environment monitoring display

8/13/2019 Environment Monitoring Display

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MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Guide:Mr. B.K.Singh Submitted By:

Ashwani Kumar Saxena (07614802810)

Rishabh Chopra(05696402810)

Rohit Gupta(07514802810)

MAHARAJA AGRASEN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SECTOR-22, ROHINI, DELHI-110086.

AFFILIATED TO

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI-110078

(2010-2014)


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Certificate

This is to certify that the Minor Project Report (ETEC 459) entitled Environment Monitoring

System done by team comprising of Ashwani Kumar Saxena (07614802810), Rishabh Chopra

(05696402810) and Rohit Gupta (07514802810) is an authentic work carried out by them under

my guidance. The matter embodied in this minor project work has not been submitted earlier for

the award of any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Date: Name of the Guide: Mr. B. K. Singh

Designation

Address


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to articulate our profound gratitude and indebtedness to our project guide Mr.

B. K. Singh, who has always been a constant motivation and guiding factor throughout the

project time in and out as well. It has been a great pleasure for us to get an opportunity to

work under him and complete the project successfully. We wish to extend our sincere thanks

to Prof. R S Gupta, Head of Department, for approving our project work with great interest.

An undertaking of this nature could never have been attempted with our reference to and

inspiration from the works of others whose details are mentioned in references section. We

acknowledge our indebtedness to all of them.

Ashwani Kumar Saxena (07514802810)

[email protected]

Rishabh Chopra (05696402810)

[email protected]

Rohit Gupta (07514802810)

[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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ABSTRACT

Motivation:

A comfortable environment can increase the productivity multi-folds. So it is important that

the environment variables such as temperature, relative humidity and light intensity are

continuously monitored and corresponding systems adjusted to maintain a comfortable

working environment.

What We Thought:

If a microcontroller based development system is provided with sensors such as Temperature

sensor, Humidity sensor and Light dependent resistor to measure the present values of

temperature, relative humidity and light intensity respectively; microcontroller can then

control the output values sent to various devices such as fans, AC, bulbs, tube lights. In this

way, all these controlled devices will work collectively to bring the environment to our

comfort level.

Goal:

The goal of this work is to develop an environment monitoring system that senses these

parameters and performs various functions such as showing the present values on LCD

screen, analog and digital controlling of various devices.


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CONTENTS

Certificate 2

Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4List of figures 6

List of tables 7

Chapter 1. Introduction 81.1 What do we want to change? 8

1.2 Basic Details 9

1.3 Advantages 10

1.4 Applications 10

Chapter 2. Components Used 122.1 Microcontroller 12

2.2 Sensors 16

2.2.1 Temperature sensor 16

2.2.2 Light sensor 17

2.2.3 Humidity sensor 18

2.3 LED dot matrix 19

2.4 LCD 20

2.5 Relay 22

Chapter 3. Hardware Interfacing 24

3.1 Detailed Block Diagram 243.2 Components controlled by sensors 25

3.3 Circuit diagram 26

3.4 Components details 27

Chapter 4. Source Code 28

Chapter 5. Outputs Catalogue 325.1 Light parameter output 32

5.2 Temperature parameter output 36

5.3 Humidity parameter output 38

Conclusion 39

References 40


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LIST OF FIGURES

FI GURE NO. PAGE NO. DETAI LS

1 8 Fan and its regulator2 8 Lights in a room

3 9 Block diagram

4 10 Intelligent homes

5 10 Industries

6 11 Remote areas

7 11 Cool cabin-Google

8 13 Pin diagram of Atmega16

9 13 Atmega16 architecture

10 16 Thermocouple vs thermistor vs I.C. sensor

11 16 LM 35

12 16 LM 35 pin out

13 17 Photoresistor symbol

14 17 NORP12

15 17 Circuit diagram of NORP12

16 18 SY-HS-220

17 18 SY-HS-220 characteristics

18 19 LED dot matrix

19 20 LCD pin out

20 21 Generating character code

21 22 Block diagram of relay

22 22 Relay ON23 23 Relay OFF

24 24 Detailed block diagram25 26 Circuit diagram26 32 LCD showing SUNLIGHT27 32 2*2 display on LED dot matrix28 32 Bulb OFF29 33 LCD showing BRIGHT

30 33 4*4 display on LED dot matrix31 33 Bulb OFF32 34 LCD showing DIM33 34 6*6 display on LED dot matrix34 34 Bulb ON35 35 LCD showing DARK36 35 8*8 display on LED dot matrix

37 35 Bulb ON38 36 LCD showing 24oC temperature39 36 Fan OFF40 37 LCD showing 28oC temperature41 37 Fan ON42 38 LCD showing 30% relative humidity

43 38 LCD showing 70% relative humidity


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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE NO. DETAI LS

1 12 Types of megaAVR microcontrollers

2 25 Components controlled by sensors3 27 Components in circuit diagram


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Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

What Do We Want To Change?

