enterprise information infrastructure

Enterprise information Technology

Today is my Agenda

Understanding of Enterprise information infrastructure

What is informationArchitecture

Information system and information architecture

Models of Enterprise information infrastructure

Theories of information infrastructure

Background (once upon a time )

• Information pollution• Document management system • Information management systems• The new idea of Taxonomies

Enterprise Information infrastructure

• information infrastructure as a shared, evolving, heterogeneous installed

base of IT capabilities based on open and standardized interfaces

Enterprise information infrastructure

Information infrastructure

data infrastructure

Information system

infrastructure

Network infrastructure

Process infrastructure

Management infrastructure

Service infrastructure

Cont,EII

• When dealing with information infrastructures, we need to look to the whole• array of organizational forms, practices, and institutions that

accompany, make• possible, and inflect the development of new technology, their

related practices,• and their distributions

Challenges in designing information infrastructure

enterprise inherent

complexity

scale and functional

uncertainty

Heterogenic

Compatibility with existing

enterprise structure

Information infrastructure development focus • the integration, synthesis, and definition of any information that

needs to be shared across the enterprise, and

• The means by which to transport, store, and access that information in a way that enhances, rather than impedes, user productivity.

What are the technical goal for the Enterprise to develop Information infrastructure

• Reliable storage and retrieval of complex Enterprise information for varied applications• Real-time, data-driven Enterprise decisions• Real-time data entry by any node in the Enterprise• Real-time global transport of complex Enterprise records with

accuracy, speed, and security• Computer-based training, , and reference tools

What are the Business goal for the Enterprise to develop Information infrastructure

• To gain the capability to develop products that will

• decrease needless duplication of records through reuse

• Improve financial and management information handling

• faster and more accurate analysis of data

• Capture global market share of new and improved products and

services

Information development technologies

information access,

transmission, storage, and

retrieval technologies

multimedia information technologies

security and privacy

technologies

mobile and collaborative computing

technologies

Information infrastructure

Technology infrastructure

Organization infrastructure Business infrastructure

Technology inventory road map

Organization structure function

Corporate data model Function model Interaction model

Current system model

Interaction matrix Current system inventory matrix

II

Our approach to the study of the characteristics of IIs is to focus on what is found to be the primary characteristics of other infrastructure technologies in general and analyses how these characteristics appear in IIs.

Architecture

Socio-change

AI

IT IOS&DIS

CN

IS

N-TIOS=interorganizational systems DIS=distributed information systemsAi = application infrastructureCN=computer NetworkIS=information systemN-T= network technology

Design Principle

Design initially for usefulness

Draw upon existing installed

bases

Expand installed base by persuasive

tactics to gain momentum

Make it simple

Structured approach in designing EII

Strategize and Plan

Develop Governance

Drive Change Management

Execute

Measure and Improve

The problems associated with

Design

deployment

management

EII security

Policies

Processes

People Tools & technology

Standards

Audit

Respond

Prevent

Detect

• Kernel theory• Horizontal • vertical ,• Socio-technical• rational design• Active network theory

EII Theories

Theory is theoretical warrants that can offer effective guidance

ENTERPRISE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND INTEGRATION

Building the Dynamic Enterprise

ENTERPRISE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

• An architecture is the blueprint for translating a business strategy into a plan

• An infrastructure is a relative term meaning “the structure beneath a structure”• This definition implies different layers of structure, which provide support or

services • It is the implementation of the architecture

Why Information Infrastructure Matters????• Global markets are creating enormous demands for increased

information sharing

• A powerful, flexible Information infrastructure has become a prerequisite for any enterprise for doing business

Why Information Infrastructure Matters????

• Information infrastructure should exhibit several key traits, such as:• Efficiency

• Reusable components that are priced reasonably and can be turned around quickly for application development projects

• Effectiveness• Easy integration of all components in a way that supports their

operation• Agility

• Good planning and design processes that allow companies to develop new applications quickly and to upgrade their existing infrastructure to support new requirements for existing and/or new applications

Why Information Infrastructure Matters????• Translating the architecture into an infrastructure entails creating

details about certain technologies: • Hardware • Software • Network • Information


• There are four types of information infrastructures: 1. Decentralized2. Centralized3. Distributed4. Client/server

Decentralized Information Infrastructure• A decentralized information infrastructure involves little or no

sharing of information systems• Gives users the freedom to develop applications that meet their

needs and maintain control over the applications they develop • Disadvantages

• Difficult to share applications and information across areas• Each area may have their own hardware/software, maintenance and service

contracts which could increase cost• Encourages duplication of data which can lead to inconsistencies

