran away.( +ere, we)re talking a*out aspecificdog, the dog that*it me.

(' was ha!!y to see the !oliceman who saved my cat0( +ere, we)re talking a*out a

particular!oliceman. Even if we don)t know the !oliceman)s name, it)s still a !articular

!oliceman *ecause it is the one who saved the cat.

(' saw the ele!hant at the 1oo.( +ere, we)re talking a*out a specificnoun. 6ro*a*ly

there is only one ele!hant at the 1oo.

2


3/114

Grammar Focus:

&. Count and 'oncount 'ouns

he can *e used with noncount nouns, or the article can *e omitted entirely.

(' love to sail over the water( 3some s!ecific *ody of water4 or (' love to sail overwater( 3any water4.

(+e s!illed the milk all over the floor( 3some s!ecific milk, !erha!s the milk you

*ought earlier that day4 or (+e s!illed milk all over the floor( 3any milk4.

(/an( can *e used only with count nouns.

(' need a *ottle of water.(

(' need a new glass of milk.(

-ost of the time, you can)t say, (he wants a water,( unless you)re im!lying, say, a

*ottle of water.

E. Geo"ra#hical use of the

here are some s!ecific rules for using the with geogra!hical nouns.

;o not use the *efore:

names of most countries/territories:Italy, Mexico, Bolivia" however, the


4/114

Grammar Focus:

Form and eanin"

(i.e. From Another Good Source)

8. We use a . anwhen we are talking a*out something for the first time.

o +e is wearing asuit and atie.

o hey have acat.

>. We use thewhen we are talking a*out a s!ecific !erson or thing, or if there is only

one, or if it is clear which one we are talking a*out.

o he took aglass of water and started to drink. 3one of many glasses of water4

o he took theglass of water nearest to her. 3a s!ecific glass4

o he took theglass of water and started to drink. 3there is only one glass of

water4

o an you turn on the? 3it)s clear we are talking a*out the in this room4

o ' have to see thedoctor tomorrow. 3it)s clear ' am talking a*out my usual

doctor4

o ' need to see adoctor. 3not any s!ecific doctor4

o +ow many !eo!le have walked on themoon? 3there is only one moon4

o The*est film ')ve ever seen is #op %un!3there can only *e one *est film4

@. We use no article when we are talking a*out !eo!le or things in general.

o Carrotsare good for you. 3carrots in general4

o The carrotsgrowing in my garden are almost ready to eat. 3s!ecific carrots4

o En"lish #eo#ledrink a lot of tea. 3English !eo!le in general4

o The En"lish #eo#lein this hotel are very nice. 3s!ecific English !eo!le4

A. We use a . anto say what kind of !erson or thing someone or something is 3often with

an adjective, or to say it *elongs to a !articular grou!.

o ou have anice house.

o hat)s avery e&!ensive car0

o cat is ananimal a *us is avehicle.

C. With school, university, !rison, hos!ital, church, *ed, work and home we use the

when we are talking a*out a !articular one, and no articlewhen we are talking a*out

the ideaof school, university...

o The churchon our street was *uilt in the 8Dth entury. 3a !articular church4

o ' go to churchevery unday 3the idea of church, not a !articular *uilding4

o -y friend works at the #risonoutside the city centre.

o -y hus*and is in #rison.

o The %or*isn)t finished yet.

o ' was feeling sick yesterday so ' didn)t go to %or*.

o Thenew !edis *igger than the old one.

o ' !ut my children to !eda !m.. We use thewith singular counta*le nouns to talk a*out a ty!e of thing.

4


5/114

o The com#uterwas invented in the >9th entury. 3not a !articular com!uter4

Grammar Focus:

o The com#uterin my office is *roken. 3a !articular one4

o

The crocodileis very dangerous. 3this ty!e of animal4o The crocodilein the river is very *ig. 3a !articular one4

o he !lays the #iano. 3not a !articular !iano *ut this ty!e of instrument4

o The #ianoshe is !laying is very old. 3a !articular one4

D. We use the / ad'ectiveto talk a*out a grou! of !eo!le 3including nationalities4.

o ' always give money to the homeless.

o The unem#lo+edreceive money from the government.

o The French!roduce good wine.

. We use a . anto talk a*out someone)s jo*.

o -y wife is ano!tician.

o he works as amechanic.

F. We use no article with continents, countries, regions, cities, streets, mountains, lakes

and !arks.

o sia, 'taly, alifornia, Bristol, -ain t., -ount Everest, Lake u!erior,

entral 6ark

89. We use theif the country contains =ingdom, 5e!u*lic, tate, 7nion

o The7nited =ingdom

88. We use thewith !lural names of !eo!le and !laces.

o Themiths, The. We use thewith oceans, seas, rivers and canals.

o Thetlantic Gcean, The5ed ea, The


6/114

Grammar Focus:

E$ercise : A or An-

'n the following !hrases, su!!ly either aor an:

8. IIII *ingo game

>. IIII idiot

@. IIII good jo*

A. IIII rotten !lum

C. IIII used fork

. IIII uncle

D. IIII historian

. IIII a!!le

F. IIII hair

89. IIII artichoke

88. IIII horri*le movie

8>. IIII o!era

8@. IIII fine o!era

8A. IIII television

8C. IIII earthJuake

8. IIII icicle

8D. IIII !lant

8. IIII egg!lant

8F. IIII honora*le discharge

>9. IIII intelligent man

>8. IIII ta*le

>>. IIII u! stairway

6


7/114

Grammar Focus:

>@. IIII !a!er cli!

>A. IIII animal

>C. IIII usual feeling

>. IIII interest

>D. IIII ali*i

>. IIII early *ird

>F. IIII couch

@9. IIII air!lane

@8. IIII grade

@>. IIII !air

@@. IIII idea

@A. IIII energy level

E$ercise : Articles E$ercise

;irections: %ill in the *lank with the a!!ro!riate article, a, an, or the, or leave the s!ace

*lank if no article is needed.

8. ' want IIII a!!le from that *asket.

>. IIII church on the corner is !rogressive.

@. -iss Lin s!eaks IIII hinese.

A. ' *orrowed IIII !encil from your !ile of !encils and !ens.

C. Gne of the students said, (IIII !rofessor is late today.(

Eli likes to !lay IIII volley*all.

D. ' *ought IIII um*rella to go out in the rain.

. -y daughter is learning to !lay IIII violin at her school.

7


8/114

Grammar Focus:

F. 6lease give me IIII cake that is on the counter.

89. ' lived on IIII -ain treet when ' first came to town.

88. l*any is the ca!ital of IIII . -y hus*and)s family s!eaks IIII 6olish.

8@. IIII a!!le a day kee!s the doctor away.

8A. IIII ink in my !en is red.

8C. Gur neigh*ors have IIII cat and IIII dog.

E$ercise : Articles E$ercise /

;irections: Write the following !aragra!hs, inserting a, an, and thewhere needed.

8. ' have horse of my own. ' call her 6retty Hirl. he is intelligent animal, *ut she is not

thorough*red horse. ' could never enter her in race, even if ' wanted to. But ' do not want to.

he is com!anion, for my own !leasure. ' took her swimming day or two ago.

>. +orse knows when he is going to race. +ow does he know? +is *reakfast was scanty. 3+e

is angry a*out that.4 +e does not have saddle on his *ack. +e is *eing led, not ridden, to

grandstand. +e is led under grandstand into unusual, s!ecial stall. +orse is nervous.ometimes he does not know what to do when starting gate flies o!en and track is *efore

him. 'f he does not *egin to run instantly, other horses are already ahead of him. ;uring race,

when he sees another horse just ahead of him, he will try to !ass him. ometimes jockey

holds him *ack to save his energy for last stretch. Eventually horse gets to run as fast as he

can. E&ercise *oy, watching owner)s favorite jockey riding horse he has e&ercised day after

day, says nothing. ecretly, he is !lanning for day when he will *e jockey himself, and his

horse will *e first to cross finish line.

@. -ost !eo!le have fewer hours to give to time#consuming activities of clu*s than they used

to have, *ut most !eo!le in small town *elong to clu* or two. Gne of clu*s is likely to *e

social and *enevolent organi1ation, such as 5otary or Elks. Business !eo!le are likely to

*elong, also to either =iwanis lu* or Lions. uch *usiness !eo!le)s organi1ations may meet

as often as once a week in one of !rivate dining rooms of town)s leading hotel for lunch. hey

have good lunch, hear good !rogram, and continue their fundraising !rogram for worthy

organi1ation, such as local hos!ital.

8


9/114

Grammar Focus:

Sim#le 0resent Tense

FR

KE5B 2 s/es in third !erson

E&am!les:

ou s#ea*English.

&oyou s#ea*English?

ou do not s#ea*English.

om!lete List of im!le 6resent %orms

1SE Re#eated Actions

7se the im!le 6resent to e&!ress the idea that an action is re!eated or usual. he action can

*e a ha*it, a ho**y, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often ha!!ens. 't can

also *e something a !erson often forgets or usually does not do.

E&am!les:

' #la+tennis.

he does not #la+tennis.

&oeshe #la+tennis?

he train lea2esevery morning at -.

he train does not lea2eat F -.

When doesthe train usually lea2e?

he always for"etsher !urse.

+e never for"etshis wallet.

Every twelve months, the Earth circlesthe un.

&oesthe un circlethe Earth?

