ensuring a safe sustainable future water supply
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Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply
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Water usage in Texas will exceed the available water supply by 2060
• Rapid population growth is projected
• A single source will not be adequate to supply demand
• Diverse combination of technologies must be developed and implemented
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Future Water DemandsState of Texas
• 8.5 million acre-feet per year of new water supplies needed to meet 2060 demand
• One acre-foot is equivalent to approximately 326,000 gallons
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• Strategic Water Management• Using existing sources wisely• Conservation
• Innovative Water Technologies• Desalination• Brackish Groundwater Desalination• Aquifer Storage and Recovery• Reuse• Rainwater Harvesting
Meeting Future Demand
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Desalination
• Process of removing dissolved salts from saline water
• Infinite supply – 370 miles of Texas coastline– 67,000 - 112, 000 acre-feet / year capacity
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• Challenges– Higher TDS concentration, higher energy costs– Produces toxic by-products that require disposal
• Benefits– Drought-proof source– Cost effective option due to optimization of existing
technology
Desalination Benefits & Challenges
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Brackish Groundwater Desalination
• Important desalination water supply option• Brackish groundwater is abundant in Texas
– Estimated at 2.7 billion acre-feet
• Challenges– Lack of detailed information on water quality
parameters – Inadequate assessment tools
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Brackish Resources Aquifer Characterization System (BRACS)
• Funding received in 2009 – Map and characterize brackish aquifers – Develop better tools to assess parameters– Groundwater flow models to determine aquifer
productivity– Develop pilot scale models of innovative desalination
technologies
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Aquifer Storage and Recovery
• Appropriated surface water stored in wet years for subsequent retrieval during drought
• Injected into a geologic formation capable of underground storage
• 67 Class V aquifer storage wells in use Texas• Many more available
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Source: Texas Water Development Board
Aquifer Storage and Recovery
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Reuse
• Reclaimed Water • Domestic or municipal wastewater• Treated to a quality suitable for reuse
– Direct reuse– Indirect reuse
• Not the same as grey water
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• Funding for initial infrastructure– $4 billion to meet 2060 demands– Mostly for treatment plants and pipelines
• Water rights / regulatory issues• Water quality• Balance between human and ecological needs
Reuse Challenges
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Rainwater Harvesting
• Renewed interest in a forgotten practice• 1”of rain on a 2,000 sq foot roof yields 1,000 gal of
useable water• Average system collects about 32,000 gal per year• Suitable usages
– Landscape irrigation– Household usage– Drinking water (with minimum treatment)
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Emerging Technologies
• Atmospheric water generation• Solar powered water farms• Solar powered desalination
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Atmospheric Water Generation
• Freshwater is produced from the atmosphere
• Converts humidity to liquid water• Cools the air below its “dew point”• Site-specific designs• Brine or solid salt is not produced-no
desalination
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Solar Powered Water Producing Farms
• Clean drinking water from air and sunlight• Eliminates the need for fossil fuel power sources• Low cost
Source: Airwaterwell - Water from Air.com
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Solar Powered Desalination Unit
• Large scale production• Eliminates the need for adjacent power plant• Does not generate brine or solid salt
Source:desalwave.com
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The time to plan for the future is now. Humankind cannot continue to
squander our most precious resource. There is no life without water.
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There is No Substitute
Source: witicitafalls.gov
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References
www.twdb.state.tx.us/
www.airwaterwell.com/
www.watair.com
www.desalwave.com/