environment; problems and potection - … misused by human in all the ways as possible.now a variety...

Seminar on

ENVIRONMENT; PROBLEMS AND POTECTION

By

RAFEEK C.M (22D4)

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www.transformia.info

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conducted a seminar on:________________________________________ ____

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learning the subject from various sources. Overall rating of the seminar preparation, data

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Dr.Abdul Nazer

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RAFEEK.C.M

ENVIRONMENT; PROBLEMS & PROTECTION

12-11-2010

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Contents

No. Description Page

1. Abstract ……………………………………………………………….. 03

2. Environmental problems and its control……………………………. 04

3. Forms of pollution…………………………………………………… 04

4. Pollutant………………………………………………………………. 06

5. Effects………………………………………………………………… 06

6. Pollution control……………………………………………………… 07

7. Environmental problems………………………………………………. 09

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Abstract ENVIRONMENT,PROBLEMS AND PROTECTION.

LIFE ON A EARTH DEPENDS UPON A CONGENIA LENVIRONMENT.THE MOTHER EARTH IS SO KIND THAT EVERY SPECIES IS PROTECTED SUITABLY IN ITS OWN UNIQUE WAY.IT IS THIS GOOD EARTH THAT SUSTAIN LIFE IN EFFICIENT WAY.SHORTCOMING ARE THERE OF COURSE.BUT MAN WHO CLAIMS TO BE SUPERIOR TO OTHER CREATURES HAS SIMPLY FORGOTTEN THE BASIC FACT THAT IT IS HIS DUTY TOTAKE CARE OF THIS EARTH.UNFORTUNATELY,HE HAS BECOME GREEDY,SELFISH AND CRUEL.HE WANTS A BETTER LIFE AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER CREATURE.TO SERVE THAT END,HE HAS DESTROYED EVERY THING.AT THE END ,NATURE HAS ITSELF STARTED TAKING REVENGE UPON HIM.

WITH THE ARRIVEL OF MODERN AGE ,THINGS HAVE CHANGED.EARTH IS BEING MISUSED BY HUMAN IN ALL THE WAYS AS POSSIBLE.NOW A VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AFFECT OUR ENTIRE WORLD.GLOBAL WARMING,OVER POPULATION, HAZARDOUS WASTE, OZONE DEPLECTION, SMOG,WATER POLLUTION,RAIN FOREST DESTUCTION,BHOPAL DISASTER,MAMMAL EXTINCTION AND COLLAPSING FISH STOCKS ARE FEW TO MAKE MENTION.

MAIN PROBLEM ENVIRONMENT FACE IS A POLLUTION.FORMS OF POLLUTION ARE AIR POLLUTION,LIGHT POLLUTION,NOISE POLLUTION,THERMAL POLLUTION,VISUAL POLLUTION AND WATER POLLUTION.HERE I MAINLY STRESSED THIS TYPE OF POLLUTION.

EVERY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS HAS A SOLUTION.BUT IT REQUIRES A LOT OF WISDOME AND TOLERANCE TO MAKE IT PRACTICAL.IN FACT WE HAVE REACHED A STAGE WHERE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IS ABSOLUTELY NOT NEEDED.WE HAVE TO BE CAREFUL IN DEALING WITH OUR EARTH.WE CANNOT GO ON WITH UNCONTROLLED GLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT.SLOW DOWN OUR MARCH TOWARDS ULTRA MODERNITY.THIS MAD MARCH WOULD MAKE THE WORLD UNCONTROLLED.

SO WE ARE TAKE CARE OF OUR ENVIRONMENT.STARTING NOW IT SELF ,IT IS NOT TOO LATE.STILL THERE IS TIME TO TAKE CARE OF OUR EARTH PROPERLY,BEFORE IT BECOMES STERILE AND DEVASTATED.

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1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IS A CONTAMINATION OF AIR,WATER AND LAND FROM MAN-MADE WASTE .IT IS THE INTRODUCTION OF CONTAMINANTS INTO NATURAL ENVIRONMENT WHICH CAUSE INSTABILITY ,DISORDER,HARM OR ORGANISMS.POLLUTION CAN TAKE THE FORM OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OR ENERGY SUCHAS NOISE,HEAT OR LIGHT .POLLUTANTS,THE ELEMENTS OF POLLUTION CAN BE FOREIGN SUBSTANCES OR ENERGIES,OR NATURALLY OCCURING.

POLLUTION LEADS TO DEPLECTION OF OZONE LAYER,GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE. AIR POLLUTION IS THE RELEASE OF CHEMICALS AND PARTICLES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.WATER POLLUTION INCLUDES SURFACE RUNOFF ,LEAKAGE INTO GROUNDWATER ,LIQUID SPILLS,WASTE WATER DISCHARGE AND LITTERING .IF TOXINS ARE SPILLED ON THE GROUND OR IF AN UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS LEAKS, SOIL CAN BECOME CONTAMINATED . WELL KNOWN CONTAMINANTS INCLUDE HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES . TOXIC WASTE IS WASTE MATERIAL, OFTEN IN CHEMICAL FROM WHICH POLLUTES THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND CONTAMINATES THE GROUNDWATER.

2. FORMS OF POLLUTION 2.1 . AIR POLLUTION

THIS IS THE RELEASE OF CHEMICALS AND PARTICULATES INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.COMMON GASEOUS AIR POLLUTANTS INCLUDE CARBON MONOXIDE,SULFUR DIOXIDE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFC) AND NITROGEN OXIDE PRODUCED BY INDUSTRY AND MOTOR VEHICLES.

Caption Caption Caption

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2.3.LIGHT POLLUTION

LIGHT POLLUTION INCLUDES OVER ILLUMINATION AND ASTRONOMICAL INTERFERENCE.WE ARE REDUCE HEAVY USE OF LIGHT IN DAY TO DAY

LIFE.

2.4. NOISE POLLUTION

NOISE POLLUTION WHICH ENCOMPASSES ROAD WAY NOISES ,ATR CRAFT NOISES , INDUSTRIAL NOISE AS WELL AS HIGH INTENCITY SONAR.

2.5.THERMAL POLLUTION

THERMAL POLLUTION IS A TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN NATURAL WATER BODIES CUASED BY HUMAN INFLUENCE, SUCH AS USER OF WATER AS COOLANT IN A POWER PLANT.

2.6.VISUAL POLLUTION

VISUAL POLLUTION CAN REFER TO THE PRESENCE OF OVERHEAD POWER LINES ,MOTORWAY BILLBOARDS, OPEN STORAGE OF TRASH OR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE.

2.7.WATER POLLUTION

BY THE RELEASE OF WASTE PRODUCTS AND CONTAMINANTS INTO SURFACE RUNOFF INTO RIVER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS , LEACHING INTO GROUND WATER ,LIQUID SPILL, WASTE WATER DISCHARGES, LITTERING ETC.

What is this:damaged river

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3. POLLUTANTS A POLLUTANT IS A WASTE MATERIAL THAT POLLUTES AIR ,WATER OR SOIL. MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS ARE ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION.PRINCIPAL STATIONARY POLLUTIONS SOURCES INCLUDE CHEMICAL PLANTS,COAL FIRED POWER PLANT,OIL REFINERIES,PETROCHEMICALS PLANTS,NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL ACTIVITY,INCINERATORS,LARGE LIVESTOCK FARMS,PVC FACTORIES,METAL PRODUCTION FACTORIES,PLASTIC FACTORIES AND OTHER HEAVY INDUSTRY.AGRICULTURAL AIR POLLUTIONS COMES FROM CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES WHICH INCLUDE CLEAR FELLING AND BURNING NATURAL VEGETATION AS WELL AS SPRAYING OF PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES.

SOME OF THE MORE COMMON SOIL CONTAMINANTS ARE CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS(CFH),HEAVY METALS SUCH AS CHROMIUM,CADMIUM-FOUND IN RECHARGEBLE BATTERIES,AND LEAD-FOUND IN LEAD PAINT,AVIATION FUEL AND GASOLINE,ZINC,ARSENIC AND BENZENE.

POLLUTION CAN ALSO BE THE CONSEQUENCE OF NATURAL DISASTER.FOR EXAMPLE,HURRICANES OFTEN INVOLVE WATER CONTAMINATIONS FROM SEWAGE AND PETROCHEMICAL SPILLS FROM RUPTURED BOATS OR AUTOMOBILESS. LARGE SCALE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IS COMMON WHEN COASTAL OIL RIGS OR REFINERIES ARE INVOLVED.

4.EFFECTS

4.1.HUMAN HEALTH

ADVERSE AIR QUALITY CAN KILL MANY ORGANISM INCLUDING HUMANS .OZONE POLLUTION CAN CAUSE RESPIRATORY DISEASE,THROAT INFLAMMATIONS,CHEST PAIN AND CONGESTION.THOUSANDS OF DEATH OCCUR BY DRINKING POLLUTED WATER,EVERY DAY.

OIL SPILLS CAN CAUSESKIN IRRITATIONS AND RASHES.NOISE POLLUTION INDUCES HEARING LOSS, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, STRESS AND SLEEP DISTURBANCE. MERCURY HAS BEEN LINKED TO DEVELOPMENTAL DEFICITS IN CHILDREN, AND NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN GENERAL. OLDER PEOPLE ARE MAJORLY EXPOSED TO DISEASES INDUCED BY AIR POLLUTION .THOSE WITH HEART OR LUNG DISORDERS ARE UNDER ADDITIONAL RISK. CHILDREN AND INFANTS ARE ALSO AT SERIOUS RISK .LEAD AND OTHER HEAVY METALS HAVE BEEN PROVED TO CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL PROBLEMS. CHEMICAL AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE CAN CAUSE CANCER AS WELL AS BIRTH DEFECTS.

4.2.ENVIRONMENT

POLLUTION HAS BEEN FOUND TO BE PRESENT WIDELY IN THE ENVIROMENT.THERE ARE NUMBER OF EFFECTS OF THIS.

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS CAUSE OCEAN ACIDIFICATION.

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THE EMISSION OF GRRENHOUSE GASES LEAD TO GLOBAL WARMING WHICH EFFECTS ECOSYSTEM IN MANY WAYS.

INVASIVE SPECIES CAN OUT COMPETE NATIVE SPECIES AND REDUCE BIODIVERSITY. INVASIVE PLANTS CAN CONTRIBUTE DEBRIS AND BIOMOLECULES THAT CAN ALTER SOIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF AN ENVIRONMENT ,OFTEN REDUCING NATIVE SPECIES COMPETITIVENESS.

NITROGEN OXIDES ARE REMOVED FROM THE AIR BY RAIN AND FERTILIZE LAND WHICH CAN CHANGE THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ECOSYSTEMS.

SMOG AND HAZE CAN REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT RECEIVED BY PLANTS TO CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND LEADS TO THE PRODUCTION OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE WHICH DAMAGE PLANTS.

SOIL CAN BECOME INFERTILE AND UNSUITABLE FOR PLANTS . THIS WILL BADLY EFFECTS OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE FOOD WEB.

SULPHER DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES CAN CAUSE ACID RAIN WHICH LOWER THE PH VALUE OF THE SOIL.

4.5.POLLUTION CONTROL POLLUTION CONTROL IS A TERM USDE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT. IT MEANS THE CONTROL OF EMISSION AND EFFUENTS INTO AIR ,WATER OR SOIL. WITHOUT POLLUTION CONTROL ,THE WASTE PRODUCTS FROM CONSUMPTION ,HEATING ,AGRICULTURE ,MINING ,MANUFACTURING ,TRANSPORTATION, AND OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES, WHETHER THEY ACCUMULATE OR DISPERSE,WILL DEGRADE THE ENVIRONMENT.MEANWHILE ,POLLUTION PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIMIZATION ARE MORE DESIRABLE THAN POLLUTION CONTROL.

