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ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to Study Airport-Collaborative Decision Making
PhD Research Project
Matthias Groppe CRANFIELD University
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS
Sponsored byEUROCONTROL & FRAPORTENRI Tokyo, JAPAN 5 March 2009
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Outline
Introduction to Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM)
The A-CDM Environment
Objectives of the Research Project
Method of Applied Cognitive Work Analysis
Data Collection & Initial Results
Conclusion
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
The Challenge
One Process
Arrival – Turn-round – DepartureLink airports to the Air Traffic Management Network
Requirements
Create transparent overview by Sharing InformationAll Airport partners needed for CDM successMutual Understanding of operationsCulture change and process improvement
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Information Sharing
The Milestones Approach
Variable Taxi Time Calculation
Collaborative Management of Flight Updates
Collaborative Predeparture Sequence
CDM in Adverse Conditions
The Airport CDM Concept Elements
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
PrincipleFoundation for CDMRight info ���� Right Time ����Right People
RequirementOne Common Information Platform is requiredDevelop procedures and actions for each milestone
BenefitsBrings partners together � Promotes trust
Common situational awareness � efficient use of resourcesImproved predictability � maximises operational efficiency
Information Sharing & Milestone Approach
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
OUTBOUND
Taxi Out(EXOT)
ATOT
ASAT
AOBT
14
15 16
-2hrs CFMU Slotallocation
-3hrs Flight Plan Submission (FPL)
Take Off fromOutstation
INBOUNDData coherency
check
ATOTALDT
Taxi In(EXIT)
FIR Entry/Local Radar Data
1 2 3 4 65
FinalApproach
7/8
TURN-ROUND
Boarding
AIBTAGHT
ARDT
9 10
11ASRT
12 13
Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSAT
Final update
ATC issues
TOBT
TSAT
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
INBOUND
-2hrs CFMU Slotallocation
-3hrs Flight Plan Submission (FPL)
Data coherency
check
ATOT
FIR Entry/Local Radar Data
Take Off fromOutstation
1 2 3 4 5
FinalApproach
OUTBOUND
Taxi Out(EXOT)
ATOT
ASAT
AOBT15 16
Final update
ARDT
ASRT
ALDT
Taxi In(EXIT)
6
147/8
TURN-ROUND
Boarding
AIBTAGHT
ATC issues9 10
11
12 13
Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSAT
TOBT
TSAT
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
TOBT (Target Of Block Time)The time that an aircraft operator / handling agentestimates that an aircraft will be ready, all doors closed, boarding bridge removed, push back vehicle available, ready to start up / push back immediately upon reception of clearance from the TWR.
TSAT (Target Start Approval Time)The time provided by ATC taking into account TOBT, CTOT and / or the traffic situation that an aircraft can expect to receive start-up / pushback approval (when start-up and pushback are issued together)
Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSAT
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Alarms indicate Airport slot
and type errors
Red EOBT/TOBTnotifies AOsof late flight
CTOT discrepanciesare also highlighted
Barcelona Airport CDM Platform
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Sequence Display Examples: Munich
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Improved infrastructure usage
Reduced ATCO workload with enhanced planning
Reduced Apron and Taxiway congestion
Improved airport image (passengers perception of smooth operations)
Better situational awareness during times of disruption and delay
Benefits for Airport Partners
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Implementation
��
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��
� �
��
�
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� �
�
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Over 21 ECAC Airports
Implementing
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Position PAX
stairs
Open PAX door
Duty Free Stocks
In-flight Entertainment
Dis-embark
PAX
Dis-embark Crew
Cabin & Cockpit Catering
Final Cleaning
Board CrewCrew Check Close PAX Door
Board PAX Remove PAX Stairs
Fueling
Unload Bags
Open Cargo
Position Cargo
Position wheel
chocks
Unload Cargo
Load Cargo
Load Bags
Close cargo door
Remove cargo loader
Remove weel
chocks
Unload DAA
Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check
Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check
Colling & Heating
Wheel and Tire Check
Portable Fresh Water
Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)
Exterior Aircraft Cleaning
Demin. Water
Air Starter
De-icing
EEI I BBTT
TTOOBBTT
The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path
Position PAX
stairs
Open PAX door
Duty Free Stocks
In-flight Entertainment
Dis-embark
PAX
Dis-embark Crew
Cabin & Cockpit Catering
Final Cleaning
Board CrewCrew Check Close PAX Door
Board PAX Remove PAX Stairs
Fueling
Unload Bags
Open Cargo
Position Cargo
Position wheel
chocks
Unload Cargo
Load Cargo
Load Bags
Close cargo door
Remove cargo loader
Unload DAA
Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check
Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check
Colling & Heating
Wheel and Tire Check
Portable Fresh Water
Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)
Exterior Aircraft Cleaning
Demin. Water
Air Starter
De-icing
EEI I BBTT
Remove weel
chocks
TTOOBBTT
Estimated Additional/
Reduced GH Time
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Environment I
Operational decision making is based on insufficient quality & flow of information (observation & own experience)
Not all airport partners have required Situational Awarenessfor operational decision making
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Environment II
Strategic
Pre-tactical
Tactical
Ad hoc
LANDSIDE OPERATION
AIRSIDE OPERATION
Interactions across different layers
Strategic Planning
ATC, Aircraft Operator, Airport, Ground Handler, ATFCM, Supervisor
actors
ATCRamp Agent Pilots Dispatch ….
