environmental and social impact assessment...
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (ESIA)
For the Commercial Agriculture Development Projects at the ARAGA
FARM SETTLEMENT, Poka, Epe, Lagos State (Final Report)
APRIL 2013
Lagos State Ministry of
Agriculture & Cooperatives The World Bank, NIGERIA Commercial Agriculture
Development Project
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 8
LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 10
LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. 12
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 14
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... 181
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 18
1.0 Background ................................................................................................................................. 18
1.1 Tasks of the Consultant ............................................................................................................. 192
1.2 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................................... 20
1.3 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 225
LAGOS STATE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE PROJECT .......................................... 22
2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 225
2.2 Development Objective and Approach in Lagos ........................................................................ 23
2.3 Project Justification and Design Principles ................................................................................. 23
2.3.1 Key Performance Indicators ................................................................................................ 23
2.3.2 Project Components ............................................................................................................ 23
2.3.2.1 Agricultural Production and Commercialization ................................................................ 24
2.3.2.1 Rural Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 25
POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK............................................ 25
3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Federal and Lagos State Environmental Regulatory Bodies ....................................................... 26
3.3 Sectoral EIA Guidelines.............................................................................................................. 26
3.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies .................................................................................................. 30
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3.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.0.1) ............................................................................... 30
3.4.2 OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats .................................................................................................. 32
3.4.3 OP 4.09 - Pest Management ................................................................................................ 33
3.4.4 OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement .................................................................................... 34
3.5 International Guidelines and Conventions .................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 35
GENERAL METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 36
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 36
4.2 ESIA Requirements .................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.1 Screening ............................................................................................................................. 37
4.2.2 Scoping ............................................................................................................................... 37
4.3 ESIA Process .............................................................................................................................. 38
4.4 Baseline Study Methodology ...................................................................................................... 38
4.8 Existing Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 40
4.5 Mapping of the Project Area ....................................................................................................... 39
4.6 Socio-economic Survey .............................................................................................................. 39
4.6.1 Impact Significance Assessment ........................................................................................ 40
4.6.2 Method for Determining Event Magnitude ......................................................................... 40
4.6.3 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity .................................................................... 41
4.7 Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts ................................................................................... 42
4.8 Mitigation and Monitoring .......................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 43
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION .......................................... 43
5.1 Description of Environmental Setting ......................................................................................... 43
5.2 Physical Environment ................................................................................................................. 44
5.2.1 Climate and Meteorology .................................................................................................... 44
5.2.1.1 General Climate and Meteorology ...................................................................................... 45
5.2.1.2 Precipitation and Humidity ................................................................................................. 46
5.2.1.3 Temperature ........................................................................................................................ 46
5.2.1.4 Wind Speed and Direction .................................................................................................. 46
5.2.2 Air Quality and Noise Level .............................................................................................. 47
5.2.3 Ambient Noise Level .......................................................................................................... 50
5.2.4 Topography ......................................................................................................................... 48
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5.2.5 Regional Hydrogeology ...................................................................................................... 49
5.2.5.1 Surface Hydrogeology of the Study Area ........................................................................... 50
5.2.5.2 Subsurface Hydrogeology of the Study Area ...................................................................... 50
5.2.6 Water Quality ...................................................................................................................... 50
5.2.7 Soil Quality ......................................................................................................................... 52
5.2.7.1 Soil Texture ......................................................................................................................... 54
5.2.8 Geology ............................................................................................................................... 54
5.2.8.1 Regional Geology ............................................................................................................... 54
5.2.8.2 Stratigraphy ........................................................................................................................ 55
5.2.8.3 Local Geology of the Project Site ....................................................................................... 56
5.2.9 Soil ...................................................................................................................................... 57
5.2.10 Surface and Ground water Hydrology ................................................................................ 57
5.3 Biological Environment .............................................................................................................. 60
5.3.1 Ecosystem ............................................................................................................................ 60
5.3.2 Vegetation ........................................................................................................................... 60
5.3.2.1 Plant Characterization / Identification ................................................................................ 59
5.3.2.2 Plant Physiognomy ............................................................................................................. 59
5.3.2.3 Inventory of Economic Crops ............................................................................................. 59
5.3.3 Fauna and wildlife resources ............................................................................................... 60
5.4 Socio-cultural Environment ........................................................................................................ 62
5.4.1 Administration .................................................................................................................... 62
5.4.2 Socio economic Facilities ................................................................................................... 62
5.4.3 Ethnic groups ...................................................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................... 63
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS .................................................................................... 63
6.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 63
6.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 64
6.1.1 Data Collection Sampling Methodology ............................................................................. 65
6.2 Description of LGA and Host Community ................................................................................. 65
6.3 Results and Discussions .............................................................................................................. 66
6.3.1 Demographic Profile ........................................................................................................... 66
6.3.2 Population Size ................................................................................................................... 66
6.3.3 Age Profile .......................................................................................................................... 68
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6.3.4. Sex Profile ........................................................................................................................... 69
6.3.5 Families and Households .................................................................................................... 69
6.3.6 Marital Status ...................................................................................................................... 69
6.3.7 Family Types ...................................................................................................................... 70
6.3.8 Residential Status of Respondents ...................................................................................... 71
6.3.9 Duration of Living in Farm Settlement ............................................................................... 72
6.3.10 Educational Status of Respondents ..................................................................................... 72
6.3.11 Employment Status of Respondents.................................................................................... 73
6.3.12 Income Status of Respondents ............................................................................................ 74
6.3.13 Housing Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 74
6.3.14 Health Records .................................................................................................................... 76
6.3.15 Social and Health Infrastructure.......................................................................................... 76
6.3.16 Main Sources of Domestic water ........................................................................................ 80
6.3.17 Resources and Cultural Properties ...................................................................................... 78
6.3.18 Social Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 79
6.3.19 Environmental degradation ................................................................................................. 80
