Enlightened Enlightened DespotismDespotism

Utilitarian ArgumentsUtilitarian Arguments

►Theory of strong monarchies based on Theory of strong monarchies based on divine right continued into the 18th divine right continued into the 18th centurycentury

►Utilitarian arguments allowed monarchs Utilitarian arguments allowed monarchs to keep their powerto keep their power

► Included:Included: Maintenance of the lawsMaintenance of the laws Enforce justiceEnforce justice Prevent corruptionPrevent corruption Defend against enemies Defend against enemies

Enlightened DespotismEnlightened Despotism►Natural laws & rights were influential on Natural laws & rights were influential on

the monarchs of this timethe monarchs of this time►Philosophes encouraged natural rights & Philosophes encouraged natural rights &

laws but did not trust government to laws but did not trust government to the common people the common people (Reform starts (Reform starts with the king) with the king)

►Enlightened Rulers gave people Enlightened Rulers gave people directiondirection

►Must enforce:Must enforce: Natural rightsNatural rights Encourage art, science & educationEncourage art, science & education Enforce the law equallyEnforce the law equally

Louis XVLouis XV

► Louis XIV left France in Louis XIV left France in debt and with a 5 year old debt and with a 5 year old great grandson to rule great grandson to rule themthem

► Louis XV was a weak ruler Louis XV was a weak ruler that was influenced by that was influenced by ministers & mistressesministers & mistresses

► Madame de Pompadour Madame de Pompadour influenced the king enough influenced the king enough to make government to make government decisions & advise him on decisions & advise him on appointments and foreign appointments and foreign policy policy

ParliamentParliament

►Members of Parliament Members of Parliament were electedwere elected

► But the past history of But the past history of a county or borough a county or borough determined the number determined the number of representatives it of representatives it would have instead of would have instead of the number of people the number of people that actually lived there that actually lived there

English ParliamentEnglish Parliament

►Parliament was slowly gaining power Parliament was slowly gaining power over the king, though they officially over the king, though they officially shared itshared it

►Made laws, levied taxes, passed Made laws, levied taxes, passed budgets and tried to influence the budgets and tried to influence the king’s ministersking’s ministers

►Dominated by the landed aristocracy in Dominated by the landed aristocracy in both the House of Lords and the House both the House of Lords and the House of Commonsof Commons

English KingEnglish King

►Chose ministers to set policies and Chose ministers to set policies and guidelines for Parliament guidelines for Parliament

►Aristocracy often fought with Aristocracy often fought with themselves allowing the king to gain themselves allowing the king to gain supporters in Parliament and control supporters in Parliament and control what happenedwhat happened

Anne StuartAnne Stuart

►Queen Anne failed Queen Anne failed to have childrento have children

► The throne was The throne was given to the given to the Protestant rulers of Protestant rulers of the German state, the German state, Hanover Hanover

HanoversHanovers

►George I & George II relied on Robert George I & George II relied on Robert Walpole, the first prime minister, to Walpole, the first prime minister, to handle Parliament for themhandle Parliament for them

►They didn’t speak English and didn’t They didn’t speak English and didn’t understand the system of governmentunderstand the system of government

►This is the beginning of the modern This is the beginning of the modern cabinet system that exists in Britaincabinet system that exists in Britain

►William Pitt, the elder, became PM in William Pitt, the elder, became PM in 1757, but was dismissed by King 1757, but was dismissed by King George IIIGeorge III

The John Wilkes DisasterThe John Wilkes Disaster

► Journalist and MP, John Wilkes, Journalist and MP, John Wilkes, criticized the kingcriticized the king He was removed from ParliamentHe was removed from Parliament Won another seat on ParliamentWon another seat on Parliament Wasn’t allowed to serveWasn’t allowed to serve Led to calls for reformLed to calls for reform Caused George III to make William Pitt, Caused George III to make William Pitt,

the younger PM the younger PM

King George IIIKing George III

► The king used The king used patronage to win patronage to win support in Parliamentsupport in Parliament

►His bouts with insanity His bouts with insanity secured the power of secured the power of ParliamentParliament

Absolutism in PrussiaAbsolutism in Prussia

► Frederick William I and Frederick the Frederick William I and Frederick the Great developed Prussia’s army and Great developed Prussia’s army and bureaucracybureaucracy

Created the General Directory to centralize Created the General Directory to centralize the government (were obedient to the king)the government (were obedient to the king)

Junkers were the only officers in the army Junkers were the only officers in the army (created a bond between king & nobility)(created a bond between king & nobility)

Peasants served many years in the militaryPeasants served many years in the military Middle class gained prestige by becoming Middle class gained prestige by becoming

civil servantscivil servants

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great

► Created a single code of Created a single code of lawslaws

► Eliminated torture except Eliminated torture except for treason & murderfor treason & murder

► Granted limited freedom Granted limited freedom of speech & pressof speech & press

► Granted complete Granted complete religious tolerationreligious toleration

► Enlarged the Prussian Enlarged the Prussian army even morearmy even more

Absolutism in AustriaAbsolutism in Austria►Due to its size and varied nationalities had Due to its size and varied nationalities had

a hard time centralizing power & providing a hard time centralizing power & providing common lawscommon laws

►Empress Maria Theresa centralized power Empress Maria Theresa centralized power by having the clergy and nobility pay their by having the clergy and nobility pay their property and income taxes to royal officials property and income taxes to royal officials instead of the dietsinstead of the diets

►The lands of the Habsburgs would be The lands of the Habsburgs would be handled by royal officialshandled by royal officials

►The military was enlarged and modernized The military was enlarged and modernized

Joseph IIJoseph II

► Abolished serfdomAbolished serfdom► Gave peasants Gave peasants

hereditary rights to their hereditary rights to their propertyproperty

► Eliminated internal trade Eliminated internal trade barriers and monopoliesbarriers and monopolies

► Created a new penal Created a new penal codecode

► Abolished the death Abolished the death penaltypenalty

Joseph IIJoseph II

► Established the idea Established the idea of equality before of equality before the lawthe law

► Instituted religious Instituted religious tolerationtoleration

► Restricted the power Restricted the power of the Catholic of the Catholic ChurchChurch

► His successors undid His successors undid most of his reformsmost of his reforms

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great►Wanted reforms but Wanted reforms but

knew too many would knew too many would cause the nobility to cause the nobility to have her killedhave her killed

► Initially questioned Initially questioned serfdom, torture, serfdom, torture, capital punishment capital punishment and equality of all and equality of all people but people but implemented little implemented little changechange

► Ended up helping the Ended up helping the landholderslandholders

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great►Gave the gentry Gave the gentry

special privileges like special privileges like tax exemption & right tax exemption & right to trial by peers – to trial by peers – Charter of the NobilityCharter of the Nobility

► Serfs were forbidden Serfs were forbidden to appeal to the state to appeal to the state against their mastersagainst their masters

► Peasants revolted Peasants revolted causing even more causing even more repression by forcing repression by forcing them to be serfsthem to be serfs

PolandPoland

►Nobles were still Nobles were still electing a king to do electing a king to do their biddingtheir bidding

► Poland was Poland was destroyed when destroyed when Austria, Russia and Austria, Russia and Prussia divided it Prussia divided it between them as a between them as a buffer zone buffer zone

Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism

► Almost every ruler Almost every ruler in Europe pursued in Europe pursued some reformssome reforms

► Few felt they should Few felt they should implement those implement those ideals completelyideals completely Joseph II is the only Joseph II is the only

enlightened despot enlightened despot that truly made the that truly made the changes suggested changes suggested by philosophesby philosophes

Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism

► Rulers more were Rulers more were interested in increasing interested in increasing their power through the their power through the development of armies development of armies and the waging of warand the waging of war

► Because the Because the aristocracy of Europe aristocracy of Europe had so much power, it had so much power, it was impossible for was impossible for enlightened rulers to enlightened rulers to make true reformsmake true reforms