Detai
l of I
nfor
mat
ion
APOCsATC - Aircraft Operators Ground Handler - Airport
Dista
nce
to A
ctio
n
Meta Cooperation
Cooperation in Planning
Cooperation in Action
Source: Own Model analogous EUROCONTROL (2005) and Hoc (2003)Source: Own Model analogous EUROCONTROL (2005) and Hoc (2003)
DISTRIBUTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESSDISTRIBUTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
COMMON COMMON SITUATIONAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESSAWARENESS
COMMON COMMON SITUATIONAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS?AWARENESS?
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Environment III
APOCAPOC: Planning : Planning LevelLevel
Cockpit: Action LevelCockpit: Action Level
Operational Decision Operational Decision MakingMaking
ATC Tower:ATC Tower: Action LevelAction Level
Safety related Decision Making with Operational
Consequences
INFORMATION SHARING- Intermediaries
- Distributed LocationINFORMATION
SYNCHRONISATION Distance to Planning/ Action
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability
Context I: Constraints through Multi-Party Decision Making
Identify individual (single operator) goal setting to increase cooperation towards a common (global) goal
Understand HHIs and HCIsamong operators to increase cooperation building factors
ATC
Pilot/Crew
Airport Operation
Center
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability
Context II: Heterogeneous & Asynchronous Information Sharing
Identification of data/information/ knowledge components which should be employed to provide situational awareness
Synchronization of information sharing for time critical decisions
ATC
Pilot/Crew
Airport Operation
Center
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability
Context III: Irregularities through Unanticipated Events
Identify decisions necessary during unanticipated situations
Understand which information is required for decision making and cooperation among partners during these situations
ATC
Pilot/Crew
Airport Operation
Center
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Applying Cognitive Work Analysis I
Analysis, design, and evaluation of complex sociotechnical systems
Contrast to other task analysis: Formative approach
Designed to provide decision support in an environment with different policies, skill sets and capabilities
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II
SRK Behaviour
SBB
KBB
(5) Actor Competencies Analysis
Role definitionCooperation: during critical situations
Predefined
(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis
Information Requirements
IFM
(3) Strategies Analysis
Decision Model
WHAT HOW WHO
(2) Control Task Analysis
Critical Situations for TOBT Adherence
Traffic limitations
Availableinformation
Technology
Human
(1) Work Domain Analysis
Constraints through...
Work Domain
Cognition
(1)-(5): Phases of CWA accordingto Vicente (1999)
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II
CWACWA
Functional
Abstraction
Network
Functional
Abstraction
Network
Information /
Relationship
Requirements
Information /
Relationship
Requirements
Cognitive
Work
Requirements
Cognitive
Work
Requirements
Presentation
Design
Concepts
Presentation
Design
Concepts
Representation
Design
Requirements
Representation
Design
Requirements
Storyboard /
Prototype
Storyboard /
Prototype
Functional
Requirements
Functional
RequirementsProcessing /
Transformation
Requirements
Processing /
Transformation
Requirements
Knowledge Elicitation
Physical Workspace
Virtual Workspace
Decision Centered Testing
ANALYSISANALYSIS DESIGNDESIGN
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Building the Abstraction-Decomposition SpaceTotal System
Airport Collaborative Decision Making
Subsystem CDM Turn-Round Process Element
Components Milestones, ACISP, CDM
Partners
Functional Purpose
Abstract Function
Generalised Function
Physical Function
Physical Form
Purposes* Improve work together at an operational level* Efficient and safe daily flight operation with reliable information
provision & Common Situational AwarenessExternal Constraints
* Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement, Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO
* Local Standard Operationg Procedures (e.g. due to environmental, airline, airport..)