6.4 Contribution of the CADP to development ................................................................................. 80
6.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 80
CHAPTER SEVEN ..................................................................................................................... 82
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND SIGNIFICANCE .... 82
7.1 Methodology for Impact Identification ....................................................................................... 82
7.2 LSCADP and Associated Activities ........................................................................................... 82
7.3 Project activities and potential environmental and social impacts .............................................. 82
7.3.1 Positive Impacts of the Project on the Agricultural Sector ................................................. 83
7.3.2 Negative environmental and socio-economic impacts ........................................................ 84
7.3.7 Impacts Associated with Agricultural Development and Commercialisation ................... 85
7.3.8 Cumulative Impacts of the Project ...................................................................................... 85
CHAPTER EIGHT ..................................................................................................................... 90
PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................. 90
8.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 90
8.1 Best Available Control Technology ............................................................................................ 91
8.2 Operations and Maintenance of Farm Access Roads .................................................................. 91
8.2.1 Air quality and noise ........................................................................................................... 91
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8.2.2 Water quality ....................................................................................................................... 92
8.2.3 Ecology and biodiversity .................................................................................................... 92
8.2.4 Wildlife and forestry ........................................................................................................... 93
8.2.5 Socioeconomic and community health ............................................................................... 93
8.3 Operations and maintenance of Rural Energy .................................................................................. 94
8.3.1 Socioeconomic and community health ............................................................................... 94
8.3.2 Ecology and biodiversity .................................................................................................... 95
8.4 Operations and maintenance of other intervention projects ...................................................... 100
CHAPTER NINE ........................................................................................................................ 98
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) .............................. 99
9.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan ............................................................................. 99
9.2 Organizational Responsibility ................................................................................................... 103
9.3 ESMP Measures ........................................................................................................................ 104
9.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan ................................................................................... 105
9.3.2 Waste Management Plan ................................................................................................... 107
9.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan ................................................................. 108
9.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan .............................................. 111
9.3.5 Water Management Plan ................................................................................................... 111
9.3.6 Chemical Management Plan ............................................................................................. 112
9.3.7 Air Quality Management Plan .......................................................................................... 114
9.3.8 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan ....................................................... 115
9.3.9 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan ..................................................... 115
9.3.10 Cultural Heritage Management Plan ................................................................................. 117
9.3.11 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan ............................................................................. 117
9.3.12 Social Investment Plan ...................................................................................................... 118
9.3.13 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan ................................................................ 119
9.3.14 Community Health & Safety Plan .................................................................................... 120
9.3.15 Stakeholder Engagement Plan .......................................................................................... 121
9.3.16 Resettlement Action Plan .................................................................................................. 122
9.3.17 Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan ....................................................................... 122
9.3.18 Training Programmes ........................................................................................................ 122
9.4 Monitoring ................................................................................................................................ 123
9.5 Implementation Schedule .......................................................................................................... 124
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CHAPTER TEN ........................................................................................................................ 125
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 125
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 127
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................... 130
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: The ESIA Process …………………………………………...……………….………38
Figure 5.1.1: The project area with associated landuse and landcover ……..…...………...46
Figure 5.2.8.1: Generalised Geological map of Dahomey Basin ……………..……………..57
Figure 5.2.8.2: Generalised Stratigraphic cross (N–S) across the Dahomey Basin ……..……..58
Figure 5.2.8.3.1: Geological Map of Lagos area …..……………………………………….59
Figure 6.3.2.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Lagos State ……..…….………70
Figure 6.3.2.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Epe LGA ………………….……….70
Figure 6.3.3.1: Age Profile of Respondents …………………………………………..………..72
Figure 6.3.4.1: Sex Profile of Respondents …………………………………………..………..72
Figure 6.3.6.1: Marital Status ………………………………………………………...………....72
Figure 6.3.7.1: Size of Households ……………………………………….………….……….74
Figure 6.3.14.1: Health Status of Sampled Individuals and Households ……………...…….79
Figure 6.3.17.1: Community Environmental Issues ………………………..…………..………82
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.2.4.1: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies ………….......…….……..37
Table 5.1: Summary of Climate Characteristics of the Study Area …………..….…….48
Table 5.2 Air Quality Determinants in and around the Study Area …………………..………..49
Table 5.3: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Concentration ……………..……..50
Table 5.4: Ambient Noise Level around the Study Area …………………………..…….….50
Table 5.5: Aquifer Distribution in the Eastern Dahomey
Basin (coode Blizard et al, 1997) …………………………………………..………..51
Table 5.6: Aquifer units of the project site …………………………………..……….53
Table 5.7: In-situ parameters for surface water in the project area ……………..……..53
Table 5.8: Anions, cations and Hydrocarbons in water samples
of the project area …………………………………………………………..………..53
Table 5.9: Heavy metals in water samples from the project area ……………………………54
Table 5.10: population densities of microorganisms in water samples ……………...…….54
Table 5.11: Physical Characteristics of soil from the project area ……………………..……..55
Table 5.12: Heavy Metals in soil from the project Area ……………………………..……..55
Table 5.13: Organic Matter Classes …………………………………………..………..55
Table 5.14: The stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin ……………………………..……..57
Table 5.15: List of economic crops …………………………………………..………..61
Table 5.16: Mammals Recorded in the Project Area …………………………………....62
Table 5.17: Birds of the project Area ……………………………………..…………......63
Table 5.18: Reptiles and Amphibians reported to be present in the area ………..…………..63
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Table 6.3.8.1: Residential Status of Respondents …………………….……..……………….74
Table 6.3.9.1: Duration of Living in Farm Settlement ………….…………...……………75
Table 6.3.10.1: level of Education of Respondents …………….………………..……….……76
Table 6.3.11.1: Main Occupation of Respondents ………….…………………..……….……76
Table 6.3.12.1: Income Status……………………………………………………..……………..77
Table 6.3.13.1: Type of building ……………………………………………..…..…………78
Table 6.3.15.1: Refuse Disposal ……………………………………………..….………….80
Table 6.3.16.1: Main Sources of Domestic Water ………………………………...………….81
Table 7.4.1.2: Potential Impact Matrix …………………………………………...……….91
Table 8.3.1.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for rural
energy power ………………………………………………………………………..…..99
Table 8.4.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for other
intervention projects ……………………………………………………………………..…..100
Table 9.1.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for
Farm Access Roads ……………………………………………...…………..……….104
Table 9.1.2: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for
other intervention projects ………………………………………………….…...….106
Table 9.1.3: Cost Analysis of ESMP Measures …………………..…………….………..107
Table 9.5.1: Tentative ESMP Development Schedule ……………………..……..……..127
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AAS - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CAD - Commercial Agricultural Development
CADP - Commercial Agricultural Development Project
LSCADP - Lagos State Commercial Agricultural Development Projects
cfu - colony forming units
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
CV. - Coefficient of Variation
dB - decibel
DO - Dissolved Oxygen
EA - Environmental Assessment
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan
FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency
FMAWR - Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources
FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment
g - gram
GPS - Global Positioning System
Ha - Hectare
hr/h - hour
H2S - Hydrogen sulphide
ISO - International Standard Organisation
kg - kilogramme
km - kilometer
L - litre
LASEPA - Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency
LGA - Local Government Area
m - metre
max - maximum
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mg - milligram
min - minimum
mm - millimeter
N - North
NOx - Nitrogen Oxides
NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
oC - Degree Celcius
% - per cent
ppm - parts per million
PPP - Public Private Partnership
Pt-Co - Platinum Cobalt
SS - Suspended Solids
TDS - Total Dissolved Solids
THB - Total Heterotrophic Bacteria
THF - Total Heterotrophic Fungi
TOC - Total Organic Carbon
TSP - Total Suspended Particulate
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
WHO - World Health Organization
> - greater than
< - less than
μm - micrometer
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Lagos State Government has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit through the World
Bank Assisted Commercial Agricultural Development Project to finance the State Commercial
Agriculture Project. Under the auspices of Lagos State Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives,
the projects were developed as infrastructure support towards enhancement of agriculture
productivity, expansion and exposure of the rural areas to modern techniques of agriculture. In
particular, the project objective is to improve the investment avenue for agri-business and
establish all-encompassing PPPs aimed at enhancing farm productivity and value addition in the
selected value chains (poultry, rice and aquaculture). These initiatives cover two sub-components
namely networks of farm access roads and rural energy.