9
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresentforms.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepresentforms.html


10/114

Grammar Focus:

1SE / Facts or Generali3ations

he im!le 6resent can also indicate the s!eaker *elieves that a fact was true *efore, is true

now, and will *e true in the future. 't is not im!ortant if the s!eaker is correct a*out the fact.'t is also used to make generali1ations a*out !eo!le or things.

E&am!les:

ats li*emilk.

Birds do not li*emilk.

&o!igs li*emilk?

alifornia isin merica.

alifornia is notin the 7nited =ingdom.

Windows aremade of glass.

Windows are notmade of wood.


11/114

he !arty startsat o)clock.

When doesclass !e"intomorrow?

Grammar Focus:

1SE 5 'o% ('on6Continuous 7er!s)

!eakers sometimes use the im!le 6resent to e&!ress the idea that an action is ha!!ening or

is not ha!!ening now. his can only *e done with


12/114

Grammar Focus:

0resent Continuous Tense

FR

8am9is9are #resent #artici#le;

E&am!les:

ou are %atchin".

Areyou %atchin"?

ou are not %atchin".

Com#lete List of 0resent Continuous Forms

1SE 'o%

7se the 6resent ontinuous with


13/114

' am not standin".

Ishe sittin"or standin"?

hey are readin"their *ooks.

hey are not %atchin"television.

What areyou doin"?

Why aren


14/114

1SE 5 Re#etition and Irritation %ith =Al%a+s=

he 6resent ontinuous with words such as (always( or (constantly( e&!resses the idea that

something irritating or shocking often ha!!ens.


15/114

8. Every -onday, ally 3drive4 her kids to foot*all !ractice.

>. 7sually, ' 3work4 as a secretary at B, *ut this summer ' 3study4

%rench at a language school in 6aris. hat is why ' am in 6aris.

@. hhhhh0 Be Juiet0 Mohn 3slee!4 .

A. ;on)t forget to take your um*rella. 't 3rain4 .

C. ' hate living in eattle *ecause it 3rain, always4 .

. ')m sorry ' can)t hear what you 3say4 *ecause every*ody 3talk4 so

loudly.

D. Mustin 3write, currently4 a *ook a*out his adventures in i*et. ' ho!e he

can find a good !u*lisher when he is finished.

. Mim: ;o you want to come over for dinner tonight?

;enise: Gh, ')m sorry, ' can)t. ' 3go4 to a movie tonight with some friends.

F. he *usiness cards 3*e, normally 4 !rinted *y a com!any in


16/114

different, and ' 3try4 to ada!t to the new way of life here. ' 3learn4 a

little *it of the language to make communication easier" unfortunately, ' 3learn, not4

foreign languages Juickly. lthough ' 3understand, not4 much

yet, ' *elieve that ' 3im!rove, gradually4 .

' 3travel, currently4 with Liam, a student from Leeds 7niversity in

England. +e 3*e4 a nice guy, *ut im!atient. +e 3walk, always4

ahead of me and 3com!lain4 that ' am too slow. ' 3do4 my *est to

kee! u! with him, *ut he is younger and stronger than ' am. -ay*e, ' am just feeling sorry

for myself *ecause ' am getting old.

5ight now, Liam 3sit4 with the owner of the inn. hey 3discuss4 the

differences *etween life in England and life in Time

16
http://www.ego4u.com/en/lingopadhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/lingopadhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/literaturehttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/learning/gap-fillinghttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/learning/gap-fillinghttp://www.ego4u.com/en/lingopadhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/literaturehttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/learning/gap-filling


17/114

English 7sage E&am!le

on days of the week on -onday

in months / seasons

time of day

year

after a certain !eriod of time 10hen23

in ugust / in winter

in the morning

in >99

in an hour

at for night

for 0eekend

a certain !oint of time 10hen23

at night

at the weekend

at half !ast nine

si

nce

from a certain !oint of time 3!ast till

now4

since 8F9

fo

r

over a certain !eriod of time 3!ast till

now4

for > years

ag

o

a certain time in the !ast > years ago

*e

fore

earlier than a certain !oint of time *efore >99A

to telling the time ten to si& 3C:C94

!a

st

telling the time ten !ast si& 3:894

to

/ till / until

marking the *eginning and end of a

!eriod of time

from -onday to/till %riday

till

/ until

in the sense of ho0 long something is

going to last

+e is on holiday until %riday.

*y in the sense of at the latest

u! to a certain time

' will *e *ack *y oOclock.

By 88 o)clock, ' had read five !ages.

0re#ositions > 0lace (0osition and &irection)


in room, *uilding, street, town, country

*ook, !a!er etc.

car, ta&i!icture, world

in the kitchen, in London

in the *ook

in the car, in a ta&iin the !icture, in the world

17


18/114


at meaning next to, by an ob'ect

for table

for events

!lace where you are to do something

ty!ical 3watch a film, study, work4

at the door, at the station

at the ta*le

at a concert, at the !arty

at the cinema, at school, at work

on attached

for a !lace with a river

*eing on a surface

for a certain side 3left, right4

for a floor in a house

for !u*lic trans!ort

for television, radio

the !icture on the wall

London lies on the hames.

on the ta*le

on the left

on the first floor

on the *us, on a !lane

on , on the radio

*y,

ne&t to,

*eside

left or right of some*ody or

something

Mane is standing *y / ne&t to / *eside

the car.

und

er

on the ground, lower than 3or

covered *y4 something else

the *ag is under the ta*le

*elow

lower than something else *ut a*oveground

the fish are *elow the surface

ove

r

covered *y something else

meaning more than

getting to the other side 3also across4

overcoming an o*stacle

!ut a jacket over your shirt

over 8 years of age

walk over the *ridge

clim* over the wall

a*o

ve

higher than something else, *ut not

directly over it

a !ath a*ove the lake

acro

ss

getting to the other side 3also over4

getting to the other side

walk across the *ridge

swim across the lake

thro

ugh

something with limits on to!, *ottom

and the sides

drive through the tunnel

to movement to !erson or *uilding

movement to a !lace or country

for bed

go to the cinema

go to London / 'reland

go to *ed

into enter a room / a *uilding go into the kitchen / the house

18


19/114


tow

ards

movement in the direction of

something 3*ut not directly to it4

go C ste!s towards the house

ont

o

movement to the to! of something jum! onto the ta*le

fro

m

in the sense of 0here from a flower from the garden

ther im#ortant 0re#ositions


fr

om

who gave it a !resent from Mane

o

f

who/what does it *elong to

what does it show

a !age of the *ook

the !icture of a !alace

*

y

who made it a *ook *y -ark wain

o

n

walking or riding on horse*ack

entering a !u*lic trans!ort vehicle

on foot, on horse*ack

get on the *us

in entering a car / a&i get in the car

o

ff

leaving a !u*lic trans!ort vehicle get off the train

o

ut of

leaving a car / a&i get out of the ta&i

*

y

rise or fall of something

travelling 3other than walking or

horseriding4

!rices have risen *y 89 !ercent

*y car, *y *us

at for age she learned 5ussian at AC

a

*out

for to!ics, meaning 0hat about we were talking a*out you

(see the file at +our d2d)

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > 0lace

19


20/114

om!lete the e&ercise according to the !icture.

8. the !icture, ' can see a woman.

>. he woman is sitting a ta*le.

@. he is sitting a chair.

A. here is another chair the woman.

C. +er feet are the ta*le

. he woman is holding a cu! her hands.

D. the ta*le are a la!to!, a !a!er, a calculator, an a!!ointment calendar, two !ens and a

muffin.

. he woman is looking her la!to!.

F. he woman)s *ag is the ta*le.

Grammar Focus:

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > 0lace /

20


21/114


8. the !icture, there are four !eo!le.

>. cou!le is sitting the ta*le.

@. hey are sitting chairs.

A. he drinks are the ta*le.

C. Gne woman is standing the ta*le.

. her is a man who is *ar*ecuing.

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > 0lace 4


Grammar Focus:

21


22/114

8. the !icture, there are three kids.

>. he girl is standing the two *oys.

@. he *oy with the green shirt is the right.

A. +e has a gam*oy his hands.

C. he kids are looking his game*oy.

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > 0lace 5


8. the !icture, ' can see anta laus and a girl.

>. anta is sitting a chair.

@. he girl is standing anta.

A. anta and the girl are looking each other.

C. he girl has a !resent her hands.

. the girl, there is a hristmas tree.

D. here are more !resents the tree.

. anta)s *ig *ag is lying the floor.

Grammar Focus:

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > 0lace ?

%ill the ga!s with the correct !re!ositions.

22


23/114

8. We live London.

>. Would you like to go the cinema tonight?

@. Time /

hoose the correct !re!ositions.

Grammar Focus:

What are you doing the weekend?

' don)t know yet. -ay*e ')ll go to the cinema aturday.

23


24/114

hat)s interesting. ' haven)t *een to the cinema so many years.

We could go there together the afternoon.

hat would *e great. But ' would !refer to go there the evening. ' am visiting my grandma

aturday.

hat)s okay. he film starts eight o)clock.

' can !ick you u! half seven. +ow long does the film last?

't lasts two hours and forty#five minutes.

eight a Juarter eleven.

hat)s right. But ' must hurry home the film. ' have to *e home eleven

o)clock.

E$ercise on @since and @for

# since# if the starting !oint is given 3two o)clock, last %riday, 8FF4

# for# if the !eriod of time is given 3twenty minutes, two days, one year4

;ecide whether to use PsinceQ or PforQ.

8. ' have *een waiting A o)clock.

>. ue has only *een waiting >9 minutes.

@. im and ina have *een learning English si& years.

A. %red and %rida have *een learning %rench 8FF.

C. Moe and Mose!hine have *een going out together alentine)s ;ay.

. ' haven)t *een on holiday last Muly.

D. -ary has *een saving her money many years.

. ' haven)t eaten anything *reakfast.

F. ou have *een watching hours.

89. We have *een living here > months.

24


25/114

Grammar Focus:

&ates in ritten En"lish

ritish En"lish

'n British English the day is usually !ut *efore the month. 'f you wish, you can add the ending of the ordinal

num*er. he !re!osition of*efore the month is usually dro!!ed. ou can !ut a comma *efore the year, *ut this

is not common anymore in British English.

E&am!le: C3th4 3of4 Gcto*er3,4 >99A

American En"lish

'n merican English the month is usually !ut *efore the day. 'f you wish, you can !ut the definite article *efore

the day. 't is common to write a comma *efore the year.

E&am!le: Gcto*er 3the4 C3th4, >99A

25
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/date/written#p0


26/114

1sin" di"its

ou can also write the date *y using num*ers only. he most common forms are:

E&am!le: C/89/9A or C#89#9A

99A in British English and -ay 89, >99A in merican

English. o avoid any !ossi*le confusion, you should s!ell out the month or use the a**reviation.

E$ercise on the En"lish &ate

Write down the date in the way you would %riteit 3e.g. in a letter4. =ee! in mind that some words need to *e

ca!italised.

B 949/DD53month/day/year4

&ates in S#o*en En"lish

'f you !ut the day *efore the month, use the definite article *efore the day and the !re!osition of*efore the

month.

C Gcto*er >99A # the fifth of Gcto*er, two thousand and four

'f you !ut the month *efore the day, use the definite article *efore the day in British English. 'n merican

English, the definite article can *e dro!!ed.

Grammar Focus:

Gcto*er C, >99A # Gcto*er 3the4 fifth, two thousand and four

E$ercise on the En"lish &ate

Write down the date in the way you would sa+ 9 readit. Write the num*ers as words and kee! in mind that

some words need to *e ca!italised.

B 99/DD?3month/day/year4

26


27/114

ears

%rom >999 onwards, years are !ronounced like ordinary cardinal num*ers.

>999 # two thousand

>99@ # two thousand and three

Earlier years are !ronounced differently: the first two figures are a num*er and the last two figures are a

num*er. hey can *e joined *y hundred and, which is only necessary, however, if the last two figures are 99

through 9F.

8FFF # nineteen 3hundred and4 ninety#nine

89 # eighteen hundred and si& / eighteen oh si&

'f you want to give the year without an e&act date, use the !re!osition in:

' was *orn in 8FD>.

o distinguish *etween dates *efore and after the *irth of hrist, use B und ;:

B $ )Before hrist)

; $ )nno ;omini) 3in the year of the Lord4

&ate I' RITTE' A'& S0E' E'GLISH (EA0LE)

day:

1

month:

2

year:

2001 Show Date

%ritten

Grammar Focus:

%e*ruary 8, >998

%e*ruary 8st, >998

%e*ruary the 8st, >998

8 %e*ruary >998

8st %e*ruary >998

8st of %e*ruary >998

s#o*en9read

%e*ruary the first, two thousand 3and4 one

the first of %e*ruary two thousand 3and4 one

ri"in of the onths of the ear

27


28/114

Gur calendar today originated in 5oman times. his can still *e seen in the names of the months that are Latin

words or named after 5oman gods. ry to find out the origin of each month.

8. his month is named after the 5oman em!eror Mulius aesar. #

>. his month is named after the 5oman war god -ars. #

@. Before Mulius aesar decided that the year should *egin in Manuary 3not -arch4, this had *een the

seventh month of the year 3he Latin word for seven is se!tem4. #

A. his used to *e the tenth month of the year. 3he Latin word for ten is decem.4 #

C. his month is named after the 5oman god Manus #

. his used to *e the eighth month of the year 3eight $ octo4. #

D. he name of this month stands for the o!ening of the *uds in s!ring. 3to o!en $ a!erire4 #

. his month is named after the 5oman em!eror ugustus #

F. his month is named after the 5oman mother goddess -aia. #

89. his month is named after the 5oman festival of %e*rua. #

88. 'n the old 5oman calendar this used to *e the ninth month 3nine $ novem4. #

8>. his month is named after the 5oman goddess Muno, Mu!iter)s wife. #

ri"in of the &a+s of the ee*'n ancient Hreece, each day of the week was to honour a certain god. 5omans took over the custom, *ut used

the names of their own gods. 'n English some of the names were re!laced *y the names of nordic gods.

Grammar Focus:

ry to find out the origin of each day of the week.

8. his day is named after the sun. #

>. his day is named after the moon. #

@. his day is named after aturn. #

A. his day is named after %reya, the eutonic goddess of love and *eauty. #

C. his day is named after hor, the


29/114

+ave a look at Mames)s last week)s diary and answer the Juestions in com!lete sentences. 6ut the time

e&!ression at the end of the sentence.

-on ue Wed hu %ri at un

foot*all sho!!ing meeting ring Mane *uy flowers concert sailing

cinema tennis English 'talian restaurant

1. When was his English course? R

2. When did he go sho!!ing? R

3. When did he *uy flowers? R

4. When was his meeting? R

5. When did he !lay foot*all? R

6. When did he go to the 'talian restaurant? R

7. When did he ring Mane? R

8. When did he go to the cinema? R

9. When did he !lay tennis? R

10. When was the concert? R

11. When did he go sailing? R

Grammar Focus:

hat


30/114

E&am!le: 88:9 # eleven 3oh4 si&

ore #o#ular %a+

ay the minutes first and then the hours. 7sepastand the !receding hour for minutes 98 through @9. 7se toand

the forthcoming hour for minutes @8 through CF, *ut .

E&am!le: D.8C # fifteen minutes !ast seven

E&am!le: D.AC # fifteen minutes to eight

nother !ossi*ility of saying )8C minutes !ast) is: a uarter past

nother !ossi*ility of saying )8C minutes to) is: a uarter to

nother !ossi*ility of saying )@9 minutes !ast) is: half past

E&am!le: C:@9 # half !ast five

Grammar Focus:

atch

30


31/114

'ote

7se o4clockonly at the full hour.

E&am!le: D:99 # seven o)clock 3*ut D:89 # ten !ast seven4

'n English ordinary s!eech, the twelve#hour clock is used.

Beis!iel: 8D:>9 # twenty !ast five

%or times around midnight or midday you can use the e&!ressions midnightor midday/ nooninstead of the

num*er 8>.

Beis!iel: 99:99 # midnight

Beis!iel: 8>:99 # midday or noon

o make clear 3where necessary4 whether you mean a time *efore 8> o)clock noon or after, you can use in the

morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night. 7se in the morning*efore 8> o)clock noon, after 8> o)clock

noon use in the afternoon. When to change from afternoonto evening, from eveningto nightand from nightto

morningde!ends on your sense of time.

E&am!le: @:8C # a Juarter !ast three in the morning G5 a Juarter !ast three at night

-ore formal e&!ressions to indicate whether a time is *efore noon or after are a!m!3also: am # ante meridiem,

*efore noon4 andp!m!3also: !m # !ost meridiem, after noon4. 7se these e&!ression only with the formal way of

telling the time.

Grammar Focus:

E&am!le: @:8C # three fifteen a.m.

31
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/time#p0


32/114

't is notusual to use a.m. and !.m. withpast.to.

E&am!le: @:8C # fifteen minutes !ast three G5 a Juarter !ast three

American En"lish

Besidepastmericans often use after.

E&am!le: 9:89 # ten !ast/after si&

But: in time e&!ressions with half pastit is not usual to re!lacepast*y after.

Beside tomericans often use before, ofor till.

E&am!le: 9C:C9 # ten to/*efore/of/till si&

E"oCloc* > hatJs the time-

ItJs KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..

time: D:5

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > uses

om!lete the e&ercise with the correct !re!ositions.

8. 'f you want to go *us, you have to go the *us sto!.

>. ou look the time ta*le.

@. hen you wait your *us.

Grammar Focus:

32


33/114

A. When the *us arrives, you get the *us.

C. ou *uy a ticket the driver or show your ticket the driver.

. When you arrive your destination, you get the *us.

D. ometimes you even have to change *uses another *us sto!.

Grammar Focus:

33


34/114

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > A #icture


8. Look this !ainting.

>. the !ainting, you can see a little girl.

@. o, it is a !ainting a girl.

A. famous !ainter !ainted it. o it is a !ainting a famous !ainter.

C. -y grandma once owned the !ainting, *ut she gave it to me on my *irthday. o it is a !icture

my grandma

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > A #hoto"ra#h


8. ' got these !hotos my friend Mane.

>. hese !hotos were taken her *oyfriend, who is a ho**y !hotogra!her.

@. these !ictures you can see a giraffe.

A. o, these are !ictures a giraffe.

C. Look these !ictures. ren)t they wonderful?

E$ercise on #re#ositions > The am#anoa"

34


35/114

%ill the ga!s with the correct !re!ositions.

8. he Wam!anoag are the native merican tri*e that hel!ed the 6ilgrims the

-ayflower to survive their first year the . he tri*e was divided smaller grou!s, and each grou! was ruled a

chief.

@. he Wam!anoag lived villages the southeastern coast

Geor"e ashin"tonom!lete the e&ercise with the correct !re!ositions.

8. Heorge Washington was *orn irginia 8D@>.

>. the merican 5evolutionary War 3 8DDC and 8D@4 he was the

ommander#in#hief the merican forces.

@. Washington !layed an im!ortant role the founding the 7nited

tates.

A. +e *ecame the first 6resident the 7nited tates.

35


36/114

C. +e was 6resident 8DF 8DFD.

. Heorge Washington died the age D, the 8Ath

;ecem*er 8DFF.

D. he ca!ital the 7nited tates and one federal state are named

Heorge Washington

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > Henr+ Ford


8. +enry %ord was *orn the @9th Muly 8@.

>. +e made his first car, the Suadricycle, Mune 8F.

@. 8F9@, he founded the %ord -otor om!any.

A. -odern mass !roduction cars was develo!ed him

8F8@.

C. %ord)s -odel could then *e assem*led just F@ minutes.

. 8F>D, 8C million -odel cars had *een manufactured the %ord

-otor om!any.

D. +enry %ord *ecame one the richest and *est#known !eo!le the

world.

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > c&onaldJs


8. he first -c;onaldOs restaurant was o!ened ;ick and -ac -c;onald

the 8Cth -ay 8FA9.

>. he *est selling !roducts their restaurant were ham*urgers.

@. o the -c;onald *rothers thought a way to !roduce ham*urgers more Juickly.

A. his was introduced 8FA and *ecame known the !eedee ervice

ystem.

C. he first franchised -c;onaldOs restaurant was o!ened 8FC@, and today you can find

-c;onaldOs restaurants more than 899 countries.

36


37/114

. he meats the *urgers vary the culture the

country.

D. %ranchisees and future managers -c;onaldOs restaurants are trained

+am*urger 7niversity, which is located Gak Brook, a su*ur*

hicago.

. -c;onalds is also known its s!onsorshi! various international

s!ort events.

E$ercise on 0re#ositions > 1luru


8. 7luru is located central ustralia.

>. he large sandstone rock formation is also known yers 5ock

honour ir +enry yers, who was a 6remier outh ustralia

8D@.

@. 7luru is listed a World +eritage rea *oth its natural and cultural

values.

A. 't is sacred the *original !eo!le the area.

C. different times the day, 7luru seems to change colour.

. he sandstone is infused minerals that reflect the red light sunrise

and sunset.

Sim#le 0ast

37


38/114


39/114

e arrived(rom the airort at 7!00- chec!edinto the hotel at 8!00- and metthe

others at 10!00#

Did$ou add(lour- po"rin the mil.- and then addthe eggs%

USE # D"ration in Past

4he Simle )ast ,an be used with a duration whi,h starts and stos in the ast# 9duration is a longer a,tion o(ten indi,ated b$ exressions su,h as! (or two $ears- (or(ive minutes- all da$- all $ear- et,#

Examles!

/ livedin Bra:il (or two $ears# Shauna st"diedaanese (or (ive $ears#

4he$ satat the bea,h all da$#

4he$ did not sta$at the art$ the entire time#

3e tal!edon the hone (or thirt$ minutes#

9! ow long did$ou wait(or them%

B! 3e waited(or one hour#

USE % &aits in the Past

4he Simle )ast ,an also be used to des,ribe a habit whi,h stoed in the ast# /t,an have the same meaning as ;used to#; 4o ma.e it ,lear that we are tal.ing abouta habit- we o(ten add exressions su,h as! alwa$s- o(ten- usuall$- never- when / wasa ,hild- when / was $ounger- et,#

Examles!

/ st"died*ren,h when / was a ,hild# e pla$edthe violin#

e didn't pla$the iano#

Did$ou pla$a musi,al instrument when $ou were a .id%

She wor!edat the movie theater a(ter s,hool#

4he$ never wentto s,hool- the$ alwa$s s!ipped,lass#

39
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/usedto.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/usedto.html


40/114

Grammar Focus:

USE ( Past Facts or )enerali*ations

4he Simle )ast ,an also be used to des,ribe ast (a,ts or generali:ations whi,hare no longer true# 9s in SE 6 above- this use o( the Simle )ast is


41/114

Grammar Focus:

Did $ou4"st,all Debbie%

AC,+E 5 PASS+E

Examles!

4om repairedthe ,ar#ACTIVE

4he ,ar was repairedb$ 4om# PASSIVE

er ,ense E6ercise 1

Simple Past 5 Past Contin"o"ssing the words in arentheses- ,omlete the text below with the aroriate tenses#

1# 9! 3hat ?$ou- do@ when the a,,ident o,,urred%

B! / ?tr$@ to ,hange a light bulb that had burnt out#

2# 9(ter / ?(ind@ the wallet (ull o( mone$- / ?go- immediatel$@ to the

oli,e and ?turn@ it in#

5# 4he do,tor ?sa$@ that 4om ?be@ too si,. to go to wor. and that

he ?need@ to sta$ at home (or a ,oule o( da$s#

6# Sebastian ?arrive@ at SusanAs house a little be(ore 8!00 )- but she ?be- not@

there# She ?stud$- at the librar$@ (or her (inal

examination in *ren,h#

C# Sand$ is in the living room wat,hing television# 9t this time $esterda$- she ?wat,h- also@

41


42/114

television# 4hatAs all she ever does

# 9! / ?,all@ $ou last night a(ter dinner- but $ou ?be- not@ there#

3here were $ou%

B! / ?wor.@ out at the (itness ,enter#

F# 3hen / ?wal.@ into the bus$ o((i,e- the se,retar$ ?tal.@ on the

hone with a ,ustomer- several ,ler.s ?wor.- busil$@ at their des.s- and two

managers ?dis,uss- ust@ about $ou#

11# 4he 4itani, ?,ross@ the 9tlanti, when it ?stri.e@ an i,eberg#

12# 3hen / entered the ba:aar- a ,oule o( mer,hants ?bargain- busil$@

42


43/114

and ?tr$@ to sell their goods to naive tourists who ?hunt@ (or

souvenirs# Some $oung bo$s ?lead@ their don.e$s through the narrow streets

on their wa$ home# 9 ,oule o( men ?argue@ over the ri,e o( a leather belt# /

?wal.@ over to a man who ?sell@ (ruit and ?bu$@ a

banana#

15# 4he (iremen ?res,ue@ the old woman who ?be@ traed on the

third (loor o( the burning building#

16# She was so anno$ing She ?leave- alwa$s@ her dirt$ dishes in the sin.# /

thin. she ?exe,t- a,tuall$@ me to do them (or her#

1C# Samantha ?live@ in Berlin (or more than two $ears# /n (a,t- she ?live@

there when the Berlin 3all ,ame down

er ,ense E6ercise 2

Simple Past 5 Past Contin"o"ssing the words in arentheses- ,omlete the text below with the aroriate tenses#

'ast night- while / was doing m$ homewor.- 9ngela ?,all@ # She said she ?,all@

me on her ,ell hone (rom her biolog$ ,lassroom at &'9# / as.ed her i( she

43


44/114

?wait@ (or ,lass- but she said that the ro(essor was at the (ront o( the hall

le,turing while she ?tal.@ to me# / ,ouldnAt believe she ?ma.e@ a

hone ,all during the le,ture# / as.ed what was going on#

She said her biolog$ ro(essor was so boring that several o( the students ?slee- a,tuall$@

in ,lass# Some o( the students ?tal.@ about their lans (or

the wee.end and the student next to her ?draw@ a i,ture o( a horse# 3hen

9ngela ?tell@ me she was not satis(ied with the ,lass- / ?mention@

that m$ biolog$ ro(essor was


45/114

Grammar Focus:

01'CT1ATI'

Question markSemi colonull sto!"!ostro!#e$racket

Main uses of punctuation marksT#e %ollo&in' !assa'e s#o&s t#e main !unctuation marks in use.

1. U(( ST)* + . +a, " %ull sto! is use- to en- a sentence. T#e net sentence /e'ins&it# a ca!ital letter.

/, "n a//reiation en-s in a %ull sto! en t#e nal letter o% t#ea//reiation is not t#e last letter o% t#e &or-. )ne e-itor isa//reiate- to ed. /ut t&o e-itors are a//reiate- to eds &it#outa %ull sto!, since s is t#e nal letter o% t#e &or-.c, " %ull sto! is sometimes /ut not al&as use- in acronmsa//reiations o% names,. T#e S.L.C. is an im!ortant !art o% lin-ersUniersit.ou can make an a!!ointment to see an S.L.C. a-isor i%ou nee- #el! &it# essa &ritin' or 'rammar.T#ere is an ATM ont#e cam!us. ou can n- t#e ATM outsi-e t#e /ank.

2. )" + +To'et#er &it# t#e %ull sto! t#e comma is t#e most commonl use-!unctuation mark. $asicall it se!arates !arts o% t#e sentence. It is use-

45


46/114

a, to se!arate a non:-enin' relatie clause a clause ic# a--setra in%ormation intro-uce- / a &or- suc# as that, which or who,%rom t#e rest o% t#e sentence. It is ears since I rea-Anna Karenina,which is m %aourite noel.Anna Karenina, which is m %aouritenoel, &as &ritten / Tolsto.

