entomology · 2019. 4. 2. · entomology master gardeners emily justus march 29th 2019. outline...
TRANSCRIPT
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ENTOMOLOGY Master Gardeners
Emily JustusMarch 29th 2019
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Outline
• Taxonomy• Overview• Insect Relatives• Insect Biology and body plans• Insect Orders• Break
• Insect roles• Decomposers• Predators and parasitoids• Pollinators• Pests• Vectors of plant diseases
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What is taxonomy?
• Taxonomy: branch of science concerned with classification of organisms.
• Father of taxonomy: Carl Linnaeus (1758)• Published Systema Naturae which based on
binomial method of naming organisms• Carl Alexandar Clerck was the FIRST to use
this system not Linnaeus! He used it to name spiders
• This system is still used today and is regulated by the International Code of Zoological nomenclature
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Hierarchy of classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Hierarchy of classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Phylum: Arthropoda
• Arthro= jointed
• Poda= feet
• Characteristics:1. Segmented bodies
2. Jointed appendages
3. Exoskeleton
4. Bilateral symmetry
5. Open circulatory system
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Class of Arthropoda: Chilopoda
• Centipedes
• One pair of antennae
• One pair of legs per segment
• Venomous
• Predominantly carnivorous
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Class of Arthropoda: Diplopoda
• Millipedes
• One pair of antennae
• Two pairs of legs on each segment
• When they hatch they only have six legs!
• Detritivore or herbivores
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Class of Arthropoda: Crustacea
• Majority of species are aquatic with one exception- the pillbug or rollie-pollie
• Isopods (order of Crustacea)❖Seven pairs of jointed legs
❖Flattened body that may or may not roll up in a ball
❖Females carry their young in a pouch on their thorax
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Class of Arthropoda: Arachnida
• No antennae
• Only two body segments:• Cephalothorax• Abdomen
• Eight legs
• Includes• Spiders• Scorpions• Ticks• Mites• Harvestman
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Class of Arthropoda: Arachnida
• No antennae
• Only two body segments:• Cephalothorax• Abdomen
• Eight legs
• Includes:• Spiders• Scorpions• Ticks• Mites• Harvestman• Horseshoe crabs???
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Class of Arthropoda: Arachnida
• No antennae
• Only two body segments:• Cephalothorax• Abdomen
• Eight legs
• Includes• Spiders• Scorpions• Ticks• Mites• Harvestman• Horseshoe crabs???
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What makes an insect an insect?
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What makes an insect an insect?
• One pair of antennae
• Adult have six legs
• Three body segments
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What makes an insect an insect?
• One pair of antennae
• Adult have six legs
• Three body segments
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What makes an insect an insect?
• One pair of antennae
• Adult have six legs
• Three body segments
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Types of mouth parts
• Types of the mouth parts, or even the presence of mouthparts can help you narrow down what insect you have!
Sucking mouthparts Lapping Sponging Chewing
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Types of antennae
Just like mouthparts antennae can give you a clue as to what
insect you have!
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Types of legs
• Cursorial
• Raptorial
• Saltatorial
• Natatorial
• Fossorial
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Types of legs
• Cursorial= running
• Raptorial= grasping
• Saltatorial= jumping
• Natatorial= swimming
• Fossorial= digging
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What kind of legs does this insect have?
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Types of metamorphosis
• Hemimetabolous
• Partial metamorphosis
• There is not a total rearmament of the body plan, just gradual changes until maturity
• Immature stage: Nymph
• If wings are present, nymphs will have wing pads in the place of adult wings
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Types of Metamorphosis
• Holometabolous
• Complete metamorphosis
• Goes through four different life stages• Egg
• Larva
• Pupa
• adult
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Insect orders: Overview
• There are roughly 30 orders of insects
• The most species rich are:❖Coleoptera
❖Hymenoptera
❖Diptera
❖Lepidoptera
❖Hemiptera
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Hemimetabolous Orders
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Insect orders: Phasmatodea
• Walking sticks
• Chewing mouthparts
• Hemimetabolous
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Insect orders: Phasmatodea
• Walking sticks
• Chewing mouthparts
• Hemimetabolous
• Some species look like leaves
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Insect orders: Phasmatodea
• Walking sticks
• Chewing mouthparts
• Hemimetabolous
• Some species look like leaves
• This group contains the longest insect in the world
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Insect order: Mantodea
• Raptorial forelegs
• Chewing mouthparts
• Hemimetabolous
• Egg sac: Ootheca
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Insect order: Blattodea
• Cockroaches and Termites
• Chewing mouthparts
• Spectrum of sociality
• Hemimetabolous
• Egg sack: Ootheca
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Insect Order: Orthoptera
• Straight wing
• Crickets, grasshoppers, katydids❖Katydids have a sward-like ovipositor
• Long leathery top wings
• Chewing mouthparts
• Weird example: Mole cricket
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Insect order: Hemiptera
• Stink bugs, cicadas, aphids, plant hoppers, etc.
• Hemimetabolous
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Herbivores, predators, blood-feeding
• Consists of two groups:❖Hemipterans with hemi-elytra
forewings❖Hemipterans with no wings or
completely membranous wings
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Aphid Parthenogenesis
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Holometabolous Orders
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Insect Order: Thysenoptera
• Fringed wing
• Thrips
• Rasping sucking mouthparts
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Insect Order: Thysenoptera
• Fringed wing
• Thrips
• Rasping-sucking mouthparts
• Herbivore or predator
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Insect order: Neuroptera
• Lacewings
• Wings are extremely veiny
• Predatory larvae
• Eggs laid on stalks
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Insect order: Lepidoptera
• Scale wing
• Holomatabolous
• Moths, butterflies, and skippers
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Insect order: Lepidoptera
• Scale wing
• Holomatabolous
• Moths, butterflies, and skippers
• Most lepidopteran pests are little brown moths
Coddling moth
Corn earworm
Fall armyworm
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Insect order: Lepidoptera
• Scale wing
• Holomatabolous
• Moths, butterflies, and skippers
• Most lepidopteran pests are little brown moths
• Larvae: Caterpillar❖Head capsule
❖True legs
❖Prolegs
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Insect order: Coleoptera
• Sheathed wing
• Most diverse group of insects
• One pair of membranous wings and one pair of hard sclerotized wings
• Chewing mouthparts
• Holometabolous
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Insect order: Coleoptera
• Sheathed wing
• Most diverse group of insects
• One pair of membranous wings and one pair of hard sclerotized wings
• Chewing mouthparts
• Holometabolous
• Larva: Grubs❖Head capsule❖True legs❖No prolegs
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Insect order: Hymenoptera
• “Married wing”
• Bees, ants, wasps, sawflies
• Holometabolous
• Two pairs of membranous wings connected by hamuli
• Ovipositor modified into a stinger
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Insect order: Hymenoptera
• “Married wing”
• Bees, ants, wasps, sawflies
• Holometabolous
• Two pairs of membranous wings connected by hamuli
• Ovipositor modified into a stinger
• Sawfly larvae have prolegs on every abdominal segment
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Insect order: Diptera
• Two wings
• One pair of membranous wings and one pair of halteres
• Variable mouthparts
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Insect order: Diptera
• Two wings
• One pair of membranous wings and one pair of halteres
• Variable mouthparts
• Larva: Maggots❖No true legs
❖No head capsule
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Insect roles
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Decomposers
• Insects are important for the breakdown of dead and decaying organisms❖Largely responsible for crating the
humus that covers the soil
❖Breakdown of wood- especially lignin which is difficult to digest- is done by termites and their wood digesting relatives
❖Important part of the nutrient cycle
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The ultimate decomposer: Dung beetles
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Predators and Parasitoids
• Many orders contain predators• Coleoptera- Ground beetle
• Hymenoptera- Wasps and ants
• Neuroptera- Lacewings
• Hemiptera- Assassin bugs
• Insects can be predacious at the larval and the adult stages• Larval only: Lacewing larvae
• Larval and adult: Ladybird beetle
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Predators and Parasitoids
• Parasitoid: a parasite that will eventually kill its host
• Like predators, there are parasitoids in many orders:• Hymenoptera: Parasitoid wasps
• Diptera: Tachinid flies
• Coleoptera: Staphilinids or rove beetles
• Neuroptera: Mantidflies
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Parasitoid Video
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Pollination
• One out of every three bites of food are dependent on insect pollination
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Pollination
• Generalist vs. specialists
• Generalist example: Honeybee
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Pollination
• Generalist vs. specialists
• Specialist example: Yucca moth
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Weird Pollinators
• Not only bees and butterflies are pollinators• Wasps
• Flies
• Beetles
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Insects as Pests
• Only 1% of insects are true pests• Crop pests
• Structural pests
• Stored grain pests
• Forestry pests
• Disease vectors for both plants and animals
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Vectors of Disease
• Insects commonly spread plant diseases as a vector and can also cause a secondary infection
• Examples of insect-borne plant pathogens❖Coleoptera: Stewarts wilt (Bacterial disease of corn)
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Vectors of Disease
• Insects commonly spread plant diseases as a vector and can also cause a secondary infection
• Examples of insect-borne plant pathogens❖Coleoptera: Stewarts wilt (Bacterial disease of
corn)
❖Hemiptera: Tomato spotted wilt (Virus Aphids of solanaceous crops)
▪ Aphids spread over 150 viruses!
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Vectors of Disease
• Insects commonly spread plant diseases as a vector and can also cause a secondary infection
• Examples of insect-borne plant pathogens❖Coleoptera: Stewarts wilt (Bacterial disease of
corn)
❖Hemiptera: Tomato spotted wilt (Virus Aphids of solanaceous crops)
❖Thysanoptera: Iris yellow spot virus (Virus in Onions)
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Vectors of Disease
• Insects commonly spread plant diseases as a vector and can also cause a secondary infection
• Examples of insect-borne plant pathogens❖Coleoptera: Stewarts wilt (Bacterial disease of corn)
❖Hemiptera: Tomato spotted wilt (Virus Aphids of solanaceous crops)
❖Thysanoptera: Iris yellow spot virus (Virus in Onions)
❖Hymenoptera: Mummy berry (Fungal in Blueberries)
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Mummy berry disease cycle
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Mummy berry disease cycle
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Who did this damage?
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Who did this damage?
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Who did this damage?
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Who did this damage?
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Questions you need to ask to diagnose insect problems:
• Where did you find it?
• When did you find it?
• What part of the plant is it effecting?
• How many legs does it have?
• What does it’s head look like?