Description of Project Activities
: OP/BP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04 - Natural Habitats and OP/BP 4.09
– Pest Management. It worth to know that, Nigeria EIA laws are similar to World Bank
safeguard policies, However, in the event of conflict between the two, World Bank Safeguard
Policies shall supersede. Also, the Federal laws overrule the Lagos state laws in case of
discrepancy.
Biophysical Environment
The assessment of biophysical environment of the study area covered general climate and
meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, regional hydrology, water and soil quality,
geology, ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, inventory of economic crops, and fauna and
wildlife resources. In this regard, most parameters measured This assessment covered the
proposed project activities financed by WBACADP at Araga Farm Settlement, Poka, Epe,
Lagos. As it was documented during the field survey, the proposed interventions‟ projects by
LSCADO at the Farm Settlement (AGRIC-YES) include: construction and rehabilitation of farm
access road; power generation inform of provision of transformer and installation facilities; rural
water supply; drainage system; provision of tricycles to trainees and provision of 20,000 birds;
smoking kiln, miller, fingerlings were also included.
Existing Safeguard Instruments and Rationale for the ESIA
ESMF, PMP and RPF are the existing safeguard instruments that address the triggered policies
of environmental assessment, pest management and involuntary resettlement. ESIA is identified
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as all-encompassing EA for any proposed development project. It addressed the adverse
environmental impact of the LSCADP proposed intervention projects with a view to enhance
project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental practice for agricultural
development in the state.
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
The requirement for an Environmental Assessment is in compliance with the Federal Republic of
Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws and WB policies geared towards achieving sustainable development goals
through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social well-being of her
citizens. The project impacts covered small scale and site-specific infrastructure investment
projects associated with category B projects of the World Bank. This report was prepared in
accordance with provision of ESMF, RPF and IPMP. The relevant WB safeguards policies
triggered by the LSCADP intervention projects includewere in conformity with local and
international standards and mitigation measures were provided where environment will be
affected.
Socio-economic Characteristics
In summary, the population of farmers in Araga Farm Settlement and its surroundings is
characterized by high proportion of young farmers (trainees) within the settlement, comprising
people of 18 to 45 years, high proportion of single households, high proportion of households
and individuals comprising couples with children (2-4); the community of the study area is
characterized by low income group including trained farmers; and the relatively low level of
income.
Consultation with Stakeholders
Public consultations were held with the local communities and all other interested/affected
parties including the project donors. These consultations identified the key issues and concerns
of all parties and addressed them with reference to the proposed sub-projects activities. The
consultations included vulnerable groups within the community, specifically the poorest of the
poor, elderly, widows and widowers, and women. Besides, the local governments and the
Commercial Agriculture Development Association (CADA) provided all relevant materials and
information regarding the proposed projects prior to the consultation.The Stakeholders meeting
which took place on the 19th
march 2013 addressed the concern of the Stakeholders in the area of
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the government delay and sustainability of the project. They were informed of the Triparte
funding arrangement of the project which allayed their fears.
Potential Environmental and Socio-economic Impact
The mainly negative impacts that may directly or indirectly be attributed to LSCADP
intervention projects include flooding, improper waste management, erosion and decline in soil
fertility. On the other hand, the mainly positive impacts that will be attributed to the project
interventions include poverty Alleviation, investment opportunity for young farmers and other
investors and employment creation for young school leavers.
Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures
Measures were stated to mitigate the impacts of the project on the stakeholders in the project
area. All identifiable components of the environment and social sphere were considered with
respect to the projects implemented at the Araga Farm Settlement in order to streamline the
adverse impacts on the stakeholders. With respect to all the intervention projects, the best
available control technology was stated as the principal mitigation measure while there are others
stated for the specific impact. Proper waste disposal systems, planting of fire-resistant trees,
speed limit indications and speed breaker, controlled chemical application, integrated vegetation
management, engagement of the community on health, safety and environment, amongst others
were stated as mitigation measures.
Risk Mitigation Measures
Risks Risk Mitigation Measures Risk
Rating
with
Mitigation
To project development
objective
Lack of sustainability of sub-
projects after the project has
closed and/or the grant is
ended, and lack of
maintenance of infrastructure
provided under the project.
Attention to economic viability of the sub-projects and
maintenance of infrastructure through the use of the OPRC
approach in the design of the project. Creation of innovative
products through linking commercial farms with financial
institutions (i.e. supply chain financing, future markets, crops as
collateral and graduation of the commercial farmers from the
Matching Grant Scheme).
M
Government commitment to
the project falters due to
change in policy and
orientation towards
agriculture
commercialization.
Investment in public information, stakeholders awareness raising
and communication about the approaches and results of the Project.
M
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Counterpart contributions
not paid on time, or are
irregular.
Federal Government and States agreed to counterpart contributions
and this will be closely monitored during implementation.
H
Collusion and/lack of
transparency and
accountability in the
management of funds at the
beneficiary level.
Random audits ex-post will be conducted by CADA in addition to
the financial statement audit with focus on the utilization of the
matching grant that funds spent on intended purpose and
beneficiaries will receive value for their money. Details of these are
documented in the FPM under community participation. The TOR
for the audit is included in the PIM.
M
Procurement Risks.
Insufficient
knowledge and experience
with Bank procurement may
cause delays in project
implementation
Random audits ex-post and spot-checks of accounts by CADAs to
confirm grants are used for the intended purpose. (i) Procurement
and implementation training will be provided to key staff during
project implementation; (ii) experienced Procurement Specialist
will be hired to assist and coordinate the states‟ procurement
functions and provide on-the-job training to the state officials; (iii)
intensive supervision of the agencies‟ staff by the Bank field office
Procurement Specialist.
M
Overall Risk Rating M
Environmental and Social Management Plan
The environmental and social management plan prepared for this study is project-based. The
ESMP highlighted the impacts vis-à-vis the mitigation, the monitoring approach and the agency
responsible for apt follow-up of the provisions. A cost estimate of ($11000) was provided for as
the cost implication for the application of the proposed measures. Further, a coherent
implementation schedule was provided which is a technique for implementing the provisions of
the ESMP with designed period of implementation.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The identified impacts are minor, the recommended mitigations are able to address the
issues enhancing minimal or no effect on the environment.
