enthalpies of formation. an enthalpy of formation, h f, is defined as the enthalpy change for the...
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Enthalpies of Formation
Enthalpies of Formation
An enthalpy of formation, Hf, is defined as the enthalpy change for the reaction in which a compound is made from its constituent elements in their elemental forms.
Standard Enthalpies of Formation
Standard enthalpies of formation, Hf°, are measured under standard conditions (25 °C and 1.00 atm pressure).
Standard Enthalpies of Formation
• The law of summation of heats of formation states that the enthalpy of a reaction is equal to the total formation energy of the products minus that of the reactants.
is the mathematical symbol meaning “the sum of”, and m and n are the coefficients of the substances in the chemical equation..
)reactants(Hm)products(HnH of
of
o
A Problem to Consider
• You record the values of Hfo under the
formulas in the equation, multiplying them by the coefficients in the equation.
- You can calculate Ho by subtracting the values for the reactants from the values for the products.
)9.45(4 )0(5 )3.90(4 )8.241(6
)g(OH6)g(NO4)g(O5)g(NH4 223
Practice Problem 6.45
Practice Problem 6.46
Calculation of H
• Imagine this as occurringin three steps:
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)
3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)
4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)
Calculation of H
• Imagine this as occurringin three steps:
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)
3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)
4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)
Calculation of H
• Imagine this as occurringin three steps:
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)
3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)
4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)
3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g)
4 H2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) 4 H2O (l)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
Calculation of H
• The sum of these equations is: