english phonetics and phonology - presentation
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Strong and weak syllablesThe vowel (schwa). Close front and close backƏ
vowels. Syllabic consonants.
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Phonetics:
• Phonetics is the scientific study of speech.
• Phonetics has three main branches:
1. articulatory phonetics – articulation of the speech: theposition, shape, and movement of articulators orspeech organs, such as the lips, tongue, vocal folds,
velum and others.
2. acoustic phonetics – acoustics of speech: theproperties of the sound waves, such as their frequencyand harmonics
. auditory phonetics ! speech perception: how sound is
received by the inner ear and perceived by the brain.
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Phonology:
• Phonology is the study of how phonemes function inlanguage and the relationship among the differentphonemes in speech flow. "t is the abstract side of thesounds of a language.
• Phonology focuses on three topics:
1# $ow do we represent the le%ical contrasts between words&
2# 'hat the constraints are on the sounds in le%ical items ina given language (or, as some would put it, what is a well
formed syllable#&# $ow can we describe the relations between the underlying
le%ical items and the observable phonetic output (or,putting it another way, how can we formali)e the soundpatterns of languages# (*adefoged, 2++ : 11#
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Vowels:
• -ounds which are made with asmooth, continuous, unobstructedairflow through the oral cavity:
1. the height to which the body of thetongue is raised, whether it ishigh, low , or in between (mid#&
2. how forward the body of the tongueis, whether it is front (advanced#,central, or back (retracted#&
. whether the lips are rounded orunrounded.
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English language vowels:
1. -hort vowels: /, e/, /, 0/, /, /& and /,ɪ ʌ ɒ ʊ ə
2. *ong vowels: i:/, u:/, :/, /, /,ɜ ɑː ɔː
. iphthongs: /, e /, /, e /, a /, /,ɪə ə ʊə ɪ ɪ ɔɪ /, a /,əʊ ʊ
. riphthongs : e 3 4 e & a 3 4 a & 3ɪ ə ɪə ɪ ə ɪə ɔɪ ə4 & 3 4 & a 3 4 aɔɪə ʊə ə əʊə ʊ ə ʊə
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English language consonants:
5onsonants – sounds which are made with
some obstruction tothe airflow in the oralcavity
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English consonants !anner of articulation:
• -tops 6Plosives6 ! p/, b/, t/, d/, 7/, g/
• 8ricatives ! f/, v/, 9/, /, s/, )/, /, /, h/ ʃ
• ;ffricates ! t /, d / ʃ ʒ
• /, w/, r/
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English consonants " #lace of articulation:
• ?ilabial ! p/, b/, m/, w/
• *abiodental ! f/, v/
• ental6"nterdental ! 9/, /
• ;lveolar ! t/, d/, s/, )/, n/, l/, r/
• ;lveo!palatal (or post!alveolar# ! /, /, t /, d / ʃ ʃ ʒ
• Palatal ! >/• @elar ! 7/, g/, =/
• Alottal (laryngeal# ! h/
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English consonants voice:
• @oiced (lenis# ! b/, v/, m/, p/, /, d/, )/, n/,l/, r/, /, d /, g/, =/, h/ʒ ʒ
• @oiceless (fortis# ! f/, 9/, t/, s/, /, t /, 7/ ʃ ʃ
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Syllables:
• The syllable is a very important unit.
• Minimum syllable would be a single vowel inisolation, e. g. the word “are” [ɑː]
• Some syllables have an onset, e. g. “bar” [bɑː]
• Syllables without an onset but with a coda, e. g.
“am” [0m]• Some syllables have onset and coda, e. g. “run”
[r n ʌ ]
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Strong and weak syllables:
• -tress is a ma>or factor in determining whether a syllable will bestrong or wea7 (thus strong syllables are stressed and wea7syllables are unstressed#.
• "n most dictionaries, the symbol used to indicate stress is /ˈ
placed before the stressed syllable, e.g., 7 m p>u t / . "f a wordə ˈ ː əhas more than one stressed syllable, the ma>or one is calledprimary stress /, and the other secondary stress / b d ru m/ˈ ˌ ˈ ɛ ˌ ː
• 'hen we compare wea7 syllables with strong syllables we findthat the vowel in wea7 syllables tends to be:
1. -horter
2. *ower intensity (loudness#
. ifferent in quality
•. ;ny strong syllable will have as its centre one of the vowel
phonemes but not /.Ə
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Strong and weak syllables:
'ea7 syllables can only have four types of centre:
1. he vowel /ə
2. ; close unrounded vowel in the general area of /ɪ
. ; close rounded vowel in the general area of
/ʊ. ; syllabic consonant
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The vowel $ % (schwa):Ə
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The vowel $ % (schwa):ə
• Bost frequently occurring vowel in Cnglish language.