Wars and DiplomacyWars and Diplomacy►Philosophes denounced war as a waste Philosophes denounced war as a waste

of life and resourcesof life and resources►Rulers paid no attention to thisRulers paid no attention to this

Used their governments to further their self Used their governments to further their self interestsinterests

Used wars to keep a balance of power Used wars to keep a balance of power between statesbetween states

►Armies were supposed to be used to Armies were supposed to be used to protect the stateprotect the state Were often used to extend a state’s Were often used to extend a state’s

territoryterritory

The War of Austrian The War of Austrian Succession Succession

► 1715-1740 were 1715-1740 were peaceful and peaceful and diplomacy prevailed diplomacy prevailed but that ended with but that ended with Austrian SuccessionAustrian Succession

► Charles VI of Austria Charles VI of Austria was unable to was unable to produce a male heirproduce a male heir Leaving his daughter Leaving his daughter

Maria Theresa to ruleMaria Theresa to rule

Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction

►To ensure Europe would recognize her To ensure Europe would recognize her as a legitimate ruler they signed the as a legitimate ruler they signed the Pragmatic SanctionPragmatic Sanction

►Charles VI died and the Pragmatic Charles VI died and the Pragmatic Sanction was ignoredSanction was ignored Frederick the Great invaded & France Frederick the Great invaded & France

declared war on Austriadeclared war on Austria Great Britain allied with Austria and war Great Britain allied with Austria and war

started started

Aix-la-ChapelleAix-la-Chapelle

► 1748 – Aix-la-1748 – Aix-la-ChapelleChapelle

► Returned all Returned all occupied land to occupied land to original owners original owners except for Silesiaexcept for Silesia Frederick the Great Frederick the Great

of Prussia kept itof Prussia kept it

►Would cause Would cause another war another war

Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War►Started out as a war between Austria Started out as a war between Austria

and Prussia over Silesiaand Prussia over Silesia►Became a war between France and Became a war between France and

Britain over coloniesBritain over colonies Britain & Prussia vs. France, Austria & Britain & Prussia vs. France, Austria &

RussiaRussia Three areas of conflict – Europe, India & Three areas of conflict – Europe, India &

North AmericaNorth America►War between Prussia, Austria and Russia War between Prussia, Austria and Russia

ended with the Peace of Hubertusburgended with the Peace of Hubertusburg Austria recognized the loss of Silesia to Austria recognized the loss of Silesia to

PrussiaPrussia

Seven Years’ WarSeven Years’ War

►Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war between France & Britainbetween France & Britain French withdrew from India, gave Canada French withdrew from India, gave Canada

to the British, gave Louisiana to the to the British, gave Louisiana to the Spanish, and Spain gave Florida to the Spanish, and Spain gave Florida to the BritishBritish

►Britain had become the world’s Britain had become the world’s greatest colonial powergreatest colonial power

European Armies and European Armies and WarfareWarfare

► Professional standing Professional standing armies were standard armies were standard feature everywhere feature everywhere except Britain, who except Britain, who relied on mercenariesrelied on mercenaries Officers were Officers were

aristocratsaristocrats The middle ranks were The middle ranks were

represented by the represented by the middle-classmiddle-class

Soldiers came from Soldiers came from the lowest classesthe lowest classes

Russia & Prussia Russia & Prussia

►Russia and Prussia conscripted their Russia and Prussia conscripted their peasantspeasants Other countries didn’t because they Other countries didn’t because they

needed them to farmneeded them to farm Unemployed & homeless were forced to Unemployed & homeless were forced to

serveserve Lower class saw the army as an escape Lower class saw the army as an escape

from the poor quality of their lives from the poor quality of their lives

WarfareWarfare

► The increased size of warfare was no The increased size of warfare was no longer ideallonger ideal

