english pronunciation guide for thai students
TRANSCRIPT
Better Pronunciation through Phonetics and Phonics
Copyright © 2010 SANOOK ENGLISH
Mieder van Loggerenberg E-mail: [email protected]
Index
Phonetic Alphabet ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Phonetic Tones …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Phonetic Alphabet vs. Thai Alphabet ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9
25 Common English Pronunciation Problems for Thai Speakers …………………………………………... 12
Phonetic Reading …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
Heteronyms ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….. 15
Homophones ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
Homophones Exercise …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
Phonics Guide ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Verb endings - 'ing' ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Verb endings - 'ed ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
Word endings - Final ('s) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 50
Phonemes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
The Alphabet Code ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
Syllables ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
Accent Rules …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
Sight Words ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
Phonetic Alphabet Guide ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61
1
Phonetic Alphabet
Consonants เสยงพยญชนะ
บ เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ boy bad blue
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ job rob babe
ด เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ dad dog did
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ red bad good
ฟ เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ fat feet phone
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ leaf knife laugh
ก เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ go got girl
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ jug pig wig
จ เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ June gin John
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (เสยง สนรว) age large orange
ฮ เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ (เสยงนไมม เมออยทำยค ำ) he hen how
ย เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ yes yellow young
ค เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ cat king queen
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ back cake look
ล เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ leg lie low
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ bill call feel
ม เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ man map moon
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ jam come some
น เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ net no nice
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ bin pen ten
ง (ไมมเสยงนทตนค ำ) แตมเสยงนอยทำยค ำ sing ring long
พ เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ pan pie pen
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ mop pop top
2
Consonants เสยงพยญชนะ
ร เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ เสยงน British accent ไมมอย
ทำยค ำ แตถำเปน American accent จะม เสยง / r
/ เสยงน อยทำยดวย
red bread arm
ส เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ so see song
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (กด ฟน) chase kiss piece
ช เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ she sheep shoe
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (เสยง ยำว) dish fish finish
ท เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ tea tie toy
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ cat sat rat
ช เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ chin cheek cheap
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (เสยง สน) rich catch lunch
ธ เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ thin thick thank
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (กด ลน) bath tooth both
ธ เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ then that they
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (กด ลน) bathe with myth
ฟว เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ voice van very
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ
(ฟน อนบน กด รมฝปำก ต ำลงมำ) (เสยง สนรว)
give five love
ว เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ wet week won
ส เชน เสยงทอยตนค ำ zoo zebra zero
หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (เสยง สนรว) ปำก แบน size rise nose
จ เชน เสยงของตน vision measure
พยำงคท หรอเสยงทอยทำยค ำ (เสยง สนรว)
ปำก กลม
garage rouge
3
4
Note: Phonetic characters doesn’t have (c / q / x / y / ch / gh / ck / th / ph / ps / pn / le / nk / mb)
Tip 1: is the base form for
Tip 2: is the base form for
Tip 3: are vibrating consonants
Tip 4: are blowing consonants
Vowels เสยงสระ
- เชนในค ำวำ see she we
- / อ เชนในค ำวำ bit hit sit
เ-ะ เชนในค ำวำ bet net ten
แ-ะ เชนในค ำวำ bat cat hat
-ำ เชนในค ำวำ arm card start
ออ เชนในค ำวำ got shot what
ออ เชนในค ำวำ door floor saw
อ เชนในค ำวำ good put pull
อ เชนในค ำวำ boot too shoe
-ะ เชนในค ำวำ cup hut won
เ-อ เชนในค ำวำ fur bird work
เ-อะ เชนในค ำวำ ago the better
5
Diphthongs เสยงสระควบ
เ- เชนในค ำวำ (เสยงยำว) day rain page
โ- เชนในค ำวำ know home old
ไ- เชนในค ำวำ by five I
-ำว เชนในค ำวำ now sound down
อย เชนในค ำวำ boy join noise
เ -ย เชนในค ำวำ beer here near
แ- เชนในค ำวำ (เสยงยำว) bear hair there
อว เชนในค ำวำ poor sure tour
Thai vowels and diphthongs Note: The following phonetic symbols are primarily used for Thai language but rarely used in English.
Short sound Long sound
ก ก
โกะ โก
เกอะ เกอ
เกยะ เกย
เกอะ เกอ
กวะ กวะ
เกำ
Additionally, there are three triphthongs, all of which are long:
เ–ยว –วย
เ–อย
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7
Phonetic Tones
Symbol Placement Tone level Thai character Thai word
a * Extra High อ *
ká 2nd High * (ไมตร) อ กำ (เสยงตร)
ā 1st Mid * อ กำ
ka 4th Low * (ไมเอก) อ กำ (เสยงเอก)
ka * Extra Low อ *
3rd Rising * (ไมจตวำ) อ กำ (เสยงจตวำ)
kâ 5th Falling * (ไมโท) อ กำ (เสยงโท)
ka * High Rising ออ
ka * Low Rising ออ
ka * Rising-Falling ออ
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Down step In phonetics, downstep is a phonemic or phonetic downward shift
of tone between the syllables or words of a tonal language. For example, when
two mid tones occur together in Twi, the second is at a lower pitch than the first.
Up step In phonetics, upstep is a phonemic or phonetic upward shift of tone between the
syllables or words of a tonal language.
Global fall Yes, he found it on the street.
[↘‖↘‖]
Global rise He found it on the street?
[ ↗ ‖]
| Minor Minor (foot) break
|| Major Major (intonation) break
Primary stress Primary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable)
(beware)
tit Linking Linking operates in word sequences whose components are closely linked by
sense, e.g., article + noun, adjective + noun, personal pronoun + verb etc.
()
9
Phonetic Alphabet vs. Thai Alphabet
Consonants เสยงพยญชนะ
Vowels เสยงสระ
10
In addition to the typical Thai letters and vowel markers, loan words from Sanskrit and Pali employ four special letters and four special vowel markers. Thai is a tonal language, meaning that in the pitch just as important to the correct pronunciation of the syllable as its sounds.
There are five tones in Thai, low, middle, high, falling, and rising. To represent these tones, there are four tone marks in Thai, with the unmarked letter denoting the fifth tone. However, it is not as simple as it sounds. The real tone of a syllable is indicated by the tone mark combined with the class of the letter, conditioned by whether the syllable ends with a stop consonant and whether the vowel is short or long. It is best illustrated in the following grid.