4.6.IMPORTANT STEPS TO GLOBAL WARMING BURNING FOSSIL FUELS SUCH AS NATURAL GAS ,COAL AND GASOLINE RAISES THE LEVEL OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE ,AND CARBON DIOXIDE IS MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING.

WE HAVE TO HELP REDUCE THE DEMAND FORFOSSIL FUELS, WHICH IN TURN REDUCE GLOBAL WARMING BY USING ENERGY MORE WISELY.

1.REDUCE,REUSE,RECYCLE

WE HAVE TO REDUCE WASTE BY CHOOSING REDUSABLE PRODUCTS, INTEAD OF DISPOSABLES. BUYING PRODUCTS WITH MINIMAL PACKAGING INCLUDING THE ECONOMY SIZE WHICH WILL HELP REDUCE WASTE.

2.USE LESS HEAT AND AIR CONDITIONING

BY ADDING INSULATION TO THE WALL AND ATTIC ,AND INSTALLING WEATHER STRIPPING AROUND DOORS AND WINDOWS, WE CAN LOWER THE HEATING COSTS MORE THAN 25 PERCENT. WHILE SLEEPING AT NIGHT OR AWAY DURING

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THE DAYS, WE CAN KEEP THE TEMPERATURE MODERATE AT ALL TIMES. SETTING THE THERMOSTAT JUST 2 DEGREES LOWER IN WINTER AND HIGHER IN SUMMER COULD SAVE LOT OF ENERGY.

3.CHANGE LIGHT BULB

WHEREVER PRACTICAL, REPLACE REGULAR LIGHT BULBS WITHCOMPACT FLUORESCENT(CFL) BULBS. REPLACING JUST ONE 60-WALT INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULB WITH A CFL WILL SAVE ARROUND AED120.00 OVER THE LIFE OF THE BULB. CFL ALSO LAST 10 TIMES LONGER THAN INCANDESCENT BULBS WHICH USE TWO THIRDS LESS ENERGY AND GIVE OFF 70PERCENT LESS HEAT.

4.DRIVE LESS AND DRIVE SMART

DRIVING LESS MEANS FEWER EMISSION. BESIDES SAVING GASOLINE , WALKING AND BIKING ARE GREAT FORMS OF EXERCISE. EXPLORE COMMUNITY MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM AND CHECK OUT OPTION FOR CARPOOLING TO WORK OR SCHOOL.

5.WHEN DRIVING

MAKE SURE THAT CAR IS RUNNING EFFICIENTLY. BY KEEPING THE TIRES PROPERLYINFLATED, WE CAN IMPROVE THE GAS MILEAGE BY MORE THAN 3 PERCENT. EVERY GALLON OF GAS SAVED, NOT ONLY HELPS THE BUDGET, IT ALSO KEEPS 20 POUNDS OF CARBON DIOXIDE OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

6.BUY ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCTS

WHEN IT IS TIME TO A NEW CAR, CHOOSE ONE THAT OFFERS GOOD GAS MILEGE. HOME APPLIANCES NOW COME IN ARANGE OF ENERGY EFFICIENT MODELS AND COMPACT FLUORESCENT BULBS ARE DESIGNED TO PROVE MORE NATURAL LOOKING LIGHT WHILE USING FAR LESS ENERGY THAN STANDARD LIGHT BULBS.

7.AVOID PRODUCTS THAT COME WITH EXCESSPACKAGING

ESPECIALLY MOLDED PLASTIC AND OTHER PACKAGING THAT CAN NOT BE RECYCLED. IF WE REDUCE OUR HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE BY 10 PERCENT, WE REMOVE AROUND 1200 POUNDS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ANNUALLY.