No wars over religionNo wars over religion Destruction of taxpayer’s moneyDestruction of taxpayer’s money Generals didn’t want to risk their armies Generals didn’t want to risk their armies

so they relied on indirect maneuvers to so they relied on indirect maneuvers to fight rather than direct confrontationfight rather than direct confrontation

Defeated armies were allowed to withdraw Defeated armies were allowed to withdraw without being captured or destroyedwithout being captured or destroyed

Growth of the European Growth of the European PopulationPopulation

► Began to grow the Began to grow the second half of the second half of the century & has century & has continued ever sincecontinued ever since Also, millions of people Also, millions of people

left to become left to become colonistscolonists

Falling death rate, Falling death rate, lower infant mortality lower infant mortality rate, more food for rate, more food for improved diets caused improved diets caused less famine and the less famine and the end of the bubonic end of the bubonic plagueplague

Family, Marriage and Birthrate Family, Marriage and Birthrate PatternsPatterns

► Families were still Families were still traditional with men traditional with men remaining dominant remaining dominant and marriages still and marriages still arrangedarranged

Second Half of the 18th Second Half of the 18th CenturyCentury

► Change in the attitudes Change in the attitudes of family due to the of family due to the increased survival rate of increased survival rate of childrenchildren

► Shops were opened for Shops were opened for children’s clothes for the children’s clothes for the first timefirst time

► Primogeniture was no Primogeniture was no longer approvedlonger approved

► Books, games, toys & Books, games, toys & puzzles were used to puzzles were used to please and teach children please and teach children of upper class society of upper class society

ChildrenChildren

► Caused peasants lots of anxiety because Caused peasants lots of anxiety because they were seen as more mouths to feedthey were seen as more mouths to feed

► Infanticide, though illegal became Infanticide, though illegal became commoncommon

► Unwanted children were taken to Unwanted children were taken to foundling institutionsfoundling institutions

Became overburdened with childrenBecame overburdened with children 50-90% of all infants died here50-90% of all infants died here

► Working class children, male & female, Working class children, male & female, helped their parents or worked as helped their parents or worked as servants in other households servants in other households

Married LifeMarried Life

► Began moving into their own housesBegan moving into their own houses► Nuclear familiesNuclear families

Achieved through later marriage ages – Achieved through later marriage ages – late 20slate 20s

Later marriages also served as a natural Later marriages also served as a natural form of birth controlform of birth control

Most commonly used form of birth Most commonly used form of birth control was coitus interruptuscontrol was coitus interruptus

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

► Increased food Increased food production occurred production occurred for four reasonsfor four reasons More land under More land under

cultivationcultivation Increased crop yieldIncreased crop yield Healthier & more Healthier & more

abundant livestockabundant livestock Improved climate Improved climate

Reasons WhyReasons Why

► The “little ice age” The “little ice age” declineddeclined

► Land was left to lie Land was left to lie fallow to renew itfallow to renew it New crops like New crops like

turnips restored turnips restored nitrogen to the soilnitrogen to the soil

These crops served These crops served as food for livestock as food for livestock which created a which created a larger number of larger number of animalsanimals

LivestockLivestock

► Breeding produced Breeding produced stronger & more stronger & more productive animalsproductive animals

► More livestock More livestock meant more meat meant more meat

Helped people dietsHelped people diets Animal manure was Animal manure was

used as fertilizerused as fertilizer This produced This produced

higher yields of higher yields of cropscrops

Jethro TullJethro Tull

► Suggested using a Suggested using a hoe to loosen soil to hoe to loosen soil to allow air and allow air and moisture to reach moisture to reach plants to allow them plants to allow them to grow betterto grow better

► Invented the seed Invented the seed drill to plant seeds in drill to plant seeds in row rather than row rather than scattering them by scattering them by handhand

Potatoes & CornPotatoes & Corn

► Produced higher Produced higher crop yields with less crop yields with less efforteffort

► Brought to Europe Brought to Europe through the through the Columbian Columbian exchangeexchange

