enlightening society on the alert

Enlightening Society-On The Alert

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION Terminologies

LITERATURE REVIEW PROBLEM STATEMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION(Terminologies)

Multi-Hop: The mobile nodes are cooperating to forward data on behalf of one another to reach distant stations that would otherwise have been out of range of sending node.[3]

Protocol: Set of rules that governs data communication. Protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, when it is communicated. Key elements of protocol: syntax, semantics & timing.[5]

Router: Device that forwards data packets along networks; Connected to at least two networks, commonly LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network.; Located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.[4]

Hub: It is a multiport repeater to enhance signals within the same LAN.[6]Switch: It is mostly like hub but it is more intelligent. It gives better performance.[6]Router: It forwards packets from one LAN to another LAN.[6]

Unicasting: One to one communication.[6]Multicasting: One to many communication.[6]Broadcasting: One to all communication occurs.[6]

Network Topology: Refers to the way computers and its peripheral environment is configured:-[6]Bus topology: All computers are synchronize by a single line of cable.Star topology: Multiple computers are linked to a main computer, which is called a hostRing topology: Each computer is connected to two computers with entire network; It Forms a circle.

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LITERATURE-REVIEW

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LITERATURE-REVIEW(1/2)

• Title: “Knowledge-based Approach for Sustainable Disaster Management: Empowering emergency response management team”[1]

Author: Faisal Arain Year of Publication: 2015

• Aim: This paper presents a theoretical framework of a knowledge-based approach for enhancing prompt and effective sustainable disaster management.

• Keywords: Disaster Management; Knowledge-base; Emergency response; Post-disaster.

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LITERATURE-REVIEW(1/2 Cont..)• Introduction:

– Information technology (IT) has become strongly established as a supporting tool for many professional tasks in recent years.

– In view of the transfer and acquisition of knowledge and experience, a Decision Support System (DSS) can help to disperse the knowledge and experience and make these more widely, easily, and quickly available for assisting in the decision making processes.

– A knowledge-base (KB) is a system that can undertake intelligent tasks in a specific domain that is normally performed by highly skilled people. Typically, the success of such a system relies on the ability to represent the knowledge for a particular subject.

– Concerning the post-disaster reconstruction scenario, the most significant factor is the prompt delivery of materials and pertinent team building based on best possible information available.

– By having the KB and a systematic way to make well-informed decisions, combined with the efficiency of a project team and strong coordination, project success should increase.

• Knowledge-based approach for Sustainable Disaster Management:

‾ The sophisticated analyses that a KB can provide becomes an important factor in making good and valuable decisions.

‾ If professionals have a KB established, based on past similar projects, it would assist the Emergency Response Management (ERM) team to plan effectively before starting a reconstruction project.

1. Empowering Emergency Response Management Team:

‾ Emergency response team is the backbone of any effective response management system in a post-disaster scenario.

‾ In case of a disaster, the response team requires accurate and timely information to assess their line of action.

‾ If the ERM team has relevant knowledge regarding similar disaster scenarios that would help them learn and strategize even a better response next time.

‾ The true empowerment of an EMR team would be the freedom and ability to make informed decisions, considering available resources and expertise, in responding to emergency situations.

LITERATURE-REVIEW(1/2 Cont..)


Fig.1 Basis for developing IT based system for enhancing emergency response management

Here it is important to understand that the KB is not designed to make decisions for users, but rather it provides pertinent information in an efficient and easy-to-access format that allows users to make more informed decisions.

LITERATURE-REVIEW(1/2 Cont..)‾ The system would assist ERM teams in recognizing the resources along with their

limitations and constraints, which would help in assigning right resources to the right domains for an effective response to post-disaster scenarios.

‾ It is utmost important to Monitor and Control the relief and rescue and rehabilitation activities so that the people in need receive appropriate help.

‾ Learning and sharing the lesson learned would keep the proposed system effective, efficient and more beneficial for all stakeholders.

‾ The KB can assist ERM team in making strategic decisions by presenting useful information and interpretations for various alternatives.

‾ The KB would be capable of providing interpretation of knowledge, based on the rule based reasoning (RBR) approach.

‾ This would assist ERM team in improving chances of timely response and successful completion of reconstruction projects because the potential lack of coordination issues can be identified at the early stage of team development when the impact of change is not severe.

‾ A KB is proposed for empowering ERM team by developing effective project teams and suggesting strategies managing reconstruction projects in an efficient way.

(An important role of a knowledge-base is to provide useful information for users to analyze scenarios and to make informed decisions.)


Fig. 2. The main components of a knowledge management system

Data collected from various sources, i.e., ERM organizations, reconstruction project documents, site data, academia source documents, and peers evaluation documents. This data was stored in a database. From the database, the data was sieved through an inference engine for developing the knowledge-base. Eventually, the knowledge-base provided decision support to the project teams for making more informed decisions for effective selection of project teams and successful management of reconstruction projects [8].


– The system would be able to present detailed information about the resources utilized: management decisions made, changes made during project implementation, and project teams who worked on similar ERM projects, and reconstruction projects in the past.

– Furthermore, the system would present the available pool of experts in the academia and industry.

– The filtered knowledge and analyses provided by the knowledge-base would assist in selecting appropriate expert teams, resources, approval processes, and prioritizing activities based on past experiences in similar projects.

– The knowledge-base would also be capable of storing the feedback on the ongoing projects, carry out analyses on the available information, and present results for decision making process by the concerned professionals .


‾ The KB can be developed in the MS Excel environment using numerous macros for developing the UI that carry out stipulated functions.

‾ These are incorporated within a controls selection shell.‾ The GUI assists users in interacting with the system at every level of the KMS.‾ In addition, the GUI and inference engine will maintain the compatibility between layers

and the decision shell.‾ The KMS provides an extremely fast response to the queries based on RBR.‾ The KB is able to assist project managers by providing a user-friendly system for

analyzing the present pool of human resource and selecting the best possible team, resources, materials, and designs for carrying out post-disaster reconstruction projects.

‾ Moreover, the system is also intelligently capable of organizing, computing, and updating valuable information in all the layers automatically with every new project added.

‾ The UI assists in updating the system with new information on every level of the KB.‾ The information and various filters that can be applied to the KB developed may assist

the professionals in enhancing the chances of successful implementation of response measures and reconstruction projects.

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LITERATURE-REVIEW(2/2)

• Title: “Evaluation of disaster awareness and sensitivity level of higher education students”[2]

Authors: Seher Ozkazanc, Ulku Duman Yuksel Year of Publication: 2015

• Aim: The main aim is to determine the level of disaster awareness of students in higher education institutions. By doing this, the study also aims to point to the need for disaster mitigation education that includes various topics and is accessible to whole society.

• Keywords: Disaster; disaster awareness; disaster sensitivity; higher education

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• Objectives of the Study:‾ This research determines disaster awareness and sensitivity level of the

students of the Urban and Regional Planning Department in the Faculty of Architecture at Gazi University.

‾ Disaster awareness of students for this purpose are discussed, including "Disaster Training Level," " Pre-Disaster Preparedness Level", "Behavior During Disaster", "Behavior After Disaster" and "Personal Disaster Awareness Assessment" under five headings in this research.

• Method:‾ Descriptive analyses method which allows qualitative analysis was used to

reveal the presence or absence of the awareness and sensitivity of disaster. ‾ In the meantime, the survey method was utilized as data collection tools. ‾ The research population constitutes 249 students; 187 of these students

(sampling rate 75.1%) agreed to complete the questionnaire given to them.‾ Survey data were evaluated using the program of PASW Statistics R18.



In this case, It can be said that City and Regional Planning education affects the information of related competent institutions and organizations on disaster and emergency situations in a positiv e way.

Table2. Disaster and emergency training situation


Table 4. Pre-disaster preparedness

what should be in a disaster and emergency bag has been indicated by AFAD in a sequence are enough water and food supplies, hygiene and first aid equipment, protective clothing, blankets, sleeping bag, whistle, flashlight and so on, and also stated that this bag should be considered to be easily accessible and portable.


Table 7. Behaviors during disaster

Natural disasters are defined in two titles as slow-growing (severe cold, drought, famine etc.), and sudden onset ones (earthquakes, floods, flooding, landslides, rock falls, avalanches, storms, tornado, volcanic events, fires, etc.) accidents of nuclear, biological, chemical, industrial etc. constitute the human-induced disasters. Therefore, students were asked whether they have a shelter that can be protected from human-induced disasters.


Table 8. Knowledge level of flood disaster


In order to analyze the students’ relationship between their behavior at the time of disaster and education they received about disaster, cross-tables (crosstabs) located on table 9 was created.

Table 9. Disaster education and awareness of the relationship during disaster


After major and devastating disaster incidents occurred, access of health, search and rescue staff or fire fighters to the scene immediately to help the people who suffer damage is not possible most of the time. Both time consuming coordination providing and difficulties in transportation (destroyed bridges, damaged roads, etc.) cause victims to remain on their own for a certain period of time after the disaster. AFAD proposes a family / individual disaster plan to be made "for the first 72 hours after the disaster" to be overcome this time easy.

Table 10. Behaviors after disaster


In this section of the study, students were asked to evaluate their personal knowledge and education levels related to four most common type of disaster (earthquake, fire, flood and landslide) in Turkey.

Table 11. Personal evaluation related to knowledge and personal education level for disaster

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

– A single routing protocol is hard to satisfy all requirements. i.e., one routing protocol cannot be a solution for all energy efficient protocol.

– AODV performs predictably. Delivered virtually all packets at low node mobility, and failing to converge as node mobility increases.

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CONCLUSION

‾ The proposed scheme may reduce the energy consumption to some extent and decreases the mean delay, while achieving a good packet delivery ratio.

‾ Reactive routing protocol AODV performance is the best considering its ability to maintain connection by periodic exchange of information, which is required for TCP, based traffic.

‾ DSR was very good at all mobility rates and movement speeds and DSDV performs almost as well as DSR, but still requires the transmission of many routing overhead packets. At higher rates of node mobility it’s actually more expensive than DSR.

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REFERENCES

1. Faisal Atran,“Knowledge-based Approach for Sustainable Disaster Management: Empowering emergency response management team”[, © 2015-Elsevier

2. Seher Ozkazanc, Ulku Duman Yuksel,“Evaluation of disaster awareness and sensitivity level of higher education students”, © 2015-Elsevier

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