The combinations with no tone mark might be a little bit confusing. First of all, the headings that include V and C denote the ending sequence of sounds of a syllable. VL represents a long vowel, VS means a short vowel, CN represents a nasal consonant (/m/, /n/, /ng/), and CS represents a stop consonant (/p/, /t/, /k/). Sounds placed inside parenthesis means that the sounds may or may not occur. For example the sequence -VL(CN) stands for syllables ending in VL (a long vowel), and VLCN (a long vowel followed by nasal consonant like /m/, /n/, or /ng/). Equivalently, the examples in Thai also reflect the sound sequence. The vowel markers on top of the black letter denote the long vowel /i:/ and the short vowel /i/. The grayed out letter means that the sound may or may not occur, and thus is equivalent to (CN). There is no space or any kind of separator between words, so all the words in a sentence form one long block of letters. The only division, a space, occurs between sentences or phrases. The direction of writing, like other Brahmi-derived scripts, runs horizontally from left to right, and then downward when the horizontal space fills up.
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Front Back
unrounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long
Close
-
-
-
-
-
-
Close-mid
เ-ะ เ-
เ-อะ เ-อ
โ-ะ โ-
Open-mid
แ-ะ แ-
เ-ำะ -อ
Open
-ะ, -
-ำ
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25 Common English Pronunciation Problems For Thai Speakers
English Sound
Example Word
Common Error
Example Word
Fix Problem
1. made mate Tip of tongue behind top teeth.
2. leaf leap Make friction with top teeth & bottom lip.
3. game came Voiced stop: back of tongue to back roof.
4. beige bait Voiced: Front of tongue to palate. Friction.
5. wage wait Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate.
6. Jerry sherry Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate.
7. kick gig Voiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate.
8. bill (dark) bin Air goes over sides of tongue & out of mouth.
9. right light Sides of tongue to back teeth. Tip points up.
10. rice right Make friction: tip of tongue behind top teeth.
11. push put Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate.
12. sherry cherry Voiceless. Friction. Front of tongue to palate.
13. watch what Unvoiced: Tip to alveolar. Front to palate.
14. thin sin Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth.
15. thin tin Voiceless. Friction. Tongue between teeth.
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16. they day Voiced. Friction. Tongue between lips.
17. Hove Hope Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip.
18. vet wet Voiced. Friction with top teeth & bottom lip.
19. rise rice Voiced: tip of tongue behind top teeth. Friction.
20. late let Tongue moves from front centre to front high.
21. note not Tongue central. Then tightly round lips.
22. bear Tongue from centre front. Draw back to centre.
23.
fire Tongue low front to high front to centre.
24.
flour
Tongue low front. Then round & unround lips.
25. cat cart Keep tongue front & low and jaws apart.
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Phonetic Reading
I take it you already know of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Others may stumble but not you on hiccough, thorough, laugh and through.
Well done! And now you wish, perhaps, to learn of less familiar traps?
Beware of heard, a dreadful word that looks like beard and sounds like bird,
And dead: it’s said li e bed, not bead – For goodness sa e don’t call it deed!
Watch out for meat and great and threat
(They rhyme with suite and straight and debt)
A moth is not a moth in mother nor both in bother, broth in brother,
And here is not a match for there nor dear and fear for bear and pear,
Just look them up
and goose and choose, and cork and work and card and ward,
And font and front and word and sword, and do and go and thwart and cart –
Come, come, I’ve hardly made a start! A dreadful language? Man alive.
I’d mastered it when I was five.
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Heteronyms
1. wound The bandage was wound around the wound.
ผำพนแผลถกพนไปรอบๆ แผล
2. produce The farm was used to produce, produce.
ฟำรมนเคยใชเปนทแสดงผลงำน
3. refuse The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.
กองขยะเตมมำกแลวจงไมสำมำรถทงขยะเพมอกได
4. polish We must polish the Polish furniture.
เรำตองขดเฟอรนเจอรของโปแลนดใหมน
5. lead He could lead if he would get the lead out.
เขำสำมำรถน ำทำงไปไดถำเขำรทำงออก
6. desert The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert.
dessert
ทหำรตดสนใจทงของหวำนของเขำไวททะเลทรำย
7. bass A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum.
รปปลำกะพงน ำจดถกวำดขนทสวนหวของกลองเบส
8. dove When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
เมอยงไปทนนนกพรำบกจะบนถลำเขำไปขำงในพมไม
9. object I did not object to the object.
ฉนไมคดคำนของสงนหรอก
10. invalid The insurance was invalid for the invalid.
กำรประกนภยส ำหรบผพกำรใชไมไดแลว
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11. present Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.
ตงแตทนนไมมเวลำเหมอนตอนน เขำคดวำไดเวลำทจะแสดงของขวญแลว
12. row There was a row among the oarsman about how to row.
ทนนมเสยงอกทกกนในหมคนพำยเรอ เกยวกบวำจะพำยเรออยำงไร
13. close They were too close to the door to close it.
พวกเคำอยใกลประตเกน จนปดประตไมได
14. does The buck does funny things when the does are present.
กวำงตวผท ำเปนตลกเวลำทกวำงตวเมยอยดวย
15. sewer A seamstress and a sewer fell down into sewer line.
ชำงตดเสอ และชำงเยบตกลงไปในทอน ำเสย
16. sow To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.
เพอชวยในกำรเพำะปลก ชำวนำเลยสอนใหแมหมของเขำหวำนพช
17. wind The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
ลมแรงมำกเกนไป เลยท ำใหเกบใบเรอไมได
18. number After a number of injections my jaw got number.
หลงจำกฉดยำชำหลำยครง ขำกรรไกรของฉนกปรำศจำกควำมรสก
19. tear Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear.
ดวยเหตทวำเหนภำพฉกขำด ฉนกเลยรองไห
20. subject I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
ฉนตองน ำเครองออกแสดง เพอทดสอบในแตละหวขอ
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Homophones
1. allowed You are not allowed to smoke until you are 16.
เธอไมไดรบอนญำตใหสบบหรจนกวำจะอำย16
aloud She spoke her thoughts aloud. (To say something so it can be heard.)
เธอพดสงทเธอคดออกมำเสยงดง
2. bear A bear is a large furry animal.
หมเปนสตวมมขนดกมำก
bare She walked on the beach with bare feet.
เธอเดนดวยเทำเปลำบนชำยหำด
3. bored To be bored is to have lost interest in something.
มนนำเบอทชอบลมสงส ำคญในบำงสง
board A board is a flat piece of wood.
ไมกระดำนคอไมทเปนแผนแบน ๆ
4. break If you break something you damage it
ถำคณเปนคนท ำบำงสงแตกคณกเปฯคนท ำลำยมน
brake When you brake the car slows down.
เมอคณเหยยบเบรครถกจะคอยๆ ชำลง
5. caught He caught a large fish.
เขำจบปลำตวใหญได
court You play tennis on a tennis court.
เขำเลนเทนนสทคอรทเทนนส
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6. check Did you check that the door is locked?
คณเชคดวำประตลคแลวใชไหม
cheque You can write a cheque to pay your bills.
คณเขยนเชคเพอจำยบลของคณ
7. find I can’t find my socks.
ฉนหำถงเทำของฉนไมเจอ
fined She was fined £40 for driving too fast on the motorway.
เธอโดนปรบ40ปอนดส ำหรบกำรขบรถเรวเกนไปบนทำงดวน
8. flower A daffodil or a rose is flower.
ดอกดำฟฟลโดหรอดอกกหลำบกคอดอกไม
flour You need some flour to make a birthday cake.
เธอตองกำรแปงเพอท ำเคกวนเกด
9. hair She has really long hair.
เธอมผมยำวจรงๆ
hare A hare is an animal like a rabbit.
กระตำยปำเปนสตวคลำยกระตำย
10. here Please come over here.
โปรดเขำมำทำงน
hear Can you hear that noise?
คณไดยนเสยงดงนนไหม
19
11. heal His leg is broken, but it will heal (get better).
ขำของเขำหกแตมนจะดขนในไมชำ
heel Your heel is at the back of your foot.
สนเทำของคณอยดำนหลงของเทำ
12. hire When we go to Spain we’ll hire a car.
เมอเรำไปประเทศสเปนเรำจะเชำรถยนต
higher The mountain was higher than the clouds.
ภเขำสงกวำเมฆ
13. hour There are 60 minutes in an hour.
ม60 นำทในหนงชวโมง
our This is our house.
นคอบำนของเรำ
14. maid The maid cleaned all of the 15 rooms.
คนใชท ำควำมสะอำดหองทงหมด15 หอง
made I made the bed this morning.
ฉนเกบทนอนตอนเชำวนน
15. new I split wine on my brand new shirt.
ฉนพนไวนลงบนเสอตวใหม
knew I knew the answer to all the questions.
ฉนรค ำตอบของค ำถำมทงหมด
20
16. one There was only one piece of birthday cake left.
มเพยงเคกหนงชนทยกออกไป
won She won the running race.
เธอชนะในกำรวงแขง
17. pear I ate a pear and a banana for breakfast.
ฉนกนลกแพรและกลวยเปนอำหำรเชำ
pair I won the card game with a pair of aces.
ฉนชนะเกมไพโปกเกอรดวยคA
18. piece I ate a very large piece of pie.
ฉนกนขนมพำยชนใหญมำก
peace He went on a march for world peace.
เขำไปเดนประทวงเพอสนตภำพของโลก
19. plain I painted over the wallpaper in a plain color.
ฉนระบำยสบนก ำแพงดวยสเรยบ ๆ
plane The plane landed late because of heavy fog.
เครองบนลงจอดชำเพรำะมหมอกหนำมำก
20. pour Can you please pour some milk on my cereal?
คณชวยรนนมใสอำหำรเชำธญพชของฉนไดไหม
paw The cat hurt his paw in a fight.
แมวบำดจบทองเทำของมนจำกกำรตอส
21
21. saw He cut the tree down with a saw.
เขำตดตนไมดวยเลอย
sore His ankle was sore after he fell over.
ขอเทำของเขำพลกหลงจำกทเขำลมลง
22. see She couldn’t see without her glasses.
เธอไมสำมำรถมองเหนถำไมใสแวน
sea I went swimming in the sea while on holiday.
ฉนไปวำยน ำททะเลชวงวนหยด
23. sight Don’t let the children out of your sight.
อยำปลอยใหเดกๆ อยนอกสำยตำของคณ
site There were four cranes on the building site.
มเครนทมทยก4อนบรเวณสงกอสรำง
24. stairs She ran down the stairs to answer the phone.
เธอวงลงมำจำกชนบนเพอรบโทรศพท
stares He stares out of the window at the neighbor.
เขำจองมองไปทเพอนบำน
25. steal The thief got caught trying to steal the diamond.
ขโมยถกจบหลงจำกทพยำยำมขโมยเพชร
steel The buildings were made of steel and glass.
สงกอสรำงท ำมำจำกเหลกและกระจก
22
26. they’re There is a shorter way to say they are.
They’re เปนทำงทสนกวำทจะพด they are
their It was their dog that bit the postman.
มนคอสนขตวทกดบรษไปรษณย
there The supermarket is over there.
ซปเปอรมำรเกตอยทำงนน
27. through I walked through the door into the room.
ฉนเดนผำนประตเขำไปในหอง
threw She threw the ball a long way.
เธอขวำงลกบอลไปไกล
28. to He isn’t going to work today.
เขำไมไดไปท ำงำนวนน
too Too is another way to say as well.
Tooเปนอกทำงหนงทจะพดเหมอนwell
two Two is the number between one and two.
สองเปนตวเลขทอยระหวำงหนงและสำม
29. waste Waiting for the wrong train was a waste of time.
กำรคอยรถไฟผดขบวนท ำใหเสยเวลำ
waist Her old dress was a bit tight around the waist.
ชดกระโปรงตวเกำของเธอคบบรเวณรอบๆ เอวนดหนอย
23
30. week A week is seven days long.
หนงสปดำหมเจดวน
weak He was too weak to lift the heavy box.
เขำออนแอมำกจงยกกลองหนก ๆ ไมไหว
31. where Where are you going tonight?
คณจะไปทไหนคนน
wear Which tee-shirt are you going to wear out?
เสอตวไหนทคณจะใสไปขำงนอก
32. whether I’m not sure whether to phone her or not.
ฉนไมแนใจวำจะโทรศพทไปหำเธอดไหม
weather Sun, rain, wind and snow are types of weather.
ดวงอำทตย ฝน ลม และหมะเปนประเภทตำง ๆ ของฤดกำล
33. which Which ice cream would you like?
ไอศครมรสอะไรทคณชอบ
witch The witch was seen flying on a broomstick.
แมมดบนบนฟำดวยไมกวำด
34. whole Two halves make a whole.
สองสวนคอทงหมด
hole There was a hole in his sock.
มรทถงเทำของเขำ
24
35. worn I am tired and worn out.
ฉนเหนอยและหมดแรง
warn He tried to warn her about the wet floor.
