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Overview: linguistics and phonetics Theoretical Linguistics

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Phonetics(?)

Applied Linguistics Language Acquisition Language Processing

Human, Machine Sociolinguistics Historical linguistics Phonetics(?)

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What is phonetics? Phonetics

Studies of speech sound Interests of Phonetics

Produced by human vocal organs Excluding thunder, bird chirping etc.

Produced for communication purpose Excluding coughs, hiccups, sneezing, gnashing, etc.

Linguistically meaningful sounds Used for pronouncing words

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What is phonetics? (cntd.) The speech sounds vary depending

upon languages (eg. Click sounds are speech sounds for

Swahili, but not for English or Korean)

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Types of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics Auditory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics

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Phonetics vs. Phonology Common properties

Studies on Sound Structure Pronunciation instead of orthography

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Phonetics vs Phonology (differences)

Phonetics PhonologyLevel of grammar Surface, concrete Deep, abstract

Closely related to Acoustics, physics, biology

Linguistics

Philosophical relevance

Performance Competence

Status of speech Consecutive, temporal

Segmental

Basic unit Phone Phoneme

Transcription method Narrow Broad

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Phonetics and its Application Relevant fields

Speech technology Speech synthesis Speech recognition Automatic translation

Speech pathology Language teaching

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Meanings and Distinction of Basic Terminology Phone Phoneme Allophone Morpheme Allomorph Contrast

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Terminology (cntd.) Phone

The minimal unit of speech sound Different phones have different quality Depending upon physical quality of sounds A substantial surface entity Transcribed in “[ ]” (eg. [p], [m])

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Terminology (cntd.) Phoneme

- The minimal unit that distinguishes meaning- Phonemes do not carry meanings themselves.

- The unit that makes the connection between sound and meaning

- The basic unit of the contrast in phonology- An abstract entity- Transcribed in “/ /” (eg. /p/ /m/)

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Terminology (cntd.) Allophone (phonetic variant)

Segments which are derived from the same phoneme

Reflects relationship between phoneme and phones

Gives a criterion for speech sound grouping

Guess to which ‘allophone’ is closer, ‘phoneme’ or ‘phone’?

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Terminology (cntd.) Examples for

phone/phoneme/allophone Consider sounds in the words

goose, geese, glee, glue pine, speak, stop

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Terminology (cntd.) Phonemes and allophones are

language dependent concepts English and Korean liquids English and Korean stops

Voicing Manners

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Terminology (cntd.) How to distinguish phonemes from phones(or

allophones) in a language Minimal pair

Two word strings which has only one segmental difference at the same position

(Eg. vine/pine, though/dough) Complementary distribution

Mutual exclusiveness Different allophones of the same phoneme do not occur

in the same linguistic environment

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Terminology (cntd.) Morpheme

- The minimal unit that bears meaning- Compare with phoneme

- Variants of the same morpheme- Different morphemes have different

meanings but may sound the same -> Homophone (homonym)

- Eg. tea/tee, flower/flour, too/two

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Terminology (cntd.) Allomorph

Two different forms derived from the same morpheme

The same meaning Eg. leaves[li:vz]/leaf[li:f]

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Terminology (cntd.) Contrast

The fact that different phonemes distinguish the words of a language from one another

Eg. p vs b Opposition, distinction

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Speech Physiology Contents:

Vocal organs Three processes of speech production

Initiation Phonation Articulation

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Initiation To make sounds air is necessary Initiation is the process of creating air

stream Three ways of initiation

Pulmonic airstream mechanism: Lung Glottalic airstream mechanism: Glottis Velaric airstream mechanism: velum

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Phonation To produce speech sounds, air stream

should be distorted in one way or another

Phonation is a process of changing air stream

Phonation is mainly achieved at larynx

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Principal speech organs Lung, Trachea(windpipe) Larynx

Vocal folds (chords, cords) Glottis

Vocal tract Pharynx Nasal tract Oral tract

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Larynx The upper portion of the windpipe

which produces speech Major components

Vocal cords Glottis epiglottis Three cartilages

Thyroid, Arytenoid, Cricoid

Larynx – midsagittal view

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Larynx – lateral view

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Larynx – posterior view

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Vocal cords

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Articulation A variety of speech sounds can be

produced in terms of another way of air stream change – Articulation

Articulation is done mainly somewhere at vocal tract

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English Consonants Criteria for distinction

Voicing Place of articulation Manner of articulation Secondary articulation

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Voicing Related to phonation Voiced

Vocal cords vibrating Voiceless

Glottis kept open Examples

p, t, k, s

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Places of articulation bilabial labiodental interdental (apico)dental alveolar alveopalatal

(postalveolar, palato-alveolar)

palatal (dorso)velar uvular pharyngeal glottal

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Manners of articulation Obstruents

stop (plosive) complete closure release

fricative partial obstruction turbulence airflow

affricate stop + fricative

Sonorants nasal liquid

lateral central

flap(tap) trill (eg. French

uvular trill [R]) approximant

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English Consonant chartBi-labial

Labio-dental

Inter-dental

Alveolar

Alveo-palatal

Palatal Velar

Glottal

Stop p/b t/d k/g

Fricative f/v /ð s/z š/ž h/Affricate č/Nasal m n ŋLiquid(lateral)

l

Liguid(central)

r()

Flap ՐGlide (w) y(j) w

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Describing symbols voicing-place-manner

examples [p] voiceless bilabial stop [z] voiced alveolar fricative

Class description [p, t, k] voiceless stops

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English Vowels Criteria for distinguishing between

various vowels tongue height tongue backness tenseness lip rounding nasality length

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Vowel(monophthong)

front central backunr rnd unr rnd unr rnd

hightense

lax

midtense

lax

low

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Vowel(monophthong) chart [IPA symbols in brackets]

front central backunr rnd unr rnd unr rnd

hightense [:] [:]lax [] []

midtense [:] /

[:]lax [e] ([:])

low

()[:]

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Diphthongs Definition

A diphthong is a phonetic sequence, consisting of a vowel and a glide, that is interpreted as a single vowel.

Types On-glide diphthong: Glide + Vowel Off-glide diphthong: Vowel + Glide

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Diphthongs(cntd.) Examples of on-glide diphthongs

a i u

j

w

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Diphthongs(cntd.) Examples of on-glide diphthongs

a i u

j ya[ja]

y[j]

yi[ji]

y[j]

yu[ju]

y[j]

w wa w wi w wu w

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Diphthongs (cntd.) Examples of off-glide diphthongs

(American English) midwestern dialect

a e a California dialect

a a See

http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/courses/ling210-901/course/phonetics/vowelgraphs/USE_Diphthongs.html

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Diacritics for secondary articulationarticulation diacritic example words

aspirated C pin, repeatglottalized C spin, stringunreleased C stop, kickdevoiced C play, hushdentalized C tenth, cupfulpalatalized Cj(Cy) keep, beep

labialized C cool, bootvelarized C, tablesyllabic C C button, bottlenasalized v mean, nose

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Describing symbols voicing-(place 2nd)-place-(manner 2nd)-

manner examples

[p] voiceless bilabial stop [ph] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop [py] voiceless palatalized bilabial stop [phy] voiceless bilabial aspirated stop