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Enlightenment and Revolution Slide 2 Enlightenment Slide 3 A philosophical movement of the 18 th century where logic scrutinized long-held doctrines and traditions Result of the Scientific Revolution Advocated the reason and thinking Looked especially at government People would meet and discuss ideas in salons Slide 4 Slide 5 Locke vs. Hobbes Locke English Humans have basic rights Life Liberty Property blank slate at birth Hobbes English People naturally live in anarchy Social contract People give up all freedoms (except to protect life) for safety Slide 6 Baron de Montesquieu Limited government Separation of powers Checks and balances How is this different from absolutism? Slide 7 Voltaire and Rousseau Voltaire French Criticized government for Intolerance Suppression of freedom Rousseau French People are born good but society makes them bad Government based on popular sovereignty Distrusted reason Slide 8 Legacy of the Enlightenment Human Rights Limited Government Trust reason There are moral and natural laws Documents protecting freedoms Slide 9 English Civil War Slide 10 Houses of Parliament House of Lords Nobles Sympathetic to the crown House of Commons Burgesses Dominated by Puritans Wanted more religious reform in England Argued with the crown Slide 11 Charles I Son of James I Anglican Thought the monarchy should have more power Needed funding for agenda Parliament refused Parliament sent the Petition of Rights Dismissed Parliament Slide 12 Scottish Rebellion Charles I needed money to defeat the Scots British defeated in England Charles I forced to call Parliament Slide 13 Long Parliament 1640-1660 Parliament met on and off Little compromise Slide 14 Irish Rebellion Parliament wanted control of army Charles I tried to have them arrested Start of the English Civil War Slide 15 Groups of the English Civil War Cavaliers Royalists Supported Charles I and the monarchy Roundheads Puritans Named after their haircut Led by Oliver Cromwell Wanted a new government Slide 16 How the War Was Won Oliver Cromwell created a New Model Army Defeated Charles I in battle (twice) Created a Rump Parliament (not legal, but still controlled government) Abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords Slide 17 Oliver Cromwell Became Lord Protector of England Ruled like a dictator Established religious tolerance New constitution (first in Europe) Navigation Act of 1651 Slide 18 Lord Protector & English Commonwealth 1653-1658 Commonwealth means republic Oliver Cromwell was the Lord Protector Ruled like a dictatorship After his death, his son (Richard) ruled England Slide 19 Charles II Richard lost the favor of the army He was forced out Charles II was restored to the throne Well-liked by the people, Charles II was known as the Merry Monarch Worked with Parliament to achieve his ends Slide 20 James II Son of Charles II Did not work well with Parliament Catholic Married a Catholic princess People feared having a Catholic heir Slide 21 Glorious Revolution William and Mary of Orange were asked to take the English throne Mary was the daughter of James II William invaded England with troops James II fled Change of government and no bloodshed!!! Slide 22 Legacies English Bill of Rights Limited Government People should choose who rules them Slide 23 Mercantilism Slide 24 Main Idea The idea that a countrys economic power depends on the amount of gold and silver in its treasury Which means? Slide 25 Examples British East India Company Colonies made for the benefit of the mother country Navigation Acts Slide 26 American Revolution Slide 27 Why Revolution? Colonies left alone for 200 years, then expected to comply with mercantilism Rights as British citizens had been violated Britain sent troops Declaration of Independence Slide 28 New Government Articles of Confederation Constitution Bill of Rights Slide 29 Estates of France Slide 30 1 st Estate- Clergy Often chosen by the king Owned land Paid no taxes Influenced policy in France 1% of population Slide 31 2 nd Estate- Nobility Most important government jobs Owned land Only paid taxes in war (and sometimes not even then) 2% of the population Slide 32 3 rd Estate- Peasants, Artisans, Bourgeoisie Resented the privileges of the aristocracy Paid most of the taxes in France Most members were peasants 97% of the population Slide 33 Louis XVI Married to Marie Antoinette (a foreign princess) Inherited debt from his predecessors Forced to call the Estates General to find a solution to the economic crisis Slide 34 France in Trouble French aid during the American Revolution caused France to go into debt Financial crisis Owed 113 million livres Over 20 trillion by todays standards Louis XV borrowed heavily from bankers Louis XVI tried to tax nobles, but they led riots Slide 35 Estates General Slide 36 Tennis Court Oath Estates General met Each estate got 1 vote, so the third estate was often outvoted The representatives of the third estate met in the Tennis Court and invited the other estates to join them Asked Louis XVI to give each representative a vote He didnt respond They formed the National Assembly Slide 37 Spread of Revolution Slide 38 Fall of the Bastille Bastille was a prison Represented the power of the monarch Peasants stormed the Bastille for its weapons Slide 39 Great Fear Third estate was afraid the aristocracy would try to stop the Revolution Manor houses and monasteries destroyed Nobles fled to other countries Slide 40 Women march on Versailles Urban women were upset by the price of food They marched to Versailles and demanded that the monarchs come live in Paris Slide 41 Constitution of 1791 Split up France into departments Limited the power of the king Land-owning males voted for members of the Legislative Assembly Slide 42 Slide 43 Death of the King King Louis XVI plotted with migrs and foreign powers to stop the revolution Tried to escape France, but was caught Sent to the guillotine Slide 44 National Convention Slide 45 What was it? A legislative body elected through universal manhood suffrage Slide 46 Political Leaders Girondins Feared domination by Paris conservatives Jacobins Wanted domination by Paris Liberals Danton Robespierre Marat Slide 47 Accomplishments Wanted a Republic of Virtue Opened new schools Universal elementary education Wage an price controls Metric system New Calendar New constitution 500 person lower house 250 person upper house 5 directors Slide 48 Reign of Terror Slide 49 What happened? Committee of Public Safety Guillotined those who opposed the Jacobins Led by Robespierre and Danton Both were later sent to the guillotine Slide 50 Why? Jacobins wanted more change Kept people supportive of the Jacobins Slide 51 Results Leaders of the revolution went too far They were executed Led to a reactionary type of government Slide 52 Napoleon Slide 53 Background of Napoleon Gained fame as a brilliant military commander Slide 54 Coup d'tat 1799- Napoleon took his army to Paris The Directors either fled or supported him He claimed control of France by force Ruled France like a dictatorship Much like Julius Caesar Slide 55 French Empire The French voted themselves out of a Republic Napoleon crowned himself emperor Created peace and stability in France Slide 56 Napoleonic Wars Napoleon invaded the rest of Europe to seek unity France controlled much of the HRE, Italy, Poland, and Spain Allied with Austria and Prussia Defeated in Russia More by the winter than by the Russian troops Slide 57 Slide 58 Exile, Escape, and Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba He escaped and came back to France for 100 Days Defeated by a British and Russian alliance at Waterloo Slide 59 Exile (Again) Sent to Saint Helena Died less than 6 years later Slide 60 Legacies of Napoleon Napoleonic Code Reforms and stability in France Changes of boundaries in Europe Sold Louisiana to the Americans Increased nationalism in territories he conquered. Slide 61 Congress of Vienna Slide 62 The Players (Diplomats) Talleyrand (France) Metternich (Austria) Wellington (Great Britain) Hardenburg (Prussia) Nesselrode (Russia) Slide 63 Results Antebellum status quo Concert of Europe A way of solving problems with balance of power and discussion Serious war avoided until WWI Alliances Holy Alliance- Russia, Austria, Prussia Quadruple Alliance- Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (later included France in the Quintuple Alliance) Reactionary in Nature