เขำพยำยำมเตอนเธอเรองพนทเปยก
25
Homophones Exercise
Word Identification Abbreviation (WIA) อกษรยอ
adj. adjective adv. adverb art. article
conj. conjunction interj. interjection n. noun
prep. preposition pron. pronoun v.a. auxiliary verb
v.i. intransitive verb v.t. transitive verb
Word 1 WIA ภาษาไทย Word 2 WIA ภาษาไทย Phonetics
1 ad add
2 aide aid
3 ail ale
4 air ere
5 aisle I'll
6 ate eight
7 all awl
8 ant aunt
9 ante anti
10 arc ark
11 away aweigh
12 aye eye
13 bail bale
14 bait bate
15 ball bawl
16 band banned
17 bare bear
18 base bass
19 be bee
20 beach beech
26
21 beat beet
22 beau bow
23 beer bier
24 berth birth
25 bight bite
26 blew blue
27 bloc block
28 boar bore
29 board bored
30 boarder border
31 bode bowed
32 born borne
33 bough bow
34 brake break
35 bread bred
36 bridal bridle
37 broach brooch
38 but butt
39 buy by
40 cache cash
41 capital capitol
42 carat carrot
43 cast caste
44 cay key
45 cede seed
46 cellar seller
47 censer censor
48 cent scent
49 cents sense
50 cereal serial
27
51 chased chaste
52 chews choose
53 chili chilly
54 choral coral
55 chorale corral
56 chute shoot
57 cite sight
58 clause claws
59 close clothes
60 coarse course
61 cocks Cox
62 colonel kernel
63 complement compliment
64 coo coup
65 core corps
66 creak creek
67 cue queue
68 cygnet signet
69 cymbal symbol
70 dam damn
71 days daze
72 dear deer
73 defused diffused
74 dew do
75 die dye
76 discreet discrete
77 doe dough
78 draft draught
79 earn erne
80 ewe u
28
81 fain feign
82 fair fare
83 faze phase
84 feat feet
85 file phial
86 fir fur
87 flair flare
88 flea flee
89 flew flu
90 flocks phlox
91 floe flow
92 flour flower
93 for fore
94 foreword forward
95 foul fowl
96 freeze frieze
97 friar fryer
98 gait gate
99 gene jean
100 gild guild
101 gnu knew
102 gored gourd
103 grate great
104 grisly grizzly
105 groan grown
106 guide guyed
107 hail hale
108 hair hare
109 hall haul
110 halve have
29
111 hart heart
112 hay hey
113 heal heel
114 hear here
115 heard herd
116 heroin heroine
117 hi high
118 higher hire
119 him hymn
120 hoar whore
121 hoard horde
122 hoarse horse
123 hoes hose
124 hold holed
125 hole whole
126 holey holy
127 hour our
128 idle idol
129 in inn
130 it's its
131 jewel joule
132 knap nap
133 knead kneed
134 knight night
135 knit nit
136 knot not
137 know no
138 knows nose
139 lay lei
140 lays laze
30
141 leach leech
142 lead led
143 leak leek
144 lean lien
145 liable libel
146 liar lyre
147 lie lye
148 links lynx
149 loan lone
150 locks lox
151 made maid
152 mail male
153 main mane
154 maize maze
155 mall maul
156 marshal martial
157 mean mien
158 meat meet
159 medal meddle
160 might mite
161 mince mints
162 mind mined
163 moan mown
164 moat mote
165 mode mowed
166 moo moue
167 moor more
168 moose mousse
169 morning mourning
170 muscle mussel
31
171 mustard mustered
172 naval navel
173 nay nee
174 none nun
175 oar or
176 oh owe
177 one won
178 pail pale
179 pain pane
180 pair pare
181 palate palette
182 pall pawl
183 patience patients
184 pause paws
185 pea pee
186 peace piece
187 peak peek
188 peal peel
189 pearl Perl
190 pedal peddle
191 peer pier
192 pi pie
193 pidgin pigeon
194 pistil pistol
195 plain plane
196 pleas please
197 plum plumb
198 pole poll
199 poor pore
200 praise prays
32
201 pray prey
202 presence presents
203 prince prints
204 principal principle
205 profit prophet
206 quean queen
207 rack wrack
208 rain reign
209 raise rays
210 rap wrap
211 rapt wrapped
212 read reed
213 read red
214 real reel
215 reek wreak
216 rest wrest
217 retch wretch
218 review revue
219 rho roe
220 rhyme rime
221 right rite
222 ring wring
223 role roll
224 root route
225 rote wrote
226 rough ruff
227 rout route
228 rye wry
229 sail sale
230 scene seen
33
231 seam seem
232 seamen semen
233 seas sees
234 sew so
235 shake sheik
236 shear sheer
237 shoe shoo
238 shore sure
239 side sighed
240 sighs size
241 sign sine
242 slay sleigh
243 sleight slight
244 slew slue
245 sloe slow
246 soar sore
247 soared sword
248 sole soul
249 some sum
250 son sun
251 spade spayed
252 staid stayed
253 stair stare
254 stake steak
255 stationary stationery
256 steal steel
257 straight strait
258 suite sweet
259 tacks tax
260 tail tale
34
261 tare tear
262 taught taut
263 tea tee
264 team teem
265 tear tier
266 tease tees
267 tense tents
268 tern turn
269 their there
270 threw through
271 throne thrown
272 thyme time
273 tic tick
274 tide tied
275 to too
276 toad towed
277 toe tow
278 tough tuff
279 troop troupe
280 vain vane
281 vial vile
282 wail whale
283 waist waste
284 wait weight
285 want wont
286 war wore
287 ware wear
288 way weigh
289 we wee
290 we'd weed
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291 weak week
292 weather whether
293 weir we're
294 whine wine
295 wind wined
296 wood would
297 yoke yolk
298 yore your
36
Phonics Guide
Consonants Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
1 b บ boy big
2 c (a, o, u) ค cat cut
3 c (e, i, ae, y) ส city cent
4 d ด dog dance
5 f ฟ fan fish
6 g (a, o, u) ก gun game
7 g (e, i, y) จ⇝ gin gym
8 h ฮ horse hero
9 j จ⇝ jam jelly
10 k ค king kick
11 l ล lion leg
12 m ม money man
13 n น name new
14 p พ pig pan
15 q คว queen quiet
16 r ร red rock
17 s ส sun kiss
18 t ท table top
19 v ฟ⇝ van love
20 w ว week water
21 x คส six fix
22 z ซ⇝ zoo zebra
23 'bl' beginning of words บล black blank
24 'br' beginning of words บร brown brick
25 'c' with a 's' sound ซ circus cell
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Consonants Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
26 'ch' beginning of words ช chair child
27 'ch' end of words ช beach watch
28 'ch' inside words ช kitchen orchard
29 'ch' with a 'k' sound ค school chemist
30 'ch' with a 'sh' sound ช chalet brochure
31 'ck' end of words ค back crack
32 'ck' inside words ค cracker buckle
33 'cl' beginning of words คล clap clean
34 'cr' beginning of words คร cross crab
35 'ct' end of words คท act object
36 'dg' จ edgy budgie
37 'dge' จ judge fudge
38 'dr' beginning of words ดร drip drink
39 'dw' beginning of words ดว dwarf dwell
40 'ff' end of words ฟ off staff
41 'ff' inside words ฟ coffee office