Enclosure MovementEnclosure Movement

► Large landowners kicked peasants off their Large landowners kicked peasants off their land and consolidated all the small farms land and consolidated all the small farms into one bigger & more productive farminto one bigger & more productive farm

► Peasants and tenant farmers moved to the Peasants and tenant farmers moved to the cities and would become a valuable cities and would become a valuable workforce in the near futureworkforce in the near future

► England became the leader of the England became the leader of the agricultural revolution and increased agricultural revolution and increased productivity allowed them to focus on a productivity allowed them to focus on a the revolutionary idea of the revolutionary idea of industrializationindustrialization

New Methods of Finance and New Methods of Finance and Industry Industry

► The decline in the The decline in the supply of gold and supply of gold and silver led to the silver led to the acceptance of bank acceptance of bank notes in order to notes in order to expand credit expand credit

Bank of EnglandBank of England

►Different than other Different than other banks at the timebanks at the time Not only received Not only received

deposits and deposits and exchanged foreign exchanged foreign currency, but that currency, but that they made loansthey made loans

►When the bank lent When the bank lent the government the government money, the bank money, the bank could issue paper could issue paper money instead of money instead of gold and silver gold and silver

Bank of EnglandBank of England

►A distinction between national debt A distinction between national debt and the monarch’s debt occurredand the monarch’s debt occurred

►Public confidence in this new systemPublic confidence in this new system Allowed Britain to borrow lots of money at Allowed Britain to borrow lots of money at

low interest rateslow interest rates Gave it an advantage over other European Gave it an advantage over other European

countries countries

TextilesTextiles

► The biggest industry The biggest industry was still textileswas still textiles 75% of Britain’s 75% of Britain’s

exportsexports

► Textiles were Textiles were produced throught produced throught the Putting Out the Putting Out SystemSystem

Putting Out SystemPutting Out System►Merchants would buy Merchants would buy

raw materialsraw materials► Take them to the Take them to the

countryside where countryside where workers would weave workers would weave them into cloththem into cloth

► Then the merchants Then the merchants would sell them in order would sell them in order to make a profit and to make a profit and manufacture moremanufacture more

Industrial BeginningsIndustrial Beginnings

► The importation of The importation of cotton, new methods cotton, new methods and new machines and new machines saw the beginnings of saw the beginnings of the industrial the industrial revolutionrevolution

►New inventions like New inventions like the flying shuttle, the flying shuttle, water frame and water frame and mechanized looms mechanized looms would later caused the would later caused the destruction of the destruction of the cottage industry cottage industry

Global EconomyGlobal Economy

► France’s inability to France’s inability to populate North populate North America allowed the America allowed the British to gain the British to gain the upper handupper hand

► Created 13 colonies Created 13 colonies that acted that acted independently and independently and resisted regulations resisted regulations from the Britishfrom the British

MercantilismMercantilism

►The colonies still had to follow the The colonies still had to follow the rules of mercantilismrules of mercantilism Providing raw materials to BritainProviding raw materials to Britain Buying manufactured goods from BritainBuying manufactured goods from Britain

►The balance of trade was in favor of The balance of trade was in favor of the mother country (Britain)the mother country (Britain)

Triangle TradeTriangle Trade► A global economy emerged with the triangle tradeA global economy emerged with the triangle trade► The most profitable goods were African slavesThe most profitable goods were African slaves

The Social OrderThe Social Order

► Social status was still determined by Social status was still determined by traditional orders of hereditytraditional orders of heredity

Enlightenment intellectuals attacked Enlightenment intellectuals attacked these but they were not ended eitherthese but they were not ended either

► Prussian law forbade marriage Prussian law forbade marriage between nobles and the middle class between nobles and the middle class

► The old order would not end until the The old order would not end until the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Peasants – Western EuropePeasants – Western Europe► Peasants were Peasants were

mainly rural and mainly rural and made up 85% of made up 85% of Europe’s populationEurope’s population

►Western EuropeWestern Europe Most were tenant Most were tenant

farmers that had to farmers that had to pay tithes (1/3 of pay tithes (1/3 of crops in taxes)crops in taxes)