Fig.1 Fan and its regulator

Fig.2 Lights in a room

What if all these lights know when to get lightened up themselves!


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Basic Details:

The environment monitoring system consists of a microcontroller, few sensors and controlled

devices.

Sensors include

Light sensor Temperature sensor Humidity sensor

LCD display will continuously display the current values of environment variables.

Fig.3


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Advantages:

Power consumption by controlled devices is optimum. Removes the need of constant manual monitoring. Makes the process computerized thus reducing the probability of errors. Beneficial for monitoring remote areas.

Applications:

1. Intelligent Homes

Fig.4

A home where when you enter lights lighten up themselves, fans will start rotating, if its hot,

fans will themselves rotate faster, if its humid, AC will itself take the charge is what

everybody want. And advancements done to this project can lead to all this.

2. Hazardous Industries

Fig.5

No one will like to enter a laboratory where nuclear reaction is going on or some exothermic

reaction is going on. Our system can help in maintaining the optimum environment in all

such areas.


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3. Remote Areas Monitoring

Fig.6

If you are at your base office and you need to maintain the environment in your plant in someremote area, what else can you think of except our system that can itself maintain the

environment and can let you decide the environment to be maintained.

4. Cool Office Cabins

Fig.7

A good company is not where you can see everyone busy at his table with some file, a good

company is where they all can talk, enjoy and when they will work for just an hour with a

better understanding and satisfaction, they can give what those busy people cant in whole

day!


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Chapter 2. COMPONENTS USED

MICROCONTROLLER

AVR M icrocontroller:

AVR was developed in the year 1996 by Atmel Corporation. The architecture of AVR was

developed by Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan. AVR derives its name from its developers

and stands for Alf-Egil Bogen Vegard Wollan RISC microcontroller. The AT90S8515 was

the first microcontroller which was based on AVR architecture however the first

microcontroller to hit the commercial market was AT90S1200 in the year 1997.

AVR microcontrollers are available in four different categories:

TinyAVRLess memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications. MegaAVRThese are the most popular ones having good amount of memory (upto256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals and suitable for moderate to complex

applications.

XmegaAVR Used commercially for complex applications, which require largeprogram memory and high speed.

Application-specific AVR - MegaAVRs with special features not found on the othermembers of the AVR family, such as LCD controller, USB controller, advanced

PWM, CAN etc.

Types of MegaAVR microcontrollers:

Part Name ROM RAM EEPROM InterruptsOperation

Voltage

Operating

frequencyPackaging

ATmega8 8KB 1KB 512B 19 4.5-5.5 V0-16

MHz28

ATmega8L 8KB 1KB 512B 19 2.7-5.5 V 0-8 MHz 28

ATmega16 16KB 1KB 512B 21 4.5-5.5 V0-16

MHz 40

ATmega16L 16KB 1KB 512B 21 2.7-5.5 V 0-8 MHz 40

ATmega32 32KB 2KB 1KB 21 4.5-5.5 V0-16

MHz40

ATmega32L 32KB 2KB 1KB 21 2.7-5.5 V 0-8 MHz 40

Table 1


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Atmega16 M icrocontrol ler:

Figure 8

Atmega16 Ar chitecture:

Figure 9


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I/O PortsAtmega16 has four (PORTA, PORTB, PORTC and PORTD) 8-bitinput-output ports.

Internal Calibrated Oscillatoro

Atmega16 is equipped with an internal oscillator for driving its clock.o By default Atmega16 is set to operate at internal calibrated oscillator of 1

MHz.

o The maximum frequency of internal oscillator is 8MHz.o Alternatively, ATmega16 can be operated using an external crystal oscillator

with a maximum frequency of 16MHz. In this case, we need to modify the

fuse bits.

