enlightened revolutions: jennifer, jinwoo and neo
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TRANSCRIPT
Viva la Revolucion!
Jennifer, Jinwoo, Neo
Jennifer, Jinwoo, Neo
Character BioKing James II
King James II was a Catho-lic King who re-established Catholicism and issued the Declaration of Indulgence.
William III of Orange
Husband of Mary II, a Prot-estant man who was asked by the Protestant nobles to overtake the throne.
Mary II
Wife of William III and Sis-ter of King James II helped rule England with William III.
Took place in England from 1688 to 1689.
Setting
GLORIOUS REVOLUTION KING JAMES II VS WILLIAM III OF ORANGE AND MARY II.
King James IIMary IIWilliam III of Orange
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THE PROBLEMThe Glorious Revolution started when King James II had a
son. The Protestant nobles wanted justice because they
were soon going to have a Catholic heir to the throne. They
didn’t like how King James II re-established the Catholic
religion back into England. They went to William III of Orange
because he is the husband of Mary II, sister of James II.
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The GOALThe Goal of the Protestant nobles was so that William III of Orange could overtake the throne and replace King James II, thus continuing Protestantism.
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The EventsWilliam III of Orange
brought his army to Torbay.
His army marched to
London, unopposed.
Scared and fearful, King
James II fled away to
France.
Later, King James II
assembled an army that he
built from France and tried
to re-take his throne, but
was defeated. He fled
back to France and died
as an exile.
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The Ending
When King James II was overthrown, the William and Mary became the rulers of England. They signed a Bill of Rights which allowed monarchs to have limited power. They also established the power of the Parliament as well as a Constitutional monarchy.
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THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
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The SettingWhen the colonists got to the Americas, they did not expect to be governed by the British. However, they began to be heav-ily taxed by
Great Brit-ain and taken ad-vantage of. This began towards the end of the 18th cen-tury.
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The Prob-lemThe taxes and un-fair representa-tion infuriated99 the colonists, and many believed in independence. Soon, people be-
gan to rebel against the British government in words and with actions. The war began on April 19th, 1775, with many struggling for freedom.
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THE GOALMany colonists
wished for freedom
in a new country,
without suffering
from the taxes of the
British. They
wanted to com-
pletely separate
from the country
they had come from.
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The EventsThe fighting lasted 8 years, with the last major battle ending in Yorktown, Virginia, when General Corn-wallis surrendered to the Americans on Oc-tober 19th, 1881. Important events be-fore this include the Battle of Bunker Hill, on June 17th, 1775, the winter at Valley
Forge, on December 19th, 1777, and the adoption of the Arti-cles of Confederation, on March 2nd, 1781.
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The EndingAlthough the last major battle ended in 1781, it was not until Sep-tember 3rd, 1783, when the Treaty of Paris was signed, that the war officially ended. The
Americans had successfully de-feated the British, the most powerful nation at the time, due to their homeland advan-tage and motiva-tion.
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THE FRENCH 1700s
THE SETTINGBetween 1787 to 1799, a
revolutionary movement took
place in France. This was
called the French Revolution.
Although France was known
as one of the most successful
countries in Europe in the
1700s, the French people
were not very happy with the
laws and the monarchs, such
as Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette. France had three
main social classes, which
were the First Estate, the
Second Estate, and the Third
Estate. The outraged Third
Estate’s spokesman was
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyés.
REVOLUTION
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The ProblemThe First Estate and the Second
Estate, made up of clergy of the
Roman Catholic Church and the
rich nobles, ignored the
Enlightenment ideas, did not have
to pay taxes, and had access to
high offices. The Third Estate,
made up of the bourgeoisie,
urban lower classes, and peasant
farmers, however, embraced the
Enlightenment ideas, had to pay
high taxes, and loathed the First
and Second Estates. This was
obviously very unfair to the Third
Estate. The French government
was also deeply in debt, mostly
because of the monstrous
spendings of Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette. Louis XVI was a weak
ruler. He did not give attention to
his government officials and had
little patience. He was always
hesitant on his decisions and
allowed problems to drift until
they got worse. He decided to
solve the economic crisis by
enforcing taxes on the nobility.
Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette was the queen, but a very un-popular one. The French loathed her from the very day she came to France. She distracted Louis when he was deal-ing with the government and often gave him bad advice. She also spoiled herself with expensive gowns, jewels, and gifts. She became known as “Madame Deficit.”