Undoubtedly, Commercial Agriculture Development Projects will be highly positive therefore, it
is highly recommended that the proposed project should be implemented as it will certainly
enhance agricultural productivities. However, more are still being expected to further enhance
productivities of the trainees particularly with respect to: health centre/clinic; better means of
transportation for agricultural produce; waste management facilities; better remuneration for
farmers (trainees); timely loan and credit facilities to the farmers; and egg processing facilities
for making powdered egg.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
Agricultural development considered to be the dominant theme of Lagos agricultural policy
under the new Public Private Partnership (PPP) programme. This particularly placed the private
investor in a strong role of transforming agriculture from a low-productivity subsistence-based
sector to one characterized by high-productivity, integrated value chains, and extensive value
addition in order to enhance food security in the Lagos state.
In this regards, the Lagos State Government has received an advance on the proceeds of a credit
through the World Bank Assisted Commercial Agricultural Development Project to finance the
State Commercial Agriculture Project. This project is under the responsibility of the Lagos
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The project objective is to improve the investment
avenue for agri-business and establish all-encompassing PPPs aimed at enhancing farm
productivity and value addition in the selected value chains (Poultry, Rice and Aquaculture).
The project interventions and activities prompted the environmental assessment policy
(OP.4.01). The impacts covered small scale and site specific infrastructure investment projects
associated with category B projects of the World Bank as well as generated sections of the
Environmental Assessment Regulations of the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency
(LASEPA). It therefore necessitates the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA).
The ESIA takes into consideration the range of the project activities and institutional
arrangements for project implementation to safeguard the Environment. As a result of the
anticipated impacts of operational stage of the intervention, LSCADP engaged the service of an
independent consultant to investigate the impacts of her micro projects intervention.
In general, the intervention project which in this sense concerns rural infrastructure will assist to
close the infrastructure gaps and to enhance agricultural commercialization. This component
covers two sub-components namely networks of farm access roads and rural energy. The former
will link feeder roads to State and Federal roads through Outputs and Performance Based Road
Contracts while the latter will finance the rehabilitation and maintenance of rural energy,
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including provision of transformers and extension of lines from the main transmission lines to
commercial farmers and agro-processing facilities in collaboration with the Power Sector
Reform Project. Other aspect of the specific project includes:
1. Farm Access Roads;
Improvement/Infrastructure
Operation of farm access road within the settlement;
Operation of lateritic access roads leading to farm lands
Operation of light/small-scale bridges
2. Power Supply Infrastructure;
Transformers equipped with facilities such as up-risers, HT poles;
Replacement of damaged/faulty transformers
Development and rehabilitation of damaged/faulty HT poles;
Maintenance of power supply infrastructure
Rural electrification projects
Expansion and rehabilitation of power facilities, etc.
3. Automatic Battery Cages;
Operation of farm inputs
Operation of new battery cages with automatic watering system.
Operation of technical guide on battery cage maintenance.
Modern poultry management practice.
4. Aquaculture Inputs;
Farm input such fingerlings for aquaculture.
Regarding agricultural development, poultry, rice and aquaculture are in the value chain being
supported by the Commercial Agriculture Development Project in the State. This study site is an
institute focusing on production of rice, poultry produce (eggs, chicken etc.) and fish.
1.1 Tasks of the Consultant
Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA) is a key aspect of many agricultural
development applications recommended under the Lagos State Commercial Agricultural
Development Project. This technique is meant to assist in understanding the potential
environmental and social impacts (positive and negative) on the environment, the affected
farmers and farm settlements, and the beneficiary. The tasks of this ESIA study are to:
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Thoroughly document ecological baseline conditions (existing environmental conditions)
of the study area and the socio-economic conditions of the affected communities and
farmers including beneficiaries.
Place the ecological baseline conditions of the sites in the context of the surrounding
region.
Inform, obtain and address contributions from stakeholders including relevant authorities
and the public.
Assess in detail, the environmental and social impacts resulted from the project
Identify mitigation measures that would reduce the significance negative impacts or
enhanced benefits of LSCADPs.
Meet the requirements of the environmental regulatory agencies in Nigeria and Lagos
state in particular as well as international best practice (WB, EPA) for project of this
nature.
Identify and assess potential environmental and socials impacts of the projects.
Identify all potential significant adverse environmental and social impacts, of the projects
and recommend measures for mitigation.
Review and develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
Prepare an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment report compliant to the relevant
authorities (WB, EPA, FMEnv., LASEPA etc.) and detailing findings and
recommendations.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The ESIA for the LSCADP interventions will help address the adverse environmental impact of
the project implemented, enhance project benefits, and introduce standards of good
environmental practice in the existing and proposed project intervention for agricultural
development in the state. The primary objectives of the ESIA are to:
21
Identify the significant adverse environmental and social impacts resulting from the
LSCADP interventions;
Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures identified by providing the
technical details of each impact , and providing implementation schedule;
Define the responsibilities of project proponents, contractors and other role players, and
effectively communicate environmental and social safeguards issues among them;
Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters to ensure that all
mitigation measures are completely and effectively implemented; and
Identify training requirements at various levels and provide a plan for implementation.
1.3 Scope of the Study
The scope of work covers the assessment of impacts of the CADP interventions at Araga Farm
Settlement, Epe Local Government Area (LGA). The focus of the intervention at the settlement
is to enhance agricultural productivity, food security under the stipulated value chain, and o
improve farmers‟ standard of living through empowerment of next generation farmers for
sustainable agricultural development in the State.
The environmental and social issues that have been specifically considered within this ESIA
include:
the state of rehabilitated farm access roads and it impacts on physical and human
environment;
the impacts of energy intervention on livelihood and productivity of the farmers
the impacts of interventions on physical and human environment, and socio-economic
activities of the beneficiaries, project affected farmers and communities;
Solid and liquid waste management and minimization;
Noise level;
Human and vehicular movement; and
Traffic/vibration management.
22
CHAPTER TWO
LAGOS STATE COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE PROJECT
2.1 Background
Lagos State Commercial Agriculture Development Association (LSCADA) has implemented
some projects intended to boost agricultural productivity and living standard of her farmers. In
order to achieve one of the Millennium Development Goals (that is, to eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger) and increase agricultural output in the state, the association has decided to
implemented some germane intervention projects in this regard. The approach adopted is based
on examination of similar drives in some parts of the country with philosophy that increased
agricultural production translates to greater food production and ensuring national food security
for the nation.
In line with this, Lagos State Government is adopting a new approach of public-private
partnerships (PPPs) in which complementary and targeted public support serves to facilitate
private investment in the agriculture sector. A major thrust of the new approach centres on
enhancing the role of commercial agriculture and strengthening agricultural value chains. Under
the programme, the Government is seeking to broaden and deepen private sector investment in
agriculture. Note that the programme is already occurring but can be augmented in many ways.
