environment a guidelines for s me s 20120530

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Table of Contents

Contents Introduction ...............................................................................................................................3

1. Procedure to obtain the Environment Protection License (EPL).......................................5

2. Sectoral Guidelines ................................................................................................................6

2.1 Agriculture........................................................................................................................6

2.1.1 Cultivation................................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Agro Processing................................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Rice Mills ...................................................................................................................9

2.2.2 Grinding Mills ..........................................................................................................11

2.2.3 Sugar Mills...............................................................................................................15

2.2.4 Tea Processing Industries .......................................................................................19

2.3 Manufacturing ...............................................................................................................22

2.3.1 Asphalt Processing Industries .................................................................................22

2.3.2 Desiccated Coconut Industry ..................................................................................26

2.3.3 Clay Roofing tile manufacturing industries.............................................................29

2.3.4 Polymer Based Industries .......................................................................................32

2.4 Bakery and Confectionery and Food Product Manufacturing Industries......................35

2.5 Poultry Farming..............................................................................................................38

Sector specific environmental guidelines for further reading.............................................41

2.6 Quarrying & Metal crushing Industries..........................................................................42


2.7 Hotels & Restaurants .....................................................................................................46


2.8 Filling Stations & Vehicle Service Stations .....................................................................50


2.9 Healthcare Services........................................................................................................54


2.10 General Conditions ......................................................................................................58

4. Pollution Control Standards.................................................................................................61

4.1 Wastewater Effluent Discharge Tolerance Limits..........................................................61

4.1. (A). Tolerance Limits for the Discharge of Industrial Waste to the Inland Waters ..61

4.1. (B) Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Discharged on Land for Irrigation Purposes

..........................................................................................................................................62

4.1. (C) Hydraulic Loading Applicable for Different Soils:................................................63

4.1. (D) Tolerance Limits for Industrial and Domestic Waste Discharged into Marine

Coastal Areas....................................................................................................................63

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4.1. (E) Tolerance Limits for Waster from Rubber Factories being Discharged into Inland

Surface Waters.................................................................................................................65

4.1. (F) Tolerance limits for waste from textile industry being discharged into inland

surface waters..................................................................................................................65

4.1. (G) Tolerance Limits for discharge of effluents into Public Sewers with Central

Treatment Plants .............................................................................................................66

4.2 Ambient Air Quality Regulations....................................................................................67

4.3 Noise Control Regulations .............................................................................................68

4.3. (A) General Activities ................................................................................................68

4.3. (B) Construction Activities ........................................................................................69

4.3. (C) Industrial Activities ..............................................................................................69

4.4 Proposed Air‐blast over Pressure and Ground Vibration Standards for Sri Lanka........71

4.4. (A) Building Classification..........................................................................................71

4.4. (B) Interim standards for Vibration of the Operation of machinery, construction

activities and vehicle Movements traffic.........................................................................72

4.4. (C) Interim standards on Air Blast Over Pressure and Ground Vibration for Blasting

Activities...........................................................................................................................73

4.4. (D) Interim Standards on Vibration for the inconvenience of the occupants in

buildings...........................................................................................................................74

5. Prescribed Activities that Require Environmental Protection Licensing .............................75

5.1. Prescribed Activities – Part A........................................................................................75

5.2. Prescribed Activities – Part B ........................................................................................79

5.3. Prescribed Activities – Part C ........................................................................................81

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Introduction The promotion of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) growth and their competitiveness will not only yield increasing social and economic returns domestically, but also empowers private sector integration to the global economy. However, this process had been constrained by the limited availability of formal financial resources to meet a variety of operational and investment needs of the SME. Having recognised these issues the Government of Sri Lanka is making an effort to address the SME issues in Sri Lanka. In this context, the present World Bank facility of US$ 57 million for the SMEs, for strengthening access to finance is a positive initiative. In fact, it is said that the project supports Sri Lankan Government’s efforts to improve access to finance for SMEs affected by the global financial crisis. The SME Development Facility (SMEDeF) Project, funded under the crisis response window of the World Bank, includes a line of credit to participating commercial banks defined as Participating Financial Institutions (PFIs) in this Project for providing SME loans, and a risk sharing facility and provides partial credit guarantees to reduce the banks’ risk of lending to SME borrowers. The second component focuses on technical assistance to support banks in developing their SME banking capabilities and to support SMEs in their business development and sustenance. This environmental guideline is a complement to the Environmental Risk Management Framework (ERMF) of the SMEDeF Project available at http://www.treasury.gov.lk/depts/dfd/smedef/guidelines/envirment‐vol1.pdf. According to estimates of the Industry Survey of 2009 conducted by the Department of Census & Statistics, there are over 17,000 industries operating in Sri Lanka ranging from micro to small & medium to large scale industries. The SME sector in Sri Lanka is highly a diversified sector which ranges from manufacturing to services with value addition in various degrees. The sector contributes immensely to the GDP of the country. While some of their contributions are through sub‐contracting and similar means where their products and services are bought by or rendered to the large scale players and some are directly involved in exports. With their strong influence on economic and social matters, SME activities contribute significantly towards environmental impacts significantly. Although waste from individual SMEs could be small, the cumulative environmental and health impacts on the society from the sector can be quite high not only in terms of magnitude but also in diversity. Taking this into account the National Environmental Act (NEA) addresses the issues and impacts of industrial pollution and has published pollution standards and has brought in regulations of obtaining Environmental Protection Licences for majority of

http://www.treasury.gov.lk/depts/dfd/smedef/guidelines/envirment-vol1.pdf�

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industries to operate in Sri Lanka. From time to time this National Regulation is revised and new sectors are introduced. Environmental Pollution mitigation is regulated by the regulations gazetted under the National Environment Act No. 47 of 1980 as amended by Act Nos. 56 of 1988 and 53 of 2000 for the industrial sector be it small, medium or large scale sectors. The regulations are gazetted under Gazette Extraordinary No. 1533/16 dated January 25, 2008, for a variety of sectors involving in manufacturing, construction or services which need to obtain Environment Protection Licenses (EPL). The license so issued to an industry will stipulate the standards and criteria under which is it allowed to discharge waste and other emission levels. The EPL issued to an industry is legally binding and violation of conditions in the license is a punishable offence under the NEA. EPLs are issued by the CEA or a designated body which can be local authorities for low polluting industries, Board of Investment (BOI) for BOI industries. In the North Western Province, where a separate Provincial Environmental Authority exists, the EPLs are issued by the North Western Provincial Environmental Authority (NWPEA). This document is mainly prepared as a technical reference for the (a) PFIs to aid environmental appraisal of projects by highlighting environmental risk factors of lending associated with various SME sectors, (b) provide guidance to SMEs on environmental eligibility for qualifying as a potential loan applicant, (c) raise awareness and understanding of SMEs on environmental standards and regulatory obligations expected of the industry in order to achieve increased competitiveness. It can be used as a technical guideline for existing industries or those willing to enter into new ventures under the sectors mentioned herein, in terms of mitigating pollution. Each sector elaborates the point sources and key environmental issues briefly categorised under the type of pollutant namely solid waste, liquid waste, air pollutants and noise & vibration that is generated from the process and gives recommendations for each type. Each sector also explains regulatory obligations for industries to obtain EPLs. Any industrialist interested in studying further on pollution control technologies can refer to the section on Further Reading under each sector.

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1. Procedure to obtain the Environment Protection License (EPL)

Environmental Protection License procedure implemented under the National Environment Act plays a major role in environment protection by having the industrialists to comply and adopt pollution control methodologies. Environmental Protection License (EPLs) is required for activities that could harm the environment through the release of pollutants. EPLs aim to prevent or minimise the release of environmentally harmful waste and pollution, in compliance with the national discharge and emissions standards. Additionally, EPLs are a way of strengthening the regulatory system as regards the environment. EPLs require the industry or activity to take adequate measures to control water, air, noise and other pollutants and to dispose of wastes so as to minimize environmental impacts. In most cases applicants will have to take appropriate measures to abate the pollution if these discharges and emissions exceed the stipulated environmental standards having assessed the level of pollution of the industry in question. Approval will be given only after the CEA is satisfied with the methodologies adopted by the applicant that are in compliance with the National Environmental Act and its regulations. If approved, the EPL will be issued by the CEA or by a delegated authority for a designated period of time. EPLs are given according to three categories as specified in the Gazette namely Parts A, B & C depending on the level of pollution. (Refer Chapter 5, sections 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3). The sectors that fall in to Parts A & B are granted for a period of one year and renewal be made annually by the Central Environmental Authority. Those that fall into Category C are granted for a period of three years and are granted by the local authority where the industry is located. EPLs may then be renewed at least one month prior to its expiry and need revalidation in case any anticipated changes or alterations are carried out to the activities that were originally approved. In the case of new industries, the applicant needs to obtain an Environmental Clearance to initiate the project and commission before the EPL is obtained. Once commissioned the applicant could then request for the EPL. The environmental clearance can be obtained from the CEA or the local authority concerned depending on the category that the project falls into.

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2. Sectoral Guidelines

2.1 Agriculture

2.1.1 Cultivation

Sri Lanka being predominantly an agriculture based country, its economy had been built around agriculture and plantation for centuries. Rice is the main source of food and hence a large land area is allocated for its cultivation in almost all parts of the country amounting to 708,000 hectares. In the dry zone areas, paddy cultivation generally depends on rain water or irrigated water. From the ancient times kings who ruled the country focused on irrigated water for the water stressed dry zone through a chain of cascading man‐made tanks and irrigated channels. It was the duty of the King to provide irrigated water to the paddy cultivation. Hence the “wewa & dagaba” concept came into being from ancient times. In contrast, in the wet zone, paddy cultivation mainly depends upon the monsoonal rain. Sri Lanka being a tropical island located close proximity to the Bay of Bengal is subjected to tropical cyclones and heavy monsoonal rains. The island gets its rain mainly from the south‐west monsoons from mid‐May to October and north‐east monsoons from December to March while the two inter‐monsoonal periods lie in between. Paddy is cultivated in two seasons, Yala and Maha which is synonymous with the two monsoonal rain periods, where Maha season is during the north‐east monsoons while the Yala is during the south‐west monsoon period. During the Maha season of 2010/11, a total of 525.017 hectares have been harvested and obtained a yield of 1,993, 014 MT. Paddy cultivation is quite demanding when comes to obtaining a high yield. A fair amount of research is taken place and novel varieties that yield bumper harvest have been invented. Seed paddy of these varieties is distributed among the farmers with the view to obtain a high yield. Production Process Paddy cultivation has been mechanised in many parts of the island in recent years as with the use of tractors to plough fields as against the use of buffalo. Similarly manual labour for sowing seeds or planting the paddy and harvesting has been replaced largely with mechanised technology such as combine harvesters. In the ploughing process paddy stalk is buried in the soil as a conditioner and at the same time it nourishes the soil. The Government has carried out awareness campaigns to discourage burning of the paddy stalk and the paddy husk but to use as a soil conditioner. After sowing seed paddy or by planting the seed sprout, it is allowed to grow. From time to time weedicides, pesticides and chemical fertilizer are applied on demand, during the period of growth up until harvesting.

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Once harvested, sheaves of paddy are subjected to the separation process of paddy from the shaft where it is done traditionally by getting buffaloes to trample. This process is gradually mechanising using motored paddy separators. This is an in situ process. Collected paddy is then either stored or milled to produce rice. Polluting Process (point source) In paddy cultivation key polluting steps, although limited, takes place mainly in the cultivating and post harvesting phases.

(1) Land preparation for cultivation (2) Use of fertilizer and pesticides and weedicides (3) Harvesting (4) Post‐harvest storage and transportation

Summary of Key Environmental issues Solid waste During the post‐harvest phase a large amount of solid organic waste is generated and is generally used as fodder for cattle or organic manure for the next season, thereby encouraging the use of organic farming while discouraging the use of chemical fertilizer. Wastewater – Over application of chemical fertilizer and pesticides/weedicides causes soil and ground/surface water pollution. Farmers are warned and advised by the district agrarian officers of its harmful effects to the environment and public health. However, as a signatory to the Rotterdam Convention, Sri Lanka does not use any hazardous chemical mentioned in the Convention. Besides paddy, other plantation crops such as tea and rubber play a major role is terms of foreign exchange earnings to the country. A variety of non‐export crops are grown in various climatic zones for the export market and local consumption. Depending on the climate and soil condition prevailing in the zone, the vegetable varieties and root crops are being grown. Hence agricultural crops fall into "up country" and "low country" varieties. All crop varieties are distributed by a transporting mechanism and the produce is distributed to all parts of the country making it available for consumers scattered in the country. In commercial agriculture, many crops are now being grown using the latest technology such as ploy tunnelling, carefully using the limited land and water resources available. Hence top soil degradation is taken care of. Those that don't use the modern technology still use the traditional farming methods. The Chena cultivation is one such method and is still being practiced in rural areas despite limited land availability in a scale less intense than it was carried out many decades ago. However, use of agro fertilizer and chemical pest control methods are employed widely. Under the Control of Pesticides

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Act, use of harmful or phased out chemical fertilizer and pesticides have been banned and they are no longer available in the market. Crops that are processed for value addition are categorised under agro processing. This includes processed tea, coconut processing industries, paddy milling etc. Generally vegetables and pulses have little value addition as they are consumed directly by the locals while fruits are used in both making jams, chutneys & beverages for the local and foreign markets & consumed directly. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies In cultivation, it is always best practices that need to be employed. General recommendations cannot be employed in cultivation as it varies and depend upon the soil type, area of cultivation i.e. dry zone or wet zone and topography, crop type and the specific agriculture sector. However, careful and minimal use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides/weedicides through good practices such as Integrated Pest Management and Integrated Plant Nutrition Management etc., that facilitate sustainable agricultural development should be essentially promoted. At the same time careful soil management needs to be taken care of to prevent soil erosion and top soil degradation. Among other best practices would be organic cultivation. Although in commercial agriculture it may seem an uneconomical task it would certainly be an initiative and be a new avenue for SMEs. Sector specific environmental guidelines for further reading