42 'fl' beginning of words ฟล flap flag
43 'fr' beginning of words ฟร frog fright
44 'ft' end of words ฟท left gift
45 'g' with a 'j' sound จ giant gym
46 'gl' beginning of words กล glad glove
47 'gn' น gnome design
48 'gr' beginning of words กร grip green
49 'kn' beginning of words น knock knee
50 'ld' end of words ลด cold fold
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Consonants Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
51 'lf' end of words ลฟ shelf elf
52 'lk' end of words ลค talk milk
53 'll' end of words ล drill bell
54 'll' inside words ล balloon valley
55 'lm' end of words ลม elm film
56 'lp' end of words ลพ help alp
57 'lt' end of words ลท belt bolt
58 'lth' end of words ลฟ⇁ health wealth
59 'mb' ม lamb plumber
60 'medial y' เอ gym crystal
61 'mp' end of words มพ bump ramp
62 'nch' end of words นช munch pinch
63 'nd' end of words นด band find
64 'ng' ง bang hanger
65 'nk' end of words งค bank pink
66 'nt' end of words นท went sent
67 'ph' ฟ photo dolphin
68 'pl' beginning of words พล plan plane
69 'pr' beginning of words พร press print
70 'pt' end of words พท attempt except
71 'sc' beginning of words สค school scooter
72 'scr' beginning of words สคร screw scream
73 'sh' beginning of words ช shop shake
74 'sh' end of words ช crash wish
75 'sh' inside words ช cushion mushroom
39
Consonants Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
76 'shr' beginning of words ช ร shrink shrug
77 'sk' beginning of words สค ski skin
78 'sk' end of words สค ask flask
79 'sl' beginning of words สล slow sleep
80 'sm' beginning of words สม smoke small
81 'sn' beginning of words สน snap snake
82 'sp' beginning of words สพ spin spoon
83 'sp' end of words สพ gasp wasp
84 'spl' beginning of words สพล splash split
85 'spr' beginning of words สพร spring sprint
86 'ss' end of words ส chess press
87 'ss' inside words ส fossil gossip
88 'st' beginning of words สท step stool
89 'st' end of words สท past list
90 'str' beginning of words สทร string street
91 'sw' beginning of words สว sweet switch
92 'tch' end of words ช itch watch
93 'th' beginning of words ฟ⇁/ฟ⇁⇝ thin then
94 'th' end of words ฟ⇁ cloth tooth
95 'th' inside words ฟ⇁/ฟ⇁⇝ father birthday
96 'thr' beginning of words ฟ⇁ร three through
97 'tr' beginning of words ทร trap train
98 'tw' beginning of words ทว twinkle twitch
99 'wh - 1' ว when what
100 'wh - 2' ว who whose
40
Consonants Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
101 'wr' ร wrong write
102 'y' end of words - 1 อ very happy
103 'y' end of words - 2 ไอ my by
104 'zh' sound จ⇝ casual revision
41
Vowels Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
1 a (short) แอะ hat fat
2 e (short) เอ ten net
3 i (short) เอ sit fit
4 i (short) - beginning อ it in
5 o (short) ออ on pot
6 u (short) อะ sun run
7 a (long) เอ pay bake
8 e (long) อ bee tree
9 i (long) ไอ nine lime
10 o (long) โอ rose nose
11 u (long) ย / อ cute flute
12 'a_e' เอ made amaze
13 'ai' เอ rain paint
14 'au' ออ launch author
15 'e_e' อ these theme
16 'ea - 1' อ eat bead
17 'ea - 2' เอะ bread deaf
18 'ee' อ feet toffee
19 'eo' อ people hideous
20 'i_e' ไอ pine inside
21 'ie - 1' ไอ tie cried
22 'ie - 2' อ field brief
23 'o_e' โอ bone explode
24 'oa' โอ boat coast
25 'oe - 1' โอ toe potatoes
42
Vowels Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
26 'oe - 2' อ shoe canoe
27 'oi' ออย coin noise
28 'oo' long อ boot room
29 'oo' short อ look wood
30 'ou - 1' เอำ out count
31 'ou - 2' อ you coupon
32 'ou - 3' อ could should
33 'ou - 4' โอ boulder shoulder
34 'u_e' ย / อ prune use
35 'ue' อ blue true
36 'ui' อ bruise juice
43
Mixed Consonants and Vowels
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
1 'air' แอ fair chair
2 'al' ออ walk stalk
3 'ar' อำ farm sparkle
4 'ar' end of words เ-อ dollar grammar
5 'are' end of words แอ scare square
6 'aw' ออ saw drawer
7 'ay' เอ day crayon
8 'ear - 1' เอย beard dear
9 'ear - 2' เ-อ earth search
10 'ear - 3' แอ pear swear
11 'ear' end of words แอ bear swear
12 'eer' เอย beer deer
13 'ei' เอ reign feign
14 'eigh' เอ sleigh eight
15 'er - 1' เ-อะ banner ladder
16 'er - 2' เ-อ verb her
17 'ere' เอย here severe
18 'ere' end of words แอ there somewhere
19 'ew' ย new nephew
20 'ey' end of words - 1 อ money monkey
21 'ey' end of words - 2 เอ they grey
22 'igh' ไอ sigh high
23 'ight' ไอท fight night
24 'ir' เ-อ girl shirt
25 'on' ออน on convince
44
Mixed Consonants and Vowels
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
26 'on' end of words เอน lemon lion
27 'or' ออ for short
28 'or' end of words เ-อ motor visitor
29 'oul' อ ghoul boulevard
30 'our - 1' เ-อะ armour flavour
31 'our - 2' ออ four source
32 'ow - 1' เอำ cow towel
33 'ow - 2' โอ show slow
34 'oy' ออย toy annoy
35 'qu' beginning of words คว quack queen
36 'squ' beginning of words สคว squeak squirt
37 'stle' เสล castle rustle
38 'ture' เชอ picture nature
39 'ur' เ-อ hurt burst
40 'ure' อว sure cure
41 've' end of words ฟ⇝ have love
45
Prefixes and Suffixes Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
1 'able' - end of words อะเบล reliable amiable
2 'al' - end of words เอล medical musical
3 'ary' - end of words เอะร dictionary commentary
4 'ate' end of words เอท pollinate calculate
5 'cian' end of words เช น musician beautician
6 'ation' end of words เอ-เช น pollination hibernation
7 'cial' - end of words เช ล official special
8 'cious' - end of words เช ส suspicious delicious
9 'ckle' end of words เคล buckle cackle
10 'cle' end of words เคล article cycle
11 'dle' end of words เดล ladle cradle
12 'etion' end of words อ-เชน completion deletion
13 'ette' - end of words เอท brunette baguette
14 'ful' - end of words ฟล wishful armful
15 'fully' - end of words ฟล hopefully tunefully
16 'graph' - end of words แกรฟ photograph autograph
17 'hood' end of words ฮด childhood likelihood
18 'ia' end of words เอย amnesia media
19 'ial' - end of words เอล partial crucial
20 'ible' end of words เอ-เบล audible compatible
21 'ic' end of words อค horrific historic
22 'ical' end of words อเคล biblical musical
23 'ice' end of words อส accomplice practice
24 'ious' - end of words เอส infectious cautious