ADC Interfaceo Atmega16 is equipped with an 8 channel ADC (Analog to Digital

Converter).

o ADC reads the analog input for e.g., a sensor input and converts it into digitalinformation which is understandable by the microcontroller.

Timers/Counterso Atmega16 consists of two 8-bit and one 16-bit timer/counter.o Timers are useful for generating precision actions for e.g., creating time delays

between two operations.

Watchdog TimerWatchdog timer is present with internal oscillator. Watchdog timer continuously

monitors and resets the controller if the code gets stuck at any execution action for

more than a defined time interval.

InterruptsAtmega16 consists of 21 interrupt sources out of which four are external. The

remaining are internal interrupts which support the peripherals like USART, ADC,

timers etc.

USARTIt is available for interfacing with external device capable of communicating serially

(data transmission bit by bit).

Memory:Atmega16 consist of three different memory sections:1. Flash EEPROM:

o Flash EEPROM or simple flash memory is used to store the programdumped or burnt by the user on to the microcontroller.

o It can be easily erased electrically as a single unit.


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o Flash memory is non-volatile i.e., it retains the program even if thepower is cut-off.

o Atmega16 is available with 16KB of in system programmable FlashEEPROM.

2.

Byte Addressable EEPROM:o This is also a non volatile memory used to store data like values of

certain variables.

o Atmega16 has 512 bytes of EEPROM, this memory can be useful forstoring the lock code if we are designing an application like electronic

door lock.

3. RAM:o Random Access Memory, this is the volatile memory of

microcontroller i.e., data is lost as soon as power is turned off.

o Atmega16 is equipped with 1KB of internal RAM.o A small portion of RAM is set aside for general purpose registers used

by CPU and some for the peripheral subsystems of the microcontroller.

ISPAVR family of controllers have In System Programmable Flash Memory which can

be programmed without removing the IC from the circuit, ISP allows to reprogram the

controller while it is in the application circuit.

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)SPI port is used for serial communication between two devices on a common clock

source. The data transmission rate of SPI is more than that of USART.

TWI (Two Wire Interface)can be used to set up a network of devices, many devices can be connected over TWI

interface forming a network, the devices can simultaneously transmit and receive and

have their own unique address.

DACAtmega16 is also equipped with a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) interface

which can be used for reverse action performed by DAC. DAC can be used whenthere is a need of converting a digital signal to analog signal.


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SENSORS

1. Temperature Sensor

What Is Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor?A two/three terminal integrated circuit temperature transducer that produces an output

current/voltage proportional to absolute temperature in Kelvin or Centigrade.

Why it is preferred over thermistors and thermocouples?

Linearity Low cost No additional circuit required

Figure 10

Temperature Sensor used - LM35

Figure 11 Figure 12

They use the fact as temperature increases, the voltage across a diode increases at aknown rate. Technically, this is actually the voltage drop between the base and emitter

Vbeof a transistor.

Voltage at pin in mV = (reading fr om ADC) *(5000/1024) Centigrade temperature = (analog voltage in mV) / 2 The temperature Sensor is interfaced to the microcontroller as analog sensor.


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FEATURES: calibrated directly in Celsius Linear scale +10 mV/C 0.5C accuracy Temperature range -55 to 150 C

2. Light Sensor

A photoresistoror light dependent resistor(LDR) is a resistor whoseresistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on thedevice is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give

bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free

electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

Figure 13

Light Sensor usedNORP12 (Light Dependent Resistor)

Figure 14 Figure 15

It has a high resistance in the dark, and a low resistance in the light. LDR response is not linear, in general there is a larger resistance change at brighter

light levels.

FEATURESo linear resistance variationo temperature range -60C to 75Co cheap


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3. Humidity Sensor

Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affecthuman comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries.

Humidity sensor converts relative humidity to corresponding voltage. Relative humidity is ratio of actual vapor pressure to saturated vapor pressure

expressed in %.

Substance used possesses the property of hygroscopy i.e. ability of a substance toattract and hold water molecules from the surrounding environment.

Humidity Sensor used: SY-HS-220

Figure 16 Figure 17

FEATURES

Accuracy + 5% Humidity range : 30 to 90 % Temperature range : -30 to 85 C in-built driver circuit


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LED DOT MATRIX

Figure 18

It is a matrix of LEDs. All the anode terminals of a row LEDs are connected together and taken out as 1

pin.