Deal with aristocrats Deal with aristocrats hunting on peasant hunting on peasant landland

Paid feesPaid fees

Peasants – Eastern EuropePeasants – Eastern Europe

►Most were serfs that Most were serfs that were bound to the were bound to the estateestate Had to perform laborHad to perform labor Couldn’t move or Couldn’t move or

marry without marry without permission or the permission or the payment of a special payment of a special taxtax

► In Russia most were In Russia most were serfs that resembled serfs that resembled slavery slavery

PeasantsPeasants

►Diets consisted of Diets consisted of dark bread that was dark bread that was high vitamin, high vitamin, minerals & protein, minerals & protein, water, beer, wine, water, beer, wine, soup and gruelsoup and gruel

► Later potatoes & cornLater potatoes & corn► Famine still occurred Famine still occurred

which made them which made them more susceptible to more susceptible to disease disease

VillagesVillages

►Were the center of Were the center of social lifesocial life

►Maintained order, Maintained order, provided relief to the provided relief to the poor, had a church, poor, had a church, a school, maintained a school, maintained roads & bridges and roads & bridges and collected taxes for collected taxes for the governmentthe government

► Controlled by the Controlled by the rich peasants rich peasants

NobilityNobility

► 2 to 3 percent of the 2 to 3 percent of the populationpopulation

► Born noble, placed Born noble, placed at the top of the at the top of the social order and social order and were given special were given special privileges & rightsprivileges & rights Exemption from Exemption from

taxes, immunity from taxes, immunity from severe punishment severe punishment

NoblesNobles

► Sometimes made Sometimes made money from exploiting money from exploiting the raw materials the raw materials found on their estatesfound on their estates

► Consumed large Consumed large amounts of meat, fish, amounts of meat, fish, cheese, nuts and cheese, nuts and sweetssweets

►Made up the important Made up the important ranks of the military ranks of the military and governmentand government

Country EstatesCountry Estates

►Majority of aristocratic landowners lived at Majority of aristocratic landowners lived at their country estatestheir country estates Fulfilled their desire for privacy while still allowing Fulfilled their desire for privacy while still allowing

them to carry on public activitiesthem to carry on public activities

► Upstairs rooms were for sleeping, private Upstairs rooms were for sleeping, private activities and playing with the childrenactivities and playing with the children Servants were housed in their own section of the Servants were housed in their own section of the

estate and were called upon with a system of bellsestate and were called upon with a system of bells

► They would also have houses in the city for They would also have houses in the city for seasonal visitsseasonal visits

TravelTravel

►The Grand Tour of Europe, was The Grand Tour of Europe, was essential for the sons of aristocrats to essential for the sons of aristocrats to complete their educationcomplete their education

►Travel was difficult across the English Travel was difficult across the English Channel due to rough seas, over the Channel due to rough seas, over the Alps due to narrow passes, across the Alps due to narrow passes, across the Mediterranean due to pirates and at Mediterranean due to pirates and at Inns due to thieves and bed bugsInns due to thieves and bed bugs

The Grand TourThe Grand Tour

► Because of its Because of its educational educational purposes, students purposes, students were accompanied were accompanied by tutors to ensure by tutors to ensure they would go to they would go to museums and museums and galleries instead of galleries instead of pursuing, wine, pursuing, wine, women and songswomen and songs

CitiesCities

►Were the center of education, culture Were the center of education, culture and prosperity but because of and prosperity but because of unsanitary living conditions and unsanitary living conditions and overcrowding, death rates remained overcrowding, death rates remained highhigh Rural peasants moved to the cities to find Rural peasants moved to the cities to find

work as unskilled laborers, but there was work as unskilled laborers, but there was rarely work available for themrarely work available for them

Poverty increased, and people often Poverty increased, and people often became beggars or prostitutes to get by became beggars or prostitutes to get by

Up Next – The French Up Next – The French RevolutionRevolution