1. CEA. (1997). Environmental Guidelines for Agriculture Sector Projects in Sri Lanka. Central Environmental Authority.

2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Plantation Crop

Production. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

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2.2 Agro Processing

2.2.1 Rice Mills

Description of the industry The staple diet in the South Asian region consists of rice and preparations from rice flour. From paddy cultivation to harvesting and all other operations pertaining to paddy cultivation takes place in all regions in Sri Lanka. In the milling process, the hard husk of the rice grain is removed mechanically to obtain the edible seed of rice. Most milling of paddy for commercial purposes are done in registered mills in a large scale while small scale operations also takes place for individual or personal consumption. Most rice mills of commercial operation are private sector owned and operated by the rice traders. Generally they purchase harvested paddy from growers and milled and sold as rice to the market maintaining adequate stocks of rice in the market and paddy in the stores. Thus real value addition takes place at this milling operation. Rice mills whether they operate the dry process or wet process, need to obtain EPL for their operation. Production process Depending on the type of rice required, paddy is par‐boiled prior to milling or milled without par‐boiling. These two operations are known as wet and dry process respectively. In the milling process, be it wet or dry a pre‐cleaning takes place where the impurities are removed in the first instance. If paddy is milled using the dry method, paddy is dried before milling. Then is subjected to the de‐husking process and thereafter rice is polished using vertical cone polishers. In contrary, in the wet process, paddy is first cleaned to remove any impurities. Then it is soaked in water, drained and boiled. Once boiling is done, paddy is dried and de‐husked. Finally it is polished to obtain the final product. Polluting process: (point sources) In rice milling industry the main polluting sources are

(1) Pre‐cleaning process (2) Soaking process & draining (3) Boiling process (4) De‐husking

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Summary of key environmental issues: According to the level of pollution, rice mills have been categorised under the E2 in terms of pollution level of the ERMF. Solid Waste In the pre‐cleaning process any remnants of straw or dried plant debris may be removed as solid waste. It is estimated that nearly 200Kg of husk is generated for a ton of paddy milled. Along with the husk, rice bran is also removed and is discarded as dust. Husk is the main solid waste that is generated in the paddy mills. Particulate matter and dust is generated in the process. Husk is used as a source of fuel for furnaces in the mill. Partially it is used as poultry feed as it contains rice bran and also used to produce bricks. Unutilised husk is burnt in open which causes air pollution. Fly ash causes a nuisance if not disposed of properly. Mostly the unused excess husk is burnt in heaps. At times these heaps are dumped in open ground which takes years to decompose. Thus land becomes non‐arable. At the same time if it gets into a water body, it becomes polluted and silted leading to eutrophication. Wastewater Water used for soaking paddy is discarded as waste water. As this wastewater contains high levels of BOD, discharging to the vicinity is quite detrimental to the environment. Nutrients in the wastewater may promote algal growth leading to eutrophication in the water body where the waste is discharged. If hot water is discharged, it can bring about adverse effects to the fauna and flora in soil or the water body. Air Pollution – In the milling process, although Air Pollution is not a significant element, in‐door air pollution can be associated with particulate matter and dust in the air. This will cause allergic reactions in workers. Recommended pollution prevention methods Solid waste General solid waste disposal methods include composting if the matter is of organic origin, sanitary land fill, or incineration. In the case of solid waste generated from the paddy mills, it can be considered to be of organic origin. Hence this can be composted in site or at a different location. Discarding paddy husk is a raw material for making bricks where it is used extensively by the brick makers and is used as a fuel for furnaces in the mill itself or for other industries. Any excess paddy husk that needs to be discarded should be burnt in a properly constructed incinerator and fly ash should be disposed of in a proper manner ensuring no solid waste gets into any water body.

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Waste water Disposal of wastewater needs to comply with the industrial wastewater discharging standards gazetted by the Central Environmental Authority. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1). After a pre‐treatment of screening, the wastewater can be anaerobically treated in an anaerobic digester followed by aerobic treatment in an oxidation ditch or aerated pond or activated sludge system depending on the BOD level that needs to be reduced. Treated clarified effluent is then channelled through a sand bed to remove any suspended particles. Air Pollution Particulate matter and dust that is generated needs to be taken care of. The wet scrubbers, cyclonic particle collectors or even exhausts with dust bags can be installed to prevent any particulate matter being sent out of premises. These dust traps need to be cleaned or replaced periodically for efficiency. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2).

2.2.2 Grinding Mills

Description of the industry Commercial grinding mills came into operation with the open economy and changes in lifestyle where more and more females being employed and seeking convenience in preparation of food. Life has made convenient by having access to easy‐ to‐prepare food formulations such as Dosa mixtures, sting‐hopper mixtures, hopper mixtures and spices & condiments etc. All grinding mills need to obtain EPL for their operation. Production process In the production process, whatever the item being ground, is first washed and de‐stoned. Raw materials are dried to reduce the moisture content to the level where it can be ground mechanically and sieved to remove any hard solid particles. Finally they are mixed with other ingredients if formulations or mixtures are to be prepared or packed mechanically. Adequate care should be taken in all steps to avoid contamination from chemical and biological substances as food products can be vehicles for food borne diseases. Maintenance of hygienic conditions is top priority in handling food preparations. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Washing and de‐stoning process (2) Drying and roasting process

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(3) Grinding process (4) Packing

Summary of key environmental issues Grinding mills have been categorised into E2 in terms of pollution level of the ERMF as per its level of pollution. Solid waste It is quite unlikely that any of the raw materials will become waste matter except in an unlikely event where the raw materials are of poor quality and become inedible. In the grinding process certain solid matter may remain to be disposed of. Fine particulate matter can become air borne causing an occupation health hazard. Wastewater – During washing of raw material certain particulate matter or debris may be washed away. This washing may be high in BOD and COD content and may include suspended solid particles. Air emissions As far as air emissions are concerned, particulate matter if becomes air borne may cause an occupational hazard and perhaps be a pollutant. Dust particles are generated in the grinding process and at the packing process. Certain condiments when grinding may emit aromatic compounds which are not affecting the environment or health. Certain respiratory issues can create an impact to the workforce if proper and adequate preventive measures are not taken. In commercial scale operations, drying is done using steam and hence boilers can generate air emissions due to the use of fuel. Noise/ vibration – As grinding operation is done mechanically, the noise and vibration are generated. This becomes an annoyance in long term operations causing sever distress to the workers and may even cause impairment to hearing. Measures need to be taken to prevent any such damage from occurring. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste Dust and particulate matter are the main concerns in the grinding mill operation in terms of solid waste and is discussed under air pollution. To prevent occupational health hazards, workers should be given face masks. Wastewater Wastewater generated during the washing process may contain a high BOD and COD levels. The washings are of organic origin and hence after initial screening to remove any suspended solids, it can be treated anaerobically to reduce the BOD and COD levels followed by aerobic treatment. However, in highly urbanised areas, as the limiting factor is land, a chemical treatment method may be employed to settle the suspended

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and dissolved solids followed by a clarification process. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1 for waste water effluent discharge standards). Air pollution Wet scrubbing methods can be used to trap the aromatic organic pollutants while dust traps/ bags or cyclonic separators are employed to collect air borne particulate matter. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2). Noise/ vibration As most of the small scale operating mills is located amongst commercial buildings or homes noise and vibration can be an annoyance to the inhabitants. In larger scale commercial operations, the factories can adopt proper enclosure with sound proof insulation material or isolate the machines that generate noise. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.3 for Noise standards).

But in the ones that are located in urban areas can employ simpler technologies such as use of insulation material to the walls. Proper servicing of machinery, lubrication of moving parts and replacement of warn out parts will minimise noise and vibration.

Improper mounting of equipment tend to give out vibration much more that those that are properly mounted. Adequate care must be taken to install equipment in the first place. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.4).

Waste type Migratory/ Abatement Measure Solid Waste

Polythene Recycle; no open burning Cardboard/ paper Recycle; no open burning Paddy hull/ husk Use as a raw material for brick making

or as animal feed or incinerate Fly ash Bury

Liquid Waste Suspended solids Use screening mesh(Pre‐treatment) Clarified liquid waste Anaerobic treatment followed by

Aerobic treatment. Clarification in a sand bed.

Gaseous Waste Suspended particulate matter Use dust traps Air emissions from stove/ boiler rooms

Minimum chimney stack height to be 30 feet

Noise/Vibration Machines in operation Enclose in a room Vibration Proper mounting of machinery

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Regulatory obligations

Description EPL Category Rice mills having wet process and having a production capacity of 5,000 kg or more per day

A

Rice mills having wet process with a production capacity of more than 1,000 kg per day

B

Rice mills having a dry process C Grinding mills having production capacity of more than 1,000 kg per month

B

Grinding mills having production capacity of less than 1,000 kg per month

C

Sector specific environmental guidelines for further reading

1. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution

Control Guideline No. 1 Paddy Mills. Central Environmental Authority.

2. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution Control Guideline No. 7 Grinding Mills. Central Environmental Authority.

3. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Food and Beverage Processing. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

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2.2.3 Sugar Mills

Description of the industry Sugar production in Sri Lanka is not a widely developed industry. The first factory was established as a Government Corporation in the early 70's and eventually sought private sector investment and entrepreneurship for economic viability. Subsequently several other factories also came into being in the dry zone of the island. The sugar cane plantation also began to provide the raw material for the industry. Sugar cane plantation encounters several natural environmental problems such as drought and fire, mainly being in the dry zone and also constantly being attacked by wild elephants. Production process Sugar cane, once ready to harvest are cut and cleared of all vegetative parts and manually cleaned before being fed into the mechanical crushers, into the process called milling. Milling takes place in several continual stages; cane juice is extracted and collected in each stage. The crushed cane is removed as bagasse and is a dry mass of solid vegetative material. The extracted juice is then strained to remove any particulate matter. Lime and soluble phosphate are added to the raw cane juice and heated to form a thick precipitate of insoluble particulate matter which is later separated out from the sugar syrup. Lime is added to neutralise the organic acids in the extract. The precipitate is then separated in the clarifier and is called "mud". The mud is filtered and filter cake is disposed of. The clarified sugar syrup called molasses is heated and subjected to an evaporation process in several stages where a concentrated syrup is obtained. This is clarified by adding lime, phosphoric acid and a polymer flocculent and crystalline sugar is obtained. In a more sophisticated process vacuum pans are used. The crystallisation commences with the addition of a “seeding” solution consists of liquor and crystals known as massecuite. The process takes place in several stages and finally the massecuite is centrifuged to separate the molasses from the crystallised brown sugar. The refining process takes place with a washing process called affination with warm and saturated syrup to loosen the molasses film. This is then followed by separation of crystals from the syrup in a centrifugal and washing of separated crystals with jets of hot water. Having carried out the cleaning process, the syrup is then sent to a clarifier followed by decolourisation and deodorisation processes respectively. The final product is thus obtained as refined sugar.

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Polluting process – (point sources) In the sugar processing industry, the key polluting sources are:

(1) Initial cleaning (2) Crushing (3) Clarification process (4) Afflination process (5) Decolourisation and deodorisation

Summary of key environmental issues In the ERMF sugar mills have been categorised under E2 according to the pollution level. Solid waste Solid waste is generated at three stages in the sugar manufacturing industry. At the initial stage where the parts of the dried leaf matter is separated from the trunks. These vegetative parts are not a major issue as they are biodegradable and not detrimental to the environment. Similarly, the bagasse which is obtained after crushing and extraction of sugar, is mostly used the industry itself to fire the boilers. The filter cake produced after the clarification process is may contain be mostly of mud and other suspended solids found in the syrup. This may also contain a high nutrient level hence needs to be disposed of in a method that is not harmful to the environment; especially it should not contaminate any water body. Similarly, in sugar manufacture, there are several clarification processes takes place hence all the sludge produced should be disposed of in an environment friendly manner. Wastewater – Sugar industry produces liquid waste in stages but the liquid waste thus generated is reused in the production process; hence the actual wastage is generally minimal. However, possible generating points are at the crushing process, clarification process, afflination process, decolourisation and deodorisation processes. Molasses at different grades are reused in the production process and it is also sold as a raw material for ethanol industry. In case of a spillage, proper care should be taken. Generally, the wastewater may contain a high BOD and COD values; therefore it needs to be treated before being discharged. Air emissions – Possible air pollutants in the sugar industry generates in all the processes. Among the pollutants are particulate matters arising from cleaning process are generally harmless. Other potentially harmful substances are the volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulphur oxides generating in the combustion process. Odour becomes a problem only within the factory premises.

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Noise/ vibration ‐ In the crushing process generate noise and vibration. A part from this, in other operations noise may generate which is generally an in‐house matter. Adequate measures may be necessary to prevent annoyance. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste Solid waste generated in sugar industry is generally of organic origin. Hence, it can be composted. The bagasse is used as fuel to the fire the boilers or as a raw material for industries such as paper and pulp industry, ethanol production or as fuel for any industry that may use it. Any excess solid waste needs to be buried or composted. However, composting may take a long time as it contains cellulose and fibrous substances that is not easily degraded. In the event all such methods are not feasible they should be incinerated. The filter cake needs to be buried and prevent from getting into any water body. Wastewater Wastewater generated in the industry may contain high BOD and COD contents. This needs to be treated prior to disposal. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1 for waste water effluent discharge standards). After initial screening process waste should be treated with alum to flocculate any suspended solids followed by aerobic treatment such as oxidation ditch or aerated pond which would reduce the BOD levels to accepted levels. Final clarification and tertiary treatment method can be employed prior to final disposal. Air Emissions As for air emissions in sugar industry, the dust particles may be collected by cloth dust collectors and should prevent from harming the workers. In the case of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxides and volatile organic compounds wet scrubbers can be used. Mostly, the plants are equipped with cyclonic air collectors and this can be released to higher atmosphere. The boiler chimney stack height should be maintained to prevent any indoor or our door air pollution. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards). Noise/ vibration The noise levels can be maintained if the respective machines are enclosed in a room. However, the workers be given adequate protection from being subjected to in‐house noise pollution. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and proposed Vibration standards).