Similarly, all cathodes of a column LEDs are connected together and taken out as1 pin.

In case of a 8X8 LED dot matrix, we have 8 pins for the 8 rows and 8 pins for 8columns. There are 64 LEDs in this matrix.

We use one PORT for controlling the rows and one PORT for controlling thecolumns.

For selecting a row we give 1 to that row and the rest rows are passed 0.Similarly, for selecting a column we give 0 the corresponding pin and the rest

columns are passed 1.

Thus, if we want to glow the LED in 2ndrow and 5thcolumn, we write:PORTB=0b00000010; //for rowsPORTC=0b11101111; //for columns


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LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

The devices used for displaying. They have 1 or 2 embedded microcontrollers and support at most of 80 characters. LCD contains three memory areas:

DDRAM- Display Data RAM to store display data represented in 8-bitcharacter codes.

CGROM- Character Generator ROM to generate 5 x 8 dot or 5 x 10dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes.

CGRAM-Character Generator RAM to create custom characters inLCD.

It has 2 registers which are used as buffer - Instruction Register (IR) and Data register(DR).

Selection is done by the RS pin of the LCD.o When RS=0, the LCD microcontroller treats the values on the data pin as

instruction input and stores them in IR.

o When RS=1, the LCD microcontroller treats the values on the data pin as Datainput and stores them in DR.

Figure 19


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Generating Character Code

Figure 20

int main()

{ // configure the LCDLCD_cmd(0x40);

/* bringing the cursor to the initial CGRAM address to store the character.

The character codes are being passed one by one after this. The cursor gets

incremented automatically.*/

LCD_write(0x00);

LCD_write(0x04);

LCD_write(0x0e);

LCD_write(0x0e);

LCD_write(0x0e);

LCD_write(0x1f);

LCD_write(0x04);LCD_write(0x00);

LCD_cmd(0x80);

/* bringing the cursor back to the DDRAM address for printing the

character.*/

LCD_write(0);

return 0;

}


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RELAY

Relay is used to connect bulband fan. Relay is a type of switch which is connected/ operated in one circuit and they control

the flow of current in other circuit. In other words, they allow a small current flow

circuit to control a higher current circuit.

Figure 21

Relay Design: All relays operate using the same basic principle. Relays have two circuits:

o A control circuit (shown in GREEN)o A load circuit (shown in RED).

The control circuit has a small control coil while the load circuit has a switch. The coil controls the operation of the switch.

Relay Operation: When no voltage is applied to pin 1, there is no current flow through the coil. No current means no magnetic field is developed, and the switch is open. When voltage is supplied to pin 1, current flow though the coil creates the magnetic

field needed to close the switch allowing continuity between pins 2 and 4.

Relay Energized (ON): Current flowing through the control circuit coil (pins 1 and 3) creates a small

magnetic field which causes the switch to close, pins 2 and 4.

The switch, which is part of the load circuit, is used to control an electrical circuit thatmay connect to it.

Current now flows through pins 2 and 4 shown in RED, when the relay in energized.

Figure 22


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Relay Energized (OFF): When current stops flowing through the control circuit, pins 1 and 3, the relay

becomes de-energized.

Without the magnetic field, the switch opens and current is prevented from flowingthrough pins 2 and 4. The relay is now OFF.

Figure 23

Relay Connection: Relays are magnetized when a proper voltages and proper current is applied to it. For providing these IC ULN2803 is used. The microcontroller pins are declared as output. These pins are connected to ULN input pins. ULN outputs are then used to drive relays.


