Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells

Melissa K. Jones,1* Makiko Wantanbe,1* Shu Zhu,1 Christina L. Graves,2,3 Lisa R. Keyes,1 Katrina R.

Grau,1 Mariam B. Gonzalez-Hernandez,4 Nicole M. Iovine,5 Christina E. Wobus,4 Jan Vinjé,6 Scott A. Tibbetts,1 Shannon M. Wallet,2,3 Stephanie M.

Karst1†

Presented by: Katherin Portwood

1

• Easily transmitted in vomit aerosols, person to person contact, and fecal-oral contamination

• Small infection dose: 10-20 viral particles• Cruise ship diarrhea • Dehydration, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea• Duration: 24-48 hours• Most prevalent strain today is GII.4 Sydney

Norovirus is a lytic virus • Attaches to host cell and inserts its genome• Utilizes host machinery and one viral protein (RNA dependent

RNA polymerase) to replicate virons• Host cells are destroyed to release virus descendants

Norovirus is an +ssRNA virus• RNA dependent

RNA polymerase (RdRp) replicates the genome – +ssRNA– -ssRNA– +ssRNA

Norovirus is a non-enveloped virus• Norovirus binds to Histo-

Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs)

• Every virus has capsid proteins that protect the genome– VP1 is the major capsid

protein in norovirus.– VP1 encodes for a P

domain capable of binding to HBGAs

Histo-Blood Group Antigens

7

Norovirus genes

3

Mouse Norovirus (MuNoV)

• Acute infection

• Protective immunity – short lived

• Persistent infections

• Attenuated

Infect macrophages and Dendritic Cells of the host immune

system

Time course of infection

MNV-1 MNV-

3

Measurement of Virus infectivity• Cytopathic effects (CPE)– Structural changes in the host cells that are caused by viral

invasion– Evidence of cell lysis (plaques)– Represents actively replicating norovirus

• Plaque forming units (PFU)– Visual detections to determine the amount of virus particles from

dead host cells• TCID-50– Represents the viral concentration necessary to induce cell death/

pathological changes in 50% of inoculated cells– Determined by a specific calculation

Figure 1A

• RAW246.7- mouse macrophage

• M12- Mature mouse B cell

• WEHI.231- immature mouse B cell

• CMT-93- intestinal epithelial cells

MuNoVs infect B cells in culture

Determining cell viability

• Propidium Iodide staining– Red fluorescent stain– Only permeates the

membranes of dead cells– Binds to DNA

Figure 1B

MuNoVs infect B cells in culture

Immunofluorescence

4

Figure 1C

MuNoVs infect B cells in culture

Figure 1D

MuNoVs infect B cells in culture

Figure 2A

MuNoVs target Peyer’s patch B cells

Figure 2B

MuNoVs target Peyer’s patch B cellsWhy was there no significant difference in infection of the colon tissue?

Peyer’s Patches

• lymphatic follicles that sample the contents of the small intestine

• “waiting room” for B cells who will soon interact with their antigen

• Once the interaction is made, the B cells travel to the mesenteric lymph nodes to continue immune responses

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Peyer’s Patches

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NoV

B

Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

8

Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

8

Peyer’s Patches

8

Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Peyer’s Patches

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Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction

5

Figure 2C

• RT-PCR detected the presence of viral genome in CD19 marked B cells and bulk cells collected from Peyer’s Patches.

MuNoVs target Peyer’s patch B cells

Flow Cytometry

6

Figure 2D

• N-term is a non-structural protein that activates host cell apoptosis

• CD19 and B220 are B cell surface markers

• Flow cytometry detected the presence of viral replication in diverse types of B cells

MuNoVs target Peyer’s patch B cells

Figure 3A

• GII.4 Sydney is the current dominate HuNoV strain

• Human Burrkits lymphoma cells (BJABs) were the test B cells

• viral genome growth in B cells at 3 and 5 dpi

HuNoVs productively infect B cells in culture

Figure 3B

• UV light acts as a mutagen -inactivates the viral replication process

HuNoVs productively infect B cells in culture

Figure 3C-D

HuNoVs productively infect B cells in culture

Figure 3E-F

HuNoVs productively infect B cells in culture

Figure 4 A

Intestinal bacteria facilitate NoV infections

Figure 4 B

Intestinal bacteria facilitate NoV infections

Figure 4 C

Intestinal bacterial facilitate NoV infections

Figure 4 D

Intestinal bacteria facilitate NoV infections

Conclusion

• Murine Norovirus infects B cells in culture• MuNoVs target Peyer’s Patch B cells • HuNoVs productively infect B cells in culture• Intestinal bacteria facilitate NoV infections

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