entrepreneurship on innovative tourism

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Entrepreneurship on TourismWong Hoi Kuen

2 July 2013

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Contents

Entrepreneurship and Innovation1

Entrepreneurship and Tourism2

Cases3

Q and A4


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Entrepreneurship

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Entrepreneurship

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The word appeared in the French Dictionary "Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce“ of Jacques Savary des Bruslons published in 1723.

Merriam-Webster: “one who organizes, manages and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise.”

Dictionary.com: “a person who organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk.”


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Entrepreneurship

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The concept of entrepreneurship was first established in the 1700s, and the meaning has evolved ever since. Many simply equate it with starting one’s own business. Most economists believe it is more than that…


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Entrepreneurship

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Source : ENTREBUSINESSER


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Entrepreneurship

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Who is the Entrepreneur?


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Entrepreneur

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4“The amassing of wealth is one of the worse species of idolatry. No idol more debasing than the worship of money”

Andrew Carnegie

"Andrew Carnegie Dictum" –

To spend the first third of one's life getting all the education one can.

To spend the next third making all the money one can.

To spend the last third giving it all away for worthwhile causes.


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Contents

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Characteristic of Entrepreneur Luke Oliver Johnson, British serial entrepreneur


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Entrepreneurship

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Entrepreneurship

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Opportunity driven entrepreneurs (future orientation)…

- want to exploit a ‘perceived’ business opportunity- strive for independence, self-actualisation, recognition and profit maximization- on average they rise higher than necessity driven entrepreneurs

Necessity driven entrepreneurs (‘away from’ orientation)…

- are pushed into entrepreneurship because all other options for work are either absent or unsatisfactory

- dissatisfaction with working conditions, contents and time- pursue entrepreneurship to secure their own existence


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Entrepreneurship

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The Push theory argues that individuals are pushed into entrepreneurship by negative external factors like job dissatisfaction, fire from job etc.

The Pull theory suggests that individuals are attracted to entrepreneurial activities in order to seek independence, to use their skills and experience in optimal way etc.

Gilad and Levine, 1986

Entrepreneurial motivation – Push and Pull Factor

Competitive Intelligence, behavioral model of entrepreneurial supply


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Entrepreneurship

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Entrepreneurship

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1985, W.B. Gartner: Entrepreneur is a person who started a new business where there was none before

1734, Richard Cantepillon: Entrepreneurs are non-fixed income earners who pay known costs of production but earn uncertain incomes

1964, Peter Drucker : An entrepreneur searches for change

1975, Howard Stevenso :Entrepreneurship is "the pursuit of opportunity”

1934, Schumpeter:Entrepreneurs are innovators

1961,Daivd McCellenad : An entrepreneur is a person with a high need for achievement . He is energetic and a moderate risk taker


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Innovation

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”A process that takes place in different environments and settings that causes changes in the economic system through innovations brought about by individuals who generate or respond to economic opportu-nities that create value for both these individuals and society.” (Churchill & Muzyka, 1994:16).

Entrepreneurship

“Entrepreneurs are the agents of innovation and creative destruction” (Joseph Schumpeter – father ofInnovation economic)


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Innovation

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Innovation is the marriage of new knowledge, embodied in an invention,with the successful introduction of that invention into marketplace.

It is only through “innovative entrepreneurship” which introduce some new product or service, or method of production or delivery – that societies advance their technological frontiers and thus their standards of living (Baumol et al. 2008).

Baumol calls the opposite to innovative entrepreneurship “replicative entrepreneurship” and means those producing or selling a good or service already available through other sources. They have an important function but are not source of growth.

Innovative Entrepreneurship


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Innovation

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Catalyst of innovation and structural change

Competition Cooperation

Driver of innovation in a market economy

Reduction of innovation costs

CREATION OF NEW STRUCTURE

Teece, David J., Competition, cooperation, and innovation ,1992


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Innovation

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4New England Ice Trade 1856


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Innovation

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Father of the refrigerator, Jacob Perkin, 1935


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Innovation

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?


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Innovation

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What do these companies have in common?