25 'ism' end of words อเซ⇝ม tourism vandalism
26 'ist' - end of words ทสท dramatist impressionist
46
Prefixes and Suffixes Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
27 'ition' - end of words อ-เชน abolition repetition
28 'ity' - end of words เอ-ท ability hilarity
29 'ive' - end of words เอ-ฟ⇝ inventive explosive
30 'less' - end of words เลส careless blameless
31 'ling' - end of words ลง hatchling duckling
32 'ly' end of words ล weekly happily
33 'ment' end of words เมนท excitement amusement
34 'ness' end of words เนส hopelessness awareness
35 'oid' end of words ออยด steroid asteroid
36 'ology' end of words ออลเล-จ biology astrology
37 'otion' end of words โอ-เช น motion lotion
38 'ough' end of words โอ bough although
39 'phobia' end of words โฟเบย xenophobia arachnophobia
40 'ple' - end of words เพล simple crumple
41 'scope' end of words สโคพ kaleidoscope telescope
42 'sion' - end of words - 1 เช น mansion tension
43 'ssion' end of words เช น admission confession
44 'tion' - end of words เช น action animation
47
Verb endings - 'ing'
Type 1 Verbs with 'ing' - Ending with a Consonant Sound The final consonant sound must be said with 'ing' which add an additional syllable to the word. kick (1 syllable), kicking (2 syllables)
Verb without 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Verb with 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
1 kick คค kicking ค คง
* The final consonant sound can’t be said with the previous syllable. Type 2 Verbs with 'ing' - Ending with a Vowel Sound Usually the sound 'ing' is just added which add an additional syllable to the word.
Verb without 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Verb with 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
2 see ส seeing ส อง
Type 3 For the sake of fluency a soft y sound is added with the 'ing' for verbs ending with a (a / i / y) sound.
Verb without 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Verb with 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
3 study สทะ ด studying สทะ ด ยง
Type 4 For the sake of fluency a soft w sound is added with the 'ing' for verbs ending with a (o / ow) sound.
Verb without 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Verb with 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
4 go โก going โก วง
5 show โช showing โช วง
Type 5 For the sake of fluency a soft r sound is added with the 'ing' for verbs ending with a (r / or) sound.
Verb without 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Verb with 'ing'
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
6 pour พอ pouring พอรง
48
Verb endings - 'ed
Type 1 For type 1 sound, you make this sound by 'un-sticking' your tongue from the roof of your mouth and pushing air out of your mouth at the same time. The vocal chords aren't used.
Type 1 sound /t/ Identify by letters
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
1 s final 'ed' c / s / ss / x สท passed placed
2 sh final 'ed' sh ∫ ชท washed wished
3 ch final 'ed' ch / tch ∫ ชท watched matched
4 p final 'ed' p พท stopped trapped
5 k final 'ed' ck / k คท locked packed
6 f final 'ed' f / gh ฟท laughed coughed
7 th final 'ed' th ฟ⇁ท frothed
Type 2 For type 2 sound, this sound is formed in the same way as type 1, but you must use your vocal chords at the same time. Words ending in voiced phonemes (with sound produced by your vocal chords) are pronounced with a type 2 'ed'.
Type 2 sound /d/
Identify by letters
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
8 z final 'ed' s / z ซ⇝ด buzzed amazed
9 b final 'ed' b / bb บด grabbed robbed
10 g final 'ed' gg กด bugged tagged
11 v final 'ed' v ฟ⇝ด loved craved
12 th final 'ed' th ฟ⇁⇝ด breathed bathed
13 l final 'ed' l / ll ลด piled failed
14 m final 'ed' m / mm /mb
มด drummed rammed
15 n final 'ed' n / nn นด rained pinned
16 ng final 'ed' ng งด pinged wronged
17 dg final 'ed' g / dg จด judged raged
18 vowel final 'ed' y / i / o / u / w / - r
vowel sound
ด played, tried flowed
49
Type 3 For type 3 sound, the 'ed' adds an additional syllable in the same way as type 3 final 's'. For example: The past of 'mend' is pronounced / / (men did) with stress on the first syllable. Words
ending in / / and / / sounds are type 3.
Type 3 sound /id/
Identify by letters
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
19 t final 'ed' t เทด waited retreated
wait เวท waited เว เทด
Type 3 sound /id/
Identify by letters
Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
20 d final 'ed' d เดด handed ended
hand แฮนด handed แฮน เดด
There are also some adjectives with type 3 'ed'.
naked ragged rugged wicked wretched
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Word endings - Final ('s)
Type 1 For type 1, the final 's' should be pronounced with air pushed out between the top of your tongue and your top teeth, without using the vocal chords. These sounds are all unvoiced, which means that your vocal chords must be silent when you make the sound.
Type 1 sound /s/ Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
1 p final 's' พส stops ships
2 t final 's' ทส hits pets
3 k final 's' คส attacks bricks
4 f final 's' ฟส laughs coughs
5 th final 's' ฟ⇁ส maths moths
Type 2 For type 2, this sound is formed in the same way as type 1, but you must make a sound with your vocal chords. These sounds are all voiced, which means that your vocal chords must make a sound when you pronounce them.
Type 2 sound /z/ Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
6 b final 's' บส grabs robs
7 d final 's' ดส lids rods
8 g final 's' กส pigs dogs
9 v final 's' ฟ⇝ส loves leaves
10 th final 's' ฟ⇁⇝ส breathes lathes
11 l final 's' ลส hills fails
12 m final 's' มส comes trams
13 n final 's' นส earns burns
14 ng final 's' งส songs paintings
15 vowel sound final 's' vowel sound
ส plays, employees goes, news
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Type 3 For type 3, these sounds are the only ones which add an additional syllable to the word. For example: 'miss' // is one syllable, but 'misses' / / (mis sis) is two syllables. The final / / syllable
aren’t usually stressed.
