environment and resources 2013

8/13/2019 Environment and Resources 2013

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ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES

YEAR 10 SCIENCE ROTATION TOPIC


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FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Male and female Red Kangaroos in their

environmentidentify the biotic and abioticfeatures


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A FOREST FOODWEB


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Spotted Quoll Blue Wren


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POSSIBLE TROPICAL AUSTRALIAN FOOD WEB

What eats what!

Frogs - grasshoppers

Fishalgae, other fish, tadpoles (frogs),

Turtlesalgae, reeds, fish, tadpoles (frogs);

Crocodileswater buffalo, fish, kangas, birds, turtles

Water buffalograss, reeds

Kangaroosgrass, leaves;

Small birdsseeds of trees, grasses, reeds,

Snakesmice, birds, fish, insects, frogs

Eaglesmice, echidnas, kangaroos, small birds Marsupial miceinsects, small birds,

Kookaburrassnakes, fish, mice, lizards.

Termiteswood, grass, leaves

Echidnas - termites


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PRODUCERS

HERBIVORES

OMNIVORES

CARNIVORES


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ALGAE REEDS GRASSES GUM TREES

FISH WATERBUFFALO

KANGAROOS GRASSHOPPERS BIRDS TERMITES

TURTLES FROGS MARSUPIALMICE

ECHIDNAS

CROCODILES SNAKES

KOOKABURRAS

WEDGE-TAILEDEAGLES


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BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity describes the variety of life forms

and ecosystems.

TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY:

1. GENETIC DIVERSITYthe variety of geneticmaterial in a population of a species;

2. SPECIES DIVERSITYthe variety of different

species in an ecosystem;3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITYthe variety of

different ecosystems within an environment.


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DOG BIRD TREE APPLE

KINGDOM Animal Animal Plant Plant

PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Spermatopyte Spermatophyte

CLASS Mammal Bird angiosperm

ORDER Carnivore Rosales

FAMILY Canidae rosacea

GENUS Canis Malus

SPECIES familiaris domesticusSUB-SPECIES,

RACES, BREEDS

Doberman, poodle,

terrier, collie, etc

Gala, Fuji, Pink

Lady, etc

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGSExamples


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WETLAND NEAR ALBURY ON THE MURRAY RIVER


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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

2. Biodiversity provides a rich store of usefulresources:

food for now and potential new foods for the

future; medicinal resources, currently used and potential

new medicines;

wood products;

resources that we do not yet know of, but which

could have benefits in the future.


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BUSH FOODS


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TIMBER


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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

3. Biodiversity provides social benefits at all levelsof society:

Education, research and monitoringundisturbed

biodiverse ecosystems provide a baseline for

monitoring levels of environmental damage;

recreation;

cultural significance;

provides a starting point for environmental action.


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RESOURCES

Resources are materials or substances from the

biotic or abiotic environment that our society

uses to provide for its needs.

The most basic material needs of human societies

are:

foodfrom the biotic environment;

water;

raw materials; from the abiotic environment

energy.


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RESOURCES

Renewable resourcesthose that are replaced ata rate similar to the rate at which they are

consumed.

Resources from the biospherefood, timber,natural fibresare normally regarded as being

renewable, provided that we do not consume

them at a faster rate than the environment can

replace them.

The Earths hydrosphere provides water, a

resource that is also renewable.


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RESOURCES

Non-renewable resourcesare those that are not

regenerated at the rate at which they are

consumed.

Resources that we obtain from the lithosphere fall

into the non-renewable category. These include:

Energy resources - fossil fuelscoal, oil and

natural gas;

Mineral resourcesmetallic minerals,

construction material, industrial minerals.


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THEMU

RRAY

D

ARLING

BASIN


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BIOINDICATORSFrogs, such as the threatened Green and Golden

Bell frog, are useful as indicators ofenvironmental degradation. This is due to their

permeable skins.


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WATER QUALITY INDICATORS

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INDICATORS

Electrical conductivityindicates how saline the

water is. The more salt dissolved in water, the better

it conducts electricity. The lower the conductivity the

better the water quality. Salt comes from saline soil,or saline groundwater.

pHhow acidic or basic the water is. pH between

6.5 and 7.5 is good

Turbidityhow cloudy the water is, due to suspended

solidsclay or algae. The lower the turbidity, the

better the water quality.


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Dissolved oxygen (DO) - the amount of oxygen gas

dissolved in the water. Oxygen dissolves in water by

mixing with air, when water is turbulent, or by

photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Higher the DO, thebetter the water quality

Oxygen saturation - the amount of oxygen in the

water expressed as a % of the maximum amount thatcan dissolve. Values lower than 85% represent

declining water quality.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - the amount of

oxygen in water that is used up in the decompositionof organic wastes, such as sewage, dead plant matter,

animal wastes, etc. The higher the BOD, the worse

the water quality.