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Innovation

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Innovation springs out of change

CHANGE

VALUECreation

Disruption

Innovation


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Innovation

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4DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts- Aktiengesellschaft 1909 "German Airship Travel Corporation“ – transatlantic flight, 1928

Delag - airship LZ


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Innovation

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LM Royal Dutch Airline’s World Travel – (1950)

1914, the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line became the world's first scheduled passenger airline service


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Innovation

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Pioneer independent innovators in the field of tourism related industries


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Innovation

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Other independent innovators in Tourism


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Innovation

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A business model describes the rationale of how anorganization creates, delivers and capture values

Exploring the possibilities is critical to finding a successful business Model. Settling on first ideas risks the possibility of missing potential that Can only be discovered by prototyping and testing different alternatives

-Alexander Osterwalder, Business Model Generation


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Innovative Tourism

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ECOexecutives is a new program championed by Toronto Zoo that consists of a series of 1 day sustainability workshops for executives of small-to-midsized businesses


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Innovative Tourism

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Innovative Tourism

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Innovation in tourism :

1. Product innovation (new products and services for tourism)

2. Organizational innovation (new forms of organization and management)

3. Process innovation (new ways of making tourism known)

4. Logistic innovation (new ways of supplying products or services to customers)

5. Market innovation (new ways of marketing and consumer behaviour

(Gallouj, 1994; Miles et al., 1996; Hauk-ness, 1998; Sundbo, 1998; Gallouj and Sundbo, 1998).


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Innovative Tourism

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Innovation as a resultant of applied innovations and learning processes

Innovation Management

BasicInnovations

AppliedInnovations

CorporateLearning Process

IndividualLearningProcess

Innovations in Tourism Services

Customized Services


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Innovative Tourism

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Springwise scans the globe for the most promising, unique and innovative business ventures, ideas and concepts that are ready for regional or international adaptation, expansion, partnering, investments or cooperation.

Some innovative business ideas about Tourism

Source from Springwise


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Innovative Tourism

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Innovative Tourism

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Marriot Renaissance Hotel in Pittsburghhave guest surrender digital device upon check in


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Innovative Tourism

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Berlin Heartbreak Hotel – Die Liebeskuemmerer only for Broken Heart


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Innovative Tourism

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Let experts to find the cheapest airfares with Crowdsourced flight searching engine Flightfox


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Innovative Tourism

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CorruptTour.com Czech Republic, Political corruption guided tours

http://www.springwise.com/tourism_travel/czech-republic-guided-tour-offers-taste-corruption/


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Innovative Tourism

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Netherlands WaarSchijntdeZonWel.nlHoliday destinations search based on weather trend and prediction


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Innovative Tourism

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Lucky Draw Destination with GetgoingTake the risk , win the discount


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Innovative Tourism

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A mirco delivery network – pleasebringme.com


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Innovative Tourism

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Tailor made experience with Boutique Hotels – Soverinn.com


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Innovative Tourism

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Nanny in the clouds – flying babysitters


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Innovative Tourism

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Travel Soulmate, Insiders’ Tips - Berlin Based Plus One, - Austria based Nectar and Pulse


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Responsible Entrepreneurship

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ResponsibleEntrepreneurship

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Edward Freeman – Stakeholder theory, is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organization. (Father of CSR)

Milton Friedman – Company’s only responsibility is to Increase its profits(Father of monetarism)

Goals and Responsibilities of a business

Stakeholders vs Stakeholders


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Social entrepreneurship is the process of pursuing innovative solutions to social problems.

Social entrepreneurs adopt a mission to create and sustainsocial value.