/, en a su/or-inate less im!ortant, clause comes /e%ore t#e!rinci!al clause. I% ou -o not un-erstan- !lease tell me.c, to se!arate !#rases in a!!osition -escri/in' t#e same !erson ort#in' mentione- earlier, %rom t#e rest o% t#e sentence. r;or/ac#e, the President, sai- t#at #e a!!roe- o% t#e !olic.-, to se!arate some non:-enin' a-s %at#er #asarrie-./, It can /e use- to intro-uce a list o% items. *lease sen- #im t#e%ollo&in' items# a !ass!ort a isa a!!lication an- t#e correct %ee.

4. S?I:)()N + @ +a,. " semi:colon


47/114

sentences. T#e lecture &as /a-l -eliere- and it &ent on %ar toolon'. T#e lecture &as /a-l -eliere-. !t &ent on %ar too lon'./,. It is use- in lists to se!arate items ma-e u! o% seeral &or-s.To makea cake ou &ill nee- a #un-re- 'rams o% /utter$ a #un-re- 'rams o%su'ar$ a #un-re- 'rams o% Aour$ a s!oon o% cocoa$ an- t&o e''s.

c,. It can se!arate main clauses


48/114

-, "n a!ostro!#e is not nee-e- to in-icate a !lural. T#at s#o! sells/ananas.N)TT#at s#o! sells /ananaGs.

7. QU?STI)N "DK + L +a, " Huestion mark is use- a%ter a -irect Huestion. #at time is it*an ou tell me t#e ans&er*/, It is not use- a%ter an in-irect Huestion. *lease tell me at timeit is. I nee- to n- out ere t#e /ooks are.

8. QU)T"TI)N "DKS QU)T?S, )D INM?DT?C )"S. TB?" $? SIN;(? + J > + )D C)U$(? + O + SIN;(? "DKS "D? )D?))N,.a, T#e s#o& en someone is /ein' Huote- -irectl. Je must !uta sto! to t#e ille'al e!ortation o% ma#o'on> sai- t#e inister %ort#e ?nironment. er-inan- -e Saussure se!arate- lan'ua'e into

Jlan'ue> an- J!arole>./, T#e s#o& t#e titles o% 1994 Laser Technology ol. 25 !. 309.

9. ?P(""TI)N "DK + +T#e eclamation mark is not o%ten use- in aca-emic &ritin'. It is usualla!!ro!riate a%ter real eclamations or s#ort comman-s.)# -ear;et out

10. $D"K?TS *"D?NTB?S?S, + , +a, $rackets are use- to clari% or to aoi- con%usion. In ouraca-emic &ritin' suc# con%usion s#oul- not arise an- so t#is use o%/rackets &ill not /e necessar. Be r $ro&n, tol- #im r =ones,t#at #e r ;reen, #a- /een acce!te- %or t#e


49/114

SHuare /rackets are use- &it#in a Huotation to e!lain clari% or correctt#e ori'inal &or-s. "ccor-in' to Smit# 1998 !. 10, Jt#e rst use o%&om/ats in rockettec#nolo' occurre- in t#e 1987 'ui-e- missile !ro'ramme>.

*UNTU"TI)N ?P?DIS?S?ercise 1In the following sentences, put the correct punctuation marks in theunderlined spaces. Also add capital letters where necessary.a man #as si items in #is /at#room V a toot#/rus# V s#ain' cream V araForV a /ar o% soa! an- a to&el %rom t#e Boli-a Inn V t#e aera'enum/er o% items in t#e t!ical &omanVs /at#room is 337 a man &oul- not/e a/le to i-enti% most o% t#ese items&omen loe cats V men sa t#e loe cats V /ut en &omen arenVt

lookin' men kick catsV

?ercise 2No& a-- t#e correct !unctuation marks in t#e %ollo&in' sentences.Demem/er to use ca!ital letters ere a!!ro!riate. a &oman &ill -ress u!to 'o s#o!!in' &ater t#e !lants em!t t#e 'ar/a'e ans&er t#e !#onerea- a /ook an- 'et t#e mail a man &ill -ress u! %or &e--in's an-%unerals a success%ul man is one o makes more mone t#an #is &i%ecan s!en- a success%ul &oman is one o can n- suc# a mana &oman kno&s all a/out #er c#il-ren -entist a!!ointments an- romances/est %rien-s an- &orst enemies %aorite %oo-s secret -reams an- %earsan- %uture #o!es a man is a'uel a&are o% some s#ort !eo!le liin' int#e #ouse en t#e /ill %or -inner arries t#e men &ill eac# t#ro& in W20een t#ou'# its onl %or W32.50 none o%t#em &ill #ae ant#in' smaller an- none &ill actuall a-mit t#e &antc#an'e /ack en t#e 'irls 'et t#eir /ill out come t#e !ocket calculators

S#ea*in" M Listenin" Focus

See Stu-ent anual o% )UNC"TI)N ""C?I ?N;(ISB !a'e 2+1

49


50/114

Teacher+s Note#

Readin" M ritin" Focus

See Stu-ent anual o% )UNC"TI)N ""C?I 2+2 23 2+4 2+6

50


51/114

Teacher+s Note#

UNIT 3

Grammar Focus:

51


52/114

0resent 0erfect

FORM

[hasHhave + ast arti,ile]

Examles!

"ou have seenthat movie man$ times#

&ave$ou seenthat movie man$ times%

"ou have not seenthat movie man$ times#

&omlete 'ist o( )resent )er(e,t *orms

USE 1 Unspeciied ,ime eore -ow

3e use the )resent )er(e,t to sa$ that an a,tion haened at an unse,i(ied timebe(ore now# 4he exa,t time is not imortant# "ou &9GGI4 use the )resent )er(e,twith se,i(i, time exressions su,h as! $esterda$- one $ear ago- last wee.- when /was a ,hild- when / lived in aan- at that moment- that da$- one da$- et,# 3e &9G

use the )resent )er(e,t with unse,i(i, exressions su,h as! ever- never- on,e-man$ times- several times- be(ore- so (ar- alread$- $et- et,#

Examles!

/ have seenthat movie twent$ times#

/ thin. / have methim on,e be(ore#

4here have eenman$ earth


53/114

&ow Do 7o" Act"all$ Use the Present Perect8

4he ,on,et o( ;unse,i(ied time; ,an be ver$ ,on(using to English learners# /t isbest to asso,iate )resent )er(e,t with the (ollowing toi,s!

,OP+C 1 E6perience

"ou ,an use the )resent )er(e,t to des,ribe $our exerien,e# /t is li.e sa$ing- ;/ havethe exerien,e o(###; "ou ,an also use this tense to sa$ that $ou have never had a,ertain exerien,e# 4he )resent )er(e,t is GI4 used to des,ribe a se,i(i, event#

Examles!

/ have eento *ran,e#THISSENTENCEMEANSTHATYOUHAVEHADTHEEXPERIENCEOFBEINGINFRANCE. MAYBEYOUHAVEBEENTHEREONCE, ORSEVERALTIMES.

/ have eento *ran,e three times#YOUCANADDTHENUMBEROFTIMESATTHEENDOFTHESENTENCE.

/ havenever eento *ran,e#THISSENTENCEMEANSTHATYOUHAVENOTHADTHEEXPERIENCEOFGOINGTOFRANCE.

/ thin. / have seenthat movie be(ore#

e hasnever traveledb$ train#

oan has st"diedtwo (oreign languages#

9! &ave$ou ever methim%

B! Go- / havenot methim#

,OP+C 2 Chan9e Over ,ime

3e o(ten use the )resent )er(e,t to tal. about ,hange that has haened over aeriod o( time#

Examles!

"ou have 9rownsin,e the last time / saw $ou#

4he government has ecomemore interested in arts edu,ation#

aanese has ecomeone o( the most oular ,ourses at the universit$ sin,e the

9sian studies rogram was established#

$ English hasreall$ improvedsin,e / moved to 9ustralia#

Grammar Focus:

53


54/114

,OP+C # Accomplishments

3e o(ten use the )resent )er(e,t to list the a,,omlishments o( individuals andhumanit$# "ou ,annot mention a se,i(i, time#

Examles!

an has wal!edon the oon#

Iur son has learnedhow to read#

Do,tors have c"redman$ deadl$ diseases#

S,ientists have splitthe atom#

,OP+C % An Uncompleted Action 7o" Are E6pectin9

3e o(ten use the )resent )er(e,t to sa$ that an a,tion whi,h we exe,ted has nothaened# sing the )resent )er(e,t suggests that we are still waiting (or the a,tionto haen#

Examles!

ames has not inishedhis homewor. $et#

Susan hasn't masteredaanese- but she ,an ,ommuni,ate#

Bill hasstill not arrived#

4he rain hasn't stopped#

,OP+C ( M"ltiple Actions at Dierent ,imes

3e also use the )resent )er(e,t to tal. about several di((erent a,tions whi,h haveo,,urred in the ast at di((erent times# )resent )er(e,t suggests the ro,ess is not,omlete and more a,tions are ossible#

Examles!

4he arm$ has attac!edthat ,it$ (ive times#

/ have had(our or roblems while wor.ing on this ro>e,t#

She has tal!edto several se,ialists about her roblem- but nobod$ .nows wh$ she

is si,.#

,ime E6pressions with Present Perect

3hen we use the )resent )er(e,t it means that something has haened at someoint in our lives be(ore now# Remember- the exa,t time the a,tion haened is not

imortant#

54


55/114

Grammar Focus:

Sometimes- we want to limit the time we are loo.ing in (or an exerien,e# 3e ,an dothis with exressions su,h as! in the last wee.- in the last $ear- this wee.- this month-so (ar- u to now- et,#

Examles!

