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PREFACEBelieve That You Can Pass the UPCAT!by Leopold Laset

Do you sometimes find it hard to believe that your dream to pass the UPCAT can become a reality? If so, then there issomething very important that you need to know.

UPCAT is for dreamers like you.

Every student who passed the UPCAT began thinking or dreaming of passing the UPCAT.

Your near-perfect or perfect score in a quarterly test, your cellphone, PSP, or any gadget, your out-of-town (or out-of-country) vacation, your new pair of shoes, and any other stuff that you desired and now possess - are all the result of yourdream come true.

What this means is that throughout your lifetime, you have had an idea, you have desired for many things and workedhard for them, overcome problems and ultimately transformed your dream into reality.

And if hundreds and thousands of students have been able to pass the UPCAT in the past, by starting with a dream, thenit stands to reason, that you can do it too.

Often we make the mistake of thinking that UPCAT is for a small number of bright students who have the brains andintelligence that we dont possess.

But this is simply not true.

The fact that thousands of average students have brought their dreams of passing the UPCAT to fruition in the pastdemonstrates that the opportunity to qualify in the UPCAT is something that is available to each UPCAT aspirant average or bright.

Right now, hundreds of UPCAT dreamers are taking the steps necessary to achieve the goals of passing the UPCAT.Some are studying this early, some are joining community of fellow dreamers, and some are attending review classes.What is it that you need to do?

In order to achieve your goal of passing the UPCAT, the only things you really need are:

(1) A crystal clear picture that you already passed the UPCAT(2) An unshakeable determination to do whatever it takes to make your dream of passing the UPCAT a reality

As soon as you take these two steps, passing the UPCAT becomes achievable. If you need a help you look for it. If youencounter a difficult concept you find a way to understand it. If you cant solve a math problem you try and try andpractice more.

And gradually, step-by-step, you bring your UPCAT dream into reality to join the dreams of the thousands of UPCATdreamers who have gone before you.

So today Id like to encourage you to believe in yourself and appreciate the fact that you live in a world where dreams docome true.

Understand that thousands of students have made their UPCAT dream a reality in the past Thousands more will maketheir UPCAT dream a reality in the near future and you CAN be one of them.


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LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY CONTENTS

VOCABULARY Word Meanings and Synonyms Antonyms Idioms

VERBAL RELATIONSHIPS Single-Word Approach Paired-Word Approach

GRAMMATICAL UNITS AND PROCESSES Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adjectives and Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions

CONFUSING INSTANCES Shifts in Person, Number and Tense Misplaced Modifiers Dangling Modifiers

TABLE OF CONTENTSpage

REVIEW TEST --------------------- 4

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS --------------------- 15


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LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY REVIEW TEST

In each item from number 1 to 10, select the word or phrase which is similar in meaning to the italicized word in thephrase.

1. exemplary services of the journalistsA. cautionary B. commendable C. prolific D. fraudulent

2. mosaic of ruined buildingsA. display B. architecture C. puzzle D. picture

3. hostilities in IraqA. warfare B. convergence C. divergence D. hostages

4. plethora of humanitarian aidA. shortage B. excess C. flimsy D. devoid

5. dire humanitarian needsA. urgent B. petty C. persistent D. earnest

6. specious military tacticsA. logical B. misleading C. spacious D. ingenious

7. think carefully to avoid qualmsA. scruple B. certainty C. mortification D. embarrassment

8. the palace speaks of profuse lifestyleA. lavish B. important C. deplete D. vigorous

9. sa manlulupig di ka pasisiilA. mapagsamantala C. mapagtaksilB. mapagkalinga D. mapagkupkop

10. alab ng pusoA. pighati B. sakit C. damdamin D. poot


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In each item from number 11 to 20, choose the word or phrase which is opposite in meaning to the italicized word in thephrase.

11. benign acts of charityA. compassionate B. sympathy C. apathy D. antipathy

12. defiled by his opponentsA. respected B. tarnished C. maligned D. criticized

13. clandestine meetingA. open B. secret C. romantic D. passionate

14. awakened by pandemonium of bombsA. uproar B. noise C. silence D. anger

15. intrepid suicide bombersA. bold B. brave C. timorous D. arrogant

16. hail the peace loversA. chide B. salute C. respect D. applaud

17. succinct speechA. vague B. extensive C. epigrammatic D. convincing

18. oppugns the decision of the courtA. gratifies B. accepts C. respects D. questions

19. mayuming dalagaA. mahinhin B. maharot C. madaldal D. makyeme

20. tugatog ng tagumpayA. rurok B. katuparan C. ilalim D. nakalalasing

In each of the items from number 21 to 25, select the idiom that best fits the sentence from the choices under each sentence.

21. The terrorists were not _____ the crimes they committed.A. absolve in B. absolve of C. absolve from D. absolve about

22. The cashier _____ me ___ the groceries I bought.A. charged/with B. charged/for C. charged/of D. charged/from


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23. It is difficult to _____ people of different beliefs.A. contend for B. contend at C. contend with D. contend over

24. Justice Undersecretary Merciditas Gutierrez _____ the truthfulness of Gracia Burnhams statement that sheheard Abu Sabaya talking to President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo using a satellite phone.A. inquired of B. inquired about C. inquired from D. inquired into

25. You will get up to 57 percent discount if you _____ Newsweek than buy it from the newsstand.A. subscribe to B. subscribe for C. subscribe of D. subscribe by

In Numbers 26 to 30, each item is composed of three words. The first pair of words shows a verbal analogy. Select thefourth word from the options provided following the same verbal analogy as the original pair of words.

26. Able : Disabled : : Arrange : _____A. Rearrange B. Anarrange C. Disarrange D. Unarrange

27. Gills: Fish : : Lungs : _____A. Arteries B. Blood C. Veins D. Man

28. Brother : Sister : : Warlock : _____A. Widow B. Witch C. Warlady D. Widower

29. Mahabharata: India : : Iliad : _____A. Rome B. Greece C. Troy D. Russia

30. Thread : Cloth : : Wire : _____A. Current B. Mesh C. Cage D. Metal

In Numbers 31 to 35, each pair of words exhibits a form of association. Under each pair are two sets of words. Select thepair of words that shows the same relation as the original pair of words.

31. Egypt: Desert: : __________A. Philippines: Tropics C. Cactus: DesertB. Alaska: Snow D. Philippines: Islands

32. Car: Garage: : __________A. Dog: Cage C. Airplane: RampB. Bird: Cage D. Airplane: Hangar


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33. Kid: Goat: : __________A. Pony: Horse C. Lion: LionessB. Colt: Horse D. Ponytail: Pigtail

34. Water: H2O: : __________A. Carbon Dioxide: CO C. Liquid: LiB. Gold: Au D. Centimeter: Cm

35. Sum: Addition: : __________A. Quotient: Division C. Plus: MinusB. Minuend: Subtrahend D. Positive: Negative

In Numbers 36 to 40, choose the determiner or predeterminer that best fits in the sentence.

36. Easy glider, _____ anaconda can cruise like a submarine and, with its eyes and nostrils strategically positionedatop its small, flat head, peer above water like a periscope.A. the B. an

37. _____ peso you pay for in a National Geographic, goes to the research project on wildlife, like the research onanacondas.A. Every B. Each

38. _____ estimates suggest that there is nearly 200 billion barrels, roughly as much as the proven reserves of Iranand Iraq combined.A. Every B. Some

39. _____ of the Caspians sturgeon are being decimated by poaching and pollution.A. Many B. All

40. _____ fishermen set about half a mile from shore, pulled their nets with sturgeons for caviar to sell in the blackmarket.A. These B. Those

In Numbers 41 to 45, choose the correct noun derivation from the options.

41. In choosing music for your wedding ceremony, your first _____ is to keep it true to the purpose of the liturgy orservice being said.A. responsibility B. responsible

Adopted from Cullen, Robert. The Rise and Fall of the Caspian Sea National Geographic. Vol. 195, No. 5 (May 1999)Rivas, Jesus. Tracking the Anaconda National Geographic.Vol. 195, No. 1 (January 1999).


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42. Many churches are quite strict about the _____and religiosity of the music played during the ceremony.A. sacredly B. sacredness

43. The list was compiled through the _____ of the parish priest.A. kind B. kindness

44. This list has been arranged to accommodate a purely instrumental music selection, a selection just for voices, or acombination of the two programs, by which you may choose to have _____ and singers perform your ceremonymusic.A. musician B. musical

45. For general purposes, we shall assume that the music alluded to shall be applicable to _____ weddings.A. Philippine B. Filipino


46. The womens choir competition gave a special prize to the most outstanding _____ performer.A. alto B. countertenor

47. Filipina _____ looks charming in their Filipiniana costumes.A. stewardess B. steward

48. The _____ of the story is portrayed by Angel Locsin.A. hero B. heroine

49. In the show Mel and Joey, Joey (de Leon) is the _____.A. anchorwoman B. anchorman

50. My luggage were taken by a _____ at the port.A. chambermaid B. stevedore

In Numbers 51 to 55, complete each of the following sentences accurately by choosing the correct noun plural.

51. That accounting firm employs two _____ for five CPAs.A. secretaries B. secretarys

52. Both my _____ agreed to the settlement.A. sister-in-laws B. sisters-in-law

Adopted from: Neri, Rita M. Music The Essential Wedding Workbook for the Filipina. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. , 1998


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53. Two major _____ will participate in arms negotiation.A. countries B. country

54. Nearly all _____ demand observance of the standard punctuation.A. editor in chiefs B. editors in chief

55. The office is unusually quiets on _____.A. Sundays B. Sundays

In Numbers 56 to 60, for each sentence, choose the correct pronoun from the options.

56. Jashmid wore a thin sport shirt, Reebok warm-up pants, and shower clogs when I visited _____, unannounced.A. he B. him

57. Jamshid shares his room with two other people. _____ sleep on iron cots with creaking springs.A. Them B. They

58. In the Soviet era students bore _____ responsibility for their futures.A. few B. little

59. The state determined _____ to send to evict in Baku.A. whom B. who

60. Jamshid _____ perseverance is unwavering, has a bright future ahead of him.A. which B. whose


61. Apparently, one of the female applicants forgot to sign _____ application.A. her B. their

62. Everyone has completed the reports except Marc and _____.A. he B. him

63. Lack of work disturbs Roy as much as _____.A. I B. me

64. A number of inquiries were addressed to Vicky and _____.A. myself B. me

Adopted from Cullen, Robert. The Rise and Fall of the Caspian Sea National Geographic.Vol. 195, No. 5 (May 1999)


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65. On her return from Australia, Ms. Aquino, along with many other passengers, had to open _____ luggage forinspection.A. her B. their

In Numbers 66 to 70, for each sentence, choose the correct verb from the options.

66. Yesterday, Ms. Co _____ a new dress for the awards night.A. choose B. chose

67. Across from our school _____ the food stalls.A. is B. are

68. Neither the faculty nor the students _____ rehearsing for the Intramurals.A. has been B. have been

69. Have you _____ to your parents about the trip to Boracay?A. spoke B. spoken

70. Anton _____ his new bicycle.A. lost B. losed

In Number 71, choose the one that illustrates consistency in use of subject, voice, and mood. Choose either A or B.

71. A. She was an enthusiastic teacher who always had a smile for everyone.B. She was an enthusiastic teacher who always has a smile for everyone.

In Numbers 72 to 74, for each sentence, choose the correct adjective or adverb from the options.

72. Darren completed the employment test _____.A. satisfactorily B. satisfactory

73. New owners will receive a _____ trial period.A. 60-day B. 60 day

74. You must check the document _____.A. page by page B. page-by-page


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In Numbers 75 to 77, select the preposition that best fits the sentence from the choices under each sentence.

75. Masked for protection _____ stinging jellyfish, Philippine divers squirt illegal and deadly cyanide to stun and netthe fish.A. toward B. for C. with D. against

76. The bus that leaves for Baguio leaves the station at _____ five oclock in the morning.A. in B. on C. at D. about

77. Larger live specimens from the reefs began going to places ___ Hong Kong so fashionable diners could pick themout of a restaurant tank to eat, paying hundreds of dollars for the privilege.A. as B. toward C. like D. inside

In Numbers 78 to 80, select the conjunction that best fits the sentence from the choices under each sentence.

78. Results of the study show that Filipinos are more aware of immediate problems that affect urban lives such aswaste/garbage management (83%), air pollution (75%), floods (48%) and water pollution (37%). It _____ showsthat environmental problems that are personally observed and experienced create the most impact on awareness.A. however B. further C. actually D. so

79. Respondents have very low systemic understanding of the cause and effect of environmental issues _____ possess asuperficial grasp of problems makes matters worse.A. or B. but C. and D. while

80. The findings of this study are disconcerting. _____so many years of painstaking hard work and hard-noseadvocacy, environmentalists are apparently still on the losing end in their battle to save the countrys vitalresources.

A. After B. During C. In the period D. Besides

In Numbers 81 to 90, choose the letter that corresponds to the word/phrase that makes the sentence inconsistent andconfusing.

81. If you write a page in your diary everyday, you will discover that one learn from practice.A B C D

82. He went into his room, closed the door, opened the window and goes to bed.A B C D

83. Inserting the letter in the envelope and seal it.A B C D

Adopted from Chadwick, Douglas H. Coral in Peril National Geographic. Vol 195 No. 1 (January 1999).

Adopted from How much do Filipinos know about their environment? Haring Ibon. 1st Quarter 2002.


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84. When you pass the UPCAT, one should be proud.A B C D

85. We blocked the road, stopped the vehicles and had the traffic will be rerouted.A B C D

86. The hallways are deserted, the parking lot is isolated, and the canteen abandon.A B C D

87. They are sincere when you fulfill your promise.A B C D

88. The experimental apparatus was set up and the laboratory assistant cleans up after the experiment wascompleted.

A B C D

89. The mother wraps the baby in a towel before the baby took a bath.A B C D

90. First, splice the wire. Next, the soldering iron should be taken.A B C D

In Numbers 91 to 100, each number has an ungrammatical sentence. Below it are sentences related to the original sentence.Choose the letter that would correspond to the best and clearest sentence from the options.

91. Driving across Metro Manila, our gas ran out.A. we ran out of gas. C. our gas went running.B. our gas ran. D. we ran with the gas.

92. Enclosed are your contracts on Charice concert in triplicate.A. Enclosed are your Charice concert triplicate contracts.B. Your contracts enclosed are Charice concert triplicate.C. Your triplicate contracts of the Charice concert are enclosed.D. Charice concert triplicate contracts are enclosed for you.