8.USE LESS HOT WATER

BUY LOW-FLOW SHOWER-HEAD TO SAVE HOT WATER. WASH THE CLOTHES IN WARM OR COLD WATER TO REDUCE THE USE OF HOT WATERAND THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO PRODUCE IT. USE ENERGY SAVING SETTING ON WASHING MECHINE AND DISHWASHER. LET THE CLOTHES AND DISHES AIR-DRY.

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9.USE THE ‘OFF’ SWITCH

WE CAN SAVE ELECTRICITY AND REDUCE GLOBAL WARMING BY TURNING OFF LIGHT WHEN WE LEAVE THE ROOM ANS USING ONLY AS MUCH LIGHT AS YOU NEED. AND REMEMBER TO TURN OFF THE TELEVISION, VIDEO PLAYER, STEREO AND COMPUTER WHEN NOT BEING USED. IT IS ALSO GOOD IDEA TO TURN OFF THE WATER WHEN IT IS NOT USED. WHILE BRUSHING THE TEETH, SHAMPOOING OR WASHING THE CAR, TURN OFF THE WATERUNTIL WE ACTUALLY NEED IT FOR RINSING. IT WILL REDUCETHE WATER BILL AND HELP TO CONSERVE VITAL RESOURCE.

10.PLANT A TREE

DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS TREE AND OTHER PLANTS ABSORB CARBON-DIOXIDE AND GIVE OFF OXYGEN. THEY ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE NATURAL ATMOSPHERICS EXCHANGE CYCLE HERE ON EARTH. PLANTS CAN HUGELY ABSORB EMISSION CAUSED BY AUTOMOBILE TRAFFIC, MANUFACTURING AND OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES.

11.SHARE INFORMATION

ABOUT RECYCLING AND ENERGY CONSERVATION WITH FRIENDS, NEIGHBOURS AND CO-WORKS, AND TAKE OPPORTUNITIES TO ENCOURAGE PUBLIC OFFICIALS TO ESTABLISH PROGRAMS AND POLICIES THAT ARE GOOD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT.

MAIN PROBLEMS EFFECT IN ENVIRONMENT

7. Environmental Problems .

With as much attention as the environment has been getting lately, you’d think that we’d be further along in our fight to preserve the world’s species, resources and the beautiful diversity of nature. Unfortunately, things aren’t nearly that rosy. In fact, many of the environmental problems that have received the most public attention are even worse than we thought – from destruction in the rain forest to melting glaciers in the Arctic. We’ve got a lot of work to do.

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7.1. Mammal Extinction

One in four mammals is threatened with extinction. That’s 25%, a huge number that will totally change the ecology of every corner of the earth. We could see thousands of species die out in our lifetime, and the rate of habitat loss and hunting in crucial areas like Southeast Asia, Central Africa and Central and South America is growing so rapidly, these animals barely have a chance.

If you think the extinction of an animal like the beautiful Iberian Lynx is no big deal, and wouldn’t have that much of an effect on the planet, think again. Not only would we be losing – mostly due to our own disregard for our surroundings – so much of the awe-inspiring diversity of nature, mass extinctions like this would cause a serious imbalance in the world’s food chain. When a predator disappears, the prey will multiply. When prey dies out, the predator will see its ranks decrease as well. Many people fail to realize just how interconnected all species on this planet really areImage via NASA

In oceans around the world, there are eerie areas that are devoid of nearly all life. These ‘dead zones’ are characterized by a lack of oxygen, and they’re caused by excess nitrogen from farm fertilizers, emissions from vehicles and factories, and sewage. The number of dead zones has been growing fast – since the 1960’s, the number of dead zones has doubled every 10 years. They range in size from under a square mile to 45,000 square miles, and the most infamous one of all is in the Gulf of Mexico, a product of toxic sludge that flows down the Mississippi from farms in the Midwest. These ‘hypoxic’ zones now cover an area roughly the size of Oregon.