Criteria*ATTT*Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT) *TOBT/TSAT Predictability*EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time*Ready Reaction Time: AOBT - ARDT
�Safe & efficient usage of available resources�Effective law, regualation, procedure, and policy enforcement�Redesign of airport operational procedures�Implementation of CDM functions
�Provision of reliable information for all CDM partners�Collaborative operational decision making�Increasing Situational Awareness�A-CDM Information Sharing Platform (ACISP)
Purposes�Provide the A-CDM partners with a common situationalawareness�Anticipation of disruptions & expeditious recovery throughinformation sharing among all partners including passengersExternal constraints�Distributed location between CDM partners and actors�Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement,
Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO
Criteria�ATTT�Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT)�TOBT/TSAT Predictability�EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time
�Ready Reaction Time: AOBT – ARDT
�Safe & efficient turn-round & flight�Adherence to CDM procedures�Efficient implementation of collaborative decisions at action level�Enforcement of laws, regulations, procedures, policies
�Efficient information provision & cooperation betweenoperators & actors�Distributed Situational Awareness at action level�Efficient comand & control structure between pretactical & action level of operation
�Printed Information/ Data about TOBT/TSAT�Information Screens for passengers�Airport Infrastructure & Airspace Structure�Alert Messages to all CDM partners via the ACISP�Flight Update Messages (FUMs)
Purposes�Milestones: To provide decision makers withinformation about flight progress and triggerdecision making�ACISP: To provide information sharing betweenthe Airport CDM Partners�A-CDM Partner GoalsExternal Constraints�No & design of Milestones, Alert Messages, participating partners
Milestones�CDM Procedure Group Meetings�Performance AssessmentsACISP & A-CDM Partners�User feedback & Performance Assessment
Milestones�Data/ Information availability & Practicability of Information ACISP & A-CDM Partners�Physical dynamics of user behaviour
Milestones�Functionalability/capability/limitations & status�Inform all partnersACISP & A-CDM Partners�Functionalability/capability/limitation�Establish Situational Awareness
�IT platforms with operational information sources, eg TOBT/TSAT�AMAN/DMAN�Airport Operation Centre (APOC)�Representative Decision Makers of all partners�Meteorlogical features, e.g. adverse weather condition
�Electronic Data/ Information�Software Applications�HMIs, e.g. ACARS, Telefon, Computer�Computer Network�Operation Room�System Operators�Passengers�Actors
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
The A-CDM Abstraction-Decomposition Space
Total System Airport Collaborative
Decision Making
Subsystem CDM Turn-Round Process Element
Components Milestones, ACISP, CDM
Partners
Functional Purpose
Abstract Function
Generalised Function
Physical Function
Physical Form
WHY
WHAT
HOW
Safe & efficient Flight Operation
Increased Punctuality (Reliability)
Shorter Travel Time
Increased Passenger Satisfaction
Safe & efficient Usage of available
Information
Operators Capabilites & Limitations
Milestones Functionability & Limitations
ACISP & Airport
Infrastructure
Compliant Operator Behavior
Effective Turn-Round Procedures
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
(1) Work Domain Analysis: Mapping Information Requirem ents I
EEEE
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Cockpits’ Survey: Information Requirements I
xStand Information
xTarget In Block Time
xCDM Compliance Alerts
xVariable Taxi Time Calculation
xAircraft Operational Status
xNot time related Data
xTime related Data
xTurn-Round Disruptions
xEnvironmental Condition Information
xPassenger Boarding Time
xInformation Sharing among participating actors
xCDM Operating Procedures
xOperational Information
xBehavioral Recommendations
xInfrastructure related warnings
xApron Rules & Regulations
xTTOT
xCTOT
xTurn-Round Compliance of other actors
xETTT
xTOBT/ TSAT
xInformation from ACISP
PARTIALLYNOYES
Information Requirement Information Provided to Pilots
xOther A-CDM users location & future movements
xCurrent airport & aircraft condition
xCurrent component performance & status
xCurrent task status in relation to goals
xAvailable Resources
xCapability/ Knowledge Level of all participating actors
xTurn-Round Compliance control task support
xCognitive turn-round control task support
xPhysical turn-round control task support
xAircraft Requirements & Status
xPerformance & Status of all participating actors
xEconomic Cost of planned/ alternative Turn-Round
xA-CDM Partner Goals
xAircraft Technical Status
xAirport Performance
xSafety Level
xPilots`Goals
xEXOT
xEOBT/TOBT/CTOT Compliance alarms
xRunway in Use
xGround Handling Start Delay
Source: On-line Cockpits’ Survey (2008)
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Turn-Round
De-icing
Passenger Transport