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Waste type Migratory/ Abatement Measure

Solid Waste Vegetative parts Compost and burial Bagasse Use as fuel or as a raw material for

ethanol industry or paper and pulp industry

Polythene Recycle; no open burning Cardboard/ paper Recycle; no open burning Use as a raw material for brick making

or as animal feed or incinerate Fly ash Bury

Liquid Waste Suspended solids Use screening mesh(Pre‐treatment) Clarified liquid waste Initial screening followed by Aerobic

treatment. Clarification and tertiary treatment method.

Gaseous Waste Suspended particulate matter Use dust traps Air emissions from stove/ boiler rooms

Use of wet scrubbers and installation of cyclonic air collectors. Minimum chimney stack height to be 30 feet

Noise/ Vibration Machines in operation Enclose in a room Vibration Proper mounting of machinery


Description EPL Category Sugar manufacturing industries or sugar refineries A Sugar cane based industries excluding sugar factories or sugar refineries

B


1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Sugar

Manufacturing. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

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2.2.4 Tea Processing Industries

Description of the industry Ceylon Tea is a product which has been renowned for its quality for over a century. It was introduced to Ceylon by the British and they developed the infrastructure needed to ensure the stability of the plantation and the industry. From age old traditions, the industry has been modernised and mechanised to a greater degree over the years. This has uplifted the quality and the quantity of the product which fetches a large sum of foreign exchange to the country. Increasing demand for tea globally has created a need to explore the possibilities of convenience where instant tea was introduced to the world market, similar to instant coffee. Both these industries need an EPL to operate its factories. Production process Tea is plucked by hand and is one of most labour intensive processes. The unopened bud and the first two leaves are handpicked and collected in large baskets. Bulk tea leaves are then brought to the master shed where it is weighed, collected and placed in the conveyor. This special conveyer with the tea leaves passes through a blower to wither the fresh leaves. Once the leaves are properly withered, they are transferred to mechanical rollers. These rollers would physically break the leaf structures and cellular membranes to release the cellular sap. Upon contact with the atmospheric oxygen, the polyphenols get oxidised giving the colour to black tea. This oxidation process is commonly known as the fermenting process. Proper temperature and humidity should be maintained during withering, rolling and fermenting processes and proper timing should be maintained to preserve the flavour of the tea during the fermentation process. Once fermentation process is completed, the tea is dried in blow dryers to bring the moisture content to a level where it stops the further fermentation process and to develop the back colouration in tea. Sorting of bulk tea into different grades and sizes takes place manually or using machines. Tea is exported as bulk tea or as fully packaged tea. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Withering (2) Rolling (3) Firing / Drying (4) Sorting (5) Packing

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Summary of key environmental issues Solid waste When bulk tea leaves are loaded on to the trough for the withering process and initial sorting is done and spoiled or diseased leaves and twigs are removed. This becomes the initial vegetative matter to be disposed of. In the rolling process also certain pieces of tea gets blown away. In the final stage of sorting and packing dust particles may be prevalent in the indoor atmosphere. Wastewater Wastewater is not a significant issue in the tea industry. Air emissions – In terms of atmospheric emissions, point sources are mainly from the combustion process in the boilers or kilns. Energy for the boilers is generated by combusting fuel wood or furnace oil. This will emit sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and other greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, fly ash will be produced if fuel wood is used in the combustion process. Noise/ vibration – Noise may generate from the rolling machines and in the withering process. This noise is generally a concern for the in‐house and would rarely affect the outside environment. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste As the solid waste generated is of organic origin, it can be easily biodegradable. Hence best means of disposal would be burial or composting. Wastewater Wastewater generation is not a major concern for the tea manufacturing industry as process water is not generated. Air pollution Air pollutants in tea manufacturing industry are generated at the source where power generation takes place. This gives out NOx, SOx, CO, CO2, etc., depending on the type of fuel used to generate power. This can be reduced or altered if cleaner fuels are used. As for treatment technologies, wet scrubbers can be used. The dust particles can be separated out using cyclonic separators or dust bags or traps. The collected particulate matter needs to be disposed of in an acceptable manner. The bags should be cleaned or replaced periodically for maximum efficiency. The minimum stack height should be maintained at 30 feet in order to avoid mixing of pollutants with the lower atmospheric air. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards).

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Noise/ vibration Noise levels should be maintained as per regulations standards. This may not be a significant factor since the machinery are located inside a building and noise may not emanate to outside. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and proposed Vibration standards).


Polythene Recycle; no open burning Cardboard/ paper Recycle; no open burning Refuse tea Compost/ bury

Gaseous Waste Particulate matter Use dust traps, cyclonic separates SOx, NOx, CO, CO2 Use wet scrubbers Air emissions from stove/ boiler rooms


Noise/ Vibration Machines in operation Enclose in a room Vibration Proper mounting of machinery/

equipment Regulatory obligations

Description EPL Category Instant tea or coffee processing industries A Tea factories excluding instant tea processing C Sector specific environmental guidelines for further reading

1. AIT. (2002). Small and Medium scale Industries in Asia: Energy and Environment Tea Sector. Asian Institute of Technology.

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2.3 Manufacturing

2.3.1 Asphalt Processing Industries

Description of the industry This is an industry that has a significant value to the construction industry mainly to the road sector. In the process sand, quarry dust and quarry aggregates are mixed with hot bitumen in a batch processor or in drums to obtain the final product. Due to production of a variety of hazardous air pollutants during the manufacturing process adequate precautions should be taken to avoid them being eliminated to the atmosphere. Sophisticated engineered technologies should be employed to curtail air pollution. Due to this high polluting nature this industry, an EPL is needed for its operation which is renewed annually. Production process Asphalt production takes place commonly in a batch mixing plant or a drum mixing plant. In each case the ingredients used remain same and only the process will change slightly. As the name implies, batch mixing is done in batches while the drum mixing is a continuous process. In the batch mixing process, the aggregate is fed into hoppers and conveyed to the rotary dryer where the aggregate gets dried. This is then sieved and separated into several grades according to the size. The weight of the aggregate is measured and with the proper amount of liquid bitumen is poured into a batch mixture to obtain the correct weight to volume ratios of aggregate and asphalt. In the batch mixture, the two ingredients are mixed well and then dried in a dryer. Meanwhile additional liquid asphalt is added to the mixture and mixed for an additional time. This hot asphalt aggregate is then stored in silos until it is disbursed. The drum mixing plant differs slightly due to the fact that this is a continuous mixing process in a drum and the aggregate is added from top of the drum which is placed in an inclined position. Firing takes place at the end and the aggregate heats up. At a midpoint asphalt cement is added. Mixing takes place and the combustion process begins. Exhaust gases escape from this and release from an opening. Drying takes place before the final product is released to the conveyor. The final product comes from below and is then stored in storage silos. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Unloading of raw material (2) Mixture plant (3) Furnace (4) Storage in silos

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(5) Loading of final product (6) Raw material storage and loading bays

Summary of key environmental issues Solid waste – Large particles from aggregate and metal are the solid matter scattered around would be the raw materials and it can be used in the process or as the final product. Wastewater Wastewater is not a significant issue in the asphalt manufacturing process. Air emissions A significant amount and a variety of air pollutants are generated during the process of asphalt production. Among them are particulate matter, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Phenols, Volatile Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) etc. Heated air is also generated and the surrounding area may become heated. Aggregate dust and particulate matter becomes an issue and at loading bays this is significant. Noise/ vibration Noise from operating machinery can be a significant issue. Trucks for loading and unloading of raw material may also contribute to the noise pollution. Similarly operating machines may give out vibration to the surrounding environment. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste As there is no significant solid waste arising from the industry, solid waste pollution is not a significant pollution category. Wastewater Since wastewater is not produced during the process, this is not a major pollution category for the industry. Air pollution Although this is a major concern the plant are generally designed to capture the most of the gaseous emissions in to a ducted collector. These are fitted with cyclonic separators and most particulate matter is collected and reintroduced to the system. Air pollutants are trapped using scrubbers. Highly engineered technologies are used in designing of plants to address the air pollutant issues. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards). Workers need to be given safely‐wear such as goggles and face masks as the certain air pollutants may cause eye irritation and chronic respiratory problems.

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As these are large facilities, installation of a single exhaust system is difficult. Hence pollution prevention needs to be addressed to the point sources. If loading areas are separated from the rest of the facility, exhausts can be installed to collect particulate matter. As for general dust, spraying of water can be done which will prevent from particulate matter becoming air borne. Periodical cleaning of dust traps/ bags is necessary for higher efficiency. Noise/ vibration Noise and vibration can only be curtailed by enclosing the facility and with proper mounting of machinery. In‐house noise pollution and vibration can be controlled with the proper maintenance and mounting of machinery. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and proposed Vibration standards). Workers need to use ear muffs to avoid exposure to high noise levels as long‐term exposure may cause hearing impairments. Establishment of a green belt could certainly reduce noise from emanating to the surrounding and proper housekeeping would also be advantageous.

Waste type Migratory / Abatement Measure Solid Waste

Solid aggregate Reuse in the production process Liquid Waste

Suspended solids Use a screening mesh (if a waste treatment unit is in place)

Gaseous Waste Particulate matter Use of wet scrubber systems and

cyclone separators Dust Spraying of water in the loading and

unloading areas Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Use of wet scrubber systems and

cyclone separators Noxious gases Use of wet scrubber systems and

cyclone separators Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) Use of wet scrubber systems and

cyclone separators Noise/ Vibration

Machines in operation Enclose in a room to avoid noise dissemination

Generator Enclose in a room Housekeeping Growth of a green buffer belt Vibration Proper mounting of machinery

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Description EPL Category Asphalt processing plants A


1. USEPA. (2000) Hot Mix Asphalt Plants Emission Assessment Report 2000. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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2.3.2 Desiccated Coconut Industry

Description of the industry Coconut palm, for centuries, had been associated closely with lives of the Ceylonese. Sometimes entire livelihoods depend on this palm tree mainly because its uses are numerous. Along the coastal belt and the areas between Colombo, Kurunegala and Chilaw known as the coconut triangle is famous for the growth of the coconut tree and manufacture of products derived from the palm. Among the products of the coconut tree, Desiccated Coconut (DC) yields a high value addition and fetches a large sum of foreign exchange to the country. Among the uses of DC, best quality is exported to produce confectionery items and bakery industry. Sri Lanka competes with India, Malaysia, Indonesia and the West Indies for the DC export. Production process Best quality DC is produced only if the coconuts selected are well matured. Once selected, they are stored for nearly a month with the husk. During this storage period, the water inside the kernel gets absorbed and the kernel gets dried and detached from the shell. Coconuts are de‐husked and shelled and the kernel is then taken for DC production. This is the initial process in the DC production. The outer brown coating or the testa is scraped off to obtain white coconut kernel. This is them washed and broken into large pieces. They are then mechanically crushed to obtain DC. Thus obtained DC is then sieved to grade according to the size. This is then dried in trays in drying chambers at 180 0F. It is cooled and sized again before it is packed. Strict hygienic conditions are adhered to prevent any pathogens from getting into the product as it is directly used in food industry. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) De‐husking & shelling (2) Paring (3) Drying (4) Packing

Summary of key environmental issues Solid waste In the de‐husking and shelling processes, solid waste matter is produced namely the fibrous coconut husk and the hard coconut shell. Although these are waste products for the DC industry they become raw materials for various other industries or for domestic usage.

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Wastewater Water used for washing of the kernel is discarded as wastewater. This water may sometimes contain high chlorine content as for hygienic conditions chlorinated water is used. Besides this, coconut water which is the content in the middle of the kernel is also discarded along with other washed water and this is very high in organic content. This needs to be treated before discharged. Air emissions During the paring process and the sieving process particulate matter and may get air borne. The heat and steam generated to dry DC is escaped into the atmosphere. Noise/ vibration ‐ Noise is not a significant polluter in the industry hence no impact is envisaged. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste The husks and the shells are the main solid substances produced in the DC industry. However, they become raw material for various other auxiliary industries. The husk is used to make briquettes but extracting the pith and fibre is used for various other industries. The coconut shell is used to make charcoal or activated carbon. Hence all these products are sold to other industries. Wastewater Coconut water is high in organic content and has a very high BOD level. This coconut water along with water used to wash the kernels forms the wastewater in the industry. The combined wastewater generally has high concentrations of oil, grease and dissolved solids. The wastewater is initially screed to remove any suspended particulate matter and both anaerobic and aerobic treatment methods may be employed to reduce the BOD and COD levels to accepted levels prior to discharge. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1 for waste water effluent discharge standards). It is advisable to separate coconut water from other wash water and treat separately which will reduce the size of the biological treatment units and the construction cost. Air pollution Suspended particulate matter in the air is removed by installation of exhausted fans with dust bags. This is essential in order to maintain high standards of hygienic quality of the final product. Heated air and steam may escape during the production process and it can be best avoided if the conveyers are enclosed in a cabinet and the heated air is exhausted to outer environment. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards).

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Noise/ vibration The boilers may generate noise and vibration. They are best located in an enclosure so that noise may not be a problem to the workers. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.4).


Suspended particulate matter Use of dust traps or collectors Liquid Waste

Coconut water (if separated from rest of wash water) )

Anaerobic and Aerobic treatment or use as raw material for vinegar industry or bottled drinking coconut water.

Suspended solids Use a screening mesh Clarified liquid waste Anaerobic and Aerobic treatment

Gaseous Waste Particulate matter Use of dust traps with bags

Noise Machines in operation Enclose in a room to avoid noise

dissemination Generator Enclose in a room


Description EPL Category Desiccated coconut mills or coconut processing industries where 10 or more workers are employed.

A


1. AIT. (2002). Small and Medium Scale Industries in Asia Energy and Environment,

Desiccated Coconut Sector. Asian Institute of Technology.

2. CEA. (1992). Industrial Pollution Control Guidelines – No.3 – Desiccated Coconut Industry. Central Environmental Authority.

