engr101 introduction to engineering 1introduction to the engineer introduction to engineering

ENGR101 Introduction to Engineering

1Introduction to The Engineer

Introduction to Engineering



Learning Objectives

To understand the following:• What is an engineer• Scientists and Engineers• The history of engineering• Engineering as a Profession.• Engineering Education and ABET

Accreditation.• Challenges for the 21st Century

Engineer


What is Engineering?

Engineering is: • "the profession in which a knowledge of

the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to use economically the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind."

– ABET – Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology



Scientists & Engineers



Differences between the engineer and scientist

• Engineers look for new information for application

• Scientists look for new information

• Engineering is the application of science and math for solving problems

• Science is the quest for knowledge for the sake of knowledge


http://www.creatingtechnology.org/eng.htm



History of Engineering

The history of engineering can be roughly divided into four overlapping phases, each marked by a revolution:

• Pre-scientific revolution: The prehistory of modern engineering features ancient master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci.

• Industrial revolution: From the eighteenth through early nineteenth century, civil and mechanical engineers changed from practical artists to scientific professionals.

• Second industrial revolution: In the century before World War II, chemical, electrical, and other science-based engineering branches developed electricity, telecommunications, cars, airplanes, and mass production.

• Information revolution: As engineering science matured after the war, microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications jointly produced information technology.

Source: http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm

http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm#1

http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history.htm#2

http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history2.htm

http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history3.htm



Engineering before the Scientific Revolution

• The forerunners of engineers, practical artists and craftsmen, proceeded mainly by trial and error.

• Yet tinkering combined with imagination produced many marvelous devices.

• Many ancient monuments cannot fail to incite admiration. The admiration is embodied in the name “engineer” itself. It originated in the eleventh century from the Latin ingeniator, meaning one with ingenium, the ingenious one.


Great Pyramid of GizaDimensions:Base: 230.33 metresHeight: 146.59 metresVolume: 2 583 283 cubic metresSlope: 51 deg 50′ 40″



Engineering before the Scientific Revolution

• ingenious fortifications or makers of ingenious devices, old meaning of “engine” steam engines

• Leonardo da Vinci bore the official title of Ingegnere Generale. His notebooks reveal that some Renaissance engineers began to ask systematically what works and why.




Engineering the Industrial Revolution

• Galileo’s Two New Sciences, which seeks systematic explanations and adopts a scientific approach to practical problems, is a landmark regarded by many engineer historians as the beginning of structural analysis, the mathematical representation and design of building structures.

• This phase of engineering lasted

through the First Industrial Revolution, when machines, increasingly powered by steam engines, started to replace muscles in most production. While pulling off the revolution, traditional artisans transformed themselves to modern professionals.




Engineering the Industrial Revolution

• The French, more rationalistic oriented, spearheaded civil engineering with emphasis on mathematics and developed university engineering education under the sponsorship of their government. Circa 1750

• The British, more empirically oriented, pioneered mechanical engineering and autonomous professional societies under the laissez-faire attitude of their government.

• Gradually, practical thinking became scientific in addition to intuitive, as engineers developed mathematical analysis and controlled experiments.

• Technical training shifted from apprenticeship to university education. Information flowed more quickly in organized meetings and journal publications as professional societies emerged.




Engineering the Second Industrial Revolution

• The second industrial revolution, symbolized by the advent of electricity and mass production, was driven by many branches of engineering.

• Chemical and electrical engineering developed in close collaboration with chemistry and physics and played vital roles in the rise of chemical, electrical, and telecommunication industries.

• Marine engineers tamed the peril of ocean exploration.

• Aeronautic engineers turned the ancient dream of flight into a travel convenience for ordinary people.




Engineering the Second Industrial Revolution

• Control engineers accelerated the pace of automation.

• Industrial engineers designed and managed mass production and distribution systems.

• College engineering curricula were well established and graduate schools appeared.

• Workshops turned into to laboratories, tinkering became industrial research, and individual inventions were organized into systematic innovations.




Engineering the Information Age

• Research and development boomed after World War II, partly because of the Cold War and the Sputnik effect.

• New technologies, notably aerospace, microelectronics, computers, novel means of telecommunications from the Internet to cell phones. Turbojet and rocket engines propelled aeronautic engineering into unprecedented height and spawned astronautic engineering.

• Nuclear engineering. • Advanced materials



Engineering the Information Age

• Above all, microelectronics, telecommunications, and computer engineering joined force to precipitate the information revolution in which intellectual chores are increasingly alleviated by machines.

• Systematic knowledge: the engineering sciences and systems theories in information, computer, control, and communications.

• Maturation of graduate engineering education and the rise of large-scale research and development organized on the national level.

• So far the physical sciences – physics and chemistry – have contributed most to technology. – nanotechnology. – Biotechnology

• The cooperation and convergence of traditional intellectual disciplines in the development of new technology is the trend of the future.


Value

• Science and technology have been responsible for half of the growth of the American economy since WWII.

15Holtzapple & Reece – Concepts in Engineering

Chapter 1


Future Challenges

16Holtzapple & Reece – Concepts in Engineering

Chapter 1

National Academy of Engineering

http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/

http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/



What Engineers Do

• Solve Problems– Fix issues– Improve

• Analyze (Evaluate Systems)– Resolving into basic elements– Determining characteristics of those elements– Strength, flow, output, etc.– Single answer

• Synthesize (Design Systems)– Combine elements into the whole– Multiple combinations




The Engineering Process

Problem Symptom or Expression of Need

Problem Definition,Including StatementOf Desired Outcome

Analysis(Perhaps Including

Experimentation)

Synthesis of AlternativeSolutions

Decision (SelectionOf One Alternative)

Solution, System,Or Method



A Profession

• Significant body of special knowledge• Internship-like training following formal

education• Standards such as a code of ethics• Members recognize responsibilities to

society• Examples:

– Medicine, Teaching, Architecture, Law, Ministry, Engineering



Excerpt:Code of Ethics

Fundamental CanonsEngineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall:

• Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public.

• Perform services only in areas of their competence.• Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful

manner.• Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or

trustees.• Avoid deceptive acts.• Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically

and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation and usefulness of the profession.



Engineering Education

• Preparatory – High School math and science• University – formal engineering curriculum• Continuing – lifelong learning • ABET – Accreditation Board for Engineering

and Technology– Assures public and employers that certain

minimum standards have been met• 2 ½ years of math, science, engineering• ½ year of humanities and social sciences


ABET Program Outcomes

Engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain the following outcomes:

(a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering

(b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data

(c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability

(d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering

solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning

(j) a knowledge of contemporary issues (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary

for engineering practice.

22Introduction to The Engineer Source: www.abet.org

engr101 introduction to engineering 1introduction to the engineer introduction to engineering

Documents

engineering science

information revolution

engineering differences

new information engineering

industrial revolution

prescientific revolution

renaissance engineers

mechanical engineers