93. The presidents Independence Day speech will be followed by the firing squad.A. After the presidents Independence Day speech, the firing squad will follow.B. The firing squad will follow the presidents Independence Day speech.C. The presidents firing squad will follow the Independence Day speech.D. Following the presidents Independence Day speech is the firing squad.

94. Next Monday, we will see a program about mothers who gave birth to babies who are alcoholic.A. Next Monday, we will see a program about mothers who gave birth to alcoholic babies.B. Next Monday, we will see a program on alcoholic mothers who gave birth.C. Next Monday, we will see an alcoholic program about mothers who gave birth to babies.D. Next Monday, we will see a program on alcoholic mothers and babies.

95. Your letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived by airmail this morning.A. Your morning letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived by airmail.B. Your airmail letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived this morning.C. This morning, your airmail letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived.D. Ten trucks arrived this morning by airmail with your letter.


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96. When only one year old, this customers mother died.A. This customers mother died when they were only one year old.B. This customers mother died at one year old only.C. This mother died when the customer was only one year old.D. The customer was one year old when his/her mother died.

97. Wearing an orange dress, the prayers were offered by the monk.A. Wearing a dress, the orange monk offered prayers.B. Wearing an orange dress, the monk offered prayers.C. The monk who was wearing an orange dress offered a prayer.D. The prayers were offered by the orange monk who was dressed.

98. The mother took the gift and gave it to the child from the bag.A. and gave the bag to the child.B. from the bag and gave it to the child.C. and gave it to the child from the bag.D. and gives the bag to the child.

99. Mr. Macapagal ate sugpo for dinner after returning from the trip.A. Mr. Macapagal ate sugpo from the trip.B. Mr. Macapagal who returned from a trip, ate sugpo for dinner.C. Mr. Macapagal ate sugpo for dinner returning from the trip.D. After eating sugpo, he returned from the trip.

100. When you take the exam, he/she should expect the worst.A. When you take the exam, expect the worst.B. When you take the exam, you should expect the worst.C. Expect the worst exam.D. Expect your worst exam.


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Answers andExplanations


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A synonym is a word having the same meaning as another word. The following are words that appear frequently in academicaptitude tests for colleges and universities:

In each item from number 1 to 10, select the word or phrase which is similar in meaning to the italicized word in thephrase.

1. exemplary services of the journalists Answer: B. commendable

2. mosaic of ruined buildings Answer: B. architecture

3. hostilities in Iraq Answer: A. warfare

4. plethora of humanitarian aid Answer: B. excess

5. dire humanitarian needs Answer: A. urgent

abated - lessenedaccentuated - emphasizedadverse - unfavorableaffectation - artificialityamok - loss of control of oneselfarduous - difficultarraigned accusedavalanche massive descentbanal commonplaceburgeon sproutcoalition - alliancecolloquial informalcoma state of deep consciousnessconsensus agreementconstrained compelledcredible trustworthycupidity greeddaunt frightendebonair good-natureddelectable savorydeleterious harmfuldesist stopdevoid lackingdire urgentdiscordant clashingdogface - soldierdovetail fit togetherecstasy raptureelucidate explainemblem symbolescapade adventureexemplary commendableexorbitant excessiveexterminate abolishfalter stumblefeign pretendfickle changeableforlorn forsakengala festive occasion

gamut rangegenre kindglib fluenthaven refugehegemony political dominionhomage tributehostilities - warfareicon imageignominy disgraceimmutable unchangeableimpartial fairinsomnia sleeplessnessintimacy familiarityirascible crankyjargon unintelligible languagejibe agreejostle force by pushingjunta military rulejuxtaposed adjacentkeen sharpknack giftkudo - complimentlampoon - satirelanguish become weaklatent dormantlethargic sluggishliberation freedomloathe - hatelucidity clearnessmalodorous stinkingmaze confusionmelodramatic sensationalmerger combinationmonotonously tiresomelymosaic designnave artlessnemesis - opponentobfuscate darkenoccult mysteriousomnipotent almighty

outrage - angerooze flowparadigm exampleparagon modelpartial biasedpathetic pitifulperpetrate commitplaintiff complainantplethora - excesspotent powerfulprofuse lavishprowess braverypuerile childishqualm scruplequench extinguishquibble evaderamble wanderreplete filledrescinded repealedresolutely - determinedlysagacious discerningsalient prominentscathing severestalwart mightysweltered perspiredtaboo bannedtacky shabbytestimony affirmationturbulent stormyubiquitous everywhereunderpin supportungainly clumsywarp twistwrath ragewhim capricevaliant heroicvanguard forefrontvitality vigorvitiate - impair


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6. specious military tactics Answer: B. misleading

7. think carefully to avoid qualms Answer: A. scruple

8. the palace speaks of profuse lifestyle Answer: A. lavish

9. sa manlulupig di ka pasisiil Answer: A. mapagsamantala

10. alab ng puso Answer: C. damdamin

An antonym is a word which means the opposite of another. Some of the common antonyms that are used in academic tests forcolleges and universities are the following:

abate alienateaccede antagonizeacclaim admonishaccommodate contradictallies - associatesallay incensealtruistic - selfishameliorate fend offamenable intransigentappease embitterapplaud assailassuage estrangebenign antipathybitterness -clandestine opencommend beratecomply incenseconcede infuriateconciliate nettleconcurring - contradictconscientious - careless

decorous irascibledefile - respectdemagogues truthful assertionseulogize calumniateexacerbate - enhanceexalt castigateexodus - immigrationextol censureextricate - entrapflatter chastisegratify oppugnhail chideillustrious - typicalimperious unostentatiousinfamous - insignificantintensify destabilizeimminent implausiblelaud decrylugubrious ebullientlurk - hidemaim heal

meticulous perfunctorymitigate opposemollify rebuffmunificent penuriouspacify repelpalliate repulsepanegyrize denigratepandemonium - silencepinnacle - abyssplacate snubplethoric impecuniousprolific - unproductiveresound denouncerighteous unethicalsuccinct - extensivetenacious irresolutetimorous- intrepidthwart confirmtout disparagetyrannical democraticvitiate - strength

In each item from number 11 to 20, choose the word or phrase which is opposite in meaning to the italicized word in thephrase.

11. benign acts of charity Answer: D. antipathy

12. defiled by his opponents Answer: A. respected

13. clandestine meeting Answer: A. open

14. awakened by pandemonium of bombs Answer: C. silence

15. intrepid suicide bombers Answer: C. timorous


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16. hail the peace lovers Answer: A. chide

17. succinct speech Answer: B. extensive

18. oppugns the decision of the court Answer: B. accepts

19. mayuming dalaga Answer: B. maharot

20. tugatog ng tagumpay Answer: C. ilalim

An idiom is a particular combination of words, the combination having its own meaning often unpredictable from individualmeanings of its components. Always consult a dictionary to check on the current use of idioms.