7.2. Collapsing Fish

Millions of people across the world depend upon fish as a major staple in their diet. As such, commercial fishermen have been pulling such a huge quantity of fish from the oceans that we’re heading toward a global collapse of all species currently fished – possibly as soon as the year 2048. Like large-scale mammal extinction, the collapse of fish species would have a major impact on the world’s ecosystems.

It’s not too late – yet – if overfishing and other threats to fish populations are reduced as soon as possible. Marine systems are still biologically diverse, but catastrophic loss of fish species is close at hand. 29 percent of species have been fished so heavily or have been so affected by pollution that they’re down to 10 percent of their previous population levels. If

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we continue the way we are fishing today, there will be a 100 percent collapse by mid-century, so we’ve got to turn this around fast.

7.3. Destruction of the Rain Forest

‘Saving the rain forest’ has been at the forefront of the environmental movement for decades, yet here we are facing huge losses in the Amazon all the same. You might have thought that, with all the attention the rain forest has gotten, it wouldn’t need so much saving anymore – but unfortunately, global warming and deforestation mean that half of the Amazon rain forest will likely be destroyed or severely damaged by 2030.

The World Wildlife Fund concluded this summer that agriculture, drought, fire, logging and livestock ranching will cause major damage to 55 percent of the Amazon rain forest in the next 22 years. Another 4 percent will see damage due to reduced rainfall, courtesy of global warming. These factors will destroy up to 80 percent of the rain forest’s wildlife. Losing 60 percent of the rain forest would accelerate global warming and affect rainfall in places as far away as India. Massive destruction to the rain forest would have a domino effect on the rest of the world.

7.4. Polar Sea Ice Loss

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Polar sea ice is melting at an unprecedented rate, and it’s not showing any signs of slowing down. It’s perhaps the most dramatic, startling visual evidence of global warming, and it’s got scientists rushing to figure out just how big of an effect the melting is going to have on the rest of the world.

British researchers said last week that the thickness of sea ice in the Arctic decreased dramatically last winter for the first time since records began in the early 1990s. The research showed a significant loss in thickness on the northern ice cap after the record loss of ice during the summer of 2007.

Scientific American warns that “human fingerprints have been detected” on both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Antarctica had previously appeared to be the only continent on the planet where humanity’s impact on climate change hadn’t been observed. The collapse of the Larsen B and Wilkins ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula shows just how fast the region is warming.

7.5. Population Explosion

Whether we like to admit it or not, our very own rapidly multiplying presence on this planet is the biggest environmental problem there is, and it’s getting bigger by the minute. We voraciously consume resources, pollute the air and water, tear down natural habitats, introduce species into areas where they don’t belong and destroy ecosystems to the point of causing millions of species to become endangered and, all too often, go extinct.

It took nearly all of human history – from the first days of man on earth until the early 1800’s – to reach a global population of 1 billion. In just 200 years, we’ve managed to reach 6.5 billion. That means the population has grown more since 1950 than in the previous four million years. We’re adding roughly 74 million people to the planet every year, a scary figure that will probably continue to increase. All of those mouths will need to be fed. All of those bodies will need clean water and a place to sleep. All of the new communities created to house those people will continue to encroach upon the natural world.

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All five environmental problems detailed above are very serious, and we’ve got to start treating them that way. We may not have easy solutions, but the fact is, we simply can’t continue living our lives as if everything is peachy. These problems aren’t going to magically solve themselves. We should have begun acting generations ago, but we can’t go back in time, and that means we have to step up our efforts. If we want to keep this planet a healthy place for humans to live – for our grandchildren to enjoy – it’s time to buckle down and do everything in our power to reverse the damage we’ve done

SO WE ARE TAKE CARE OF OUR ENVIRONMENT.STARTING NOW IT SELF ,IT IS NOT TOO LATE.STILL THERE IS TIME TO TAKE CARE OF OUR EARTH PROPERLY,BEFORE IT BECOMES STERILE AND DEVASTATED.

Contact Info:

RAFEEK.C.M

[email protected]

Mobile: +971-55-3181954

environment; problems and potection - … misused by human in all the ways as possible.now a variety...

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