entities and relations for agent-based modelling of complex...
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Entities and Relations for Agent-Based Modelling ofComplex Spatial Systems
March/09
Pedro Ribeiro de Andrade
Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro
Gilberto Câmara
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source: IGBP
The fundamental question of our time
How is the Earth’s environment changing, and what are the consequences for human civilization?
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How to model these phenomena?
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Agents as basis for complex systems
Agent: flexible, interacting, and autonomous
An agent is any actor within an environment, any entity that
can affect itself, the environment, and other agents.
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Agent-Based Modelling
Goal
Environment
Representations
Communication
Action
Perception
Communication
source: Nigel Gilbert
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“... Incorporating real spatial heterogeneity into agent-based models will improve our ability to draw conclusions about the behavior of complex systems in realistic environments...”
(Brown et al., 2005)
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How can geospatial data feed agent-based models?
Scientific question
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Relations
Entities
How can geospatial data feed agent-based models?
Scientific question
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Citizens (points) Farmers (polygons)
First Entity: Agent
Source: (Crooks, 2006); (Lim et al. 2002)
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Agents are computational systems placed in some environment.
(Jennings et al., 98)
Second Entity: Space
� Discrete → cells
� Dynamic
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Agent
Cell
Cell Agent
Sources: (Benenson and Torrens, 2005; Samuelson and Macau, 2006)
FromTo
Relations
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Cell→cell
Spatial neighbourhood between cells
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Cell→agent
“Which agents belong to this cell?”
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Agent→cell
Source: Adapted from (Lim et al. 2002)
“Which cells this agent controls, owns, targets?”
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Agent→agent
Agents can communicate, exchange goods, etc.Agents are situated in space.
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Agent
Cell
Cell AgentFromTo
Relations and their differences
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Relations and their differences
--Adjacency, contiguity, distance, accessibility,
visibility
Amount of time, intimacy, emotional intensity, reciprocal services
Weight
SymmetricalSymmetricalDiredtedDirectedGraph
BinaryBinaryWeightedWeightedType
No flowNo flowAgents, suppliesInformationFlow
Cell→AgentCell→AgentCellsAgents
PlacementNeighbourhood
Agent
Cell
To
Neighbourhood
Cell AgentFrom
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Relations and their differences
--Adjacency, contiguity, distance, accessibility,
visibility
Amount of time, intimacy, emotional intensity, reciprocal services
Weight
SymmetricalSymmetricalDiredtedDirectedGraph
BinaryBinaryWeightedWeightedType
No flowNo flowAgents, suppliesInformationFlow
Cell→AgentCell→AgentCellsAgents
PlacementNeighbourhood
Agent
Cell
To
PlacementCell AgentFrom
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Source: (Benenson; Torrens, 2005), (Samuelson; Macau, 2006)
The idea of Generalized Proximity Matrix (GPM) is a foundation for setting up these relations
Hypothesis
Cell Agent
From
To
GPMGPM
GPMGPMAgent
Cell
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Source: (Aguiar, 2003)
Which objects are closer?
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Source: (Aguiar, 2003)
Which objects are closer?
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Euclidean Spaces Open Network Closed Network
GPM – strategies for building relations
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GPM as a graphTo
Agent
Cell
a
b
a
b
c
c
Cell Agent
From
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Source: (Carneiro, 2006)
TerraME
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Source: (Aguiar, 2003;; Carneiro, 2006)
� Cell
� CellularSpace
� Neighbourhood
� Trajectory
( , ≤≤≤≤ )
Space
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Source: adapted from (Carneiro, 2006)
Deforestation > 70%
recently created
desfloresting
saturated
Latency > 6 years
Evolution of Desflorestation
recession
growing
normal
time = 1997
time = 1988
time = 1994
Economic system
Behaviour – Agent
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CellAgent
ForEachCell
ForEachCellForEachNeighbor
CellularSpace
Trajectory
DBMS
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CellAgent
ForEachAgent ForEachCell
ForEachCellForEachNeighbor ForEachNeighbor
ForEachAgent
CellularSpaceSociety
Group Trajectory
DBMS
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Cell→agent
Model 1: Competition for Space
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Cell→agent
Model 1: Competition for Space
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Deforestation
Forest
Non-forest
Deforestation Map – 2000 (INPE/PRODES Project)
km
Projetos de Colonização
10
8
15
1614
13
Projetos antigosNovos projetosProjetos planejados
km
Projetos de Colonização
10
8
15
1614
13
Projetos antigosNovos projetosProjetos planejados
Projetos antigosNovos projetosProjetos planejados
Federal Government induced colonization area (since the 70’s):
� Small, medium and large farms.
� Mosaic of land use patterns.
� Definition of land units and typology of actors based on multi-temporal images (85-00) and colonization projects information (Escada, 2003).
Model 2: Deforestation in Rondônia
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1985 to 1997
Source: adapted from (Carneiro, 2006)
Model 2: Deforestation in Rondônia
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Large farmer (25 cells)
500 m (all)
Small farmer (2 cells)
Agent→cell
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“Society”of
Producers
“Society”of
Suppliers
“Society”of
Consumers
GPM GPM
GPM GPM GPM
Model 3: Logistic or supply chains
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Agent→agent
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Conclusions
* Up to the modeller
Agent→CellCell→Agent
� Weak connections between toolkits and GIS
� Toolkits adapted for problems, or problems adapted to toolkits
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Conclusions
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Entities and Relations for Agent-Based Modelling ofComplex Spatial Systems
Pedro Ribeiro de Andrade
Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro
Gilberto Câmara
{pedro, miguel, gilberto}@dpi.inpe.br
http://lucc.ess.inpe.br