&ave$ou eento exi,o in the last $ear%

/ have seenthat movie six times in the last month#

4he$ have hadthree tests in the last wee!#

She graduated (rom universit$ less than three $ears ago# She has wor!ed(or three

di((erent ,omanies so ar#

$ ,ar has ro!endown three times this wee!#

NOTICE

;'ast $ear; and ;in the last $ear; are ver$ di((erent in meaning# ;'ast $ear; means the$ear be(ore now- and it is ,onsidered a se,i(i, time whi,h re


56/114

Grammar Focus:

until now# ;*or (ive minutes-; ;(or two wee.s-; and ;sin,e 4uesda$; are all durationswhi,h ,an be used with the )resent )er(e,t#

Examles!

/ have hada ,old (or two wee.s#

She has eenin England (or six months#

ar$ has loved,ho,olate sin,e she was a little girl#

9lthough the above use o( )resent )er(e,t is normall$ limited to Gon=&ontinuousVerbs and non=,ontinuous uses o( ixed Verbs- the words ;live-; ;wor.-; ;tea,h-; and;stud$; are sometimes used in this wa$ even though the$ are GI4 Gon=&ontinuousVerbs#

ADER P3ACEME-,

4he examles below show the la,ement (or grammar adverbs su,h as! alwa$s-onl$- never- ever- still- >ust- et,#

Examles!

"ou have onl$seen that movie one time#

ave $ou onl$seen that movie one time%

AC,+E 5 PASS+E

Examles!

an$ tourists have visitedthat ,astle#ACTIVE

4hat ,astle has een visitedb$ man$ tourists# PASSIVE

er ,ense E6ercise 1

Simple Past 5 Present Perect1# 9! Did $ou li.e the movie ;Star 3ars%;

B! / donAt .now# / ?see- never@ that movie#

56


57/114

2# Sam ?arrive@ in San Diego a wee. ago#

5# $ best (riend and / ?.now@ ea,h other (or over (i(teen $ears# 3e still get

together on,e a wee.#

6# Stinson is a (antasti, writer# e ?write@ ten ver$ ,reative short stories in the

last $ear# Ine da$- heAll be as (amous as emingwa$#

C# / ?havenot@ this mu,h (un sin,e / ?be@ a .id#

# 4hings ?,hange@ a great deal at &olte,h- /n,# 3hen we (irst ?start@

wor.ing here three $ears ago- the ,oman$ ?have- onl$@ six

emlo$ees# Sin,e then- we ?exand@ to in,lude more than 2000 (ull=time

wor.ers#

F# / ?tell@ him to sta$ on the ath while he was hi.ing- but he ?wander@

o(( into the (orest and ?be@ bitten b$ a sna.e#

7# 'isten Donna- / donAt ,are i( $ou ?miss@ the bus this morning# "ou ?be@

late to wor. too man$ times# "ou are (ired

57


58/114

8# Sam is (rom &olorado- whi,h is hundreds o( miles (rom the ,oast- so he ?see- never@

the o,ean# e should ,ome with us to iami#

10# ow sad Jeorge ?dream@ o( going to &ali(ornia be(ore he died- but he

didnAt ma.e it# e ?see- never@ the o,ean#

11# /n the last hundred $ears- traveling ?be,ome@ mu,h easier and ver$

,om(ortable# /n the 18th ,entur$- it ?ta.e@ two or three months to ,ross Gorth

9meri,a b$ ,overed wagon# 4he tri ?be@ ver$ rough and o(ten dangerous#

4hings ?,hange@ a great deal in the last hundred and (i(t$ $ears# Gow $ou ,an

(l$ (rom Gew "or. to 'os 9ngeles in a matter o( hours#

12# onn$- / ,anAt believe how mu,h $ou ?,hange@ sin,e the last time / ?see@

$ou# "ou ?grow@ at least a (oot

15# 4his tree ?be@ lanted b$ the settlers who ?(ound@ our ,it$ over

(our hundred $ears ago#

16# 4his mountain ?be- never@ ,limbed b$ an$one# Several mountaineers ?tr$@

to rea,h the to- but nobod$ ?su,,eed- ever@ # 4he ,limb is

58


59/114


60/114

la$ing video games- but toda$As games ?be,ome@ (aster- more ex,iting

intera,tive adventures# an$ ,omuter users ?get- also@ on the /nternet and

?begin@ ,ommuni,ating with other ,omuter users around the world# 3e ?start@

to ,reate international ,ommunities online# /n short- the simle- individual

ma,hines o( the ast ?evolve@ into an international 3orld 3ide 3eb o(

.nowledge#

Grammar Focus:

0resent 0erfect ContinuousFORM

[hasHhave + been + resent arti,ile]

Examles!

"ou have een waitin9here (or two hours#

&ave$ou een waitin9here (or two hours%

"ou have not een waitin9here (or two hours#

&omlete 'ist o( )resent )er(e,t &ontinuous *orms

USE 1 D"ration rom the Past Until -ow

60
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuousforms.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfectcontinuousforms.html


61/114

3e use the )resent )er(e,t &ontinuous to show that something started in the astand has ,ontinued u until now# ;*or (ive minutes-; ;(or two wee.s-; and ;sin,e4uesda$; are all durations whi,h ,an be used with the )resent )er(e,t &ontinuous#

Examles!

4he$ have een tal!in9(or the last hour#

She has een wor!in9at that ,oman$ (or three $ears#

3hat have$ou een doin9(or the last 50 minutes%

ames has een teachin9at the universit$ sin,e une#

3e have een waitin9 here (or over two hours

3h$ hasGan,$ not een ta!in9her medi,ine (or the last three da$s%

USE 2 Recentl$< 3atel$

"ou ,an also use the )resent )er(e,t &ontinuous 3/4I4 a duration su,h as ;(ortwo wee.s#; 3ithout the duration- the tense has a more general meaning o( ;latel$#;3e o(ten use the words ;latel$; or ;re,entl$; to emhasi:e this meaning#

Grammar Focus:

Examles!

Re,entl$- / have een eelin9reall$ tired#

She has een watchin9too mu,h television latel$#

&ave$ou een e6ercisin9latel$%

ar$ has een eelin9a little deressed#

'isa has not een practicin9her English#

3hat have$ou een doin9%

+MPOR,A-,

Remember that the )resent )er(e,t &ontinuous has the meaning o( ;latel$; or;re,entl$#; /( $ou use the )resent )er(e,t &ontinuous in a


62/114

REMEMER -on/Contin"o"s ers5 Mi6ed ers

/t is imortant to remember that Gon=&ontinuous Verbs,annot be used in an$,ontinuous tenses# 9lso- ,ertain non=,ontinuous meanings (or ixed Verbs,annotbe used in ,ontinuous tenses# /nstead o( using )resent )er(e,t &ontinuous with

these verbs- $ou must use )resent )er(e,t#

Examles!

Sam has een havin9his ,ar (or two $ears# Not Correct

Sam has hadhis ,ar (or two $ears# Correct

ADER P3ACEME-,

4he examles below show the la,ement (or grammar adverbs su,h as! alwa$s-onl$- never- ever- still- >ust- et,#

Examles!

"ou have onl$been waiting here (or one hour#

ave $ou onl$been waiting here (or one hour%

AC,+E 5 PASS+E

Examles!

Grammar Focus:

Re,entl$- ohn has een doin9the wor.#ACTIVE

Re,entl$- the wor. has een ein9 doneb$ ohn# PASSIVE

er ,ense E6ercise #Present Perect 5 Present Perect Contin"o"s

Roin=/ thin. the waiter ?(orget@ us# 3e ?wait@ here (or over hal(

an hour and nobod$ ?ta.e@ our order $et#

Michele=/ thin. $ouAre right# e ?wal.@ b$ us at least twent$ times# e robabl$

62
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.html


63/114

thin.s we ?order- alread$@ #

Roin='oo. at that ,oule over there- the$ ?be- onl$@ here (or (ive or ten

minutes and the$ alread$ have their (ood#

Michele=e must reali:e we ?order- not@ $et 3e ?sit@ here (or

over hal( an hour staring at him#

Roin=/ donAt .now i( he ?noti,e- even@ us# e ?run@ (rom table

to table ta.ing orders and serving (ood#

Michele=4hatAs true- and he ?loo.- not@ in our dire,tion on,e#

Grammar Focus:

er ,ense E6ercise %

Present Perect 5 Present Perect Contin"o"s

1# ud$! ow long ?be@ in &anada%

&laude! / ?stud$@ here (or more than three $ears#

2# / ?have@ the same ,ar (or more than ten $ears# /Am thin.ing about bu$ing a

new one#

63


64/114

5# / ?love@ ,ho,olate sin,e / was a ,hild# "ou might even ,all me a ;,ho,oholi,#;

6# att and Sarah ?have@ some di((i,ulties in their relationshi latel$- so the$

?go@ to a marriage ,ounselor# / hoe the$ wor. ever$thing out#

C# ohn ?wor.@ (or the government sin,e he graduated (rom arvard

niversit$# ntil re,entl$- he ?en>o$@ his wor.- but now he is tal.ing about

retiring#

# 'atel$- / ?thin.@ about ,hanging m$ ,areer be,ause / ?be,ome@

dissatis(ied with the ,onditions at m$ ,oman$#

F# / ?see@ ud$ (or more than (ive $ears and during that time / ?see@

man$ ,hanges in her ersonalit$#

Conjunctions

What are conjunctions?