Type 3 sound /iz/ Phonetic Symbol
Phonics Sound
Example A Example B
16 s final 'es' เสซ⇝ buses places
17 z final 'es' เซ ซ⇝ chooses sizes
18 sh final 'es' ∫ เช ซ⇝ washes wishes
19 ch final 'es' ∫ เชซ⇝ watches matches
20 dg final 'es' Ʒ เจซ⇝ judges pages
If a word ends in a consonant sound + 'y', the pronunciation of final 'y' is // and in the plural it has a
type 3 sound, but there is no extra syllable. For example: 'copy' // (co pi) (2 syllables), 'copies' // (co pis) (also 2 syllables).
52
Phonemes
Consonants Phonemes เสยงพยญชนะ
1. b, bb บ boy babe
2. d, dd ด dad did
3. f, ff, ph, gh ฟ fat giraffe
4. g, gg ก go pig
5. h ฮ he hen
6. j, g, dg, dge, ge จ jelly large
7. c, k, ck, q, ch ค cat back
8. l, ll, le ล leg bell
9. m, mm, mb ม man hammer
10. n, nn, kn, gn น net knot
11. p, pp พ pan pop
12. r, rr, wr ร red write
13. s, ss, ce, se, c, sc ส sun kiss
14. t, tt ท tea kettle
15. v, ve ฟ⇝ very love
16. w, wh, u ว wet queen
17. y ย yo-yo yellow
18. z, zz, ze, s, se ซ⇝ zoo nose
19. sh, ch, si, ti ช shoes fish
20. ch, tch ช chin rich
21. th ฟ⇁ thin tooth
22. th ฟ⇁⇝ mother bathe
23. ng, n ง sing ankle
24. _s_, ge จ⇝ vision garage
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Vowels Phonemes เสยงสระ
1. a แอะ bat apple
2. e, ea เอะ ten bread
3. i อ igloo it
4. i, y เอ bit gym
5. o, a ออ got wash
6. u, o อะ bus won
7. ai, ay, a_e, a เอ rain day
8. ee, ea, ie, y, e, ey อ tree she
9. igh, i-e, y, i ,ie ไอ by five
10. oa, ow, o, o-e โอ boat know
11. u-e, ew, ue, u อ tube chew
12. oo, ue, ou, ew, u-e อ moon true
13. oo, u, ou อ good could
14. ou, ow เอำ shout cow
15. oi, oy ออย coin toy
16. ar, a อำ arm glass
17. or, aw, a, au, ore, oar, oor ออ fork door
18. er, ir, ur, ear, or เ-อ verb bird
19. u-e, er, the เ-อะ picture the
20. air, ear, are แอ bear hair
21. ear, eer , ere เอย beer here
22. oo, our, ure อว poor sure
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The Alphabet Code
Rule 1: (Closed syllable) ▪ If a word or syllable ends in a consonant, and has only one vowel, the vowel sound is usually short. Example: at, hat, abet, tidbit, hot, hut, suffix. (The above Consonant-Vowel-Consonant CVC pattern is the most frequent and stable kind of syllable in English, and calls for the short vowel sound.) Rule 2: ▪ Where a word or final syllable ends in a VCV pattern, the last vowel is a silent 'e', the preceding
vowel usually represents its long sound. Example: ate, mate, complete, invite, vote, mute. Rule 3: (Open syllable) ▪ If a syllable or word has one vowel and it is at the end, the vowel is usually long. Example: me, go. ▪ Note that English words do not end in 'i'. When the long final /i/ sound is needed, the 'i' is
changed to a 'y'. Example: my, try; deny, but denies; try but tries. Rule 4: ▪ The vowels 'i' and 'o' followed by two consonants may represent their long sounds. Example: find, cold, most, child, pint. Rule 5: (Third sounds) ▪ The vowel a frequently says its third sound after 'w' (want) or 'qu' (quantity), or before 'l', 'll', (tall),
or 'lt' (salt). Rule 6: (Silent e rules) ▪ The silent final 'e' may call for the preceding vowel to represent its long sound. Example: time, paste ▪ The silent e may call for the preceding 'c' or 'g' to represent its soft sound. Example: chance (c = /s/), large (g = /j/). (See Rules 7 & 8) ▪ English words do not end in 'u' or 'v'. Example: have, argue (Exception: you) ▪ Words ending in /s/ preceded by a mixed or vowel digraph must end in 'e'. Example: house, sense. ▪ In some cases the 'e' indicates that the 's' is not a suffix.
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Example: lapse. ▪ Every syllable must have a vowel Example: little, bottle. ▪ Some final 'e’s' have no function. Example: are, were. Rule 7: ▪ When 'c' is followed by 'e', 'i', or 'y', it usually says its second (soft, like /s/) sound Example: cent, city, and cyberspace (Exception: soccer) Rule 8: ▪ When 'g' is followed by 'e', 'i', or 'y', it usually says its soft (/j/) sound. Example: gem, ginger, gymnasium (Exceptions: get, give, giddy, begin, girl, gynecologist) Rule 9A: ▪ –ed added to a word ending in 'd' or 't' forms an added syllable. Example: mended and acted. Rule 9B: ▪ –ed added to verbs ending in the voiced sounds of 'b', 'g', 'l', 'm', 'r', 's' (like /z/), 'v', or 'z', will
sound only like /d/. Example: sobbed, sagged, filled, slammed, slurred, praised, saved, razed. Rule 9C: ▪ –ed added to verbs ending in the unvoiced sounds of 'f', 'k', 'p', /s/, or 'x' (/ks/) will sound like /t/. Example: gaffed, picked, stopped, passed, boxed. Rule 10A: ▪ 'r' after a vowel changes the vowel sound. ▪ For 'e', 'i', and 'u', a key sentence to remember is: Her first, nurse, works, early. ▪ Notice that the vowel + 'r' sound is the same in all five words, and they are given in order of
frequency of English usage in spelling the /er/ sound. ▪ For other vowel + r combinations, note the change of vowel sound between 'at' and 'are', and
between 'on' and 'or'. (Exceptions: sword, sworn) Rule 10B: ▪ 'ear' says /er/ when followed by another consonant. Example: earn, early (Exceptions: beard, heart, and hearth)
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Rule 11: ▪ The /ch/ sound is spelled 'tch' after short vowels in one-syllable words. Example: catch, fetch, itch, botch, and hutch (Exceptions: much, rich, such, which, attach, detach, bachelor, duchess, lecherous) Rule 12: ▪ The soft 'g' /j/ sound is spelled 'dge' after short vowel sounds. Example: badge, edge, ridge, dodge, and fudge - Need to isolate final e from previous vowel. (Exception: College) Rule13: ▪ Divide words with long syllables after the vowel, creating open syllables Example: vi-tal, ma-ple, pre-vail. ▪ Usually there will be a single consonant between the two vowels. A prefix, e.g., pre is a syllable. Rule 14A: ▪ Divide words with short vowel syllables after a consonant, creating closed syllables Example: hap-py, riv-er, tap-ping, sel-ling. ▪ Usually there are two consonants together such that the word may be divided between them. Rule 14B: ▪ Do not split consonant digraphs Example: fat-head, but fath-er.