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2.3.3 Clay Roofing tile manufacturing industries

Description of the industry Pottery and clay industries have been developed in Sri Lanka from ancient times in the areas where clay deposits are found. From ancient times, people of Ceylon had been used to store water in clay pots and to cook their meals in earthenware. Most of these operate as small scale cottage type industries. With modernisation and improvement in quality of life, people started to replace standard roofing material with clay tiles. This initially began in religious place followed by the rich in villages and now it is a common practice. Clay roofing tile manufacturing industry is a highly a specialised industry and is located in pockets where clay deposits are easily accessible. This enables them to maximise their profit margins by reducing the cost incurs for the transportation of raw material. Production process The production of the roofing tiles begins with obtaining the best clay. This is then put in special strainers where the outer surface of the "clay ball" it is washed with water to remove any detritus. This in then kneaded or rolled to soften by adding the right amount of water. At the same time the other raw materials are prepared for mixing, i.e. sand and lime. The right proportion of raw materials are mixed together and passed on to the extruder or the press. This will hydraulically press fitting into the mould. Then this is placed in trays to partially dry in air. Once the tiles are partially dried they are transferred into the kilns and baked in high temperature for nearly 6 hrs. Some of the modern kilns are gas fired while the rest still operates with furnace oil or firewood to some extent. Once the baking process is completed, the finished tiles are checked for quality and staked for distribution. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Extraction of raw material (2) Kneading/ rolling (3) Pressing (4) Firing / baking process

Summary of key environmental issues Solid waste Clay is a raw material that is extracted from the deposits in the vicinity of the kilns. Raw material once extracted and the deposit gets exhausted the extractors abandon the deposits. They become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and become an environmental and health hazard. These “abandoned clay pits” need to be rehabilitated in order to prevent any health hazards from occurring.

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During storage, finished tiles may break and broken pieces may be a problem in discarding. They could only be crushed and buried or sometimes used as an insulator for some industries. Wastewater Although wastewater does not have a significant impact on the environment from this industry, washings may contain silt and suspended solids. Hence wastewater is needed to collect and allow the silt to sediment before goes into the environment. Air emissions Air emissions of this sector is generally from the kilns. Incomplete combustion may produce gases such as CO and CO2. Combustion of furnace oil may result in the production of NOx and SOx. Fly ash becomes an issue and is required to dispose of carefully. In dry and windy situations, dust and particulate matter may be blown away into the air. Noise/ vibration Noise and vibration is occurs when the machines are in operation. Other than that, the industry may not generate noise. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste It is mandatory that the license is obtained to extract clay. This has a major impact on mitigating environment pollution during pre or post extraction periods. Proper resource extraction must be ensured in accordance with license conditions. Once extraction is complete industrialists should make necessary measures to rehabilitate the abandoned clay pits in order to avoid potential environmental issues described above. Wastewater Although wastewater is not a significant issue in the industry, it is necessary to collect the water that is discharged to a tank where it is allowed to settle the sediment of suspended particulate matter and to dispose the clarified liquid waste. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1). Air pollution Kilns are generally constructed for complete combustion process. Their stack heights should be maintained at a minimum level recommended by the CEA. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2). If dust becomes a problem, spraying of water to the vicinity is recommended so that it will curtail dust from blown away.

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Noise/ vibration Machines that generate noise can be housed in an enclosure to avoid from polluting. Proper servicing and lubricating may minimise the noise. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.3 for Noise standards).


Aggregates or particulate matter Better housekeeping/ reuse Liquid Waste

Suspended solids Use a sedimentation tank to settle. Gaseous Waste

Gaseous emission from the kiln Maintenance of a minimum stack height of the kiln

Dust and particulate matter Use of dust traps and spraying of water to keep away the dust from blown away.

Noise Machines in operation Enclose in a room to avoid noise

dissemination; servicing and lubrication of machines

Housekeeping Growth of a green buffer belt Regulatory obligations

Description EPL Category Tile and brick kilns C Sector specific environmental guidelines for further reading

1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Ceramic Tile and Sanitary Ware Manufacturing. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

2. Selker, John and Laurie Childers. (1986). Clay Tile Manufacture, A Guide. Intermediate Technology Development Group.

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2.3.4 Polymer Based Industries

Description of the industry Plastics and plastic products have been manufactured in Sri Lanka for quite some time. Among the products are baskets, buckets, pails, food grade containers, non‐food grade containers, domestic water tanks, and furniture. Plastics have made life very easy for the simple reason that they are long lasting for they do not break easy, light weighted and easy to handle unlike conventional clay or ceramic ware. To cater to the engineering and plumbing industry, PVC pipes and fittings and gutters are also manufactured in Sri Lanka. Plastics are polymers made of petrochemicals and so called polymers because they form chains with molecules that they are formed with. This reaction results in the final product of plastic. Backbone of plastic or most of the polymers in a chain of carbon atoms with other chemical compounds bound to it in different proportions and chemical bondage properties. Production process Although polymer based products are manufactured in Sri Lanka, polymer itself is not manufactured here. Plastic pellets are imported in bulk form and they are mould into the specific shape of the product so desire. The process is known as injector moulding process. This requires sophisticated manufacturing machinery which can produce a range of items of various shapes and sizes. The pellets are placed in the machine and with heating it become melted and the melted polymer is injected into the mould and compressed. Water is injected to cool and obtain the final product. Although machines are used in the manufacturing process final touches are done manually to the product including quality checking, labelling and packaging. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Loading of raw material (2) Heating of pellets (3) Moulding process (4) Packaging

Summary of key environmental issues Polymer based industries have been categorised under E1 category in the ERMF due to its level of pollution.

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Solid waste Solid waste is not a significant issue in the plastic industry. Occasional raw material silage even can be collected and used back in the system. Any final product refusal after quality check is used as a raw material having heated and melted. Subsequent heating is done only for non‐food grade product manufacture. Wastewater Water used in the manufacture are not wastewater per se; but can be reused in the same process over again. However, water may contain chemical compounds and are not recommended to use as potable water or discharged to environment without a proper quality check. Discharged water initially may be heated as it is used a heat transfer medium during moulding process. Once cooled, it can be reused in the same process. Air emissions During heating of pellets, volatile aromatic hydrocarbons may be released. Additionally certain other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be released. Long‐term exposure to these air pollutants are detrimental; hence proper care be taken to avoid inhalation. Proper protection devices such as face masks be given to the workers. Noise/ vibration Although noise may not be a significant polluter, machines in operation may emit noise and may be annoyance to the workers. They should be given proper protecting devices to be worn during working hours. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste There is no issue with regard to solid waste generation from the industry. However, it is advisable to follow general housekeeping practice for the industry. As there can be many workers in the facility, municipal type solid waste may be produced. They should be sorted in‐house and should be disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. Wastewater The water used in the manufacturing process is reused several times before it is finally discharged. Prior to discharge it should be check for quality. Any suspended solids be coagulated using alum and pH adjustment and any dissolved chemicals be removed by passing through resin columns and or passing though activated carbon filters depending on the degree of pollution. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1 for wastewater effluent discharge standards). Air pollution Although certain air pollutants are produced during the production process, the machines are manufactured in such a way that they capture such emissions and released to the atmosphere after a cleansing process through ducts. Scrubbers are used

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to trap the harmful substances. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards). Noise/ vibration Machinery noise and vibration can be minimized if they are enclosed in a room. Proper servicing and replacing of spares need to be done for smoother operation. Additionally, the machines should be mounted properly to avoid impacts of vibration. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and proposed Vibration standards).


Larger solid matter Reused as raw material Liquid Waste

Dissolved solids and dissolved aromatic compounds

Passing though resin beds and activated carbon filtration

Gaseous Waste Gaseous emission from machines during heating process

Wet scrubbing

Dust and particles Better housekeeping Noise/ Vibration

Machines in operation Enclose in a room to avoid noise dissemination; servicing and lubrication of machines

Vibration Proper mounting of machinery Regulatory obligations

Description EPL Category Industries involved in the manufacture of polymers or polymer based products (i.e. polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, polypropylene, polyester, nylon, polystyrene, resins, fibreglass or other man‐made fibres etc.) or polymer or polymer based products, recycling industries

A


1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Metal, Plastic, Rubber Products Manufacturing. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for PetroleumBased Polymers Manufacturing. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

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2.4 Bakery and Confectionery and Food Product Manufacturing Industries Description of the industry This is an industry which is expanding rapidly with the demand throughout the country. Take away food outlets and catering services are the ones that fall under this category where food is produced in large quantities. Bakery industry too has developed rapidly simply because of convenience. Confectionery industry goes hand in hand with the bakery industry where a variety of sweets are produced in mass scale. This mass scale production will generate mainly liquid waste of organic origin and can be treated without much effort. However, apart from the environment compliance, the food industry needs to have quality checks and health standards as it can be a vehicle for food borne diseases. Production process Bakery and confectionery industry varies from the general food production industry in terms of items that they produce. This is because in general food production most of items are perishable while the bakery industry produces items with a slightly longer shelf life. Further, when it comes to food industry, it is generally mass scale rice & curry preparation for receptions or take away packs. In the food production industry it sometimes be a regularly production as in the case of daily take away lunch pack production business and sometimes only for certain occasions from time to time as in the case of catering business. In each case the general cleaning and preparation generate large quantities of waste of organic origin. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Cleaning of raw material (2) Cutting and preparation (manually or mechanically) (3) Production (manually or mechanically) (4) Utensil washing

Summary of key environmental issues Solid waste ‐ The solid waste generated in this sector is mostly of biological origin, hence can be managed without much hassle. It is necessary to sort the waste at the point of origin and keep them separately to dispose of in an environmentally friendly manner. Both raw material and products need to be safeguarded against disease causing agents and damaging pests such as flies, cockroaches and mice. Best hygienic practices are to be adopted by workers as food products can easily be contaminated and cause food

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poisoning to the consumers. The raw material used should also be the best of kind as substandard material will spoil the final product. Wastewater Wastewater generated by the industry mainly results from cleaning operations and can be significantly high in BOD and COD and oil & grease. Proper methodologies needed to be executed to lower the BOD, COD and oil levels prior to discharge. Wash water should not be channelled into storm water drainage systems or any surface water bodies. Air emissions Air emissions are basically from the kitchen stoves, ovens and boilers if the scale of production is high. No harmful pollutant that require special mitigatory measures are produced. Noise/ vibration Quite insignificant for this sector but for mass scale production sometimes may require equipment that generate less noise and vibration. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste Once solid waste is separated in‐house disposal is not a hassle. Domestic waste can be mixed with municipal waste and can be disposed of. Waste that can be biologically degradable can be composted or mixed with municipal waste. If facilities available for composting it can be done within the premises making sure proper hygienic standards are maintained. Any non ‐biodegradable solids should be disposed of or given for recycle process. Wastewater Liquid waste generated by this sector is high in BOD, COD and oils. Among the constituents would be oil & grease, dissolved organic matter and suspended solids. Initially screening needs to be done to trap and remove any solid particles followed by grease traps. In certain instances if the suspended and dissolved solid level is high, alum treatment and a pH adjustment may require. Then the liquid waste can be treated anaerobically first and then aerobically until the BOD and COD levels have been reduced to the desirable levels. A tertiary treatment of polishing the final effluent can be done prior to the discharge. Chapter 4, section 4.1 elaborates the applicable wastewater effluent discharge standards set by the Central Environmental Authority. Air pollution Any gaseous products generated can be channelled to the upper atmosphere through ducts or a chimney. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards). Emissions from the kitchen discharged at a too low level can be a severe public nuisance.

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Noise/ vibration Mostly the equipment are housed in enclosures, hence no significant noise levels be generated which can cause annoyance to the environment. In‐hose staff should be properly equipped with protection gear to avoid any harmful effects that they may encounter. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and proposed Vibration standards).


Polythene/ Plastics Recycle; no open burning Cardboard/ paper Recycle; no open burning Raw material spillage Compost/ bury or dispose of in an

acceptable manner Liquid Waste

Suspended solids Use a Screening mesh Fat/ Oil & Grease (FOG) Oil trap Dissolved solids Clarify after pH adjustment and

coagulation and/or flocculation process; liquid to be channelled to a well‐sealed soakage pit.

Gaseous Waste Air emissions from stove/ boiler rooms


Noise Machines in operation Enclose in a room


Description EPL Category Food manufacturing and processing industries including bakery products and confectioneries where 25 or more workers are employed

A

Food manufacturing and processing industries including bakery products and confectioneries where less than 25 or more workers are employed

B



Control Guideline No. 9 Bakeries. Central Environmental Authority.

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2.5 Poultry Farming Description of the industry Poultry framing is an industry practiced all over Sri Lanka from cottage level to macro scale. In most instances it operates as an out grower system where the products of the villages who does this as a cottage or micro level, are bought over by a larger farm or industry that process meats or meat products. Meat and eggs are the main products from the industry while processed meat products are auxiliary value added products. Farming is encouraged mainly among rural communities as it gives an income to most households and also provides protein in terms of eggs to the community. Large scale farms need to take adequate care and best hygienic practices need to be adopted to prevent any disease outbreaks that may be communicable to the human population as well. Separate sheds need to be maintained with proper bedding for the chicks and this bedding material needs to be removed or periodically changed. As Sri Lankan poultry industry is emerging into to the export market continuous quality improvements need to be implemented while maintaining international standards for food safety and hygiene and environmental safeguards. This will be a potential foreign exchange earner for Sri Lanka. Production process In the poultry industry, feed stocks are imported to the country or produced in the veterinary research centres. These day‐old broiler chicks are reared in poultry sheds giving adequate warmth, food, water and medication. The lifespan of a broiler chicken is around 45 days and by then they become mature enough to harvest when the weight/feed ratio becomes adequate. During the early life, they are given growth hormones for faster growth and antibiotics as they are prone to lot of diseases. The sheds are generally densely populated which results in‐house pollution and disease outbreaks. The layers are reared differently to the ones reared for meat. Generally the layers’ cage sizes are bigger and less densely populated. Eggs are daily collected, cleaned and packed for distribution. Polluting process – (point sources) Although in the poultry industry point source cannot be identified possible polluting matter is identified as below:

(1) Excreta, feathers (2) Soiled bedding material (3) Spoiled food/ animal feed (4) Dead birds

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Summary of key environmental issues In the ERMF, poultry production has been categorised under E2 according to the level of pollution. Solid waste – As far as solid waste is concerned in the poultry farming, mostly the bedding material that becomes soiled with excreta becomes an issue. The feathers and skin scales, uneaten or spoilt food particles and bird carcasses (caused by natural factors or disease outbreaks) also become part of the solid waste. It may also contain vectors of insects and vermin and pathogenic microorganisms that may detrimental to the other birds in the cage and to the handlers. Wastewater – Wastewater that is generated when cage washings are done needs to be disposed of carefully as it contains high levels of nitrogen from bird discharges. This can cause eutrophication if discharged raw into open water bodies. In this sector the main focus is only on farming aspect of poultry industry and not on slaughtering, where wastewater contains high BOD and COD and is a major issue. Air emissions – Fine particulate matter may be present inside cages. Along with the dust particles pathogens can be present and these bio aerosols can be detrimental. Among other air pollutants that may be present would be ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide etc. Odour becomes a nuisance if the sheds are located in the vicinity of households. Noise/ vibration – Animal noise is the only noise that is generated from this industry. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste All solid waste products including bedding material should be buried or burnt in an acceptable manner and adequate care should be taken to avoid cross contamination. As the poultry excreta are high in organic nutrients, there is a big demand as fertilizer among farming community. Hence this can be collected and sold as manure. Dead animals may be incinerated for hygienic purposes as they can be disease carriers. Wastewater In the case of smaller farms, wastewater from washing of cages should be channelled to a soakage pit where it will be absorbed to the ground after natural filtration mechanism. In case of larger farms, a wastewater treatment unit with a pre‐treatment method, anaerobic digester and a suitable aerobic treatment unit may be installed to bring the BOD and COD levels to acceptable norms prior to discharge. The capacity of the wastewater treatment unit should be designed according to the magnitude of the farm and loading levels. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1).

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Air pollution Mostly the air pollution occurs in indoors. The gases that are produced in the cages can affect the animals and hence proper ventilation should be maintained. Exhaust fans should be installed with dust traps to prevent any bio aerosols being mixed with the atmospheric air. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards). As odour can cause nuisance, sheds should be locates away from households. Noise/ vibration Noise and vibration cannot be considered as a major issue but noise of the animals may cause nuisance.


Animal excreta Bury/ compost or sold as manure Dead animals/ offal Incinerate/Bury Waste food Bury/ compost

Liquid Waste Suspended solids Use a screening mesh Cage washings Channel to a well‐sealed soakage pit or

the treatment system depending on farm size.

Gaseous Waste Dust Use of dust traps Gases Use of exhaust fans with dust traps and

release to the upper atmosphere. Odour Maintenance of good hygiene


Description EPL Category Abattoirs A All hatcheries or poultry farms having 2,500 birds or more or piggery, cattle, goats farms having animals 50 or more or having rating * for mixed farming 2,500 or more

*Rating for mixed farming = No. of birds +50 x (No. of pigs+ No. of cattle + No. of goats)

A

Poultry farms have 250 or more and less than 2,500 birds or piggery , cattle, goats farms having animals 5 or more and less than 50 or having rating * for mixed farming 250 and less than 2,500

*Rating for mixed farming = No. of birds + 50 x (No. of pigs + No. of cattle + No. of goats)

B

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1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, Poultry Production.

April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

2. Williams, Charles Michael. Poultry Waste Management in Developing Countries. In: Poultry Development Review, Food and Agriculture Organization.

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2.6 Quarrying & Metal crushing Industries

Description of the industry Granite has a variety of uses apart from its usage in road construction and as ballast in rail road construction and in building construction in the mixture of concrete. Polished granite slabs are used as decorative flooring and table tops in modern architecture. Certain portion is used as grave stones. This industry requires both licenses from the Environmental Authority and from Geological Surveys & Mines Bureau (GSMB) to operate. The crushed granite boulders are fed into jaw crushers and obtain small size pieces called metal. Metal of different sizes have a variety of uses. Production process Quarrying is an industry that is quite widespread in Sri Lanka. This occurs in places where there are rock deposits are common. Blasting of the rock is done using dynamite with a single bore hole or multiple bore holes. This will break the boulder into small manageable pieces that can be fed into the jaw crushers. Loading is done mechanically using backhoes or front‐end loaders and conveyers Jaw crushers crush the granite into pieces of several sizes and feed into a rotating sieve made of a steel structure with perforations of different diameters on its side. Upon rotating the crushed granite particles commonly known as metal is separated into four sizes – dust, chips, metal ½ inch and metal ¾ inches. Heaps of each category are collected and loaded into the vehicles for dispatch. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Blasting (2) Crushing (3) Sieving (4) Storage and distribution

Summary of key environmental issues According to the level of pollution, stone crushing industry has been categorised into E2 in the ERMF. Solid waste There is no significant issue with solid waste. Wastewater Wastewater is not generated in the production process but rain water can accumulate in the pits where boulders are removed and can be mosquito breeding grounds becoming a health hazard.

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Air emissions – Although the quarrying and metal crushing industry does not generate air emissions per se, particulate matter and dust generated in the process is a major concern. Particulate matter in the metal crushing industry is a health hazard much more than an environmental concern. However, if the dust is blown away from the site, it will cause severe environmental hazard, impairing photosynthesis in the nearby vegetation. Continuous and long term inhalation of fine particulate matter may cause chronic disorders in the lungs and the respiratory system including Asthma, Pulmonary fibrosis, and are prone to attacks of tuberculosis and cancer. Larger particles can be collected the same way it is collected and distributed. During the boring process, much care should be exercised to avoid accidents and should be carried out only during the specified times given in the individual permit. Noise/ vibration – Noise generated in the quarrying and metal crushing industry has become a major concern and it occurs in all the processes from boring to crushing. The quarries are given special license to operate explosives such as dynamite and blasting need to be approved by the competent authority which is the Geological Surveys and Mines Bureau. Jaw crushers and the sieving process create fairly a large noise and vibration which is both environmental and occupational health hazard to on‐site workers and to the neighbourhoods. Long term exposure to noise levels may cause hearing impairments and permanent hearing loss. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste Solid waste is not a significant issue in the quarrying industry Industrialists should be responsible enough to rehabilitate the quarries once they are abandoned in order to prevent potentials health hazards like breeding of mosquitoes etc. Wastewater Although wastewater is not generated in the production process, much care needs to be taken to prevent water stagnation in abandoned pits and particles being washed away or deposited in inland water bodies that may cause damage. Air pollution Most air pollutants are generally dust particles and suspended air particulate matter. In order to prevent dust being blown away water can be sprayed periodically over the piles of material or can be covered during the operational stages, loading and in storage. Spraying of water can be done mechanically using technology or done manually depending on the extent of the industry.

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Further, jaw crusher and sieves can be enclosed in temporary sheds to prevent any particulate matter being blown away during the production process. Since the equipment is not permanently placed, a temporary outer covering with wooden planks and a roof above it would be a temporary solution to avoid particulate matter being blown away and at the same time wind direction should be taken into account when placing machinery. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the CEA). Noise/ vibration Noise and vibration are the main environment pollutants in this sector. Best method of mitigation would be enclosing the machinery in shed with proper insulation. Proper mounting of equipment or machinery will minimise any vibration that may take place. Mechanical parts need to be serviced or lubricated for a smoother and noise free operation. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.3 for Noise standards established by the CEA). Boring operations should be limited to times specified in the permits obtained from the GSMB and much care should be taken to avoid damages to the environment and to the adjacent building structures. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.4 for proposed Vibration standards).


Medium to small particles Bury/ use as raw material for another industry

Liquid Waste Suspended solids Use a screening mesh

Gaseous Waste Particulate Matter/ dust Use of dust bags (If housed in a building)

Spraying of water to prevent becoming air borne

Noise/ Vibration Blasting/ boring Work permitted only during the specified

hours Vibration Proper mounting of machinery


Description EPL Category Mechanised mining activities with multi bore hole blasting or single bore hole blasting activities with production capacity having 600 or more cubic meters per month.

A

Single borehole blasting with industrial mining activities B

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using explosives having a production capacity of less than 600 cubic meters per month Crushing or processing of non‐ metallic minerals (i.e. limestone, dolomite, apatite, rock phosphate, sand stone, feldspar, quartz, limonite, rutile, mica, graphite, kaolin etc.) excluding lime shell and granite crushing activities.

A

Granite boulder making or processing industries (extracting, blasting, slicing, polishing)

A

Granite crushing (metal crushing) industries having a total production capacity of 25 or more cubic meters per day

A

Granite crushing (metal crushing) industries having a total production capacity less than 25 cubic meters per day excluding manual crushing operations using hand tools

B



Control Guideline No. 3 Metal Crushers. Central Environmental Authority.

2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Construction Materials Extraction. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

3. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Mining. April 30,

2007. International Finance Corporation.

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2.7 Hotels & Restaurants Description of the industry Hospitality industry is certainly a money spinner for island nations such as Sri Lanka. Tourism sector is the third largest contributor to the economy and is expected to expand rapidly in years to come. Although there is a major segment of tourist hotels which falls into the large scale category, yet there is a substantial portion run by the small and medium enterprises. Environment Protection Licensing is a requirement to operate a hotel and need to comply with the regulations apart from obtaining necessary approvals from the Tourist Board. Further, any hostel or dwelling places also require EPLs and this perhaps may be applicable for schools with residential facilities and any industries that may provide lodging for their staff. Production process Hotels provide accommodation and invariably need to provide facilities that come with lodging, such as food, laundry etc. These will have an impact on the environment. Cleaning generates a lot of wastewater, sewerage, and the laundries will generate wastewater mixed with detergents and grey water from household. Solid waste of different types need to sorted in house and disposed of in an acceptable manner. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Rooms (2) Kitchen & restaurants (3) Laundry (4) Stores (5) Entertainment areas (6) Spas

Summary of key environmental issues Solid waste Solid waste generated in this sector may vary in each case. However, in general terms there are biodegradable waste and non‐biodegradable waste. Separation or sorting of waste according to types is quite essential and be less cumbersome in terms of management. Food waste contributes immensely in the hotel & restaurant sector while packaging material becomes the second largest in terms of volume. Wastewater Grey water from bathrooms and kitchen takes up a large volume of wastewater that needs to be treated before discharging to the environment. Shower water and wastewater from the spas may contain fairly a large amount of grease and oil

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as in the case of kitchen waste. Apart from grey water large quantities of sewerage is also discharged and needs to be treated and disposed of. Air emissions Air pollution is not a significant issue in this sector but general kitchen exhaust and exhaust from generators or boiler rooms contribute to emissions. Noise/ vibration Noise originating from the power generators and boilers may cause annoyance to the residents and to the surrounding households. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Tourism and hospitality development industry has been categorised under E2 in the ERMF according to the level of pollution. Solid waste Household or municipal type of garbage which is biodegradable can be composted or disposed of by means of collectors. Municipal solid waste in Sri Lanka is collected by local authorities and disposed of. This is a common practice and is convenient to the industry as most industries do not have sufficient space to construct a solid waste disposal site, especially in the hospitality sector. This can affect aesthetically to the industry. Workers should sort or separate the waste according to the type in‐house and then would be easy to dispose of. Items that need to be recycled or reused can be sold to the collectors. It is also advisable to have a proper incineration facility. Wastewater Wastewater treatment facilities are essential components in the hospitality industry. Modern technology introduces compact state‐of‐the‐art treatment units such as rotating biological disks (RBCs), fluidised beds etc., which do not take up much of the space but are highly effective in terms of treatment. Most modern plants are built underground so that it does not become un‐aesthetic to the hotel. Initial screening to remove any solids that are washed away is installed first followed by oil and grease traps to remove any oil that is carried. This oil is skimmed off and disposed of periodically. Since the wastewater may contain a high BOD and COD content, although it may vary in each case, needs to be treated anaerobically and clarified. The clarified waste is then treated aerobically and a tertiary treatment may require depending on the final discharge quality. Sewerage also can be treated in a common treatment facility designed to handle proper loading capacities. Effluent discharge standard are elaborated in Chapter 4, section 4.1.

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Air pollution Emissions from the kitchen and boiler rooms and generators are the main sources in the hotel sector. This can be directed to the upper atmosphere through a chimney. Mostly the gases would be CO2, CO and steam. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the CEA). Noise/ vibration Noise generating point in the hotel sector is confined to the power generators and to boiler rooms. If these machineries are enclosed in a room, noise distribution is minimal. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.3 for Noise standards).


Polythene/ Plastics Recycle; no open burning Cardboard/ paper Recycle; no open burning Aluminium Recycle Glass Recycle Food waste compost

Liquid Waste Suspended solids Screening using a mesh Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG) Oil traps Sewage Channel to a well‐sealed soakage pit or

treatment plant. Kitchen waste Oil traps; liquid to be channelled to a

well‐sealed soakage pit. Laundry washing Clarify after pH adjustment and


Gaseous Waste Air emissions from boiler rooms/ kitchen stoves


Noise Machines in operation Enclose in a room Housekeeping/ night clubs Keep minimal at times specified in

regulations Generators Enclose in a room

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Description EPL Category

Hotels, guest houses, rest houses having 20 or more rooms A Hotels, guest houses, rest houses with 05 or more and less than 20 rooms

C

Hostels and similar dwelling places where occupancy level is exceeding 200 or more

A

Hostels and similar dwelling places where occupancy level is 25 or more boarders and less than 200 boarders

B


1. CRMP and CCD. (1995). Environmental Guidelines for Coastal Tourism

Development in Sri Lanka. Coastal Resources Management Project of University of Rhode Island and Coast Conservation Department.

2. Georgia Hospitality Environmental Partnership. (1996). Waste Reduction In Hotels And Motels: A Guide For Hotel and Motel Managers. March, 1996. Georgia Hospitality Environmental Partnership.

3. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Tourism and Hospitality Development. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

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2.8 Filling Stations & Vehicle Service Stations Description of the industry Fuel filling stations in Sri Lanka sometimes include vehicle service stations in the same premises. Fuel stations will cater to any vehicle category providing petrol, diesel and or kerosene oil. In filling stations, the fuel tanks are located underground and fuel is pumped using electric pumps to the vehicles. During the construction of the filling station well‐sealed tanks are constructed to avoid any leakages to the ground and they are well‐sealed to avoid seepage of rain and storm water contamination with fuel storage. As the products are of petroleum origin, a threat of a fire hazard exists. Hence, it is mandatory to have adequate precautionary measure to curtail a potential fire. Service stations in Sri Lanka generally carryout minor repairs if necessary but cleaning of the interior and the exterior of the body of the vehicle change oil and air filters, lubrication, changing of oil etc., are the main functions. Service stations depend mostly upon manual labour for cleaning. However, with the improvement in quality of service, mechanical washing units with drive through facilities have been installed at certain locations for convenience. Production process The process which takes place in a service station depends upon the requirement of the owner and or the service that is required by the vehicle. However, in general, washing the undercarriage of the vehicle using detergents, removal of burnt engine oil and replacing, lubrication of moving parts of wheels, axels etc., changing oil and air filters, and interior cleaning take place for any vehicle. Polluting process – (point sources)

(1) Washing (exterior and interior) (2) Changing of oil (3) Lubrication process

Summary of key environmental issues Automobile workshops fall into the E2 category due to the level of pollution as mentioned in the ERMF. Solid waste – Possible solid waste generation from service station would be worn out spare parts such as oil filters, air filters and oil cans etc. These items should be recycled as much as possible hence need to dispose of to a place where such activity takes place.

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Wastewater – A large quantity of wastewater is generated in the washing process. In the initial washing of the under carriage, the wastewater may contain mud, suspended particles and oil. The detergents used in the washing process get mixed with the wastewater and waste oil. The process of treatment becomes complex once the mixing takes place, hence it is necessary to segregate oil before it gets mixed. The COD levels can be at a higher level since the use of detergents. Service stations also generate different types of waste oil which should be treated as harmful to the environment. Air emissions – As for air emissions, mostly the aerosols from spraying of oil or lubricants mixed with water that used for washing becomes a problem. Much more than an environmental problem, this becomes a health hazard to the workers. Certain VOCs may cause eye and skin irritations and inhalation may cause respiratory difficulties or allergic reactions. Noise/ vibration – Noise pollution becomes a serious issue in this service sector. Noise is generated from using high pressure pumps, spraying and compressed air units for cleaning. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste Worn out spare parts can be sold in bulk for recycling. They should not be thrown away or mix with household garbage as this is not a product that is biodegradable and could cause contamination. Proper disposal is inevitable. Wastewater Service station wastewater needs to be treated before it is discharged into the environment. Initially an oil trap needs to be installed to separate suspended oil from the liquid wastewater. A chemical treatment method should be employed next with mixing of alum to coagulate any suspended particulate matter followed by adding lime and polyelectrolytes to adjust the pH levels. Clarification is needed to separate the sludge from the liquid portion. Generally the BOD and COD levels become acceptable for discharge after chemical treatment. However, if the levels are not acceptable, aerobic treatment method could be employ followed by clarification to remove any sludge produced. The sludge should be carefully disposed of in a method recommended by the Central Environment Authority. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1 for wastewater effluent discharge standards). Approved storage for waste oil should be provided and arrangements made for disposal. In Sri Lanka there is quite a high demand for used oil and hence can be sold.

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Air pollution Main air pollutants in the vehicle service station are aerosols of detergents and VOCs arising from various formulations used. In order to avoid indoor air pollution exhaust fans should be installed and the exhaust air should be released to upper atmosphere. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2). Workers should be given proper safety equipment such as goggles and face masks to avoid contact with eyes and inhalation. Noise/ vibration Noise is a major concern for service stations. It is advisable to have high walls around the service stations to avoid noise pollution to the surrounding. Green buffer zones around premises may reduce the noise levels significantly and should be operation only during specified time limits and non‐residential surroundings. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and proposed Vibration standards).


Polythene/ Plastics Recycle; no open burning Cardboard/ paper Recycle; no open burning Aluminium Recycle

Liquid Waste Suspended solids Screening using a mesh Fat, Oil & Grease (FOG) Oil traps Clarified liquid Clarify after pH adjustment and


Gaseous Waste Aerosols Use of exhaust fans with a high stack to

release to upper atmosphere Noise

Pressure pumps/ high pressure water jets/ compressed air blowers

Have a high surrounding wall

Green belt

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Description EPL Category Vehicle service stations or container yards having vehicle service activities excluding three wheeler and motor cycle services and interior cleaning

A

Three wheeler or motor cycle servicing activities or vehicle interior cleaning activities

B

All vehicle filling stations (liquid petroleum and liquefied petroleum gas)

B


1. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution Control

Guideline No. 4 Garages & Service Stations, Central Environmental Authority.

2. Institute of Petroleum. (2002). Guidelines for Soil, Groundwater and Surface Water Protection and Vapour Emission Control at Petrol Filling Stations. Institute of Petroleum, London

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2.9 Healthcare Services Description of the industry Healthcare sector in Sri Lanka is a fast growing sector with a large contribution to the economy. Although the Government offers free health services to its citizens through a network of primary, secondary and tertiary health care facilities, the country has seen the growth of a robust private health care sector in the last 2‐3 decades. The private health facilities vary from laboratory services to in‐house treatment facilities of varying size. Some of the large private health facilities posses state‐of‐the‐art ultra‐modern equipment with research facilities and highly skilled medical experts to provide services from organ transplants to open heart operations, from key‐hole surgery to In‐vitro fertilisation facilities. As such, Sri Lanka has a fully fledged state as well as a private health care sector capable of treating all branches of medicines from somatic to psychiatric to dentistry. Sri Lanka even provides medical facilities to foreign nationals and is trying to emerge into international market. Production process In hospitals there are generally two kinds of waste types produced, namely infectious or hospital waste and non‐infectious or general waste. Infectious or hospital waste is defined as those waste containing or any item contaminated with laboratory waste, blood, human body fluids, research animal waste, sharps, pathological waste, objectionable waste which includes medical administering equipment, tubing, gauze etc., and broken glass. Non‐infectious or general waste includes food refusal, paper, plastics etc., and sewerage and domestic type wastewater. The quality and quantity of the waste depends on the scale of the hospital operations, number of beds and facilities provided. Hence waste treatment may vary depending on the quantity of waste generated in solid waste and loading rates in wastewater. Polluting process – (point sources) Point sources may vary in each case. However, in general following point sources can be identified.

(1) Laboratories (2) Operating theatres and labour rooms (3) X‐ray rooms (4) Hospital wards (5) Kitchen or canteen

Summary of key environmental issues Due to the level of hazards involved with the waste generated in the healthcare industry, it has been categorised into E1 in the ERMF.

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Solid waste – Solid waste in a hospital may include discarded cultures of pathogens, discarded contaminated sampling equipment, waste from clinical or research work, solid waste contaminated or soiled with blood and bodily fluids, needles, syringes, scalpels, surgical gloves, pathological waste including human tissue and body parts removed during surgery and objectionable waste including tubing, soiled gauze and non‐infectious general waste. Wastewater – Wastewater from hospitals could be contaminated with infectious material or bodily fluids, laboratory chemicals, drugs etc. Sources need to be identified and separately treated according to the type. Air emissions – In the hospital sector air pollution may occur at laboratories where laminar flow cabinets are used. Air emissions are generated from the fuel used in kitchen and from the boilers used in the laundry. Noise/ vibration – Noise and vibration may originate from the electric generators and from the boilers. Recommended pollution prevention and control technologies Solid waste Infectious waste should be stored and transported in yellow coloured bags for identification as hazardous. These should be incinerated on site or at an incinerator located elsewhere. Hospital waste should never be buried or mixed with municipality waste. Sterilization through auto/hydroclaving is also an acceptable methodology that can be practiced prior to disposal. Wastewater Source of wastewater generation should be identified and treated accordingly. In certain cases a preliminary treatment may require to neutralise certain chemicals before being mixed or fed into a common treatment facility. This may apply to the wastewater containing harmful chemical substances or heavy metals. Certain source may contain substances of biological origin and it may produce a malodour and also may contain a high BOD level. Hence anaerobic treatment is recommended followed by sedimentation of sludge and aerobic treatment. General wastewater can be pre‐treated and combined with the wastewater from an infectious plant having treated in a common plant for tertiary treatment. The wastewater needed to be analysed carefully before designing a treatment facility. Effluent and Sewerage disposal standards are listed in Chapter 4, section 4.1. Air pollution The emissions from laminar flow cabinets should be exhausted to the atmosphere after proper treatment. Laminar flow cabinets should be properly maintained and filters

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should be changed periodically. Indoor air may sometimes be contaminated with air borne pathogenic microorganisms and may need to fumigate premises. Fumigation is necessary in theatres to avoid cross contamination. There will not be any other significant air pollutants generating from the hospitals. Air emissions from the kitchen and laundry rooms need to be channelled to the upper atmosphere. Ambient Air Quality Standards are listed in Chapter 4, section 4.2. Noise/ vibration Power generators should be located in an enclosure with proper insulations and placed away from the in‐house patients unit. A green belt around the enclosure would minimise spreading of noise. A proper maintenance would also reduce the noise levels. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.3).


Infectious waste Incinerate/autoclave Polythene/ Plastics Recycle; no open burning Cardboard/ paper Recycle; no open burning Aluminium Recycle

Liquid Waste Infectious liquid waste Treat in a engineered wastewater

treatment facility Gaseous Waste

Aerosols Use of exhaust fans with a high stack to release to upper atmosphere

Noise Power generators Have a high surrounding wall Green belt


Description EPL Category Health care service centres generating infectious wastes, including medical laboratories and research centres.

A

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1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Health Care Facilities. April

30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

2. Laboratory Safety Manual. URL: http://www.mcgill.ca/ehs/laboratory/labsafety/

3. University of Birmingham (2004). Procedure for Disposal of Clinical Waste. Health and Safety Guidance, Guidance of the Management of Biological Risks, Guidance/12/MBS/99/Pt 2 Section F. October 2004.

4. University of Lancaster (2006). Procedure for the Disposal of Clinical Waste. Manual of Safety, Section 24. November 2006.

http://www.mcgill.ca/ehs/laboratory/labsafety/�

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2.10 General Conditions

The national regulation has recognised the need to obtain Environmental compliances for any industrial activity which does not cover in any of the specific sectors above or if following conditions are met in the operation. These general requirements are such that all industries need to adhere to the regulations. In this section, any domestic wastewater discharges, sewerage disposal and municipal solid waste disposal in addressed. Hence apart from any industrial activity, general conditions should be complied with by the industrialists. Chapter 4 lists out the effluent discharge standards, Ambient Air Quality standards and Noise level standards that can be of use as a general guideline. Regulatory obligations

Description EPL Category Any industry where 200 or more workers per shift are employed A Any industry which discharges 10 or more and less than 10 cubic meters of wastewater per day or using toxic chemicals in the process

A

Any industry which discharges 3 or more and less than 10 cubic meters of industrial processing wastewater per day

B

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Recommended references on industrial pollution control and management

1. APHA. (1994). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, A. E. Greenburg, L. S. Clesceri, A. D. Eaton, (eds.), 18th ed., American Public Health Association.

2. BOI. (2011). Environmental Norms, Board of Investment of Sri Lanka.

3. Brüel & Kjær. (1986). Noise Control Principles & Practice, 2nd ed., Brüel & Kjær.

4. Brüel & Kjær. (2001) Environmental Noise, Brüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement, Brüel & Kjær.

5. CEA. (2009). Guidelines for the Management of Scheduled Waste in Sri Lanka in Accordance to the National Environmental (Protection & Quality) Regulation No. 01 of 2008. July 2009. Central Environmental Authority.

6. CEA. (2004) Technical Guidelines on Solid Waste Management in Sri Lanka. Central Environmental Authority.

7. Corey, Richard C. (1969). Principle & Practices of Incineration. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Singapore.

8. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1989). Industrial Water Pollution Control, 2nd ed., McGraw‐Hill Book Company, Singapore.

9. EFL. (2006). Your Environmental Rights and Responsibilities: A handbook for Sri Lanka, Environmental Foundation Ltd.

10. Garg, S. K., and R. Garg. (1988). Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Vol. II, 11th ed., Khanna Publishers.

11. Gupta, Amit Kumar. (2006). Industrial Safety and Environment. Luxmi Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi.

12. IFC. (2007) Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines. In: General Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. April 30, 2007. International Finance Corporation.

13. Linda D. Stetzenbach. (1997). Introduction to Aerobiology. In: Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Christon J. Hurst, Ronald L. Crawford, Jay L. Garland, David A. Lipson, Aaron L. Mills, Linda D. Stetzenbach (eds.), American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC.

14. Metcalf and Eddy. (1991). Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse. Revised by G Tchobanoglous and F. L. Burton, 3rd ed., Tata‐McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

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15. Strauss, Werner. (1971). Air Pollution Control, Parts I & II. Wiley‐Interscience Publication, New York.

16. The World Bank Group. (1999). Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Toward Cleaner Production. The World Bank Group.

17. Trivedi, P. R. and G Raj. (1992). Environmental Industrial Pollution Control, Encyclopaedia of Environmental Sciences ‐12, Vol. V, 1st ed., Akashdeep Publishing House, New Delhi.