A conjunctionis a part of speechthat joins two words, phrases or clauses together.

There are three types of conjunctions:

64
http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-parts-of-speech.phphttp://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-parts-of-speech.php


65/114

Coordinating

ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions Common Subordinating Conjunctions

and

but

or

nor

either...or

neither...nor

not only...but also

both...and

whether...or

after

before

although

though

even though

as much as

as long as

as soon as

because

since

so that

in order that

so

if

lest

even if

that

unless

until

when

where

whether

while

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that connect two or

more equal items.

!amples:

"e plays tennis andsoccer

"e wor#s quic#ly butaccurately

$ou%d better do your homewor#, oryou%ll get a terrible grade.

Grammar Focus:

Correlative conjunctions

65


66/114

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs.They wor# in pairs to coordinate two items.

!amples of correlative conjunctions includeboth...and..., either...or, not only... but

also...

!amples:

& didn%t #now that she can neitherread norwrite.

$ou can eitherwal# to school orta#e the bus.

Both'ara and(ames are invited to the party.

Whetheryou watch T) ordo your homewor# is your decision.

Not onlyare they noisy butthey are alsola*y.

Subordinating conjunctions

'ubordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join a

dependent +or subordinating clause to an independent +or main clause.

!amples:

"e reads the newspapers after he finishes wor#.

Even ifyou get the best grade in the writing test, you%ll need to pass an oral test.

Althoughhe is very old, he goes jogging every morning.

'he didn%t go to school becauseshe was ill.

They went to bed sinceit was late

As soon asthe teacher had arrived, they started wor#.

Choose the correct conjunction.

-. & need to wor# hard & can pass the e!am.

. he was the best qualified party candidate, he didn%t win theelections.

/. you come bac# from your trip, we%ll meet to discuss the problem.

0. They said that the movie was fantastic, & watched it.

1. he was very ill, he didn%t ta#e any medicine.

2. & don%t #now & can buy a pair of jeans.

3. 'he went to the shops couldn%t find anything she li#ed.

66


67/114


68/114


69/114

UNIT 4Grammar Focus:

0ast 0erfect Tense

FR

Khad 2 !ast !artici!le

E&am!les:

ou had studiedEnglish *efore you moved to


70/114

: Hadyou ever 2isitedthe 7.. *efore your tri! in >99?

B: es, ' had !eento the 7.. once *efore.

Grammar Focus:

1SE / &uration efore Somethin" in the 0ast ('on6Continuous 7er!s)

With


71/114


72/114

0ast 0erfect Continuous

FR

Khad *een 2 !resent !artici!le

E&am!les:

ou had !een %aitin"there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

Hadyou !een %aitin"there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?

ou had not !een %aitin"there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.

Grammar Focus:

om!lete List of 6ast 6erfect ontinuous %orms

1SE &uration efore Somethin" in the 0ast

We use the 6ast 6erfect ontinuous to show that something started in the !ast and continued

u! until another time in the !ast. (%or five minutes( and (for two weeks( are *oth durations

which can *e used with the 6ast 6erfect ontinuous.


73/114


74/114

't is im!ortant to remem*er that


75/114

/ ?have@ some roblems with him in the ast and / .new he wouldnAt

re,ommend me# / ?end@ u listing m$ (ather as a re(eren,e#

/t was total lu,. that he ?de,ide@ to give me the aartment# /t turns out that the

landlord and m$ (ather ?go@ to high s,hool together# e de,ided that / ,ould

have the aartment be(ore he ?loo.@ at m$ ,redit reort# / reall$ lu,.ed out

Grammar Focus:

er ,ense E6ercise 2

Simple Past 5 Present Perect 5 Past Perect

1# 3hen / ?arrive@ home last night- / dis,overed that ane ?reare@

a beauti(ul ,andlelight dinner#

2# Sin,e / began a,ting- / ?er(orm@ in two la$s- a television ,ommer,ial and a

4V drama# owever- / ?sea.- never even@ ubli,l$ be(ore / ,ame to

oll$wood in 187C#

5# B$ the time / got to the o((i,e- the meeting ?begin- alread$@ without me# $

boss ?be@ (urious with me and / ?be@ (ired#

75


76/114

6# 3hen / ?turn@ the radio on $esterda$- / ?hear@ a song that was

oular when / was in high s,hool# / ?hear- not@ the song in $ears- and it ?bring@

ba,. some great memories#

C# 'ast wee.- / ?run@ into an ex=girl(riend o( mine# 3e ?see- not@

ea,h other in $ears- and both o( us ?,hange@ a great deal# / ?en>o$@

tal.ing to her so mu,h that / ?as.@ her out on a date# 3e are

getting together tonight (or dinner#

# 3hen a,. ?enter@ the room- / ?re,ogni:e- not@ him be,ause

he ?lose@ so mu,h weight and ?grow@ a beard# e loo.ed totall$

di((erent

F# 4he a$a established a ver$ advan,ed ,ivili:ation in the >ungles o( the "u,atanK however-

their ,ulture ?disaear- virtuall$@ b$ the time Euroeans (irst ?arrive@

in the Gew 3orld#

7# / ?visit@ so man$ beauti(ul la,es sin,e / ?,ome@ to tah# Be(ore

moving here- / ?hear- never@ o( Br$,e &an$on- Lion- 9r,hes- or &an$onlands#

76


77/114


78/114

1# /t is alread$ 8!50 ) and / ?wait@ here (or over an hour# /( ohn does not

get here in the next (ive minutes- / am going to leave#

2# / was reall$ angr$ at ohn $esterda$# B$ the time he (inall$ arrived- / ?wait@

(or over an hour# / almost le(t without him#

5# Did $ou hear that Ben was (ired last month% e ?wor.@ (or that imort

,oman$ (or more than ten $ears and he ?wor.@ in almost ever$ deartment#

Gobod$ .new the ,oman$ li.e he did#

6# / ?see@ man$ i,tures o( the $ramids be(ore / went to Eg$t# )i,tures o( the

monuments are ver$ misleading# 4he $ramids are a,tuall$


79/114

F# 3hen elanie ,ame into the o((i,e $esterda$- her e$es were red and water$# / thin. she

?,r$@ #

er ,ense E6ercise (

Present Contin"o"s 5 Simple Past

Present Perect Contin"o"s 5 Past Perect Contin"o"s

$ English is reall$ getting better# / ?tr$@ to learn the language sin,e 187C- but

onl$ re,entl$ have / been able to ma.e some real rogress# B$ the time / started high s,hool

in 1877- / ?stud$@ the language (or almost three $earsK however- / was onl$

able to introdu,e m$sel( and utter a (ew memori:ed senten,es# *or a ,oule more $ears- /

?struggle@ through grammar and vo,abular$ lessons- whi,h made absolutel$

no di((eren,e# Gothing wor.ed- so / de,ided to stud$ abroad#

/ (ound an ex,hange rogram in England that sounded li.e the er(e,t answer# / ?sta$@

with a host (amil$ (or one month# /t was a huge disaointment / ?sit@

there the whole time staring at the host mother and (ather hoing that there

would be some brea.through# Gothing#

3hen / returned- / mentioned to a (riend that / ?have@ roblems with the

language (or $ears# e re,ommended that / send a $ear in an English sea.ing ,ountr$# /

de,ided to go abroad again# / ?resear,h@ ex,hange rograms (or a ,oule o(

wee.s and (inall$ de,ided on a s,hool in the nited States#

79


80/114

3ell- it wor.ed# / ?live@ and ?stud$@ in the #S# (or more than two

$ears# / ?sta$@ here (or at least another $ear be(ore / return home# B$ then- /

should be ,omletel$ (luent#

&IRECT A'& I'&IRECT S0EECH

&IRECT A'& RE0RTE& S0EECH

$ou can answer the question 89hat did heshe say;8 in two ways:

80


81/114

by repeating the words spo#en +direct speech

by reporting the words spo#en +indirect or reported speech.

Direct Speech

9 +for e!ample a telephone conversation, or telling someone later about aprevious conversation!amples:

She says "What time will you be home?"She said "What time will you be home?"and I said "I don't know!8"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.

ohn said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Reported Speech

?eported speech is usually used to tal# about the past, so we normally change thetense of the words spo#en. 9e use reporting verbs li#e 'say','tell', 'ask', and we mayuse the word 'that'to introduce the reported words. &nverted commas are not used.She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.

a.'That'may be omitted:She told him that she was happy.

She told him she was happy.

Grammar Focus:

/.'Say' and 'tell':@se 'say'when there is no indirect object:

e said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell'when you say who was being spo#en to +i.e. with an

indirect object:

e told me that he was tired.

'Talk'and 'speak'are used:

B to describe the action of communicating:

e talked to us.

She was speakin on the telephone.

B with 'about'to refer to what was said:e talked #to us$ about his parents.

REPORED SPEEC!!OPES" #$E$#O$S" PRO%#SES

9hen we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reportingverb followed by a that%clauseor a to%infiniti&e8&%ll pay you the money tomorrow.8e promised to pay me the money the ne(t day.e promised that he would pay me the money the ne(t day.>ther verbs used in this pattern include:

hope propose threaten guarantee s!ear.

!amples:

81


82/114

a.8&%ll be bac# by lunchtime.8epromised to be backby lunchtime.

epromised that he !ould be backby lunchtime.