Innovative institutional arrangements between large scale investors and small-holders can
generate mutual benefits and provide effective mechanisms for bolstering small-holder
productivity. For instance, out-grower schemes provide linkages between vertically integrated
plantations and surrounding small-holders. Contract farming arrangements can provide benefits
for input and output dealers and small-holder farmers.
To this end, the Government is keen to develop agriculture through public private partnership
and provide support to encourage the development of nucleus investment arrangements for the
benefit of local smallholder farmers.
23
2.2 Development Objective and Approach in Lagos
CADP is a comprehensive five-year project developed by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture
and Water Resources (FMAWR) in collaboration with the World Bank and other stakeholders.
This is to help participating small and medium scale commercial farmers to access improved
technology, infrastructure, finance and output markets. The project interest is on commercial
agriculture development in Nigeria.
The project development objective is to improve the investment climate for agri-business and
establish inclusive PPPs aimed at increasing on-farm productivity and value addition in the
selected value chains (Poultry, Aquaculture, and Rice) which was based on comparative
advantage and the contribution to agricultural growth. The main outcome of the project was an
improved investment climate that delivers high productivity and food security in Lagos
agricultural setting.
2.3 Project Justification and Design Principles
The basic strategy of this project is to improve the business environment for agriculture to
become more successful by gradually shifting from subsistence to commercial agriculture. The
Project will strive to sustainably boost the incomes of target beneficiaries, through the value
chain approach with strong emphasis on stakeholder participation.
2.3.1 Key Performance Indicators
The key performance indicators for Lagos CADP are:
i. 25% Increase in total production and processing of the targeted value chains (rice, poultry
and aquaculture) among participating small and medium scale commercial farmers.
ii. 30% Increase in total sales of agricultural products under the targeted value chains (rice,
poultry and aquaculture) among participating small and medium scale commercial
farmers.
2.3.2 Project Components
The project has two components namely:
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2.3.2.1 Agricultural Production and Commercialization
The objective of this component is to improve the adoption of existing and new agricultural
technologies by commercial farmers and processors along the selected value chains. The
component has four sub-components:
i. Technology Demonstration and Adoption
ii. Support to Staple Crop Production Systems
iii. Market Facilitation and
iv. Capacity Building
2.3.2.1 Rural Infrastructure
The project will assist to close the infrastructure gaps to enhance agricultural commercialization
by providing resources for the construction, rehabilitation and maintenance of network of
selected farm access roads using the Output and Performance Based Road Contracts (OPRC)
concept and connecting commercial farms to rural electrification. This component covers two
sub-components:
(i) Network of Farm Access Roads and
(ii) (ii) Rural Energy.
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CHAPTER THREE
POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
3.1 Introduction
The environment has emerged as one of the most topical issues of contemporary times. This is in
realization of the ever-increasing negative environmental impacts of rapid industrial and
infrastructural development. As natural resources are being exploited at rates unprecedented in
human history, the quality of the environment deteriorates and many of the development projects
become unsustainable. This has therefore necessitated the enforcement of relevant environmental
protection laws in order to protect and restore the Nigerian environment.
The requirement for an Environmental Assessment is in compliance with the Federal Republic of
Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws and WB policies geared towards achieving sustainable development goals
through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social well-being of her
citizens. This report was prepared in accordance with provision of ESMF, RPF and IPMP that
were prepared and disclosed by CADP in Nigeria.
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (CFRN) of 1999 provides the general thrust
of the nation‟s environmental policy through S. 20 that provides: “The State shall protect and
improve the environment and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wild life of Nigeria.”
Consequently, subsidiary laws and regulations have been made and international conventions
and other instruments entered into pursuant to the constitution‟s set objectives.
These include:
Laws and regulations, standards, policies, codes and recommended practices relating to
the Infrastructural Development by the Nigerian Government and its Agencies such as
the Federal Ministry of Environment and the Lagos State Ministry of Physical Planning.
International guidelines and conventions to which Nigeria is a signatory.
National Policy on Environment (1989) and as reviewed in 1999
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3.2 Federal and Lagos State Environmental Regulatory Bodies
The bodies responsible for environmental regulation at Federal and state levels include:
Federal Ministry of Environment (1999 Presidential Directive; and
The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA)
Act No 25 of 2007.
With regard to sewage and domestic effluent control there are Federal Regulations and State
Sanitation Laws. Some of these regulations include:
The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution control in
Nigeria (March, 1991), which is the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling
industrial and urban pollution;
The National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 of
1991, which makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to install anti-pollution
equipment, makes provision for effluent treatment.
The National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and
Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations S.I.9 of 1991, which imposes restrictions on
the release of toxic substances and stipulates requirements for monitoring of pollution, it
also makes it mandatory for existing industries and facilities to conduct an environmental
audit;
The National Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulations S.I.15 of
1991, which regulates the collection, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous
wastes from municipal and industrial source.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act Cap 131 LFN 1991.
3.3 Sectoral EIA Guidelines
In September 1995, FEPA (now Federal Ministry of Environment) published Sectoral EIA
Guidelines for Infrastructural Projects. The Guidelines are for any project that involves:
Coastal Development Project;
Port and Harbour Development Project;
Railways;
Roads and Highways;
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Airports;
Urban development project;
Domestic water supply and sanitation project; and
Electrification projects.
Statutory Limits for Effluents and Gaseous Emissions: The Guidelines and Standards for
Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991) provides interim permissible limits as
protective measures against indiscriminate discharge of particulate matter and untreated
industrial effluents into lakes, rivers, estuaries, lagoons and coastal waters.
Air Quality Standards: There are ambient air quality limitations and standards in Nigeria
enforced by the FMENV, NESREA and LASEPA.
Laws:
Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Act. Cap 165, LFN 1990 seeks to
prevent the authorized dumping or depositing of harmful waste on water or land and
criminalizes the act of transporting, dumping and depositing harmful waste on land or
water. The Decree‟s provisions make it clear that management of a corporate body may
be liable for the offence.
Criminal Code Act Cap 77 LFN 1990. The Act specifies that fouling of water bodies is
a criminal offence.
Land Use Act Cap 202 LFN 1990. This legislation put an end to absolute ownership of
land by the individual and community and vests “all land comprised in the territory of
each state (except land vested in the Federal Government or its agencies) solely in the
Governor of the State, who would hold such land in trust for the people.”
Lagos State Ministry of Environment and Lagos State Commercial Agriculture
Development Project (LSCADP) Edicts
All the States in Nigeria have power to make laws with respect to the environment under the
Constitution. This is because the subjects relating to the environment are contained in the
concurrent legislative list.
28
Lagos State established the State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) in 1996. The
edict spells out clearly the functions and authority of the agency, and also imposed restrictions on
the release of toxic materials into the environment as well as responsibilities of industries whose
operations are likely to negatively impact the environment.
Specific functions of the agency include:
monitoring and controlling of disposal of wastes generated within the State;
monitoring and controlling of all forms of environmental degradation from agricultural,
industrial and government operations;
monitoring of surface, underground and potable water, air, land and soils within the State
to determine the pollution level as well as collect baseline data;
Co-operating with federal, state and local governments on matter and facilities relating to
environmental protection
The Agency is empowered to apply enforcement measures to make regulations to control water,
air, soil and noise pollution; effluent discharge standard and waste management. The edict also
empowers the Agency to combat environmental degradations in manufacturing premises and
government operations; analyses samples of any substance found in any premises searched, etc.
Lagos Waste Disposal Board Edict
The Waste Disposal Board was established in 1977 by vide Edict No.9 of April, 1977 to
coordinate refuse disposal activities in Lagos State. Initially it was mandated to take charge of
general environmental sanitation and the collection, disposal, and management of domestic
refuse.
Subsequently, it was assigned the responsibility of cleaning primary and secondary drains,
collection and disposal of industrial wastes, flood relief activities, and the collection and disposal
of scrap and derelict vehicles.
Lagos Urban & Regional Board and Town Planning Authority Edict
To control and regulate indiscriminate development in the state, the LASG established the Urban
& Regional Board and Town Planning Authority in 1997. Specific functions of the board
include:
29
Formulate state policies for urban and regional planning and development, including
spatial location of infrastructural facilities.
Advise state government, initiation of and prepare regional and sub-regional plans for the
state;
Outline development plans and other physical development plans and schemes embracing
spatial distribution of major roads, location of industrial, commercial, residential as well
as recreational facilities.
The establishment and operation of an effective development control organ on state lands
The provision of technical assistance to the local government;
The edict also emphasize that each Local Government Area are to establish planning authorities
which shall be responsible for preparing town, rural and local plans and control development
activities within its area of jurisdiction.
The edict further stipulates that developers shall submit an environmental impact assessment
report in respect of applications for residential land in excess of half an hectare and/or
development in excess of 4 floors; factory building; commercial buildings; places of worship and
petrol service stations.
Lagos State Environmental Law, 1994
Lagos State Sanitation Edict, 2004
The Lagos State Town and Country (Building Plan) Regulations of 1986
Lagos State Urban and Development Regional Planning and Development Law of 2005
Other Statutory Regulations, Legislations and Guidelines related to infrastructural Development
activities in Nigeria include:
Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law No 88 of 1992,
National Guidelines for Environmental Audit in Nigeria, 2011,
Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control 1991,
Guidelines on Hazardous Chemicals Management 1998,
Guidelines on Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides 2001,
National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems, and
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Blueprint on Environmental Enforcement: A Citizens Guide.
3.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies
World Bank Safeguards Policies provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in
project design and have been an important instrument for building a sense of ownership among
local populations. The World Bank‟s Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies are
cornerstones of its support to sustainable poverty reduction and therefore ensure that
Environmental and Social issues are evaluated in decision making towards reducing and
management of project/programme risk. The process inherently provides mechanisms for
Consultations and Disclosure of Information to the public and relevant stakeholders.
The CADP has been categorized as B implying that the expected environmental impacts are
largely site-specific, that few if any of the impacts are irreversible, and that mitigation measures
can be designed relatively readily. The environmental assessment for a Category B project,
• examines the project‟s potential negative and positive environmental impacts,
• recommends measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse
impacts, and
• recommends measures to improve environmental performance
The World Bank has 10 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the
adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making. These operational
policies include:
• OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment
• OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats
• OP 4.09: Pest Management
• OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement
• OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples
• OPN 11.03: Cultural Property
• OP 4.36: Forests
• OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams
• OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters
• OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas
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The LSCADP proposed intervention project activities triggered the Bank Policy OP 4.01 on
Environmental Assessment (EA). A screening exercise was carried out by the LSCADP to
determine whether the World Bank OP 4.12 would be triggered by her intervention initiatives
through the deployment of some impact indicators and it was concluded that the Bank‟s OP 4.12
on Involuntary Resettlement had not been triggered by the project. In essence the need to
conduct an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) or Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)
study is not necessary. ESMF, PMP and RPF are the instruments used to address the triggered
policies of environmental assessment, pest management and involuntary resettlement. The report
is prepared in accordance with provision of ESMF disclosed and prepared by CADP.
3.4.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.0.1)
OP 4.01is triggered by the LSCADPs‟ proposed project activities which allows the use of
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) as EA safeguard instrument. This
becomes pertinent when “a project consists of a programme and/or series of sub-projects, which
impact(s) can be determined and identified” before project appraisal. In this regard LSCADA
projects fall within these categories and therefore triggered by the WB policy. Lagos State
Commercial Agriculture development Projects are dominated by the expansion of the farm
access roads and rural electrification, the facilitation of and improvements in the selected value
chain (aquaculture, poultry farming and rice production) in the ever expanding Lagos state.
The OP 4.01 requires among others that screening for impacts is carried early, in order to
determine the level of EA to assess and mitigate potential adverse impacts. The Bank‟s project
screening criteria group projects into three categories.
Category A - Detailed Environmental Assessment;
Category B - Initial Environmental Examination and
Category C - Environmental Friendly
The EA ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as
part of project design, including public consultation process, especially for Category A and
Category B projects. The OP 4.01 is applicable to all components of Bank financed projects,
even for co-financed components. However, the LSCADPs classified within the Category B of
the OP 4.01.
32
The World Bank and Nigeria‟s EA requirements and operational procedures were harmonized
early on the CAD projects with the development of the ESMF which sets out requirements &
responsibilities for sub-project-specific. Going by this, ESMP has been developed and
incorporated at the point of implementation of subproject in response to the objectives of good
practice, particularly, in the following respects.
An early consideration of the environmental and social issues (starting at the screening
stage);
Identification and early consultation with stakeholders;
Prevention of adverse impacts through the consideration of feasible alternatives; and
Incorporation of mitigation measures into planning and (engineering) design.
The main levels of environmental Assessment following screening and scoping under the
Nigerian Regulations are that:
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) required;
Partial/ Preliminary Environmental Assessment Required;
No Further Environmental Assessment required
This corresponds in principle to the World Bank‟s Environmental Assessment
requirements of Category B.
3.4.2 OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats
The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the
environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports
the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its
economic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The Bank supports, and
expects LSCADP to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure
opportunities for environmentally sustainable development.
The OP 4.04 (Natural Habitats) issue includes identification of (a) natural habitat issues and
special needs for natural habitat conservation, including the degree of threat to identified natural
habitats (particularly critical natural habitats), and (b) measures for protecting such areas in the
context of the country's development strategy. The major natural habitat issues include
identification of important natural habitat sites, the ecological functions they perform, the degree
33
of threat likely to impose by proposed activities, priorities for conservation, and associated
recurrent-funding and capacity-building needs.