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4. Pollution Control Standards

4.1 Wastewater Effluent Discharge Tolerance Limits

4.1. (A). Tolerance Limits for the Discharge of Industrial Waste to the Inland Waters

Parameter Unit Tolerance Limit value 1 Total Suspended Solids mg/l, max 50 2 Particle size of the total

Suspended Solid µm, less than 850

3 pH at ambient temperature 6 ‐ 8.5 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD5 in 5 days at 20 ⁰C or BOD3 in 3 days at 27 ⁰C)

mg/ l , max 30

5 Temperature of discharge ⁰C, max Shall not exceed 40 ⁰C in any section of the stream within 15m downstream from the effluent outlet

6 Oils & greases mg/ l, max 10 7 Phenolic compounds (as

C6H5OH) mg/l, max 1

8 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

mg/l, max 250

9 Colour Wavelength range 436 nm (yellow range) 525 nm (red range) 620 (blue range)

Maximum spectral absorption coefficient 7 m‐1 5 m‐1 3 m‐1

10 Dissolved phosphates (as P) mg/l, max 5 11 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 150 12 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 50 13 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l, max 0.2 14 Total residual chlorine mg/l, max 1.0 15 Fluorides (as F) mg/l, max 2.0 16 Sulphide (as S) mg/l, max 2.0 17 Arsenic (as As) mg/l, max 0.2 18 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l, max 0.1 19 Chromium, total (as Cr) mg/l, max 0.5 20 Chromium, Hexavalent mg/l, max 0.1

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(as Cr 6+) 21 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, max 3.0 22 Iron (as Fe) mg/l, max 3.0 23 Lead (as Pb) mg/l, max 0.1 24 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, max 0.0005 25 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l, max 3.0 26 Selenium ( as Se) mg/l, max 0.05 27 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l, max 2.0 28 Pesticides mg/l, max 0.005 29 Detergents/ surfactants mg/l, max 5 29 Faecal Coliform MPN/ 100 ml, max 40 30 Radio Active Material

(a) Alpha emitters (b) Beta emitters

Micro curie /ml, max Micro curie /ml, max

10‐8 10‐7

Note 1: All efforts should be made to remove unpleasant odour as far as possible Note 2: These values are based on dilution of effluents by at least 8 volumes of

clean receiving water. If the dilution is below 8 times, the permissible limits are multiplied by the 1/8 of the actual dilution.

Note 3: The above mentioned general standards shall cease to apply with regard to a particular industry when industry specific standards are notified for that industry.

Note 4: Pesticides as per world Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

4.1. (B) Tolerance Limits for Industrial Waste Discharged on Land for Irrigation Purposes

Parameter Unit Tolerance Limit value 1 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l, max 2100 2 pH at ambient temperature 5.5 to 9.0 3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOD5 in 5 days at 20 ⁰C or BOD3 in 3 days at 27 ⁰C

mg/ l , max 250 30

4 Oils & greases mg/ l, max 10 5 Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD) mg/l, max 400

6 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l, max 600 7 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l, max 1000 8 Boron (as B) mg/ l, max 2.0 9 Arsenic (as As) mg/l, max 0.2

63

10 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l, max 2.0 11 Chromium (as Cr) mg/l, max 1.0 12 Lead (as Pb) mg/l, max 1.0 13 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, max 1.0 14 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l , max 0.2 15 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, max 0.01 16 Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 10‐ 15 17 Residual sodium carbonate

(RSC) mol/ l, max 2.5

18 Electrical conductivity µS/cm, max 2250 19 Faecal Coliform MPN/ 100 ml, max 40 20 Radio Active Material



10‐9 10‐8

4.1. (C) Hydraulic Loading Applicable for Different Soils:

Soil Texture Class Recommended dosage of settled Industrial Effluents (m3/ hectare, day)

1 Sandy 225 – 280 2 Sandy loam 170 – 225 3 Loam 110 – 170 4 Clay loam 55 – 110 5 Clay 35 ‐ 55

4.1. (D) Tolerance Limits for Industrial and Domestic Waste Discharged into Marine Coastal Areas

Parameter Unit Type of limit Tolerance Limit value 1 Total Suspended solids mg/l, max 150 2 Particle Size:

(a) Floatable solids (b) Settable solids

mm, max µm, max

3 850

3 pH at ambient temperature 5.5 – 9.0 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD5 in five days at 20 ⁰C or BOD3 in three days at 27 ⁰C)

mg/l, max 100

5 Temperature ⁰C, max 45 ⁰C at the point of discharge

6 Oils & greases mg/l, max 20

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7 Phenolic compounds (as OH) mg/l, max 5 8 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l, max 250 9 Total residual chlorine mg/l, max 1.0 10 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 50 11 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l, max 0.2 12 Sulphides (as S) mg/l, max 5.0 13 Fluorides (as F) mg/l, max 15 14 Arsenic (as AS) mg/l, max 0.2 15 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l, max 2.0 16 Chromium, total (as Cr) mg/l, max 2.0 17 Chromium, Hexavalent (as Cr 6+) mg/l, max 1.0 18 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, max 3.0 19 Lead (as Pb) mg/l, max 1.0 20 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, max 0.01 21 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l, max 5.0 22 Selenium (as Se) mg/l, max 0.1 23 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l, max 5.0 24 Pesticides mg/l, max 0.005 25 Organo‐Phosphorous compounds mg/l, max 1.0 26 Chlorinated hydrocarbons (as Cl) mg/l, max 0.02 27 Faecal Coliform MPN/ 100ml, max 60 28 Radio Active Material


micro curie/ ml, max micro curie/ ml, max

10‐8 10‐7

Note 1: All efforts should be made to remove unpleasant odour and colour as far

as possible Note 2: These values are based on dilution of effluents by at least 8 volumes of

clean receiving water if the dilution is below 8 times, the permissible limits are multiplied by the 1/8 of the actual dilution.

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4.1. (E) Tolerance Limits for Waster from Rubber Factories being Discharged into Inland Surface Waters

Tolerance Limit value Parameter Units Type of limit Type I*

factories Type II** factories

1 pH value at ambient temperature 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 2 Total Suspended solids mg/l, max 100 100 3 Total Solids mg/l, max 1500 1000 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand


mg/l, max 60 50

5 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l, max 400 400 6 Total Nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 300 60 7 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 300 40 8 Sulphides (as S) mg/l, max 2.0 2.0

*Type I factories: Latex concentrate **Type II factories: Standard Lanka rubber; Crepe rubber and ribbed

smoked sheets

Note 1: All efforts should be made to remove unpleasant odour and colour as far as possible

Note 2: These values are based on dilution of effluents by at least 8 volumes of clean receiving water if the dilution is below 8 times, the permissible limits are multiplied by the 1/8 of the actual dilution.

4.1. (F) Tolerance limits for waste from textile industry being discharged into inland surface waters

Parameter Units Type of limit

Tolerance Limit value

1 pH value at ambient temperature 6.5 – 8.5 2 Temperature ⁰C, max 40 measured at

site of sampling 3 Total Suspended solids mg/l, max 50 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand


mg/l, max 60

5 Colour

Wavelength range

Maximum spectral Absorption

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436 nm (yellow range) 525 nm (red range) 620 (blue range)

coefficient 7m‐1 5 m‐1 3 m‐1

6 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l, max 250 7 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 60 8 Sulphides (as S) mg/l, max 2.0 9 Oils & grease mg/l, max 10 10 Phenolic compounds (as OH) mg/l, max 1.0 11 Chromium, total (as Cr) mg/l, max 2.0 12 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr+6) mg/l, max 0.5 13 Copper, total (as Cu) mg/l, max 3.0 14 Zinc, total (as Zn) mg/l, max 5.0 15 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l, max 7.0

4.1. (G) Tolerance Limits for discharge of effluents into Public Sewers with Central Treatment Plants

Parameter Units Type of limit

Tolerance Limit value

1 Total Suspended Solids mg/l, max 500 2 pH at ambient temperature 5.5 – 10.0 3 Temperature of discharge ⁰C, max 45 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(BOD5 in 5 days at 20 ⁰C or BOD3 in 3 days at 27 ⁰C)

mg/ l , max 350

5 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

mg/l, max 850

6 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 500 7 Free Ammonia (as N) mg/ l, max 50 8 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N) mg/l, max 50 9 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l, max 2 10 Total residual chlorine mg/l, max 3.0 11 Chlorides (as Cl) mg/ l, max 900 12 Fluorides (as F) mg/l, max 20 13 Sulphide (as S) mg/l, max 5.0 14 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l, max 1000 15 Arsenic (as As) mg/l, max 0.2 16 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l, max 1.0 17 Chromium, total (as Cr) mg/l, max 2.0 18 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, max 3.0 19 Lead (as Pb) mg/l, max 1.0

67

20 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, max 0.005 21 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l, max 3.0 22 Selenium ( as Se) mg/l, max 0.05 23 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l, max 5.0 24 Pesticides mg/l, max 0.2 25 Detergents/ surfactants mg/l, max 50 26 Phenolic compounds

(as phenolic OH) mg/l, max 5

27 Oils & greases mg/ l, max 30 28 Radio Active Material



10‐8 10‐7

Notes: the Following conditions should be met

Discharge of high viscous material should be prohibited Calcium Carbide sludge should not be discharged Substances producing inflammable vapours should be absent

4.2 Ambient Air Quality Regulations

Maximum Permissible Level

Pollutant Averaging Time*

µgm3 ppm

Method of measurement

Annual 50 Particulate matter – aerodynamic diameter is less than 10 µm is size (PM10)

24 hrs 100 Hi‐volume sampling and Gravimetric or Beta Attenuation

Annual 25 Particulate matter – aerodynamic diameter is less than 2.5 µm is size (PM10)

24 hrs 50 Hi‐volume sampling and Gravimetric or Beta Attenuation

24 hrs 100 0.05 8 hrs 150 0.08

Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2)

1 hr 250 0.13

Colorimetric using Saltzman method or equivalent Gas phase chemiluminescence

24 hrs 80 0.03 8 hrs 120 0.05

Sulphur Dioxide(SO2)

1 hr 200 0.08

Pararosaniliene Method or equivalent Pulse Fluorescent

Ozone (O3) 1 hr 200 0.10 Chemiluminescence method or

68

equivalent Ultraviolet photometric

8 hrs 10,000 9.00 1 hr 30,000 26.00

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Any time 58,000 50.00

Non‐Dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy

*Minimum number of observations required to determine the average over the specified period‐ 03 hour average – 03 consecutive hourly average 08 hour average – 08 hourly average 24 hour average – 18 hourly average Yearly average – 09 monthly average with at least 02 monthly average each quarter

4.3 Noise Control Regulations

4.3. (A) General Activities

Maximum Permissible Noise Levels at Boundaries in LA eq T LA eq Area

Day Time (6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.)

Night Time (6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.)

Low Noise areas (within Pradeshiya sabhas)

55 dB(A) 45 dB(A)

Medium Noise areas (within Municipal Councils or Urban Councils)

63 dB(A) 50 dB(A)

High Noise areas (within Export Processing Zones or Industrial Estates)

70 dB(A) 60 dB(A)

Silent zones (100 meters from the boundary of a courthouse, hospital, public library, school. Zoo, sacred area and areas set apart for recreation or environment)

50 dB(A) 45 dB(A)

Following noise levels will be allowed where the background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given above

69

Low noise areas Measured background noise

level + 3dB (A) Medium noise areas Measured background noise

level + 3dB (A) High Noise areas (i) for day time

(6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) (ii) for night time (6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.)

Measured background noise level + 5dB (A) Measured background noise level + 3dB (A)

Silent zones Measured background noise level + 3dB (A)

Note: Above noise levels should be maintained inside the boundary of the land, in

which the source is located.

4.3. (B) Construction Activities

Day time (6:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.)

Night time (9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.)

75 dB(A) 50 dB(A)

4.3. (C) Industrial Activities

Maximum permissible Noise levels at boundaries in LA eq, T for Industrial Activities

LA eq, T Area Day time (6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.)


Rural residential areas 55 45 Urban residential areas 60 50 Noise sensitive areas 50 45 Mixed residential 63 55 Commercial areas 65 55 Industrial Areas 70 60 Following noise levels will be allowed where the background noise level exceeds or is marginal to the given above Rural residential areas Measured background noise

level + 3dB (A) Urban residential areas Measured background noise

level + 3dB (A)

70

Noise sensitive areas Measured background noise level + 3dB (A)

Mixed residential or commercial areas

(i) for day time (6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) (ii) for night time (6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.)


Industrial areas (i) for day time (6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) (ii) for night time (6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.)


Area LA eq Day time

(6:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.)


Industrial / Commercial 75 60 Urban/ Rural/ Mixed residential 65 56

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4.4 Proposed Airblast over Pressure and Ground Vibration Standards for Sri Lanka

4.4. (A) Building Classification

Before introducing the vibration standards for the operation of machinery blasting activities, construction activities & vehicle movements, it is necessary to classify the building structure as the vibration affects inn accordance with the nature of the nearby structure. Building that have been built‐up in Sri Lanka could be categorized into the following categories in accordance with the ISO 4866:1990 (E) standards. Please note that the following categorization of buildings has been adopted in introducing the vibration standards for all cases. However it is noteworthy to mention here that even though the classification of building given by the International Standards is almost the same, the same categories have been divided into sub categories to suit the Sri Lankan situation. Categorization of Structures according to the type of building (from ISO4966:1990E) Category of the structure of the

building Description

Type 1 Multi storey buildings of reinforces concrete or structural steel, with in‐filling panels of block work, brick work or precast units not designed to resist earthquakes.

Type 2 Two‐storey domestic houses & buildings constructed of reinforced block work, precast units, and with reinforces floor & roof construction, or wholly of reinforced concepts or similar, not designed to resist earthquakes.

Type 3 Single and two‐storey houses & buildings made of lighter construction, using lightweight materials such as bricks, cement blocks etc., not designed to resist earthquakes.

Type 4 Structures that, because of sensitivity to vibration, do not correspond to those listed above 1, 2 & 3 declared as archeologically preserved structures by the department of Archaeology.

Resistan

ce to th

e vibratio

n decreasin

g

72

4.4. (B) Interim standards for Vibration of the Operation of machinery, construction activities and vehicle Movements traffic

Category of the structure as given in Table 1.1

Type of Vibration Frequency of Vibration (Hz)

Vibration in Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) (mm/sec)

0 – 1 5.0 10 – 50 7.5

Continuous

Over 50 15.0 0 – 1 10.0 10 – 50 15.0

Type 1

Intermittent

Over 50 30.0 0 – 1 2.0 10 – 50 4.0

Continuous

Over 50 8.0 0 – 1 4.0 10 – 50 8.0

Type 2

Intermittent

Over 50 16.0 0 – 1 1.0 10 – 50 2.0

Continuous

Over 50 4.0 0 – 1 2.0 10 – 50 4.0

Type 3

Intermittent

Over 50 8.0 0 – 1 0.25 10 – 50 0.5

Continuous

Over 50 1.0 0 – 1 0.5 10 – 50 1.0

Type 4

Intermittent

Over 50 2.0

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4.4. (C) Interim standards on Air Blast Over Pressure and Ground Vibration for Blasting Activities

Category of the structure as given in Table 1.1

Type of vibration

Type of Blasting

Ground vibration in Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) (mm/sec.)