Decentralized Information Infrastructure

Centralized Information Infrastructure

• A centralized information infrastructure involves the storing of application software and information in one central area or one central mainframe• Mainframes were originally the only computers available for business • Advantages:

• High degree of control makes it easy to maintain h/w, s/w, procedures and operations standards

• Easy to control access to information • Disadvantages:

• Inflexibility – different departments have different needs and one size does not fit all

Centralized Information Infrastructure

Distributed Information Infrastructure• A distributed information infrastructure involves distributing

the information and processing power of IT systems via a network• The architecture must be able to determine the location as well as

the optimal way to request specific applications and information

• By connecting all the information systems via a distributed infrastructure, all locations can share information and applications• Processing activity can be allocated to the location(s) where it

can most efficiently be done• Will duplicate the same application and/or information in multiple

sites

Distributed Information Infrastructure

Client/Server Information Infrastructure

• A client/server information infrastructure has one or more computers that are servers which provide services to other computers, called clients• The client/server infrastructure is a form of distributed

infrastructure • Application processing is split between the client and server

• When surfing the web, your computer is the client using browser software and interacting with Web servers that have information you are seeking (shopping, news, education, etc.)

• The server sends information to the client where it is processed – the network is heavily used which can become a bottleneck

Client/Server Information Infrastructure

Types of Enterprise Information Infrastructure and their Characteristics

Characteristics Decentralized Centralized Distributed Client/Server

Cost efficiency Moderate Excellent Moderate Very reasonable

Data location Distributed Centralized Distributed Distributed

Management Ease Simple Easy Difficult Moderate

Network performance

Excellent Constrained Varies Constrained

Processing location

Distributed Centralized Distributed Shared

User control Full Very limited Varies Varies

Output for Enterprise to invest on Information Infrastructure

• IT investments are one of the most important decisions made within an organization

• IT infrastructure investments are large, long term, and have no (real) value on their own

• By developing a solid information infrastructure, GM (General Motors Company) has saved $1 billion annually for the past 5 years

• Wachovia Corp (4th largest financial services comp and 3rd largest brokerage firm in the US) invested $1.4 million in information infrastructure development and saved $2.3 million within two years

Supporting an Information Infrastructure• Backup is the process of making a copy of the

information stored on a computer

• Recovery is the process of reinstalling the backup information in the event the information was lost

Disaster Recovery Plan• A disaster recovery plan is a detailed process for recovering

information in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood• A collocation facility is a enterprise that rents space and

telecommunications equipment from another company

• Hot site – separate and fully equipped facility where a enterprise can move immediately after a disaster and resume business

• Cold site – separate facility that does not have computer equipment but where employees can move after a disaster

INTEGRATING THE ENTERPRISE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

• Integration allows separate applications to communicate directly with each other by automatically exporting data files from one application and importing them into another

• Building integrations between applications helps an organization maintain better control of its information

INTEGRATING THE ENTERPRISE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

• Gap Inc has 1,900 stores around the world, employees more than 13,000 people and generated 16.3 billion revenues in 2010

• Their goal is to maintain a 20% growth rate each year – to do this they need to provide their employees with immediate access to real-time information

Why Integration Is Necessary

• Integration requires the simplification and streamlining of organizational processes using techniques such as BPR and workflow redesign• Business process reengineering (BPR) is the analysis and

redesign of workflow within and between enterprises• Workflow defines all the steps or business rules, from beginning

to end, required for a business process

Benefits of Integration

• Many of the benefits can be easily measured in financial terms• Cost reduction• Reduction of inventory costs • Reduction of personnel costs

Benefits of IntegrationRANK TANGIBLE INTANGIBLE

1 Inventory reduction Information visibility

2 Personnel reduction New/improved process

3 Productivity improvements Customer responsiveness

4 Order processing improvements Integration

5 IT cost reduction Standardization

6 Procurement reduction Flexibility

7 Revenue/profit increase Globalization

8 Transportation logistics Business performance

Integration Obstacles

• People• Process• Technology

Conclusions

The paper suggests that information infrastructures should not be studied retrospectively to understand how they are established, but rather should be studied focusing on the process of making. Here we study the action of making rather than the processes that made. A business organization it is simple like the competitive edge and for service oriented organization it is simple a set of procedures

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enterprise information infrastructure

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