It also expects to take into account the views, roles, and rights of groups, including local
nongovernmental organizations and local communities, affected by Bank-financed projects. Also
part of the issue is to involve affect people in planning, designing, implementing, monitoring,
and evaluating such proposed projects. Involvement may include identifying appropriate
conservation measures, managing protected areas and other natural habitats, and monitoring and
evaluating specific projects. The Bank encourages governments to provide such people with
appropriate information and incentives to protect natural habitats.
3.4.3 OP 4.09 - Pest Management
To manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health, the World Bank supports a
strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces
reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank-financed projects, the LSCADP addresses
pest management issues in the context of the project‟s environmental assessment.
This involves the use of various means to assess pest management in the country and support
integrated pest management (IPM) and the safe use of agricultural pesticides: economic and
sector work, sectoral or project-specific environmental assessments, participatory IPM
assessments, and investment projects and components aimed at supporting the adoption and use
of IPM.
Under the World Bank policies, pest populations are normally controlled through IPM
approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices and the development, and use of crop
varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The World Bank may finance the purchase of
pesticides when their use is justified under an IPM approach.
In this regard, the World Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental
friendly methods. Where environmental methods alone are not effective, the World Bank may
finance the use of pesticides for control of disease vectors. This is based on an assessment of the
nature and degree of associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended
users. The following criteria apply to the selection and use of pesticides in Bank-financed
projects:
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(a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects.
(b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species.
(c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment
(d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in pests.
3.4.4 OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement
Involuntary resettlement may cause severe long-term hardship, impoverishment, and
environmental damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. For
these reasons, the overall objectives of the World Bank‟s policy on involuntary resettlement are
the following:
Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all
viable alternative project designs.
Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived
and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment
resources to enable the persons displaced by the proposed project to share in project
benefits.
Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and
standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to
levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
As it was established, the Lagos State Commercial Agriculture Development Projects including
the proposed intervention projects did not trigger involuntary resettlement. The summary of
World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the proposed project activities is shown in Table
3.4.2.1 below.
Table 3.2.4.1: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies
Policy Summary of core requirements Triggered
OP 4.01 -
Environmental
Assessment
Screen early for potential impacts and select appropriate
instrument to assess, minimise and mitigate potentially
adverse impacts
Yes
OP 4.04 –
Natural Habitats
Do not finance projects that degrade or convert critical
habitats. Support projects that affect non- critical habitats
Yes
35
only if no alternatives are available and if acceptable
mitigation measures are in place
OP 4.09-
Pest Management
Support integrated approaches to pest management.
Identify pesticides that may be financed under the project
and develop appropriate pest management plan to address
risks
Yes
OP 4.12-
Involuntary
Resettlement
Assist displaced persons in their effort to improve or at
least restore their standards of living. Avoid resettlement
where feasible or minimise. Displaced persons should
share in project profits
No
3.5 International Guidelines and Conventions
Nigeria is a signatory to several international conventions and treaties that promote the
maintenance of a viable environment and achieving sustainable development. The Federal
Ministry of Environment is the Focal Point and Designated National Authority for the
implementation of a number of the international conventions. The ones relevant to the project at
hand are:
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change, 1997
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
Montreal Protocol on substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987 (Ratified 1991).
It worth to know that, Nigeria EIA laws are similar to World Bank safeguard policies,
However, in the event of conflict between the two, World Bank Safeguard Policies shall
supersede. Also, the Federal laws overrule the Lagos state laws in case of discrepancy.
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CHAPTER FOUR
GENERAL METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents a description of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact
Assessment (ESIA) process adopted for the Lagos Commercial Agricultural Development
Projects (LSCADPs) at Araga Farm Settlement. The procedure used is represented in the flow
chart below. (Figure 4.1.1)
Figure 4.1.1: The ESIA Process
Source: Adapted from ESIA Approach and Methodology (TAP, 2012)
37
4.2 ESIA Requirements
The integration of environmental and social considerations into the operational stage of
LSCADP is an essential part to understand the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the
interventions and its contribution towards sustainable agricultural development. Environmental
and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is internationally accepted as being effective way of
achieving this integration in a method that is efficient and also meets the requirements of
regulators, project financing institutions, civil society and project affected communities, i.e. the
stakeholders.
4.2.1 Screening
Screening is the first step in the ESIA process. It confirms the need (or otherwise) for an ESIA
by appraising the type of project and its associated activities throughout its lifecycle in the
context of its biophysical, socio-economic, policy and regulatory environments. Given the
location, scale and planned activities associated with CADP, it has been concluded that the
project should be subject to an ESIA under the Category “B”, and the ESIA should take account
of applicable national and international legislation, which was addressed in Policy, Regulatory
and Administrative Framework Chapter.
4.2.2 Scoping
Scoping is a high level assessment of anticipated “interactions” between project activities and
environment „receptors‟. Its purpose is to focus the ESIA on key issues and eliminate certain
activities from the full impact assessment process based on their limited potential to result in
discernable impacts. To arrive at a conclusion to “scope out” an activity/event, a mixture of
expert scientific judgement based on prior experience of similar activities and events and, in
some instances, scoping level quantification/numerical analysis (e.g. emission and discharge
inventories and generic modelling) is used.
Based on the findings and results of these reviews, investigations and consultations, the ESIA
Team identified:
• Potential project related environmental and socio-economic impacts relationships
between LSCADP activities and environment; and
38
• where the extent, depth and/or quality of environmental, socio-economic and/or technical
data is insufficient for the ESIA process, thus identifying additional work to complete the
ESIA.
4.3 ESIA Process
Since the assessment was based on proposed projects aiming at boosting the agricultural output,
the study focused on the construction and operational characteristics and the potential impacts on
the environment and socio-economic activities of the affected persons. The key steps taking for
the ESIA include:
Pre-study activities: This stage establishes the environmental, social and cultural
considerations in advance of detailed studies. This study also involves collation of
relevant secondary data for the ESIA.
The ESIA study: This stage concerns with the field survey. It involves site visit to gather
environmental and socio-economic data on project affected communities and their
1surroundings. Integral to this study is the development of measures to mitigate and
reduce or remove adverse impacts.
The post-study stage: This stage concerns with the preparation of ESIA report. It
involves the analysis, presentation and interpretation of primary and secondary data
acquired, and the production of ESIA report.
4.4 Baseline Study Methodology
For the impact assessment of the CADP, a wide range of methodologies were employed. This
section aims to provide an overview of all methodologies utilised for each of the environmental
and socio-economic impacts assessment as well as providing criteria from which the current
quality and importance of features can be evaluated. A good understanding of the baseline is
important to understanding the nature and importance of the project impacts.
4.8 Existing Conditions In order to identify potential impacts, an understanding of the existing conditions was established
regarding the LSCADPs and proposed project activities. This was based on primary data
acquisition by the employed experts and consultants. Base on the empirical study, the projects
39
have mainly impacted positively. However, the LSCADP would likely affect the following
receptor groups: Biological/Ecological; and Socio-Economic/Human.