Ability to (infinitive)Absolve from (a sin)According toAccords withAccused of (an action/a crime)Accused by (a person)Acquiesce in (a decision)Acquit of (a crime)Agree with (a person)Agree to (a suggestion/a proposal)Agree in (a principle or opinion)Agree on (a plan)Angry withArgue withArgue against (a bill)Argue with (a person)Avail oneself ofBeg offCapable ofCharge for (a purchase)Charge with (a crime)Compare to (something in a different class)Compare with (something in the same class)Concur with (a person)Concur in (an opinion)Contend with (a person)Contend for (a principle)Cope withDiffer with (a person)Differ from (in appearance)Differ about or over (a question)Fascinated byFascinated to (infinitive)Fascination forFollow in the footstepsGet offIn a yearIdentical withIndependent of

In spite ofInquire of (a person)Inquire into (a matter)Inseparable fromIn the morningImpatient for (a raise)Impatient with (a person)Infer fromInferior toJealous ofListen toMastery ofOblivious toOccupied with (a thing)Occupied by (a person)Occupied in (study)Part from (a person)Part with (a thing)Pick upPreferable toPrior toReconcile with (capital with labor)Reconciled to (affliction)Register inRemind (someone) of (something)Responsible forResult inRewarded by (the judge)Rewarded for (something done)Rewarded with (a gift)Subscribe to (a statement)Subscribe for (a journal)Supportive ofSuperior toTransfer toWait at (a place)Wait for (a person/a train)Wait on (customer)


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In each of the items from number 21 to 25, select the idiom that best fits the sentence from the choices under each sentence.

21. The terrorists were not _____ the crimes they committed. Answer: C. absolve from

22. The cashier _____ me ___ the groceries I bought. Answer: B. charged/for

23. It is difficult to _____ people of different beliefs. Answer: C. contend with

24. Justice Undersecretary Merciditas Gutierrez _____ the truthfulness of Gracia Burnhams statement that she heardAbu Sabaya talking to President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo using a satellite phone.

Answer: D. inquired into

25. You will get up to 57 percent discount if you _____ Newsweek than buy it from the newsstand.Answer: B. subscribe for

VERBAL RELATIONSHIPS establish similar parallel relationships in different pair of words. Sometimes called verbal analogy,these may come in a single-word approach or a paired-word approach. In a single-word approach, a pair of words is given,followed by a third word. The fourth word is selected between/among choices, based on how the first pair of word is related to eachother. In a paired-word approach, each item is given a pair of words related to each other. Following it are choices of pair ofwords. The pair of words is then selected which relates most closely to the same manner as the original pair of words.

Commonly Used Relationships

1. Synonym Miserable: Poignant (Miserable means the same as poignant.)2. Antonym - Miserable: Joyful (Joyful is the opposite of miserable.)3. Classification or characterization Apple: Fruit (Apple is a type of a fruit.)4. Part-whole or specific-general Keyboard: Computer (A keyboard is part of a computer.)5. Sequence Larva: Butterfly (A cocoon transforms into a butterfly.)6. Cause and effect Deforestation: Flood (Flood is caused by deforestation.)7. Complement Cup: Saucer (A cup usually goes with a saucer.)8. Function-purpose Harrow: Plow (A harrow is used for plowing the farm.)9. Composition Glass: Silica (A glass is made of silica.)10. Degree of difference Crush: Love (Crush is simple admiration while love is great admiration.)11. Intensity, quantity, amount Drizzle: Typhoon (A drizzle is a light rain; a typhoon is a downpour.)12. Measure - Liter: Liquid (Liter is a measure of liquids.)13. Shape, color, smell, taste Hulahoop : Circle (A hulahoop is a circle.)14. Position or location Lipa City : Batangas (Lipa City is located in Batangas.)15. Grammatical or verbal Sit : Sat (Sat is the past tense of sit.)16. Defining characteristic Candy : Sugar(A candys main ingredient is sugar.)17. Worker and article created - Seamstress : Clothes (A seamstress sews clothes.)18. Worker and workplace Nurse : Hospital (A nurse works in a hospital.)19. Tool and its action Scissors : Cut (A scissors is used to cut paper.)20. Tool and object it acts upon Pen : Paper (A pen writes on paper.)21. Age Cub : Bear (A cub is a young bear.)22. Gender Doe : Stag (A doe is a female deer; a stag is a male deer.)


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In Numbers 26 to 30, each item is composed of three words. The first pair of words shows a verbal analogy. Select the fourthword from the options provided following the same verbal analogy as the original pair of words.

26. Able : Disabled : : Arrange : _____ Answer: C. Disarrange

27. Gills: Fish : : Lungs : _____ Answer: D. Man

28. Brother : Sister : : Warlock : _____ Answer: B. Witch

29. Mahabharata: India : : Iliad : _____ Answer: B. Greece

30. Thread : Cloth : : Wire : _____ Answer: B. Mesh

In Numbers 31 to 35, each pair of words exhibits a form of association. Under each pair are two sets of words. Select the pair ofwords that shows the same relation as the original pair of words.

31. Egypt: Desert: : __________ Answer: D. Philippines: Islands

32. Car: Garage: : __________ Answer: D. Airplane: Hangar

33. Kid: Goat: : __________ Answer: B. Colt: Horse

34. Water: H2O: : __________ Answer: B. Gold: Au

35. Sum: Addition: : __________ Answer: A. Quotient: Division

DETERMINERS are positioned before nouns. They words which indicate the degree of certainty by the speaker of the actualidentity of the nouns which these modify, or the position of the nouns relative to the speaker of the text, or their quantity.

Types of Determiners1. Article

a. Indefinite: a/an with singular noun (depends on the initial sound, not the spelling of the word)b. Nondefinite: some with singular nounc. Definite: the

2. Demonstrativea. Near: this, theseb. Far: that. Those

3. Quantifiersa. Any, each, every, either, neither: with singular nounb. All, some, both, few, many, more: with a plural nounc. Negative: no, with singular nound. Possessive (See section on Case)


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PREDETERMINERS are phrases which occur before the determiner in a noun phrase with a plural noun. Some predeterminershave articles (a few of, a little of) while some do not (some of, many of). Do not confuse the predeterminer with nouns. The verbagrees in number with the noun, not with the predeterminer.

In Numbers 36 to 40, choose the determiner or predeterminer that best fits in the sentence.

36. Easy glider, _____ anaconda can cruise like a submarine and, with its eyes and nostrils strategically positioned atop itssmall, flat head, peer above water like a periscope.

Answer: A. the

37. _____ peso you pay for in a National Geographic, goes to the research project on wildlife, like the research onanacondas.

Answer: A. Every

38. _____ estimates suggest that there is nearly 200 billion barrels, roughly as much as the proven reserves of Iran andIraq combined.

Answer: B. Some

39. _____ of the Caspians sturgeons are being decimated by poaching and pollution.Answer: A. Many

40. _____ fishermen set about half a mile from shore, pulled their nets with sturgeons for caviar to sell in the blackmarket.

Answer: A. These

NOUNS have been commonly defined as names of persons, places, or things. However, this is not a functional definition of anoun. The linguistic approach in defining a noun is to describe its forms, functions and possible positions in the basic or kernelsentence.

Characteristics of a Noun1. Occurs with a determiner before it

Except proper nouns and some common nouns2. Has singular and plural form

Except noun-count (uncountable or mass) nouns, e.g., lightning, informationNouns used as modifiers (always singular), e.g., book in book lover

3. Has possessive form4. May function as:

a. Subject of a verb, e.g., The sun shines.b. Object of a transitive verb, e.g., I love you.c. Complement of a transitive verb, e.g., We call them achievers.d. Compliment of a linking verb, e.g. Health is wealth.e. Object of a preposition, e.g., Sunflower is Perus national flower.f. Nominative of address, e.g., Buyers, beware!g. Appositive, e.g., Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the president, attended the SARS conference in Thailand.