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Syllables
Counting Syllables To find the number of syllables in a word, use the following steps:
1. Count the vowels in the word. 2. Subtract any silent vowels, (like the silent e at the end of a word, or the second vowel when
two vowels are together in a syllable) 3. Subtract one vowel from every diphthong (diphthongs only count as one vowel sound.) 4. The number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables.
The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. For example:
▪ The word came has 2 vowels, but the e is silent, leaving one vowel sound and one syllable. ▪ The word outside has 4 vowels, but the e is silent and the ou is a diphthong which counts as
only one sound, so this word has only two vowel sounds and therefore, two syllables. Six Kinds of Syllables There are six different kinds of syllables in English:
1. Closed Syllables: A closed syllable has one and only one vowel, and it ends in a consonant. Examples include in, ask, truck, sock, stretch, twelfth, and on.
2. Open Syllables: An open syllable has one and only one vowel, and that vowel occurs at the end of the syllable. Examples include no, she, I, a, and spry.
3. Silent-E Syllables: A silent-e syllable ends in an e, has one and only one consonant before that e, and has one and only one vowel before that consonant. Examples include ate, ice, tune, slope, strobe, and these.
4. Vowel Combination Syllables: A vowel combination syllable has a cluster of two or three vowels or a vowel-consonant unit with a sound or sounds particular to that unit. Examples include rain, day, see, veil, pie, piece, noise, toy, cue, and true.
5. Vowel-R Syllables: A vowel-r syllable is one which includes one and only one vowel followed by an r, or one vowel followed by an r which is followed by a silent e, or a vowel combination followed by an r. Examples include car, or, care, ire, air, and deer.
6. Consonant-L-E Syllables: In these syllables, a consonant is followed by le. The vowel sound in these syllables is the schwa sound that occurs before the l. Examples include -ble, -cle, -dle, -fle, and -gle.
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Dividing Words into Syllables There are four ways to split up a word into its syllables:
1. Divide between two middle consonants. Split up words that have two middle consonants. For example: hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner, and Den/nis. The only exceptions are the consonant digraphs. Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound. The exceptions are th, sh, ph, th, ch, and wh.
2. Usually divide before a single middle consonant. When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in: o/pen, i/tem, e/vil, and re/port. The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in cab/in.
3. Divide before the consonant before an -le syllable. When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the -le sounds like -el, divide before the consonant before the -le. For example: a/ble, fum/ble, rub/ble mum/ble and thi/stle. The only exception to this is ckle words like tick/le.
4. Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds. Split off the parts of compound words like sports/car and house/boat. Divide off prefixes such at un/happy, pre/paid, or re/write. Also divide off suffixes as in the words farm/er, teach/er, hope/less and care/ful. In the word stop/ping, the suffix is actually -ping because this word follows the rule that when you add -ing to a word with one syllable, you double the last consonant and add the -ing.
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Accent Rules
When a word has more than one syllable, one of the syllables is always a little louder than the others. The syllable with the louder stress is the accented syllable. The unstressed syllable usually takes the schwa sound. It may seem that the placement of accents in words is often random or accidental, but these are some rules that usually work. ▪ Accents are often on the first syllable. Examples: ba'/sic, pro'/gram. ▪ In words that have suffixes or prefixes, the accent is usually on the main root word. Examples: box'/es, un/tie'. ▪ If de-, re-, ex-, in-, po-, pro-, or a- is the first syllable in a word, it is usually not accented. Examples: de/lay', ex/plore'. ▪ Two vowel letters together in the last syllable of a word often indicates an accented last syllable. Examples: com/plain', con/ceal'. ▪ When there are two like consonant letters within a word, the syllable before the double
consonants is usually accented. Examples: be/gin'/ner, let'/ter. ▪ The accent is usually on the syllable before the suffixes -ion, ity, -ic, -ical, -ian, -ial, or -ious, and on
the second syllable before the suffix -ate. Examples: af/fec/ta'/tion, dif/fer/en'/ti/ate. ▪ In words of three or more syllables, one of the first two syllables is usually accented. Examples: ac'/ci/dent, de/ter'/mine.
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Sight Words
Many words do not follow these rules, and are called sight words. Because they do not follow the normal rules, these must be memorized. Examples include the, are, and you. They are also sometimes called 'irregular words' or 'outlaw words'. Here are some more examples:
▪ the, to, do, and who — These should have long vowel sounds because they are open syllables, like me and go.
▪ what, was, and whom — These should have short vowel sounds because they are closed syllables, like sat and cot.
▪ again, against, says and said — These should have long a sounds because of the ai vowel combination, like say and pain.
▪ been — This should have a long e sound, like seen. ▪ In many words, the o says /short u/ instead of /short o/ or /long o/, as
in of, from, son, month, front, some, love, other, money, and among.
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Phonetic Alphabet Guide
Consonants เสยงพยญชนะ
1 บ boy babe 13 พ pan pop
2 ด dad did 14 ร red arm
3 ฟ fat leaf 15 ส so kiss
4 ก go pig 16 ช she fish
5 จ June large 17 ท tea sat
6 ฮ he hen 18 ช chin rich
7 ย yes yellow 19 ฟ⇁ thin tooth
8 ค cat back 20 ฟ⇁⇝ then bathe
9 ล leg call 21 ฟ⇝ very love
10 ม man jam 22 ว wet week
11 น net pen 23 ซ⇝ zoo nose
12 ง sing ring 24 จ⇝ vision garage
Vowels เสยงสระ
25 อ see she 31 ออ door saw
26 อ / เอ bit hit 32 อ good put
27 เอะ bet ten 33 อ boot too
28 แอะ bat cat 34 อะ cup hut
29 อำ arm card 35 เ-อ fur bird
30 ออ got shot 36 เ-อะ ago the
Diphthongs เสยงสระควบ
37 เอ day rain 41 ออย boy join
38 โอ know home 42 เอย beer here
39 ไอ by five 43 แอ bear hair
40 เอำ now down 44 อว poor sure