Social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship were used first in the literature on social change in the 1960s and 1970s


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The “Worldmaking” Prodigy of Tourism: -The Reach and Power of Tourism in the Dynamics of Change and Transformation- Functional role of tourism of making

culture and place- Tourism as a vehicle to create economic

and social change Hollinshead 2009


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Responisble Tourism

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SocialEntrepreneurs

ecotourism

Geotourism

Community basedTourism

agritourism

Volunteer tourism

Sport & EventTourism

Cultural Tourism

Hertiage Tourism

Pro-povertytourism

EducationalTourism

Tourism Entrepreneur

SocialTourism

Urban Tourism

Art Festival

PolicyInfluencers

RuralTourism


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Triple Bottom Line TBL

“The triple bottom line” was first coined in 1994 by John Elkington, the founder of a British consultancy called SustainAbility, ratified by UN and ICLEI in 2007


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ResponsibleEntrepreneurship

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TBL and Tourism


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Contents

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The Third Largest Industry all over the world after Petroleum and Electronic

Producing 935 million international visitors (2010)

$ 852 Billion (US) Revenues (2009), and The largest and fastest growing services

industry


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Responsible Tourism

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Empowerment of Tourism

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Arnstein, 1969; John Friedmann, 1992 – World City formation Tourism and Development


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Case Study

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Case Study

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4 Donsol -whale shark ecotourism program


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Case Study

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Since 1998, WWF Philippines has assisted the Donsol local government unit (LGU) to protect whale sharks and develop a community-based whale shark ecotourism programme for the municipality.

yrs no of visitors Income per annum

1998 800 USD 10,5002005 7,200 USD 208,0002006 11,000 USD 480,000


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Case Study

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Butanding Festival


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Case Study

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Art Tour – Vranken-Pommery Champagne Estate Reims, France


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Case Study

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4 Since 2003, with the partnership with French Ministry of Education Pommery becomes one of the largest annual art exhibitions in France, with the event attracting over 100,000 visitors each year


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Case Study

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4With a legacy of 175 years+, Pommery is a one stop destination for culture and heritage


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Case Study

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4Walk a lion – Antelope Park Gweru, Zimbabwe


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Case Study

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4Antelope Park is home to (African Lion and Environmental Research Trust (ALERT )and the African Lion Rehabilitation and Release into the Wild programme


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Case Study

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4World first lion breeding and rehabilitation project, supported by some of the worlds leading ecologists


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Case Study

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Agriturismo,Northeast ItalyFood Hotels


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Case Study

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Medieval heritage of Emilia Romagna

20 farmhouses in Conca Valley and Marecchia Valley


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Case Study

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4Local Food tours in Costa AdriaticaExperiencing Local oil, Fossa Cheese, Honey, Wine, Piadina, Draft Beer..Visit to vineyard, cellars, oil producersCooking coursesFarm Stay


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Case Study

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Gastronomic tourism – visit the small producers


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Discussion

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Dicussion

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Discussion

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Think more…

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References

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Carayannis, E. G.; Ziemnowicz, C., eds. (2007). Rediscovering Schumpeter. Palgrave Macmillan.

Freeman Edward, Strategic Management, A stakeholder approach,Pitman, 1984

Friedman Milton, There is no such things as free lunch, Open Court Publishing, 1977

Friedmann John, Empowerment, the politics of alternative developmentWiley Blackwell, 1 edition, 1992

Baumol William, The Free Market Innovation Machine, PrincetonUniversity Press,, 2002

Gilad, B. and Levine, P. A. (1986). Behavioral Model of Entrepreneurial Supply Journal of Small Business Management, 24 (4), 45-53.


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References

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Keller, P. (2010), Introduction, in: Weiermair, Keller, Go, Pechlaner, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, New York, pp.

Keller, P. , Bieger, T. Ed. (2007), Innovation and Tourism, in: AIEST Innovation and Tourism Creating- Customer Value, AIEST, Vol. 47, St. Gallen, 2005, 384 p.

Keller, P, Entrepreneurship, innovation process and cooperation in the field of Tourism, University of Lausanne

Krueger Norris et al, Entrepreneurial Potential and Potential Entrepreneur,Baylor University, , ETP, Blackwell Publishing, 1994


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References

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Kristin Lamoureux, Christina Heyniger,Rural Adventure Tourism, Practices and Trends, Best Educational Network Think Tank, George Washington University, 2007

McCraw T, Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction,Havard University Press 2010 Osterwalder Alexander et al, Business Model Generation,Wiley, 2010

Ucbasaran Deniz et al, The process of Entrepreneurial Research,Contextual and process issues, Institute of Enterprise andInnovation, Nottingham University Business School, 2000

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