Adopted from Cullen, Robert. The Rise and Fall of the Caspian Sea National Geographic. Vol. 195, No. 5 (May 1999)Rivas, Jesus. Tracking the Anaconda National Geographic.Vol. 195, No. 1 (January 1999).


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Categories of Nouns

1. Proper nouns are specific names of persons, places or things and are always capitalized.2.2. All others are common nouns, are set in lowercase letters and are categorized as:

a. According to grammatical numberi. Collective nouns, e.g., persons (staff, committee), animals (herd, school), things (cluster, bundle)ii. Count, e.g., box, package, truck, house, chair. These have plural forms.iii. Non-count or mass nouns, e.g., water, cloth, coffee, wheat, flour. These do not have plural forms.

b. According to reference:i. Abstract nouns, e.g., imagination, fear, anger, love, honesty. These refer to concepts, emotions or

are non-tangible.ii. Concrete nouns, e.g., thunder, earthquake, fragrance, sweetness. These refer to phenomena which

can be experienced through the senses.DERIVATIONS

1. Adjective-Noun Derivation (Adjectives may be transformed into nouns with their respective derivational suffix.)a. -age short > shortage (vs. shortness)b. -ation excite > excitation (vs. excitement)c. -dom sometimes with stem change wise > wisdomd. -ice coward > cowardicee. -ion tion cautious > caution perfect > perfectionf. -is sometimes with stem change analyze > analysisg. -ment excite > excitementh. -ness (the most common) polite > politeness

selfish > selfishness sensitive > sensitiveness (vs. sensitivity)sharp > sharpness short > shortness (vs. shortage)

i. -ry brave > braveryj. -th sometimes with stem change deep > depth not deepness

long > length strong > strengthk. -y -ty -ity sometimes with stem change brief > brevity (vs. briefness)

cruel > cruelty modest > modestyscarce > scarcity sensitive > sensitivity (vs. sensitiveness)vacant > vacancy

2. Verb-Noun Derivation (Verbs may be transformed into nouns with their respective derivational suffix.)a. -age marry > marriage lug > luggageb. -al approve > approvalc. -ience obey > obedienced. -ion (sometimes with stem change the most common)

deduct > deduction destroy > destructionexpel > expulsion tempt > temptation

e. change in vowel and consonant


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One type of verb-noun derivation is that which generates the nominal agentive form of the verbs, denoting the doer of the action.This derivation has several forms according to the verb involved. Learn the different forms and their respective verbs, and useaccordingly.

a. -art -ard brag > braggart drink > drinker, drunkardb. -ent (sometimes with stem change) study > studentc. -er -or (the most common) teach > teacher

translate > translator sell > seller (vs. salesman)d. -ist type > typiste. -man sell > salesman (vs. seller)f. no change cook > cook

NOUN TRANSFORMATION

1. Concrete-Abstract (Concrete nouns may be transformed into abstract nouns with their respective inflectional suffix.)a. -hood man > manhoodb. -ship friend > friendship

2. Nominal Agentives (Nominal agentives may also be formed from nouns to denote the practitioner in the discipline, oruser of the object. Those vary in form, and have their respective noun sets.)a. -ian statistics > statisticianb. -ist guitar > guitarist

3. Nationalities (Names of people derived from their respective place of origin, nationality or citizenship have variedforms). Some of these idiomatic forms are:

Cities: Cairo > Cairene Cebu > Cebuano Davao > DavaoeoFrankfurt > Hamburger Madrid > Madrileo Manila > ManileoMoscow > Moscovite New York > New Yorker Paris > ParisianVienna > Viennese

Provinces: Batangas > Batangueo Ilocos > Ilocano Bicol > BicolanoIloilo > Ilongo Zamboanga > Zamboangeo

Countries or Region: Bangladesh > Bengali Belgium > BelgianCatalonia > Catalan Cyprus > Cypriot Egypt > EgyptianFinland > Finn Holland/Netherlands > DutchIsrael > Israeli (Israelite refers to the Hebrew people descended from Jacob)Iraq > Iraqi Kuwait > Kuwaiti Malta > MalteseNorway > Norwegian Peru > Peruvian Poland > Pole, PolishPortugal > Portugese Slovakia > SlovakSpain > Spaniard, Spanish Sweden > Swede Switzerland > SwedeSwitzerland > Swiss Thailand > Thai not ThailanderThe Philippines > Filipino The United States > American Turkey > TurkUzbekistan > Uzbek Wales > Welsh


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41. In choosing music for your wedding ceremony, your first _____ is to keep it true to the purpose of the liturgy orservice being said.

Answer: A. responsibility

42. Many churches are quite strict about the _____and religiosity of the music played during the ceremony.Answer: B. sacredness

43. The list was compiled through the _____ of the parish priest.Answer: B. kindness

44. This list has been arranged to accommodate a purely instrumental music selection, a selection just for voices, or acombination of the two programs, by which you may choose to have _____ and singers perform your ceremony music.

Answer: A. musicians

45. For general purposes, we shall assume that the music alluded to shall be applicable to _____ weddings.Answer: B. Filipino

GENDER in English grammar refers to the biological sex of the nouns reference, thus, masculine and feminine for animate nouns(god, goddess), neuter or inanimate nouns (universe). It affects the choice of pronoun, since pronouns have to agree in number andgender with their noun antecedent, yet allowing for metaphorical use of the feminine or masculine forms for the personifiedinanimate nouns, such as she for Earth.

The basic form of the animate noun is usually masculine; while the feminine form is constructed according to the nounsidiosyncrasy.

The feminine form of nouns is generally constructed by adding -ess:Baron > baroness Count > countess Giant > giantessHeir > heiress Host > hostess Lion > lionessPriest > priestess Prince > princess Steward > stewardessVillain > villainess

Some get their masculine or agentive suffix -or/-er replaced by -ressActor > actress Conductor > conductress Director > directressInstructor > instructress Janitor > janitress Murderer > murderessSculptor > sculptress Waiter > waitress

Some apparent feminine derivations might not actually be used as the feminine counterpart of the masculine form:Governor (male or head of a province) > governess (hired female household administrator)Master > mistress

Adopted from: Neri, Rita M. Music The Essential Wedding Workbook for the Filipina. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. , 1998


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Some undergo slight change:Duke > duchess Emperor > empress

Some masculine-feminine pairs of nouns are idiomatic:Anchorman > anchorwoman Best man > maid-of-honor Boy > girl(bride) groom > bride brother > sister bull > cowcountertenor > alto/contralto cowboy > gowgirl czar > czarinadog > bitch father > mother gander > goosegentleman > lady headmaster > headmistress hero > heroinehomosexual > lesbian (homosexual is also generic) husband > wifeking > queen laundryman > laundrywoman leading man > leading ladymale > female man > woman merman > mermaidnephew > niece primer danseur > prima ballerina salesman > salesladyson > daughter uncle > aunt warlock > witchwidower > widow

Some apparently masculine forms are being transformed into gender-neutral ones, mostly in response to criticismabout sexism in language.