Air blast over pressure (dB (L))

Single bore hole

8.0 105 Type 1 Impulsive

Multi bore hole with delay detonators

10.0 115

Single bore hole



7.0 115

Single bore hole



5.0 120

Single bore hole



0.75 100

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4.4. (D) Interim Standards on Vibration for the inconvenience of the occupants in buildings

Place Time Multiplying factors

Continuous vibration (day time and night time)*

Impulsive vibration (max. of three occurrences per day)

Intermittent vibration

Critical working areas (e.g. Hospital operating theatres, precision laboratories)

Day & Night 0.141 0.141 0.141

Day 0.705 5.640 2.820 Residential Night 0.282 1.410 0.705

Office Day & Night 0.846 11.280 4.230 Workshop Day & Night 1.41 1.41 7.05 *Day time – 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. Night time – 6.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.

75

5. Prescribed Activities that Require Environmental Protection Licensing Activities or Industries that need to obtain Environmental Protection Licence or

clearance has been published under the National Environment Act No. 47 of 1980 as

amended by Act Nos. 56 of 1988 and 53 of 2000, in the Extra ordinary Gazette No.

1533/16 of January 25, 2008, and the extract of the prescribed activities are listed

below.

5.1. Prescribed Activities – Part A 1. Chemicals manufacturing or formulating or repacking industries.

2. Soaps, detergents, softener or any other cleansing preparations manufacturing

industries having a production capacity of 1,000 kilograms per day or more.

3. Bulk petroleum liquid or liquefied petroleum gas storage or filling facilities having

a total capacity of 150 or more metric tons excluding vehicle fuel filling stations.

4. Industries involved in the use of fibreglass as a raw material where 10 or more

workers are employed.

5. Synthetic rubber, natural rubber manufacturing or processing or rubber based

industries excluding industries which manufacture less than 100 kilograms of

ribbed smoke rubber sheets per day.

6. Activated carbon or carbon black manufacturing industries or charcoal

manufacturing industries having a production capacity one or more metric ton per

batch.

7. Industries involved in manufacturing extracting or formulating Ayurvedic,

Indigenous medicinal products where 25 or more workers are employed.

8. Chemical fertilizer manufacturing, formulating, processing or repacking Industries.

9. Pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides manufacturing, formulating or

repacking industries.

10. Oil (mineral oil or petroleum) refineries.

11. Dye and dye intermediate manufacturing or formulating industries.

12. Paints (emulsion or enamel), inks, pigments, varnish, polish manufacturing or

formulating industries.

13. Petrochemical (basic or intermediates) manufacturing or formulating industries.

76

14. Industrial gas manufacturing, processing or refilling industries.

15. Asphalt processing plants.

16. Industries involved in the manufacture of polymers or polymer based products

(i.e. polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, polypropylene,

polyester, nylon, polystyrene, resins, fibreglass or other man‐made fibres etc.) or

polymer or polymer based products, recycling industries.

17. All types of tyres, tubes manufacturing or tyre re‐treading industries.

18. Industries involved in manufacturing or reconditioning of batteries.

19. Any industry involved in the use of asbestos fibres as a raw material.

20. Industries involved in manufacturing, extracting or formulating pharmaceuticals

or cosmetic products including intermediates.

21. Adhesives manufacturing industries excluding natural gums.

22. Match sticks manufacturing industries and explosives manufacturing or

formulating industries.

23. Batik industries where 10 or more workers are employed.

24. Textile processing (i.e. bleaching, dyeing, printing) industries or garment washing

industries or textile sand blasting industries or commercial laundries where 10 or

more workers are employed.

25. Tanneries.

26. Leather finishing industries having effluent generating operations.

27. Jute processing industries.

28. Industries involved in bleaching or dyeing of natural fibre or natural fibre based

industries where 25 or more workers are employed.

29. Power looms having 25 or more machines or power looms with sizing activities.

30. Sugar manufacturing industries or sugar refineries.

31. Fermentation industries (Distilleries, Breweries) or alcoholic beverages bottling

plants or bottling plants having bottle washing operations.

32. Food manufacturing and processing industries including bakery products and

confectioneries where 25 or more workers are employed.

33. Abattoirs.

34. Coconut oil or cinnamon oil extraction industries where 25 or more workers are

employed.

77

35. Plants or animal oil/fats extraction industries having production capacity of 10

litres or more per day excluding coconut oil and cinnamon oil extraction

industries.

36. Instant tea or coffee processing industries.

37. Non‐alcoholic beverages manufacturing industries where 25 or more workers are

employed.

38. Desiccated coconut mills or coconut processing industries where 10 or more


39. Rice mills having wet process and having a production capacity of 5,000 kilograms

or more per day.

40. All hatcheries or poultry farms having 2,500 or more birds or piggery, cattle, goats

farms having animals 50 or more or having rating* for mixed farming 2,500 or

more.

*Rating for Mixed Farming = No. of Birds + 50 x (No. of Pigs + No. of

Cattle + No. of Goats)

41. Animal feed manufacturing industries having a capacity of 25 or more metric tons

per day.

42. Cigarettes or other tobacco products manufacturing industries where 50 or more


43. Industries involved in surface treatment of metal or plastic including

electroplating, galvanizing and powder coating industries.

44. Iron and steel mills.

45. Foundries with any type of furnaces.

46. Non‐ferrous metal processing industries including secondary process, smelting

and recovery of metals.

47. Metal fabricating industries or machinery, machinery parts or hardware items or

electrical and electronic goods and equipment manufacturing or assembling

industries where 24 or more workers are employed. (Including lathe workshops,

welding shops, spray painting industries).

48. Cement industries (clinker grinding, manufacturing or repacking).

49. Concrete batching plants having a production capacity of 50 or more cubic meters

per day.

50. Glass or glass based product manufacturing industries.

51. Lime kilns having a production capacity of 20 or more metric tons per day.

78

52. Ceramic industries where more than 25 or more workers are employed.

53. Mechanized mining activities with multi bore hole blasting or single bore hole

blasting activities with production capacity having 600 or more cubic meters per

month.

54. Crushing or processing of non‐metallic minerals (i.e. limestone, dolomite, apatite.

rock phosphate, sand stone, feldspar, quartz, limonite, rutile, zircon, mica, graphite,

kaolin, etc.) excluding lime shell and granite crushing activities.

55. Granite boulders making or processing industries (extracting, blasting, slicing,

polishing).

56. Granite crushing (Metal crushing) industries having a total production capacity of

25 or more cubic meters per day.

57. Common wastewater (industrial or sewage) treatment plants.

58. Incinerators having a feeding capacity of 5 or more metric tons per day.

59. Water treatment plants having a treatment capacity of 10,000 or more cubic

meters per day.

60. Municipal solid waste and other solid waste composting plants having a capacity

or 10 or more metric tons per day.

61. Solid waste recovery/recycling or processing plants having a capacity of 10 or

more metric tons per day.

62. Solid waste disposal facility having a disposal capacity of 10 or more metric tons

per day.

63. All toxic and hazardous waste treatment facility or disposal facilities or

recycling/recovering or storage facilities.

64. Industries involved in chemical treatment and preservation of wood excluding

Boron treatment.

65. Saw mills having a milling capacity of 50 or more cubic meters per day or wood

based industries where 25 or more workers are employed.

66. Hotels, guest houses, rest houses having 20 or more rooms.

67. Hostels and similar dwelling places where occupancy level is exceeding 200 or

more.

68. Health care service centres generating infectious wastes, including medical

laboratories and research centres.

69. Automobile or bicycle manufacturing or assembling industries.

79

70. Vehicles service stations or container yards having vehicle service activities

excluding three wheeler and motor cycles services and interior cleaning.

71. Railway workshops or all bus depots having vehicle servicing activities.

72. All vehicle emission testing centres.

73. Electrical power generating utilities excluding standby generators and hydro or

solar or wind power generation.

74. Printing presses with lead smelting o newspaper printing or printing process

which generates wastewater or colour photographs processing centres.

75. Paper and Pulp Industries or corrugated cartons manufacturing industries.

76. Any industry where 200 or more workers per shift are employed.

77. Industrial Estates approved under the part IV‐C of the National environmental Act

including Katunayake and Biyagama Export processing Zones.

78. Zoological gardens.

79. Transmission towers providing facilities for telecommunication and broadcasting.

80. Any industry not included above which discharges 10 or more cubic meters of

wastewater per day or using toxic chemicals in its process.

5.2. Prescribed Activities – Part B 1. Soaps, detergents, softener or any other cleansing preparations manufacturing

industries having a production capacity less than 1,000 kilograms per day.

2. Bulk petroleum liquid storage facilities excluding filling stations or liquefied

petroleum gas (LP Gas) storage or filling facilities having a total capacity less than

150 metric tons.

3. Industries involved in the use of fibre glass as a raw material where less than 10


4. Ribbed smoke rubber sheet manufacturing industries having a production

capacity of more than 50 kilograms and less than 100 kilograms per day.

5. Activated carbon or carbon black manufacturing industries or charcoal

manufacturing industries having a production capacity less than one metric ton

per batch.

6. Industries involved in manufacturing, extracting or formulating Ayurvedic,

indigenous medicinal products where more than 10 workers and less than 25


80

7. Batik industries where less than 10 workers are employed.

8. Commercial laundries where less than 10 workers are employed.

9. Leather finishing industries having dry process operations.

10. Natural fibre based industries where less than 25 workers are employed excluding

industries involved in bleaching or dyeing of natural fibre.

11. Power looms having less than 25 machines.

12. Hand Looms or knitting or embroidery industry having more than 10 looms.

13. Garment industries where 25 or more workers and less than 200 workers per shift

are employed.

14. Sugar cane based industries excluding sugar factories of sugar refineries.

15. Food manufacturing and processing industries including bakery products and

confectioneries where 5 or more workers and less than 25 workers are employed.

16. Cinnamon oil extracting industry where less than 25 workers are employed.

17. Rice mills having wet process with a production capacity of less than 5,000

kilograms per day.

18. Grinding mills having production capacity of more than 1,000 kilograms per

month.

19. Poultry farms have 250 or more and less than 2,500 birds or piggery, cattle, goats

farms having animals 5 or more and less than 50 or having rating * for mixed

farming 250 and less than 2,500.

*Rating for Mixed Farming = No. of Birds + 50 x (No. of Pigs + No. of

Cattle + No. Goats)

20. Animals feed manufacturing industries, having a capacity of less than 25 metric

tons per day.

21. All ice manufacturing industries.

22. Metal fabricating industries or machinery, machinery parts or hardware items or

electrical and electronic goods and equipment manufacturing or assembling

industries where less than 25 workers are employed. (including lathe workshop,

welding shops, spray painting industries).

23. Concrete batching plants having a capacity less than 50 cubic meters per day.

24. Single borehole blasting with industrial mining activities using explosives, having a

production capacity of less than 600 cubic meters per month.

81

25. Granite crushing (Metal crushing) industries having a total production capacity of

less than 25 cubic meters per day excluding manual crushing operations using

hand tools.

26. Municipal solid waste and other solid waste composting plants (excluding

household composting) having a capacity of less than 10 metric tons per day.

27. Solid waste recovery/recycling or processing plants having a capacity of less than

10 metric tons per day.

28. Solid waste disposal facilities a disposal capacity of less than 10 metric tons per

day.

29. Hostels and similar dwelling places where occupancy level or 25 or more boarders

and less than 200 borders.

30. Vehicle repairing and maintaining garages including spray painting or mobile air‐

conditioning activities.

31. Recycling or recovering centres of refrigerants form air‐conditioners or

refrigerators.

32. Three wheeler or motor cycle servicing activities or vehicle interior cleaning

activities.

33. Any industry not included above which discharges 3 or more and less than 10

cubic meters of industrial processing wastewater per day.

5.3. Prescribed Activities – Part C 1. All vehicle filling stations (liquid petroleum and liquefied petroleum gas).

2. Manufacturing of candles where 10 or more workers are employed.

3. Coconut oil extraction industries where 10 or more workers and less than 25


4. Non‐alcoholic beverages manufacturing industries where 10 or more workers and

less than 25 workers are employed.

5. Rice mills having dry process operations.

6. Grinding mills having production capacity of less than 1,000 kilograms per month.

7. Tobacco barns.

8. Cinnamon fumigating industries with sulphur fumigation having capacity of 500 or

more kilograms per batch.

9. Edible salt packing and processing industries.

82

10. Tea factories excluding instant tea processing.

11. Concrete pre‐cast industries.

12. Mechanized cement blocks manufacturing industries.

13. Lime kilns having a production capacity of less than 20 metric tons per day.

14. Plaster of Paris industries where less than 25 workers are employed.

15. Lime shell crushing industries.

16. Tile and brick kilns.

17. Single borehole blasting with artisanary mining activities using explosives, having

capacity of less than 600 cubic meters per month.

18. Saw mills having a milling capacity of less than 50 cubic meters per day or

industries involved in Boron treatment of wood or timber seasoning.

19. Carpentry workshops which use multipurpose carpentry machine or wood based

industries where more than 5 workers and less than 25 workers are employed.

20. Residential hotels, guest houses, rest houses with 05 or more and less than 20

rooms.

21. Vehicle repairing or maintaining garages excluding spray‐painting or mobile air‐

conditioning activities.

22. Repairing, maintaining or installation centres of refrigerators and air‐conditioners.

23. Container yards excluding where vehicle servicing activities are carried out.

24. All electrical and electronic goods repairing centre where more than 10 workers

are employed.

25. Printing presses and letter press machines excluding lead smelting.

environment a guidelines for s me s 20120530

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