english language - lexicology and word classes
TRANSCRIPT
English Language Unit 1English Language Unit 1
glamour(n)A word from the Middle Ages, when it was an alternative for the word grammar! The possession of learning, or grammar, was seen as magical and mysterious. Glamour today means mysteriously exciting or alluring.
Learning intention:Develop understanding of lexicology and knowledge of word classes.
Success criteria: Able to identify:-nouns, -verbs,-adjectives, and-adverbs
GKRHow much do you know about word classes? Do question 4.2.5 (booklet p16) and find out.
LexicologyLexicographerLexiconCompilesDictionariesEtymologyWord class
NounVerbAdjectiveAdverbConjunctionsDeterminersPrepositionsPronouns
Key Vocabulary:
Lexicology - the study of wordsLexicology - the study of wordsWe all have a lexicon. It is your
vocabulary (all the words you know).
A lexicon can also refer to the words in a branch of learning, e.g.: engineering, law
A lexicographer studies the words in a language and compiles dictionaries.
Lexicology - the study of wordsLexicology - the study of words
A dictionary is a collection of all the words of a particular language.
There are various types of dictionaries, e.g. general (most of the words in a language), visual, etymology (incorporates the history of the word), children’s, etc.
An visual dictionary is different from a graphical dictionary
Word Classes (or parts of speech)Word Classes (or parts of speech)The categories that words belong to
based on their formal similarities, e.g.: a noun is defined partly by the fact that it can take a plural ending
Which in the following list is not a noun?◦ cars, houses, voices, peoples, horses, cats,
jumps, trains
◦ peoples, jumps
Classes of WordsClasses of WordsTwo broad classes of words -Open (admits new members)Closed (does NOT admit new members
– the glue that holds all the other words together)
Open Closed
Nouns Conjunctions (FANBOY)
Verbs Determiners (a, an, any, the)
Adjectives Prepositions (over, under, through, etc)
Adverbs Pronouns (he, she, you, me, I, etc.)
Did You Know?Did You Know?A newly coined word/term is called a
NEOLOGISM
◦ Examples include: Google Noob Troll (not a new word but a new usage)
Open Class – NounsOpen Class – NounsHow to identify nouns:◦ they typically name things or concepts;◦ all nouns take the same kind of inflections,
e.g. +s;◦ they are words that could be used to answer
a question;◦ they usually makes sense when ‘the’ is put in
front of them; and◦ they can be singular and plural
Open Class – NounsOpen Class – NounsTypes - Proper and Common◦ Proper
refers to specific places and people usually begins with a capital letter
◦ Common refers to types of people, feelings, etc. can be subdivided into concrete, abstract and
collective
Open Class – NounsOpen Class – NounsTypes - Proper and Common◦ Proper
refers to specific places and people usually begins with a capital letter
◦ Common refers to types of people, feelings, etc. can be subdivided into concrete, abstract and
collective
Open Class – Common NounsOpen Class – Common Nouns◦ Concrete – names
things you can touch
◦ Abstract – names thingsthat do not exist physically
◦ Collective – names groups of people, animals or objects
ActivityActivityExam practice – Handout 1 – Identifying
word classes
Open Class - AdjectivesOpen Class - Adjectivesdescribe nouns
Types of Adjectives◦ Comparatives - used to make comparisons
◦ Superlatives – expresses the highest or a very high degree of quality
hotter bigger wiser
hottest biggest wisest
ActivityActivityHandout 2 – Identifying adjectives
Open Class - VerbsOpen Class - VerbsHow to identify verbs:◦ they can describe physical and mental
actions(dynamic verbs); or◦ they can describe conditions or states
(stative verbs);◦ all verbs take the same kind of inflections, e.g.
+ed, +ing;◦ in a sentence they tell what the subject is
doing / being
Open Class - VerbsOpen Class - VerbsInfinitive verbs◦ all verbs have an infinitive◦ the infinitive of the verb always includes ‘to’
Examples◦ to be (and its forms – is, are, was, were, etc.)◦ to think◦ to sing
Open Class - VerbsOpen Class - VerbsTypes – Main and Auxiliary◦ Main
a single verb that expresses the main meaning of the sentence
◦ Auxilliary (helping verbs) are always placed in front of the main verb Primary Modal
Open Class – Auxiliary VerbsOpen Class – Auxiliary VerbsTypes◦ Primary◦ Modal
Open Class – Open Class – Primary Auxiliary VerbsPrimary Auxiliary VerbsThere are 3 primary auxiliary verbs
NB: These verbs can also be main verbs. They are the only auxiliary verbsthat can do this.
They can:◦indicate when something has happened;◦provide emphasis;◦be used to construct questions; and◦be used to construct negatives.
be have do
Open Class – Open Class – Modal Auxiliary VerbsModal Auxiliary VerbsModal auxiliary verbs:◦ are only ever used with a main verb◦ can significantly alter the tone / meaning
The modal auxiliary verbs are:can will shall may must
could would should might
Open Class - VerbsOpen Class - VerbsTense◦ two tenses – past and present
He is walking; He has walked◦ a variety of constructions are used to create
the futureHe shall walk.
Open Class – VerbsOpen Class – VerbsActive and Passive◦ Active voice
the subject (person or thing performing the action) is emphasised
◦ Passive voice the order of the sentence is reversed the object (person or thing to which something is
being done) is emphasised
Open Class - AdverbsOpen Class - AdverbsHow to identify adverbs:◦ they usually give more information about the
verb (think ad + verb)
◦ they describe the verb like an adjective describes a noun
◦ many adverbs are formed by adding –ly to the end of the wordhappily, sadly, joyfully, gratefully, wildly
HomeworkHomeworkLangquiz, Questions 1-6 (booklet p 17) (NB: you will need a dictionary!)
Complete all Word Class Handouts
1) List the open word classes
2) Explain what open class means
3) Name a learning strategy you used today
Word ClassesWord ClassesOpen class words◦ Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Closed class words◦ Prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, pronouns
Activity 4.2.5 page 21 Identifying adjectives worksheetAdverbs activity