enlightenment and revolution
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Enlightenment and Revolution. Chapter 22. The Scientific Revolution. Section 1. Nicolaus Copernicus. Studied planetary movements Reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around the sun Idea became known as the heliocentric theory. Johannes Kepler. Brilliant mathematician - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Enlightenment and Revolution
Chapter 22
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The Scientific Revolution
Section 1
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Nicolaus Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton
Zacharias Janssen
Scientific Revolution
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Causes of the
Scientific Revolutio
n
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Nicolaus Copernicus
Studied planetary movements Reasoned that the stars and planets revolve around
the sun Idea became known as the heliocentric theory
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Johannes Kepler
Brilliant mathematician Used the data of Tycho Brahe to prove the accuracy
of Copernicus’s ideas about the motion of the planets
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Galileo Galilei
Scientific discoveries Proposed the heliocentric theory
Sun-centered theory Law of the pendulum Falling objects accelerate at fixed predictable rates
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Francis Bacon
Helped develop the scientific method
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Isaac Newton
Great mathematician and physicist Brought together theories and discoveries of
Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under a single theory of motion called the law of universal gravitation All physical objects are affected equally by the same
forces
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Zacharias Janssen
Invented the microscope Made the Anton van Leeuwenhoek’s discoveries
possible
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Scientific Revolution
Caused improvements in medicine and scientific instruments
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What was so
revolutionary about
the Scientific
Revolution?
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The Enlightenment in Europe
Section 2
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Hobbes
Locke
Philosophes
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Cesare Beccaria
Mary Wollstonecraft
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Thomas Hobbes
Contradicted the ideas of the U.S. constitution Social contract
Explained the idea of direct democracy
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John Locke
Political thinker Felt people are reasonable Supported self-government Argued that the purpose of government is to
protect people’s natural rights If government can’t protect natural rights- people
can overthrow it
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What influence did the ideas of John Locke have on the Declaration
of Independenc
e?
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Philosophes
Believed in progress for all of society Used reason to address social issues
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Voltaire
Fought for tolerance, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech Got him into trouble with the clergy, aristocracy, and
the government of France
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Montesquieu
Devoted to the study of political liberty Wrote On the Spirit of the Laws
Proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of a government Influenced the Constitution
How? Separation of powers
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Rousseau
Had many disagreements with other philosophers Many philosophers believed that reason, science,
and art improved the lives of all people He argued that civilization corrupts people’s natural
goodness
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Cesare Beccaria
Greatly influenced criminal law reformers Argued against the use of torture and other
common abuses of justice
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Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women Presented an argument for the education of women Declared that women should have the same political
rights as men
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What were some of the most
important effects of the
Enlightenment?
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The Enlightenment Spreads
Chapter 22.3
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Fredrick II (Great)
Joseph II
Catherine the Great
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Fredrick II (Great)
Ruled Prussia as an enlightenment despot Supported freedom of worship
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Joseph II
Ruled Austria as an enlightened despot Abolished serfdom
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Catherine the Great
Ruled Russia as an enlightened despot Believed a monarch should have absolute authority* Gave nobility absolute power over the serfs
Brutally crushed a massive uprising of serfs
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Why do you think
Catherine the Great was
attracted to the ideas of
the philosophes?
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The American Revolution
Section 4
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Thomas Jefferson
Constitutional Convention
Articles of Confederation
Congress
Bill of Rights
Scientific Revolution
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Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
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Constitutional Convention
Occurred after the American Revolution
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Articles of Confederation
Created the first national government of the 13 individual states in North America
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Congress
Created by the Articles of Confederation
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Bill of Rights
Influences Voltaire John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Scientific Revolution
Influenced the American Revolution How?
Questioned assumptions that led to challenging ideas about government
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Enlightenment ideas
U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights