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English Phonology – L2 – Semester 3University of Limoges
Jérémy [email protected]
Phonology course :
→ 11h CM (weeks 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11) + 11h TD
3 marks:
→ 1 transcription test in TD
→ 1 final test in CM (week 13)
→ project with M. Ruff
English Phonology – L2 – Semester 3Jérémy Castanier
CM programme:
→ IPA, consonant & vowel classification, dictionaries
→ Some connected speech processes
→ American English pronunciation
→ Stress placement
→ Graphophonemics (pronouncing vowels)
→ Intonation
PART 1:
IPA symbols (reminder)
Reading dictionaries
Consonants and vowels articulation / classification
/θ/ ≠ /ð/
IPA symbols
/ʒ/ ≠ /ɡ/ ≠ /z/
/ŋ/ tank /tæŋk/
<-ng> = /-ŋ/ (no /ɡ/ !)
→ sing /sɪŋ/,
→ singing /sɪŋɪŋ/
(#sing#ing#)
→ bingo /ˈbɪŋɡəʊ/
(#bingo#)
/ɪ/ half-way between /e/ and the French /i/
IPA symbols
/æ/ stretch your lips more than in French!
/ʌ/ don't round it like French 'bœuf'!
/ʊ/ don't round it like French 'coupe'!
IPA symbols
/ɑː/ the “doctor's vowel”(tongue depressor)
Make them long enough!
Colons indicate length
IPA symbols
1 diphthong = ONE vowelfrom the 1st element towards the 2nd
without reaching it
/ɪə/, /eə/, /ʊə/ → /ɪr/, /er/, /ʊr/ in American English
/əʊ/ → /oʊ/ in American English
/ʊə/ tends to become /ɔː/ in British English
IPA symbols
Do NOT oppose SHORT vowels to LONG vowels !
IPA symbols
Unstressed vowels most often reduced to /ə/ or /ɪ/ : aˈmalgam /əˈmælgəm/
* /i/ appears in 2 contexts:
→ in final unstressed position: ˈhappy, ˈcity, ˈcookie, ˈmonkey, ˈrecipe...
→ in unstressed position before another vowel: ˈdeviate, ilˈlustrious, ˈburial, erˈroneous, creˈate...
* /u/ appears in 1 context:
→ in unstressed position before another vowel: ˈcasual, eˈvacuate, ˌsituˈation...
Reading pronunciation dictionaries: LPD / CEPD
Inflected forms
Segmental variation + occasional preference polls
Reading pronunciation dictionaries: LPD / CEPD
Stress variation + segmental changes
Stress variation only (1 dot = 1 syllable)
American English after ||
Reading pronunciation dictionaries: LPD / CEPD
§ = Non-RP British variants
→ = possible transformations
!! (or warning sign in paper version) = pronunciation to avoid
Reading pronunciation dictionaries: LPD / CEPD
Old pronunciations
Epenthetic consonant
Italics = can be elided
Reading pronunciation dictionaries: LPD / CEPD
Triangle = possible “stress-shift” within in a noun phrase
(yet not always indicated)
So many variants … :)
Classification of consonants
or apico-alveolar
Classification of consonants
/ʔ/ : voiceless glottal plosive→ Present in some varieties of English, especially in some British English accents (though not in typical RP), where /ʔ/ can replace /t/ in some positions.
→ Not given in dictionaries.
→ Quite frequent and rather accepted in final position in a word/syllable after a vowel: cat, hot, ˌalˈright, ˈabsolutely...
→ Frequent but usually considered as “working-class” between two vowels in an unstressed position or after /n/: ˈbetter, ˈlater, ˈbottle of ˈwater, ˈBritish, ˈcity … (or sometimes in other positions, as in ˈmountain)
You can transcribe it if you are able to identify it!
Classification of vowels
Trapezium = simplified representation of the mouth
“PURE” SOUNDS
Classification of vowels
Classification according to the starting point
Classification of vowels
Classification according to the starting point
Classification of vowels
“PURE” SOUNDS ?
e.g. door /dɔː/
→ used to be transcribed /dɔə/
e.g. two /tuː/
→ some say /tʊu/
→ slight diphthongs for some people
Classification of vowels
“Pre-fortis clipping”: stressed tense vowels may get shorter
→ longer if no consonant right after
→ slightly shorter if followed by voiced consonant (lenis)
→ shorter if followed by unvoiced consonant (fortis)
e.g. say / save / safe ; see / seen / seat
Possible transcription for long vowels (not compulsory):
see [ siː ] (maximal length)
seen [ siˑn ] (average length)
seat [ sit ] (shortened) – different from sit [ sɪt ] !