Airline
Boarding
Cleaning
Catering
WCH Fuel
De-BoardingRamp
Agent
Airport Infrastructure
APOC
Check-In
Transportation
Push-Back
Parking Position
Aircraft
Crew Transport
Loading
Ground Handler
CFMUATC
Repair
Flight Documents
Load Sheet
Fresh Water
Crew
Ramp Transport
Security
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Turn-Round
De-icing
Passenger Transport
Airline
Boarding
Cleaning
Catering
WCH Fuel
De-BoardingRamp
Agent
Airport Infrastructure
APOC
Check-In
Transportation
Push-Back
Parking Position
Aircraft
Crew Transport
Loading
Ground Handler
CFMUATC
Repair
Flight Documents
Load Sheet
Fresh Water
Crew
Ramp Transport
Security
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Turn-Round
DeDe--icingicing
Passenger Passenger TransportTransport
AirlineAirline
BoardingBoarding
CleaningCleaning
CateringCatering
WCHWCH FuelFuel
DeDe--BoardingBoardingRamp
Agent
Airport Airport InfrastructureInfrastructure
APOC
CheckCheck --InIn
TransportationTransportation
PushPush --BackBack
Parking Parking PositionPosition
AircraftAircraft
Crew Crew TransportTransport
LoadingLoading
Ground Ground HandlerHandler
CFMUCFMUATCATC
RepairRepair
Flight Flight DocumentsDocuments
Load Load SheetSheet
Fresh Fresh WaterWater
Ramp Ramp TransportTransport
SecuritySecurity
Crew
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
(2) Control Task Analysis – The Decision Ladder
Task definition
TaskTrig �, TaskCoord �
Planning
ActTrig �
Active task
ActOut
Active target
Re- activation
of goal
Need of visual
information
Deliver
clearance
AP- Process
AP- StateProcessInfo
Conditions for
TaskCoord
PG- Model
AP
Condition for
task finalization
,
MeetSCHEDULE
- Execution
PGtoPI �
Execution
Coordinate Manipulations
TOBT
-
PlanningFormulate Procedure
Re activation
of goal
Action
Task definitionEquipment ChangeTaskCoord
ObsArea �Observation
Information & Data of A/C
ActInSET of Observations
PItoPG
-
ActivationTechnical Problem with
A/C
Action
ConditionNot implemented
Analysis
Planning
Legend:
Action
ConditionNot implemented
Analysis
Planning
Legend:
ALERT StationsPilots
report or request
Active task
Procedure
Need of more
Conditions fortask finalization
information
Interpretation
GoalSelec �
New goal identified
Task finished
StrategySystemState
Evaluation
SitEval �
Goal cannot
be reached
(Task is
temporarilydeactivated)
InterpretationConsequence for
current flight
New goal identified
Task finished
Ambiguity
Interpretation
changed
system state
Interpretation
changed
system state
Evaluation
Delay/ Cancellation
Goal cannot
be reached
(Task is
temporarilydeactivated)
Goal stackSystemState
System State: Alert
Identification
, , Present State of System: AOG
MEET Schedule
AP- Process InAP1
AP- StateProcessInfo
AP- Model
OutAP1
States of Knowledge resulting from data
processing
Data-processing Activities
Legend:
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
(3) Strategy Analysis – Goal Complexity I
[2] [2] Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)[2] [2] Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)
APOC Decision Making DomainAPOC Decision Making Domain
Ultimate Ultimate GoalGoal
Cooperative PlanningCooperative Planning
Structure/ ProcessStructure/ Process
Group Group TasksTasks
RolesRoles
Domain 2Domain 2
(TOBT)(TOBT)
(e.g. Ground Handler)(e.g. Ground Handler)Domain 1Domain 1
(e.g. Airline Cockpit)(e.g. Airline Cockpit)
GoalsGoals
TasksTasks
ResourcesResources
GoalsGoals
TasksTasks
ResourcesResourcesA1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A4A4 A5A5 A6A6 A7A7
B1B1 B2B2 B3B3
C1C1 C2C2
Individual Individual GoalGoal
SubgoalsSubgoals
Flight Flight SafetySafety
Routine Routine ChecksChecks
Aircraft Aircraft SystemsSystems
Punctual Punctual DispatchDispatch
Service Service DeliveryDelivery
GHDGHD
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis
Classification of Interaction Situations (Ferber,1995)Classification of Interaction Situations (Ferber,1995)
J. Ferber (1995) J. Ferber (1995) MultiMulti--Agent SystemsAgent Systems, Addison, Addison --Wesley, MunichWesley, Munich
AntagonismCollective resource conflictinsufficientinsufficientincompatible
AntagonismIndividual resource conflictsufficientinsufficientincompatible
AntagonismPure individual competitioninsufficientsufficientincompatible
CooperationPure individual competitionsufficientsufficientincompatible
CooperationCoordinated collaborationinsufficientinsufficientcompatible
CooperationBlockadesufficientinsufficientcompatible
IndifferenceSimple working togetherinsufficientsufficientcompatible
IndifferenceIndependencesufficientsufficientcompatible
CategoryType of SituationAbilitiesRessourcesAims/ Interests
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Conclusion
Using Turn-Round Scenarios allows to demonstrate the Applicability of CWA in the A-CDM System Domain
CWA identifies Information Sharing ‘Bottlenecks’ and reveals areas for possible Improvements
CWA allows to draw focus on decision making or conflicting interests
Can be used to develop a future A- CDM Decision Support System
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Q & A?Q & A?