Chairman > chairperson Policeman > police officerSalesman > salesperson (salesclerk is specific to one who sells in a store)

More commonly, however some of these masculine forms are being used in the generc sense, or a popular femininederivation is used:

Policeman > policewoman

Certain occupations are usually generic-specific; thus, the titles for such do not have other-gender counterparts:Bellboy Chambermaid ChefMessenger Stevedore

Some are readily associated with a particular sex such that the other-gender forms need modifying words:Doctor/physician > lady doctor/physician Nurse > male nurseAlto > male alto or countertenor Soprano > boy soprano

Use feminine forms that already listed in current dictionaries or used in current international newsmagazines andacademic journal. If you really need a feminine noun yet none is listed, you could the contruction lady + N.

Ambasaddor > lady ambassador

In Numbers 46 to 50, choose the correct gender from the options.

46. The womens choir competition gave a special prize to the most outstanding _____ performer.Answer: A. alto

47. Filipina _____ looks charming in their Filipiniana costumes.Answer: A. stewardess

48. The _____ of the story is portrayed by Angel Locsin.Answer: B. heroine


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49. In the show Mel and Joey, Joey (de Leon) is the _____.Answer: B. anchorman

50. My luggage were taken by a _____ at the port.Answer: B. stevedore

GUIDELINES FOR FORMING NOUN PLURALS

1. Add s to most nouns (chair, chairs; mortage, mortages; Monday, Mondays)2. Add es to nouns ending in s, x, z, ch or sh (bench, benches; boss, bosses; box, boxes; Lopez, Lopezes)3. Change the spelling in irregular noun plurals (man, men; foot, feet; mouse, mice, child, children)4. Add s to nouns that end in y when y is preceeded by a vowel (attorney, attorneys; valley, valleys; journey, journeys)5. Drop the y and add ies to nouns ending in y when y is preceded by a consonant (company, companies; city, cities;

secretary, secretaries)6. Add s to the principal word in most compound expressions (editors in chief, fathers-in-law, bills of lading, runners-

up)7. Add s to most numerals, letters in the alphabet, words referred to as words, degrees, and abbreviations (5s, 1990s,

ands, CPAs)8. Add s only to clarify letters of the alphabet that might be misread, such as As, Is, Ms, Us and is, ps and qs.

An expression like c.o.d.s requires no apostrophe because it would only be misread.

In Numbers 51 to 55, complete each of the following sentences accurately by choosing the correct noun plural.

51. That accounting firm employs two _____ for five CPAs.Answer: A. secretaries

52. Both my _____ agreed to the settlement.Answer: B. sisters-in-law

53. Two major _____ will participate in arms negotiation.Answer: A. countries

54. Nearly all _____ demand observance of the standard punctuation.Answer: B. editors in chief

55. The office is unusually quiets on _____.Answer: A. Sundays


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PRONOUNS substitute for nouns. They are classified by function and case.

Classification according to function and case1. Personal (see grid below) Includes the nominative/subjective case, objective case, and the possessive case.2. Relative (see grid below)3. Demonstrative Indicates distance of the speaker towards the subject

Singular PluralNear this theseFar that those

4. Interrogative (see grid below) The interrogative pronouns are similar to the relative pronouns, but theinterrogatives distinguish between eliciting and selecting. The word which as an interrogative has a different sensefrom the word which as a relative pronoun.

5. Indefinite ( see grid below)6. Impersonal one The impersonal pronoun always allows you to refer to both genders at the same time. In most

cases, one is a formal substitute for he/she, you, or we.7. Distributive each, either, neither Distributive pronouns are always singular.8. Reflexive (see grid below)9. Reciprocal (each other, one another) The reciprocal indicates the action being done by the actor to the receiver

and by the receiver to the actor.

SingularNominative/SubjectiveCase (Used for subjects

of verbs and subjectcomplements)

Objective Case (Usedfor objects of

prepositions andobjects of verbs)

Possessive Case(Attributive and

Predicative)(Used for possession)

Reflexive Case

Ist person I Me My, Mine Myself2nd person You You Your, Yours Yourself

3rd person, M He Him His, His HimselfF She Her Her, Hers HerselfN It It Its Itself

PluralIst person We Us Our, Ours Ourselves2nd person You You Your, Yours Yourselves3rd person They Them Their, Theirs Themselves

Relative Case and Interrogative CaseHuman Who Whom Whose

Non-human Which (That) Which (What) Which (What) (Interrogativecase only)

Human and Non-Human That That That

Indefinite CaseSingular

Simple form One, Little, Much

Compound form (Some, any, no, every + -one, -body, -thing)every, another, none

Plural Both, many, few, several, othersSingular or plural All, most, some


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56. Jashmid wore a thin sport shirt, Reebok warm-up pants, and shower clogs when I visited _____, unannounced.Answer: B. him

57. Jamshid shares his room with two other people. _____ sleep on iron cots with creaking springs.Answer: B. They

58. In the Soviet era students bore _____ responsibility for their futures.Answer: B. little

59. The state determined _____ to send to evict in Baku.Answer: B. who

60. Jamshid _____ perseverance is unwavering, has a bright future ahead of him.Answer: B. whose


61. Apparently, one of the female applicants forgot to sign _____ application.Answer: A. her

62. Everyone has completed the reports except Marc and _____.Answer: B. him

63. Lack of work disturbs Roy as much as _____.Answer: B. me

64. A number of inquiries were addressed to Vicky and _____.Answer: B. me

65. On her return from Australia, Ms. Aquino, along with many other passengers, had to open _____ luggage forinspection.

Answer: A. her

Adopted from Cullen, Robert. The Rise and Fall of the Caspian Sea National Geographic.Vol. 195, No. 5 (May 1999)


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Guidelines for Agreement with Subjects

1. A singular verb requires a singular verb:He does not work on a Saturday

2. A plural subject requires a plural verb:Our students write excellent essays.

3. A verb agrees with the it subject regardless of prepositional phrases that may intervene:The list of school requirements is extensive. (The verb is agrees with the subject list.)

4. A verb agrees with its subject regardless of intervening phrases introduced by as well as, in addition to,such as, including, together with, and similar expressions:The teacher as well as officers of the PTA approves of the proposal. (The verb approves agrees with the subjectteacher.)

5. A verb agrees with the its subject regardless of the location of the subject:There are many problems yet to be solved. (The verb agrees with the subject problems. The adverb therecannot function as a subject.)

6. Subjects joined by and require a plural verb:The tone and wording of the letter were persuasive. (The plural verb were agrees with two subjects, tone and

wording.)7. Subjects joined by or or nor may require a singular or plural verbs. Make the verb agree with the closer

subject:Neither the principal nor the teachers were in the conference hall. (The plural verb were agrees with the nearersubject teachers.)

8. The following indefinite pronouns are singular and require singular verbs: anyone, anybody, anything,each, every, everyone, everybody, everything, many, a, neither, nobody, nothing, someone, somebody,and something.Each of the objectives is achieved. (The verb is agrees with the singular subject each.)

9. Collective nouns may take singular or plural verbs, depending on whether the members of the group areoperating as a unit or individually:Our team is united in its goal.The members of the team are having their lunch break.

10. Organization names, titles of publications, although they may appear to be plural, are singular andrequire singular verbs.Go and Associates has hired a new lawyer.In the Hands of My Enemies is a best seller.

Guidelines for Verb Tense

1. Use present tense for statements, that although they may be introduced by past-tense verbs, continue tobe true:

What did you say his name is? (Use the present tense is if the name has not changed.)2. Avoid unnecessary shift in verb tense.

The manager saw (not sees) a great deal of work yet to be completed and remained to do it herself.3. Although unnecessary shifts in verb tense are to be avoided, not all verbs within the same sentence have

to be in the same tense.She said that she wants to work late.


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In Numbers 66 to 70, for each sentence, choose the correct verb from the options.

66. Yesterday, Ms. Co _____ a new dress for the awards night.Answer: B. chose

67. Across from our school _____ the food stalls.Answer: B. are

68. Neither the faculty nor the students _____ rehearsing for the Intramurals.Answer: B. have been

69. Have you _____ to your parents about the trip to Boracay?Answer: B. spoken

70. Anton _____ his new bicycle.Answer: A. lost

Avoid inconsistent shifts in subject, voice and mood. Pay particular attention to this problem area, for undesirable shifts are oftencharacteristic of student writers.

Inconsistent: When Mrs. Aquino read the report, the error was found. (The first clause is in the active voice, the second in passivevoice.)

Improved: When Mrs. Aquino read the report, she found the error. (Both clauses are in the active voice.)

Inconsistent: Begin the transaction by opening an account, then you enter the customers name. (This sentence containsinconsistent shift from the imperative mood to the indicative mood in the second clause.)

Improved: Begin the transaction by opening an account; then enter the customers name. (Both clauses are now in theindicative mood.)

In Number 71, choose the one that illustrates consistency in use of subject, voice, and mood. Choose either A or B.

71. A. She was an enthusiastic teacher who always had a smile for everyone.B. She was an enthusiastic teacher who always has a smile for everyone.

Answer: A


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In Numbers 72 to 74, for each sentence, choose the correct adjective or adverb from the options.

72. Darren completed the employment test _____.Answer: A. satisfactorily

73. New owners will receive a _____ trial period.Answer: A. 60-day

74. You must check the document _____.Answer: A. page by page

PREPOSITIONS are connecting words that join nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence. The preposition + NPconstructions, or prepositional phrase, function as a modifier.

Prepositions are usually classified according to their meaning:1. location aboard, about, above, across, after, along, amid (st), among, apart from, around, at, before,

behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, in, in front of, inside, near, off, on, out,outside, over, under, up, upon, within

2. direction across, against, around, down, from, into, past, off, out, out of, through, to, toward(s), up3. relation according to, along with, apart from, besides, but, by, despite, except, for, in accordance with, in

spite of, like, pending (not used in personal pronouns), with, without

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: Guidelines for Use

1. Use the comparative degree of the adjective and adverb to compare two or more persons or things; usethe superlative degree to compare three or more:

Of the two alternatives, which is better?Of all the alternatives, we like this the best.

2. Do not create a double comparative or superlative by using er with more or est with most:The teachers explanation couldnt have been clearer.

3. A linking verb (is, are, look, seem, feel, sound, appear, and so forth) may introduce a word that describesthe verbs subject. In this case be certain to use an adjective, not an adverb:

The principals letter made her feel bad. (not badly) (The adjective bad follows the linking verb feel anddescribes the noun her.)Use adverbs, not adjectives, to describe or limit the action of verbs:The performance is running smoothly. (not smooth) (Use the adverb smoothly to describe the action of theverb is running.)

4. Two or more adjectives that are joined to create a compound modifier before a noun should behyphenated:

The four-year-old child was tired.5. Keep adjectives and adverbs close to the words they modify:

She asked for a cup of hot coffee. (not a hot cup of coffee)6. Dont confuse the adverb there with the possessive pronoun their on the contraction theyre:

Theyre coming to inspect today. (The contraction theyre is a shortened form of they are.)


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4. time about, after, around, before, during, since, until5. process by means of, through6. approximation about, around7. possession of8. attribution according to

Prepositions may also be classified according to form:Simple: at, for, in, onCompound: according to, apart from, because of, due to

In Numbers 75 to 77, select the preposition that best fits the sentence from the choices under each sentence.

75. Masked for protection _____ stinging jellyfish, Philippine divers squirt illegal and deadly cyanide to stun and net thefish.

Answer: D. against

76. The bus that leaves for Baguio leaves the station at _____ five oclock in the morning.Answer: D. about

77. Larger live specimens from the reefs began going to places ___ Hong Kong so fashionable diners could pick them outof a restaurant tank to eat, paying hundreds of dollars for the privilege.

Answer: B. toward

CONJUNCTIONS connect words, phrases, and clauses. They act as signals, indicating when a thought s being added, contrasted,or altered. Coordinate conjunctions (such as and, or, but) and other words that act as connectors (such as however, therefore, when,as) tell the reader or listener in what direction a thought is heading. Theyre like road signs signaling what is ahead.

Adopted from Chadwick, Douglas H. Coral in Peril National Geographic. Vol 195 No. 1 (January 1999).

Guidelines for Use

1. Use coordinating conjunctions to connect only sentence elements that are parallel or balanced.Weak: His report was correct and written in a concise manner.Improved: His report was correct and concise.

2. Do not use the word like as a conjunction.It seems as if (not like) the exam will be forever.

3. Avoid using when or where inappropriately. A common writing fault occurs in sentences with clausesintroduced by is when and is where. Written English ordinarily requires a noun (or a group of wordsfunctioning as a noun) following the linking verb is. Instead of acting as conjunctions in theseconstructions, the words where and when function as adverbs, creating faulty grammatical equations.To avoid the problem, revise the sentence, eliminating is when or is where.Weak: Word processing is where you use a computer and a software to write.Improved: Word processing involves the use of a computer and software to write.

4. Dont confuse the adverb then with the conjunction than. Then means at that time; than indicatesthe second element in a comparison.

We would rather buy a second-hand car than (not then) a brand new car.


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In Numbers 78 to 80, select the conjunction that best fits the sentence from the choices under each sentence.

78. Results of the study show that Filipinos are more aware of immediate problems that affect urban lives such aswaste/garbage management (83%), air pollution (75%), floods (48%) and water pollution (37%). It _____ shows thatenvironmental problems that are personally observed and experienced create the most impact on awareness.

Answer: C. actually

79. Respondents have very low systemic understanding of the cause and effect of environmental issues _____ possess asuperficial grasp of problems makes matters worse.

Answer: C. and

80. The findings of this study are disconcerting. _____so many years of painstaking hard work and hard-nose advocacy,environmentalists are apparently still on the losing end in their battle to save the countrys vital resources.

Answer: A. After

A sentence should be consistent: grammatical elements such as a person, number, tense, and voice should remain the samethroughout the sentence unless grammar or the meaning of the sentence requires a shift. Unnecessary shifts in these elements, eitherwithin a sentence or among related sentences, confuse readers and distort meaning.

SHIFTS

1. Shifts in PersonPerson refers to the distinction among the person talking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), andthe person, object or concept being talked about (third person).Inconsistent: If a person works hard, you can achieve your goal.Clear: If you work hard, you can achieve your goal. or

If a person works hard, he/she can achieve his/her goal.

2. Shifts in NumberNumber refers to the distinction between one (singular) and more (plural). Inconsistency in number occurs mostoften between a pronoun and its antecedent.Inconsistent: If a student does not understand a lesson, they should consult the teacher.Clear: If a student does not understand a lesson, he/she should consult the teacher.Clearer: If students do not understand a lesson, they should consult the teacher.

3. Shift in TenseUnnecessary shifts from past to present or from present to past in sentences narrating a series of events arepractically confusing.Inconsistent: The teacher gives the quiz and collected the assignments.Clear: The teacher gives the quiz and collects the assignments.

Adopted from How much do Filipinos know about their environment? Haring Ibon. 1st Quarter 2002.


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MISPLACED MODIFIERS appear to modify the wrong part of the sentence. Thus, the sentence may appear awkward,unintentionally amusing, or genuinely confusing.

1. Place the prepositional phrase where they will clearly modify the words intended.Confusing: He was happy that he scored better than the rest by 50 points. (The sentence implies that he

scored 50 points better than the rest.)Clear: He was happy that he scored 50 points better than the rest.

2. Place subordinate clauses where they will clearly modify the words intended.Confusing: The bride and groom were able to offer a toast and then they danced the waltz when the wine

arrived. (The clause appears to modify the danced the waltz.)Clear: When the wine arrived, the bride and groom were able to offer a toast and then they danced the

waltz.

3. Place limiting modifiers carefully. These include almost even, exactly, just, only, simply and the like. Thesemodifiers should fall immediately before the word or word groups they modify to avoid any ambiguity.Unclear: They only saw each other during recess. (Does this mean they had eyes only for each other, or

they met only during recess?)Clear: They saw each other only during recess.

Note that only is acceptable immediately before the verb when it modifies a whole statement.I only wanted our team to win.

4. Avoid a squinting modifier which may refer to either a preceding or a following word, leaving the readeruncertain about what it is intended to modify. A modifier can modify only one grammatical element in thesentence. It cannot serve two elements at once.Squinting: My parents said a long time ago the siblings should always take care of each other.

Clear: A long time ago, my parents said the siblings should always take care of each other.

5. Avoid separating a subject from its verb or a verb from its object or complement. If adjective phrases orclauses separate them, the meaning is usually clear. However, if a an adverb phrase or clause interrupts themovement from subject to verb to object or complement, the resulting sentence is likely to be awkward andconfusing.Awkward: The students, soon after, they finished the final examinations, had a swimming party. (The clause

beginning soon after interrupts the movement of the subject to verb.)Clear: Soon after they finished the final examinations, the students had a swimming party.

6. Avoid separating the parts of the verb phrase or the parts of an infinitive. A verb phrase consists of a helpingverb plus a main verb, as in will read, was speaking, had been listening. Such phrases constitute grammaticalunits. We regularly insert single-word adverbs in them without causing awkwardness: Luz had almostcompleted her assignments. But when longer word groups interrupt verb phrases, the result is alwaysawkward.Awkward: Many students had, by spending most of their time on the experiment, completed it.Clear: By spending most of their time on the experiment, many student had completed it.


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A DANGLING MODIFIER does not sensibly modify anything in its sentence. Dangling modifiers occur most often when certainkinds of modifying word groups precede the main clause of the sentence. These word groups include:

- participial phrases (verb + ing)- infinitive phrases (to + verb)- prepositional phases in which the object of the preposition is a gerund (preposition + verb)- elliptical clauses in which the subject and perhaps the verb are understood

Since these phrases and clauses have no expressed subject, readers take them to modify the following noun, the subject of themain clause. If they do not sensibly define or describe the following noun, they are dangling modifiers. We correct danglingmodifiers by recasting the sentences in which they appear. We can change the subject of the main clause to a word the modifierproperly defines or describes. Or we can recast the dangling modifier as a complete clause.

Dangling: Via air mail, we received the envelope.Clear: We received the envelope via air mail

In Numbers 81 to 90, choose the letter that corresponds to the word/phrase that makes the sentence inconsistent and confusing.

81. If you write a page in your diary everyday, you will discover that one learn from practice. Answer: CA B C D

82. He went into his room, closed the door, opened the window and goes to bed. Answer: DA B C D

83. Inserting the letter in the envelope and seal it. Answer: AA B C D

84. When you pass the UPCAT, one should be proud. Answer: CA B C D

85. We blocked the road, stopped the vehicles and had the traffic will be rerouted. Answer: DA B C D

86. The hallways are deserted, the parking lot is isolated, and the canteen abandon. Answer: DA B C D

87. They are sincere when you fulfill your promise. Answer: AA B C D

88. The experimental apparatus was set up and the laboratory assistant cleans up after the experiment was completed.A B C D

Answer: B

89. The mother wraps the baby in a towel before the baby took a bath. Answer: DA B C D

90. First, splice the wire. Next, the soldering iron should be taken. Answer: DA B C D


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In Numbers 91 to 100, each number has an ungrammatical sentence. Below it are sentences related to the original sentence.Choose the letter that would correspond to the best and clearest sentence from the options.

91. Driving across Metro Manila, our gas ran out. Answer: AA. we ran out of gas. C. our gas went running.B. our gas ran. D. we ran with the gas.

92. Enclosed are your contracts on Charice concert in triplicate.A. Enclosed are your Charice concert triplicate contracts. Answer: AB. Your contracts enclosed are Charice concert triplicate.C. Your triplicate contracts of the Charice concert are enclosed.D. Charice concert triplicate contracts are enclosed for you.

93. The presidents Independence Day speech will be followed by the firing squad. Answer: AA. After the presidents Independence Day speech, the firing squad will follow.B. The firing squad will follow the presidents Independence Day speech.C. The presidents firing squad will follow the Independence Day speech.D. Following the presidents Independence Day speech is the firing squad.

Answer: B94. Next Monday, we will see a program about mothers who gave birth to babies who are alcoholic.

A. Next Monday, we will see a program about mothers who gave birth to alcoholic babies.B. Next Monday, we will see a program on alcoholic mothers who gave birth.C. Next Monday, we will see an alcoholic program about mothers who gave birth to babies.D. Next Monday, we will see a program on alcoholic mothers and babies.

95. Your letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived by airmail this morning. Answer: CA. Your morning letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived by airmail.B. Your airmail letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived this morning.C. This morning, your airmail letter regarding your order of 10 trucks arrived.D. Ten trucks arrived this morning by airmail with your letter.

96. When only one year old, this customers mother died. Answer: DA. This customers mother died when they were only one year old.B. This customers mother died at one year old only.C. This mother died when the customer was only one year old.D. The customer was one year old when his/her mother died.

97. Wearing an orange dress, the prayers were offered by the monk. Answer: BA. Wearing a dress, the orange monk offered prayers.B. Wearing an orange dress, the monk offered prayers.C. The monk who was wearing an orange dress offered a prayer.D. The prayers were offered by the orange monk who was dressed.

98. The mother took the gift and gave it to the child from the bag. Answer: BA. and gave the bag to the child. C. and gave it to the child from the bag.B. from the bag and gave it to the child. D. and gives the bag to the child.

99. Mr. Macapagal ate sugpo for dinner after returning from the trip. Answer: BA. Mr. Macapagal ate sugpo from the trip.B. Mr. Macapagal who returned from a trip, ate sugpo for dinner.C. Mr. Macapagal ate sugpo for dinner returning from the trip.D. After eating sugpo, he returned from the trip.

100. When you take the exam, he/she should expect the worst. Answer: BA. When you take the exam, expect the worst.B. When you take the exam, you should expect the worst.C. Expect the worst exam.D. Expect your worst exam.

Singular Plural Relative Case and Interrogative Case

Human Indefinite Case

Plural Guidelines for Agreement with SubjectsA singular verb requires a singular verb:Guidelines for Verb Tense

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