/.89e should arrive in ondon before nightfall.8

They hoped to arrivein )ondon before nihtfall.They hoped they !ould arrivein )ondon before nihtfall.

c.8Dive me the #eys to the safe or &%ll shoot youE8e threatened to shootme if I didn't i&e him the keys to the safe.

e threatened that he !ould shootme if I didn't i&e him the keys to the

safe.

REPORED SPEEC!ORDERS" RE&'ESS" S'((ES#O$S

).9hen we want to report anorder or re*uest" we can use a verb li#e'tell'+ith ato,clause.!amples:

e told me to o away.The pattern is verb " indirect ob#ect " to$clause.+The indirect object is the person spo#en to.>ther verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: commandorder!arn ask advise invite beg teach forbid.!amples:

Grammar Focus:

a. The doctor said to me, 8'top smo#ingE8.The doctor told me to stop smo-ing.b. 8Det out of the carE8 said the policeman.The policeman ordered him to get out o the car.

c. 8Could you please be quiet,8 she said.'he as-ed me to be *uiet.

d. The man with the gun said to us, 8


83/114

>ther reporting verbs used in this way are: insist recommend demand re%uestpropose.

!amples:

a. 8&t would be a good idea to see the dentist8, said my mother. Fy mother

suggested # seethe dentist.

b. The dentist said, 8& thin# you should use a different toothbrush8. The dentistrecommended that # should usea different toothbrush.

c. Fy manager said, 8& thin# we should e!amine the budget carefully at thismeeting.8 Fy manager proposed that +e e/aminethe budget carefully at themeeting.

d. 89hy don%t you sleep overnight at my house;8 she said. 'he suggested that #sleepovernight at her house.$otes0Suestcan also be followed by a gerund: &suested postponing the visit to the

dentist.

REPORED SPEEC!

Grammar Focus:

&'ES#O$S

). =ormal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comesbefore the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do'or 'did':

89here does Geter live;8 'he as#ed him +here Peter lived.

1. 2es 3 no *uestions: This type of question is reported by using 4as-4 5'if &!hether5 clause:

a. 8


84/114

b. 8"ow old is your mother;8, he as#ed. "e as#ed ho+ old hermother +as.c. The mouse said to the elephant, 89here do you live;8 Themouse as#ed the elephant +here she lived.

d. 89hat time does the train arrive;8 she as#ed. 'he as#ed

+hat time the train arrived.

e. 89hen can we have dinner;8 she as#ed. 'he as#ed+henthe7 could have dinner.

f. The elephant said to the mouse, 89hy are you so small;8 Theelephant as#ed the mouse +h7 she +as so small.

Grammar Focus:

REPORED SPEEC!

S'%%AR2 O9 REPOR#$( :ER6S=ote that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the followinggroups.-.)erbs followed by 4if'or 4!hether' " clause

as-

-no+

remember

sa7

see

. )erbs followed by a that$clause

addadmit

agreeannounceans+erargueboastclaimcommentcomplainconirmconsiderden7

doubtestimate

e/plaineareelinsistmentionobservepersuadeproposeremar-rememberrepeat

repl7report

revealsa7statesuggestsupposetellthin-understand+arn

/. )erbs followed by either a that$clauseor ato$infinitive

decide

e/pectguaranteehope

promise

s+earthreaten

0. )erbs followed by a that$clausecontaining should+but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject I *eroBinfinitive:

advisebegdemand

insistpreerpropose

recommendre*uestsuggest

1. )erbs followed by a clause starting !ith a %uestion !ord:

decidedescribe

discoverdiscuss

imagine-no+

learnrealise

seesuggest

teachtell

84


85/114

e/plainorgetguess

rememberrevealsa7

thin-understand+onder

2. )erbs followed by ob#ect " to$infinitive

adviseas-begcommand

orbidinstructinvite

teachtell+arn

Grammar Focus:

REPORED SPEEC!

E$SE C!A$(ES=ormally, the tense in reported speech is one tense bac# in time from the tense indirect speech:She said, "I amtired." She said that she !astired.The changes are shown below:

Simple presentSimple past

"I always drinkcoffee", she said She said that she always drankcoffee.

Present continuous Past continuous

"I am readinga book", he e(plained. e e(plained that he !as readinga book

Simple past Past perect

"*ill arrivedon Saturday", he said. e said that *ill had arrivedon Saturday

Present perect Past perect

"I have beento Spain", he told me. e told me that he had beento Spain

Past perect Past perect

"I had #ust turnedout the liht," he e(plained. e e(plained that he had #ust turned outthe liht.

Present perect continuous Past perect continuous

They complained, "We have been!aitingfor hours". They complained that they had been !aitingfor hours.

Past continuous Past perect continuous

"We !ere livingin +aris", they told me. They told me that they had been livingin +aris.

9uture Present conditional

"I !ill bein ene&a on -onday", he said e said that he !ould bein ene&a on -onday.

9uture continuous Conditional continuous

She said, "'ll be usingthe car ne(t riday". She said that she !ould be usingthe car ne(t riday.

85


86/114

=>T:-. $ou do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or ifthe original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.e says he has missedthe train but he'll catchthe ne(t one.We e(plained that it is&ery difficult to find our house.

. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:miht, could, would, should, ouht to, e..We e(plained that it couldbe difficult to find our house.She said that she mightbrin a friend to the party.

Grammar Focus:

EERCISE

irect and !ndirect Speech

Turn the follo%in" sentences into indirect s#eech.

8. TWhat do you want?O she asked him.

>. Tre you coming with us?O he asked me.

@. +e asked, TWhen do you intend to make the !ayment?O

A. T;o you come from hina?O said the !rince to the girl.

C. he !oor man e&claimed, TWill none of you hel! me?O

. TWhich way should ' go?O asked the little girl.

D. lladin said to the magician, TWhat have ' done to deserve so severe a !unishment?O

. T;onOt you know the way home?O ' said to her.

F. T;o you write a good hand?O the teacher said to the student.

89. T+ave you anything to say on *ehalf of the accused?O said the judge finally.

88. T+ave you anything to tell me, little *ird?O asked 7lysses.

8>. TWho are you, sir, and what do you want?O they asked.

8@. he king was im!ressed with the magician and asked, TWhat can ' do for you?O

8A. he asked, TWhat is it that makes you stronger and *raver than other men?O

8C. Tan you solve this !ro*lem?O he asked me.

Indirect to direct speech

Complete with sentences in direct style.No need to use inverted commas.

1. She told her mother that she was going to the market / she said :

.

2. His riends told me that they would go home the ollowing Sunday / his

riends said : .

!. "he teacher told #ark he had $een very regular in his work / the teacher

said : .

%. #arc told me that he had inished his work / #arc said :

86


87/114

.

&. "he teacher said the earth moves around the sun / the teacher said :

.

'. He said that she was not going home that day / he said :

.

(. He asked me i I had $rought the pens / he asked :

)

*. "he $oy asked me i that was the place we had visited $eore / the $oy asked

: )

+. "he ,udge told the witness to tell the truth / the ,udge said :

.

1-. "he prisoner $egged the ,udge to orgive him /the prisoner said :

please.

irect and indirect /reported0 speech eercises

('t is too late.( # ' said .

(' have re!lied.( # +e claimed that .

(' met you yesterday.( # am told me .

(' cannot come.( # -ary e&!lained that .

(' could fall down.( # +e was afraid .

(' will !ay tomorrow.( # +e said .

(he +imalayas are the highest.( # +e knew that .

(' may lend you some money.( # Bill !romised .

(' have *een watching a film.( # +e re!lied that .

(laire must rest.( # he doctor said .

87


88/114

(' have not done it today.( # ' e&!lained that .

('f ' was younger, ' would acce!t it.( # +e thought that .

(' was with him last week.( # Mill admitted that .

(ou needn)t change your shoes in our house.( # he reminded me that .

(' am calling my mum.( # he said .

(' will finish this !icture tomorrow.( # ;iana su!!osed that .

(' would *uy it.( # he said .

(Hreg used to *e my friend.( # +e told us .

88


89/114

S#ea*in" M Listenin" Focus

See Stu-ent anual o% )UNC"TI)N ""C?I ?N;(ISB !a'e 4+1 4+2 4+5

Teacher+s Note#

-AT-

89


90/114

Readin" M ritin" Focus

See Stu-ent anual o% )UNC"TI)N ""C?I ?N;(ISB !a'e 4+3 4+4

Teac#er>s Note

90


91/114

Unit 5Grammar Focus:

Simpe 2uture

Simle *uture has two di((erent (orms in English! ;will; and ;be going to#; 9lthoughthe two (orms ,an sometimes be used inter,hangeabl$- the$ o(ten exress two ver$

di((erent meanings# 4hese di((erent meanings might seem too abstra,t at (irst- butwith time and ra,ti,e- the di((eren,es will be,ome ,lear# Both ;will; and ;be going to;re(er to a se,i(i, time in the (uture#

FORM .ill

[will + verb]

Examles!

"ou will helphim later#

.ill$ou helphim later%

"ou will not helphim later#

FORM e )oin9 ,o

[amHisHare + going to + verb]

Examles!

"ou are 9oin9 to meetane tonight#

Are$ou 9oin9 to meetane tonight%

"ou are not 9oin9 to meetane tonight#

&omlete 'ist o( Simle *uture *orms

91
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefutureforms.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefutureforms.html


92/114

Grammar Foc

english intensive course for first semester

Documents