• ;lways associated with wea7 syllables.
• "n quality it is mid and central.
• "t is not articulated with much energy
•C%amples:
1. -pelt with DaE : attend t nd/əˈ ɛ
2. -pelt with DoE: tomorrow 6t m r 6ə ɒ əʊ
. -pelt with DorE: forget 6f get6ə
. -pelt with DarE: monarchy m n 7 /ˈ ɒ ə ɪ
F. ;d>ectival endings spelt DateE: intimate 6 nt m tɪ ɪ ə 6G. -pelt with DeE: settlement s t lm nt/ˈ ɛ ə ə
H. -pelt with DerE: stronger str =g /ɒ ə
I. -pelt with DuE: support s p t/əˈ ɔː
J. -pelt with DousE: gracious re s/ˈɡ ɪʃə
1+. -pelt with DoughE: thorough 9 r /ˈ ʌ ə
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Close front and close back vowels:
[ ]ɪ [ ]ʊ
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Close front and close back vowels " e&a!#les:
Close front vowels [ ]ɪ : Close back vowels[ ]ʊ :
• 8inal position, words spelt
with KyL or KeyL: happy h0p /ˈ ɪ• Prefi% such as KreL, KpreL, KdeL:
react r 07t/ɪˈ
• -uffi%es spelt KateL, KiouL:hilarious h l r s/ɪˈ ɛə ɪə
• "n the following words whenunstressed, Dme, be, he, she,theE
•
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Syllabic consonants:
• -yllables in which no vowel is found, aconsonant either l, r, or a nasal stands as its pea7
• ; consonant is syllabic by a small vertical mar7
l/, n/, m/, =/, r/
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Syllabic [l]
C%amples:
tunnel t n /, ʌ ḷ
bottle b t /,ɒ ḷ
cattle70t /,ḷcouple7 p /, ʌ ḷ
trouble tr b /, ʌ ḷ
struggle str g /, ʌ ḷ
panel p0n /,ḷ
petal pet /,ḷ7ennel 7en /,ḷ
parcel p :s /ɑ ḷ
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Syllabic [n]:
C%amples: "n middle and finalpositions: threatening ret =/,Ө ṇɪthreaten ret /Ɵ ṇ
ribbonrib / or r b n/, sevenṇ ɪ əsev /, heaven hev /, often f /ṇ ṇ ɒ ṇ
rather than sev n/, hev n/, f n/ə ə ɒ ə
One special rule:
;lthough syllabic n/ is preceeded in
these e%amples by anotherconsonant, itLs also possible for
another consonant to precede thatone:
!C%s: ?oston b st /, 'iɒ ṇ lton w lt /& other sequences such as ndɪ ṇ ṇor nt not possible in P:ṇ
*ondon l nd n/, abandon ʌ ə b0nd n/ə ə
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Syllabic [m] and [ŋ]:
They can occur as syllabic as aresult of a process ofassimilation or deletion:Uppermost [ p st] orʌ ṃəʊ[ p m st]]ʌ ə əʊ
Thicken [ kŋ(syllabic] orӨɪ[ k n]! "appen [h#pm]Өɪ ə
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Syllabic [r]:
"n rothic accents (most ;mericanaccents#:
C%amples: particular p t 7> l / inṛ ɪ ə ṛ
P p t 7> l /ə ɪ ə əOther e%amples:
a# 'here non!syllabic r is alsoacceptable
history h st i/ or h stri/ notɪ ṛ ɪusually h st ri/ɪ ə
wandered w nd / orɒ ṛəw ndr / not usually w nd r /ɒ ə ɒ ə ə
b# 'here rə is also acceptable
buttering b t =/ or b t r =/ ʌ ṛɪ ʌ ə ɪ
flattery fl0t / or fl0t ri/ṛɪ ə
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Co!bination of syllabic consonants:
"tLs also possible to find two syllabic consonantstogether:
• national n0 /, ʃṇḷ
• literall t /,ɪ ṛḷ
• visionary v n r /ˈ ɪʒə ə ɪ
• veteranvet /ṛṇ
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'eferences:
• *adefoged, P. (2++# Phonetics and phonologyin the last F+ years, Paper presented at: 8rom
-ound to -ense: F+3 Qears of iscoveries in-peech 5ommunication, B", 11!1
• oach, P. (1JJI#. Cnglish phonetics and
phonology.• @inagre, B. (2+1#. Bore on -yllabificationPrinciples
• http:66www.uiowa.edu6Racadtech6phonetics6eng
lish6english.html
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.htmlhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.htmlhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.htmlhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.html
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Thank you