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Chapter 3. HARDWARE INTERFACING

DETAILED BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 24


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COMPONENTS CONTROLLED BY SENSORS

INPUTS OUTPUTS

NORP12

Light Sensor

Bulb LED Dot Matrix LCD

LM 35

Temperature SensorFan LCD

SY-HS-220

Humidity Sensor

LCD

Table 2


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Chapter 4. SOURCE CODE

#include

#include

#include#include

int main()

{

//output ports

DDRD=0xff; //LCD port

DDRB=0xff; //rows of led dot matrix

DDRC=0xff; //cols of led dot matrix

DDRA=0x06; //00000110 i.e except 1 and 2 rest all 6 are input ports

//where 1 port is for fan output

//2 port is for bulb output

//variable declarationunsigned int x,y,light,temperature,l,humidity;

while(1)

{

l1:

//initialization

LCD_init();

ADC_init();

LCD_cstm1();//pin 0 has LM 35

temperature = ADC_read(0);

temperature /= 2; //calibration

//pin 3 has SY HS 230

l = ADC_read(3);

humidity = (12*l)/80-10; //calibration

//pins 5 and 6 have norp 12

x=ADC_read(6);

y=ADC_read(5);light = (x+y)/2;//taking average

//code to display temperature on LCD

fourbit_cmd(0x80);

LCD_str("TEMPERATURE ( C)");

fourbit_cmd(0x8d);

fourbit_data(0);

fourbit_cmd(0xc8);

LCD_num(temperature);

fourbit_cmd(0xc9);

fourbit_data(0);


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fourbit_cmd(0xca);

LCD_str("C");

fourbit_cmd(0xcb);

_delay_ms(1000);

LCD_clr();

//code to display humidity on LCDfourbit_cmd(0x80);

LCD_str("HUMIDITY");

fourbit_cmd(0xc8);

LCD_num(humidity);

_delay_ms(1000);

LCD_clr();

if(light>850 && light26, switch on the fan at pin 1

if(temperature>26)//temperature

{

PORTA=0b00000010;

goto l1;

}

else

{

PORTA=0b00000000;

goto l1;

}

_delay_ms(100);

}

else if(light>450 && light26){


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PORTA=0b00000010;

goto l1;

}

else

{

PORTA=0b00000000;goto l1;

}

_delay_ms(100);

}

else if(light>350 && light26)

{

PORTA=0b00000110;

goto l1;

} //for bulb

else

{

PORTA=0b00000100;

goto l1;

}

_delay_ms(100);

}

else if(light>250 && light26)

{

PORTA=0b00000110;goto l1;


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} //for bulb

else

{

PORTA=0b00000100;

goto l1;

}_delay_ms(100);

}

}

return 0;

}


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Chapter 5. OUTPUTS CATALOGUE

1. Light Parameter Outputs1.a. Case 1

Figure 26. LCD showing SUNLIGHT

Figure 27. 2*2 display on LED DOT MATRIX

Figure 28. BULB OFF


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1.b. Case 2

Figure 29. LCD showing BRIGHT


Figure 31. BULB OFF


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1.c. Case 3

Figure 32. LCD showing DIM


Figure 34. BULB ON


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1.4. Case 4

Figure 35. LCD showing DARK


Figure 37. BULB ON


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2. Temperature Parameter Outputs

2.a. Case 1

Figure 38. LCD showing 24oC temperature

Figure 39. FAN OFF


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2.b. Case 2

Figure 40. LCD showing 28o

C temperature

Figure 41. FAN ON


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3. Humidity Parameter Outputs

3.a. Case 1

Figure 42. LCD showing 30% relative humidity

3.b. Case 2

Figure 43. LCD showing 70% relative humidity


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REFERENCES

1. Design and Implementation of Environmental Monitoring System in IntelligentSystem in Intelligent HomeHong, Wu & Wang, IEEE

2. Embedded C Programming and the Atmel AVR, Richard H Barnett3. Datasheets by i3indya Technologies4. www.atmel.in/Images/doc2466.pdf5. www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdf6. www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/124418/ETC1/NORP-12.html7. www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/184066/.../SY-HS-230.html8. http://embedded-lab.com/?p=24789. https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/ADM1602K-NSA-FBS-3.3v.pdf10.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay11.http://www.labcenter.com/index.cfm
http://www.atmel.in/Images/doc2466.pdfhttp://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdfhttp://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/124418/ETC1/NORP-12.htmlhttp://embedded-lab.com/?p=2478https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/ADM1602K-NSA-FBS-3.3v.pdfhttp://www.labcenter.com/index.cfmhttp://www.labcenter.com/index.cfmhttp://www.labcenter.com/index.cfmhttps://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/LCD/ADM1602K-NSA-FBS-3.3v.pdfhttp://embedded-lab.com/?p=2478http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/124418/ETC1/NORP-12.htmlhttp://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdfhttp://www.atmel.in/Images/doc2466.pdf

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