environment - tu delft ocw · environment chapter 12 ct 4310 bed, bank and shoreline protection...
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![Page 1: Environment - TU Delft OCW · Environment Chapter 12 ct 4310 bed, bank and shoreline protection H.J. Verhagen Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Section Hydraulic Engineering](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051411/60414ed1e637ab192b3ae074/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Vermelding onderdeel organisatie
June 3, 2012
1
Environment Chapter 12
ct 4310 bed, bank and shoreline protection
H.J. Verhagen
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Section Hydraulic Engineering
![Page 2: Environment - TU Delft OCW · Environment Chapter 12 ct 4310 bed, bank and shoreline protection H.J. Verhagen Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Section Hydraulic Engineering](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051411/60414ed1e637ab192b3ae074/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
June 3, 2012 2
Introduction
• Ecologists stress that for a healthy environment there should be a good connection between land and water
• So shorelines are multifunctional elements in the landscape
• Main issues:
• use of vegetation
• allow animals to migrate from land to water and vice versa
• use of sustainable materials
• So:
• vertical walls are certainly not good
![Page 3: Environment - TU Delft OCW · Environment Chapter 12 ct 4310 bed, bank and shoreline protection H.J. Verhagen Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Section Hydraulic Engineering](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051411/60414ed1e637ab192b3ae074/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
June 3, 2012 3
Other material
• Powerpoint presentation MilVriOev
• CUR manuals Natuurvriendelijke Oevers:
• 200 Aaanpak en toepassingen
• 201 Belasting en sterkte
• 202 Oeverbeschermingsmaterialen
• 203 Fauna
• 204 Vegetatie langs grote wateren
• 205 Water- en oeverplanten
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June 3, 2012 4
ecological infrastructure
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June 3, 2012 5
river as ecological connection with stepping stones
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June 3, 2012 6
comparison
Space requirements versus
• discharge capacity,
• nautical possibilities, ect.
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June 3, 2012 7
species and dynamics
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June 3, 2012 8
food chain relations in a bank
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June 3, 2012 9
hardly any exchange of life is possible between land and water
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June 3, 2012 10
crossing location for mammals
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June 3, 2012 11
planning and execution of steps
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June 3, 2012 12
load and strength
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June 3, 2012 13
Basic types of shoreline protection
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June 3, 2012 14
filter tests for nature friendly fascine mattress
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June 3, 2012 15
Reed and waves
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June 3, 2012 16
Damping of wave loads
0.81 1 exp 0.001cos
TT
I
H BK N
H
N = number of stalks per m2
B = width of vegetation
= angle of incidence
0 for windwaves
55 for ship waves
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June 3, 2012 17
wave damping and roughness in reed
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June 3, 2012 18
roots as an armour against sliding
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June 3, 2012 19
permissible flow duration on grass cover
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June 3, 2012 20
reinforced vegetation
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June 3, 2012 21
Vegetation growing through rock
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June 3, 2012 22
Armorflex with vegetation
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June 3, 2012 23
Roots in jute
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June 3, 2012 24
Roots and Enkamat
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June 3, 2012 25
exchange of water in strip due to passage of a ship
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June 3, 2012 26
Berm along a shore
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June 3, 2012 27
erosion between groynes
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June 3, 2012 28
cross section of a coast with mangroves
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June 3, 2012 29
wave transmission through mangroves (100 m)
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June 3, 2012 30
Load reduction over a dam
0.31
1 exp( 0.5 )Tdam
I I
H BF
H H
B = crest width of the dam
Fdam: 0.64 rock
0.70 gabions
0.80 closed (asphalt, blocks)
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June 3, 2012 31
wave transmission dams
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June 3, 2012 32
water exchange possibilities
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June 3, 2012 33
grass
• Grass is a flexible, renewable slope protection
• Grass can withstand quite some load
• Environmentalists do not like “monocultures”
• Fortunately from an engineering point of view, variation is also better
• Hydraulic engineers like roots, farmers like leaves
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June 3, 2012 34
grass and clay layer
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June 3, 2012 35
Texture formation in the clay body
Texture formation =
structuurvorming
Textured =
gestructureerd
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June 3, 2012 36
“Maintenance”
Cattle and light fertilising
No cattle, removal of grass
Fertilising, and no removal of grass
Cattle, fertilizer and herbicides
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June 3, 2012 37
load and strength of grass under wave attack
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June 3, 2012 38
results of erosion tests
Fertilised +
cattle
Non-fertilised
after 25 yrs
Non-fertilised
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June 3, 2012 39
erosion speed as function of wave height
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June 3, 2012 40
Erosion speed of a grass turf
Quality cE
good 0.5 - 1.5
moderate 1.5 - 2.5
bad 2.5 - 3.5
max 2
E s
d dt
E c H
safety coefficient
E erosion speed
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June 3, 2012 41
permissible duration of wave load and grass quality
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June 3, 2012 42
Inner slope problems
Bosman, 2007
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June 3, 2012 43
Inner slope erosion without cover
ComCoast, 2007
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June 3, 2012 44
Reinforced grass
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June 3, 2012 45
Conclusions
• Good grass cover does not show damage, even with very high overtopping discharges
• Grass with damages shows erosion with high overtopping rates
• Reinforced grass shows less damage in case of damage
• After removal of the grass cover, damage is considerable
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June 3, 2012 46
Vetiver nursery
Agricultural University, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
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June 3, 2012 47
Vetiver as run-up reductor
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June 3, 2012 48
Results of the experimental work
Algera, 2006 Vu, 2007
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June 3, 2012 49
Bank protection with Vetiver
Jaspers Focks, 2006
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June 3, 2012 50
Cumulative loss of bank materials Cumulative loss of bank material soil type C
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 150 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800
Number of cycles
Lo
ss
of
ma
teri
al (c
m^
3)
Soil C with Vetiver 1Soil C with Vetiver 2Soil C with Vetiver 3Soil C, fallow 1Soil C, fallow 2Soil MX with Vetiver 1Soil MX with Vetiver 2Soil MX with Vetiver 3
Jaspers Focks, 2006