ENJOY LIFE!

“Live life so completely that when death comes to you like a thief in the night, there will be nothing left for him to steal.”

-unknown

CHAPTER 1Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• All the parts of an animal’s body are simply like components to a machine.

• These components include:– Cells

– Tissues

– Organs

– Systems

• As future RVT’s it is your responsibility to adequately understand this machine and how it works in order to effectively care for it.

• We must be able to differentiate “normal” from “abnormal”.

Anatomy and Physiology

• _______________-deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts.– What it looks like and where it is located

• ________________- deals with the function of the body and its parts.– How things work and what they do

Types of Anatomy

• __________________________anatomy of structures so small that a microscope is required to view them clearly.

• ________________________________anatomy that deals with body parts large enough to be seen with the unaided eye such as organs, muscles and bones.

• ________________________________study of individual areas or “regions” of the body.

• ________________________________study of individual systems of the body.

• There may be overlap in some of these areas.

Main Body Systems

• _________________ bones and joints.• ___________________ skin, hair, nails and

hooves.• __________________- Central Nervous System

(CNS) and peripheral nerves.• ___________________heart and blood vessels.• ____________________ lungs and air

passageways.• _____________________Gastrointestinal (GI)

tube and accessory digestive organs.• ______________________ Skeletal, cardiac, and

smooth muscle.• _____________________- Organs of general and

special sense• ______________________-Endocrine glands and

hormones• _____________________-Kidneys, ureters,

urinary bladder, and urethra.• _____________________Male and female

reproductive structures.

Terminology

• Why do we need specific anatomical terminology?

• Anatomical terms are based on imaginary slices, called planes through the animal body that can be used as points or areas of reference.

• Anatomical terms are also based on directional terms that have opposite meanings of one another.

The 4 anatomical planes of reference

Anatomical Planes of Reference

• The 4 anatomical planes of reference are:1. Sagittal plane-

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Median plane (mid-sagittal plane)- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Anatomical Planes of Reference

3. Transverse plane-___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Anatomical Planes of Reference4. Dorsal Plane -

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Directional Terms

• Help to accurately and clearly describe body structures regardless of position of animal’s body.

• Terms generally occur in pairs and have opposite meanings and are used to describe relative positions of body parts.

Directional Terms

Direction

Individual’s left

Individual’s right

Toward the head end of the body

Toward the tip of the nose (head only)

Toward the tail end of the body

Toward the back

Toward the belly

Toward the median plane

Away from the median plane

Toward the center (whole body or part)

Toward the surface (whole body or part)

Toward the body (extremity)

Away from the body (extremity)

“Back” of forelimb distal to carpus

“Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsus

“Front” of forelimb & hindlimb

distal to carpus & tarsus

Domestic Animal

Left

Right

Cranial

Rostral

Caudal

Dorsal

Ventral

Medial

Lateral

Deep (internal)

Superficial (external)

Proximal

Distal

Palmar

Plantar

Dorsal

Human

Left

Right

Superior

Nasal

Inferior

Posterior

Anterior

Medial

Lateral

Deep (internal)

Superficial (external)

Proximal

Distal

Palmar

Plantar

Anterior

Directional Terms Continued

• Left and right refer to animal’s left and right.

• _________ and ________ refer to the two ends of the animal.

• ____________ means towards the nose and only describes positions or directions on the head.

• __________ and __________ refer to up and down or towards the back and towards the belly. (humans use posterior and anterior).

More Directional Terms

• _____________ and _____________ refer to towards the midline or away from the midline– RECALL: What is the name of the midline plane that

divides the body into equal right & left halves?

• Deep and Superficial refer to the position of something relative to the center or surface of the body. – __________toward the center of the body (internal)– ____________toward the surface of the body or a

body part (external).

More directional Terms

• _________ and _______describe positions only on extremities relative to other parts of the body. ______________-toward the body

______________- away from the body

Special Directional terms

• ___________-back surface of the carpus (wrist).

• ____________ back surface of the hind limb distal to the tarsus (ankle).

Describe this picture

And again

Front paw of a dog - What surface is shown here?

Rear paw of a dog – What surfaceIs shown here?

One more time

General Plan of the Animal Body

• ___________________________is the idea that left and right halves of animal’s body are essentially mirror images of one another. – Where does this work?– Where does this not work?

• Body Cavities- Animal’s have two main cavities (spaces).– 1.___________________ Contain brain and spinal cord (CNS)

• Subdivides into cranial and spinal cavities– 2. __________________contains most of the soft organs

(viscera) of the body.• Subdivides into thoracic and abdominal cavities• What is visceral pleura? What is visceral peritoneum?• What is parietal pleura? What is parietal peritoneum?

Levels of Organization

• Levels of Organization that make up the body– Cells– Tissues– Organs– Systems

Levels of Organization Continued• ___________- basic functional units of all life.

– Generally are specialized in nature

• ____________- when specialized cells group together to do the same job.– 4 basic tissue types:

• 1. ____________cells that cover body surfaces• 2. ______________-holds body together and gives it support

– Can you give an example?• 3. Muscle- moves body inside and out

– Skeletal– Cardiac– Smooth

• 4. ____________- transmits information around the body and controls body functions.

• ______________- groups of tissue that work together for a common purpose

• _______________-groups of organs that have a common set of activities

Health

• The state of normal anatomy and physiology.

• Maintaining health may be a difficult and complicated process.

• All structures and functions in the body are interrelated to produce optimal health.

Homeostasis

• The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body.– Active balance of all of the structures, systems

and functions of the body– All parts are inter-related and balanced– Blood pressure, acid-base balance, oxygen

levels