MONARCHS
First, Second, & Third Estates
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The GoalThe Third Estate were very motivated to make changes to the government. They wanted
to replace to Old Regime. The Old Regime was the old style of government, with the
monarchs having all the power and the citizens having no say. The main desire was to
overthrow Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette and also declare an end to the absolute
monarchy. They also wanted equality with the First and Second Estates.
The Third Estate mainly just wanted a fair government with a just
constitution.
The Third EstateEmmanuel-Joseph Sieyés made a sig-nificant speech about how the Third Estate deserves to have all the rights and privi-leges as the First Estate and the Second Estate.
Did they achieve it?
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Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyés created
the National Assembly out of the Third
Estate. The National Assembly would
then pass laws and reforms in the
name of the French people. The Third
Estates delegates agreed with this
idea. On June 17,1789, the National
Assembly was officially established.
Tennis Court Oath
The National Assembly was locked
out of their own meeting room, so they
broke a down a door to an indoor ten-
nis court. The Third Estate delegates
all pledged that they would stick to the
National Assembly until they estab-
lished a new constitution. This became
known as the Tennis Court Oath.
Many First and Second Estate citi-
zens who liked this idea teamed up
with the Third Estate delegates. Louis
XVI hired Swiss guards around Ver-
sailles.
Protest At the BastilleRumors were spreading in Paris
about how Louis XVI was using mili-
tary forces to get rid of the National
Assembly. Others were saying that the
Swiss guards were coming to
kill French citizens. Everyone
started collecting weapons to
defend the city. On July 14,
the Bastille, a Paris prison,
was attacked by a mob.
They killed many guards
and the prison com-
mander. Many were be-
headed. Soon, the were
marching around the streets with
dead men’s heads on pikes.
The Great FearThe rebellions caused the panic to
spread to the countryside. More ru-
mors formed, such as one saying that
the nobles were hiring criminals to
threaten the peasants. The terrified
peasants broke into the nobles’ man-
ors and burned down legal docu-
ments. Many women were angry and
demanded that the National Assembly
took responsibility. Soon, they de-
manded that Louis and Marie An-
toinettte be exiled to Paris. Soon, they
agreed and left their palace. This exile
was the start of the reform.
Many nobles and officers of the
church were horrified also, so they
joined the National Assembly. They
spoke about their love for liberty and
equality. The National Assembly were
taking the First and Second Estates of
their privileges one by one. Soon, the
commoners were equal to the nobles
and the clergy and the Old Regime
was gone.
THE EVENTS
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.”This was the National Assembly’s slogan. The French adopted these revolutionary ideas
from the Americans. They created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citi-
zen. This document declared that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”
The Attack at the Bastille
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The EndingMost of the revolutionary ideas that were
put into use were focused on the Church. The
National Assembly was now in charge of the
Church lands and the church officials were
elected as state officials. The Church no longer
had its lands and its political independence. The
Church lands helped pay off France’s big debt.
This made the church and the state have a mu-
tual relationship with each other; the Church
was now part of the state.
Louis XVI had heard that France was an
unsafe place to be for the monarchy. He was
warned by his advisers that him and his family
were in danger. He tried to escape France into
the Austrian Netherlands, but failed near the
border when he was caught by the Paris under
guard. His failed attempt increased the influence
of his governmental enemies.
In September 1791, the new constitution
was completed by the National Assembly. It now
had a Legislative Assembly, or the legislative
body, who had the power to create laws and to
approve or reject declarations of war. The king
had much less power, but still had some power
to enforce laws.
There were also three groups within the
Legislative Assembly. Radicals opposed the
idea of a monarchy and were desperate for
many changes in the government. Moderates
desired changes in the government, but not as
much as the radicals. Conservatives supported
the limited monarchy and wanted only a couple
changes in the government.
There were the Émigrés,nobles and others
who were not part of the Legislative Assembly
who wanted to bring back the Old Regime.
Many wars broke out, and in 1793, a man
named Maximilien Robespierre gradually gained
power. He became the dictator of France for a
small period of time. The time of his rule was
known as the Reign of Terror. However, in July
1794, his followers turned their backs on him
and declared that got arrested and killed. The
death of Robespierre brought an end to the
French Revolution’s age of terror.
Finally, France got a great military leader
named Napoleon Bonaparte. He defeated many
battles for France. He also created the Napole-
onic Code, which was the uniform set of laws
which rid of any injustices.
Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon created his own empire. He was a brilliant military leader. He fought many great battles and won, but also lost some that cost him the fall of his empire.
The guillotine, which is the machine used to behead peo-
ple
Maximilien Robespierre
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