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Temperature - most aquatic organisms have a

optimum temperature range in which they can

survive. Also, the higher the water temperature, the

less oxygen can dissolve in it. Therefore lower water

temperatures are better (> 28C).

Nutrientsphosphate and nitrate are essential plant

nutrients but high concentrations encourage excessivealgal growth, leading to algal blooms. The nutrients

often come from fertiliser runoff from farms; animal

manure from farms and feedlots, or sewage

overflows. Levels of phosphate and nitrate higherthan 0.1 ppm indicate poor water quality.


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MICROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS

Fecal coliforms - coliform bacteria, such as

Escherichia coli, are present in the digestive systems

of all warm-blooded vertebrates. The presence of

E.coli in water indicates contamination by sewage oranimal feces. The higher the count, the worse the

water quality.


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BIOINDICATORS Aquatic macroinvertebrates (water bugs)-

different kinds of water bugs can tolerate different

levels of water quality.

Low quality water will have a small biodiversity of

water bugs, only those that are very tolerant of

pollution.

High quality water will have a large biodiversity ofwater bugs, including some that are very sensitive

to pollution.


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WATERBUGS


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A

B

C


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Miningforresour

ceshasa

large

impactonthelocalenvironment

Farmland

Farmland

TAILINGS DAMS

MINERAL PROCESSING

PLANT

OPEN PIT

reek diversion

Original creekline Native forest

Pine plantation

WASTE ROCK

DUMPS

1 km


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LANDSCAPE

Creek

Farmland

HillForest

Scale(km)

0 10

200

m

Outcrop of copper-bearing rock


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EXPLORATORYDRILLING

Scale(km)

0 1

0

200

m


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Ore

Barren rock

DISCOVERY OF ORE BODY


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PREDICTED FINAL PIT SHAPE determined by rock stability

Not economicb/c to mine itrequiresremoval ofmuch more

waste rock


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FIRST CUT

Barren rock (waste rock)goes to waste rock dump

Ore goes for processing


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6 months


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12 months


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18 months


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2 years


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2 years


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3 years


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3 years


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4 years


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4 years


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5 years


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5 years


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6 years

INCANESCENT LIGHT GLOBE EXAMPLE OF


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INCANESCENT LIGHT GLOBEEXAMPLE OFTHE USE OF RESOURCES

glass

inert gas

tungsten filament

copper wire

brass base

plastic insulator

COMPONENT MADE FROM OBTAINED FROM RENEWABLE OR ENERGY REQUIRED POTENTIAL FOR


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COMPONENT MADE FROM OBTAINED FROM RENEWABLE OR

NON-RENEWABLE

ENERGY REQUIRED POTENTIAL FOR

POLLUTION

inert gas Argon,helium,neon,nitrogen

atmosphere renewable low Low

filament tungsten Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High

glass sand (silicon

dioxide) Beach, dunes ??????? moderate Low to moderate

sodium

carbonateSalt (sodium

chloride) -seawater

renewable low Low

wires copper Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High

brass copper Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High

zinc Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High

insulator plastic petroleum Non renewable high high

WORLD ENERGY USE 1860 2010 BY ENERGY SOURCE


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WORLD ENERGY USE 18602010 BY ENERGY SOURCE


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ENERGY SOURCES AND USE

NUCLEARelectricity generation HYDROelectricity generation

GASdomestic, industry/manufacturing,

electricity generation OILtransport, industry/manufacturing,

electricity generation

COALelectricity generation,industry/manufacturing

OTHER RENEWABLES - electricity generation,

domestic heating

COAL BURNING POWER STATION


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COAL-BURNING POWER STATION

Steam

water


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HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION


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NUCLEAR POWER STATION

Primary Energy Production by Fuel TypeA t li 2009/10


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Australia - 2009/10Production (PJ)

2009 - 10 %Coal 2229 37.5Petroleum 2058 34.6Natural gas 1372 23.1Renewables

Hydro (45) (0.76)Biomass (192) (3.23)Biogas (21) (0.35)Wind (17) (0.29)Solar (11) (0.19)

Total renewables 286 4.8Total 5945


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T

H

E

C

A

R

B

O

N

CY

CL

E

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT


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THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

AUSTRALIAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 2009 - 2010


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US S G OUS G S SS O S 009 0 0

Annual emissions Mt

CO2equivalentSECTOR 2009 2010 % changeElectricity generation 202 196Stationary energynot electricity 87 91Transport 84 85Fugitive emissions 41 42Industrial processes 29 33Waste 14 14Agriculture 83 81TOTAL 540 543

Source: http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdf
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Palaeoclimate Tree rings


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IndicatorsTree rings

Gas bubbles trapped inice cores

Layering in ice

cores

P l li ti i di t ll


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Palaeoclimatic indicators - pollen

Each plant species has its ownunique pollen grains

Pollen grains are very durableand survive for thousands ofyears in lake sediments,therefore making excellent

fossils


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environment and resources 2013

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