4.5 Mapping of the Project Area
Mapping of the study area and the intervention projects by the LSCADP was implemented using
archival satellite images and in situ GPS data collection. Essentially, data used for capturing
spatial details of the project area were based on location of the project area cum identification of
specific intervention projects. Garmin GPS with high level of accuracy was used to collected in
situ data particularly on projects such as Farm Access Roads, Rural Electrification projects
(including high tension lines, and location of electric transformers), location of automatic battery
cages amongst others.
ArcGIS 10.1 was used as the mapping software as well as for image preparation and processing
for mapping. The images used were extracted from spatially-enabled Google Earth Pro which is
a high spatial resolution image archive. The final maps produced are image maps detailing the
building and environmental details of the project area as well as the captured intervention
projects.
4.6 Socio-economic Survey
Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed in order to understand the
anticipated impacts of the intervention. The qualitative data collection involves the use of Focus
Group Discussion (FGD) and in-depth interview with key informants in the proposed project
site. The FGD was used as a tool to obtain information from people of similar or near similar age
group.
A total of 100 questionnaires were administered to capture individual farmer (PAP) perception
on the impacts of the project. This method provides a non-formal method of obtaining
information about events in an area. It was used to elicit opinions about the possible impacts of
the project interventions on the socio-economic and livelihood condition of the affected people.
Quantitative data collection on the other hand entails the use of structured questionnaire to
collect relevant socio-economic data on the baseline characteristics of the environment around
the project site. The questionnaire was structured in such a way that information on awareness of
40
the LSCADP, ethnic composition, socio-cultural and economic characteristics of the
neighbourhoods was captured. Purposive random sampling approach was used in the
administration of the questionnaire to the informants. Informal interviews were conducted to
compliment the information obtained from the questionnaire survey and those obtained from
existing records. Such interviews were held with individual trading or living in this area. The
results obtained from the questionnaire administration and analyses are presented inform of
charts and tables.
4.6.1 Impact Significance Assessment
An impact is defined as “Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly
or partially resulting from an organisation’s environmental aspects (activities, products or
services)” (EMS, ISO14001:2004). Where project activity and environmental receptor
interactions occur, an impact is defined. The ESIA assesses impacts according to their
“significance” determined by considering project activity “event magnitude” and “receptor
sensitivity”. Determining event magnitude requires the identification and quantification (as far as
practical) of the sources of potential environmental and social effects from routine and non-
routine project activities. Determining receptor sensitivity requires an understanding of the
biophysical environment.
4.6.2 Method for Determining Event Magnitude
• Extent / Scale: Events range from those affecting an area of up to 500m from the
source; to those affecting an area greater than 500m and up to 1km from the source;
and to those affecting an area of greater than 1km from the source.
• Frequency: Events range from those occurring once; to those occurring up to 50
times; and to those occurring more than 50 times or continuously.
• Duration: Events range from those occurring for less than 24 hours; to those
occurring for more than 24 hours and up to one week; and to those occurring for
periods longer than one week.
• Intensity: Concentration of an emission or discharge with respect to standards of
acceptability that include applicable legislation and international guidance, its toxicity
or potential for bioaccumulation, and its likely persistence in the environment. This
41
ranges from a low intensity event, to a moderate intensity event, and to a high
intensity event.
4.6.3 Method for Determining Receptor Sensitivity
(i) Biological/Ecological Receptors
• Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from species or community unaffected
or marginally affected, to probability of species undergoing moderate but sustainable
change which stabilises under constant presence of impact source, with ecological
functionality maintained; and to probability for substantial loss of ecological functionality
(e.g. loss of species in key groups, substantially lower abundance and diversity).
• Presence: Routine, regular or reliably predictable presence of any species which is, in
reverse order, a unique, threatened or protected species, to regionally rare or largely
confined to CADP area or sensitive to disturbances; and to a species which is none of the
above and is therefore assessed at the community level only.
(ii) Human Receptor
• Presence: This ranges from people being uncommon in the study area of anticipated
impact; to people being present some of the time (e.g. commercial property); to people
being permanently present (e.g. residential property) in the area of anticipated impact.
• Resilience (to the identified stressor): This ranges from people being least vulnerable to
change or disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise)) are well below
applicable legislation and international guidance); to quite vulnerable to change or
disturbance (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are below adopted standards));
and to the most vulnerable groups (i.e. ambient conditions (air quality, noise) are at or
above adopted standards)).
Impact significance, as a function of event magnitude and receptor sensitivity was subsequently
ranked as “Negligible”, “Minor”, “Moderate” or “Major”. Any impact classified as “major” is
considered to be significant and where the impact is negative, requires additional mitigation.
Impacts of negligible, minor or moderate significance are considered as being mitigated as far as
practicable and necessary, and therefore, do not warrants further mitigation.
42
4.7 Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts
Trans-boundary impacts were impacts that occur outside the jurisdictional borders of a project‟s
host vicinity. Potential trans-boundary impacts considered include:
• Social and economic issues surrounding the sourcing of labour, goods and services;
• GHG emissions to air; and
• Discharges to the marine environment.
Cumulative impacts arise from:
• Interactions between separate project-related residual impacts; and
• Interactions between project-related residual impacts in combination with impacts from
other projects and their associated activities.
For the LSCADP ESIA, potential cumulative impacts were therefore considered to include:
• Physical presence of improper solid waste management;
• Cumulative discharges of waste water, and farm waste including poultry droppings and
improper management of other farm activities; and
• Cumulative emissions from farm activities.
4.8 Mitigation and Monitoring
A wide range of different measures to mitigate impacts have been identified in the ESIA Report.
These have been brought together in an impact summary table. In addition an Environmental and
Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Project describes how the mitigation will actually be
delivered and reporting. The ESMP will be in line with National and International Performance
Requirements.
43
CHAPTER FIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITION
This chapter examines a description of the environment, including the bio-physical and socio-
economic conditions of the project area.
The description of baseline information relevant to the project covers:
The project areas;
Land use categories;
Land acquisition and tenure system;
Socio-economic;
Cultural resources;
Health;
Natural resources;
Wildlife and biodiversity;
Climate; and
Air Quality.
Hydrology Of The Area
Physical environment
5.1 Description of Environmental Settings
This chapter describes the environmental and socio-economic setting within the project area,
with a special focus on those conditions that may be impacted by or have a direct impact on the
project.
The following is a detailed description of the project baseline information, based on physical,
biological, socio-economic and cultural characteristics.
The project is located in Epe Local Government Area which is situated on a large swath of land
in the northeastern area of Lagos State far from the metropolis. It shares boundary with Ikorodu
LGA on the eastern part; with Ogun State on the northern side and on the southern side with the
capacious Lagos Lagoon. Epe local government area is the biggest local government in Lagos
44
State with a land area of 965 km2 (See inset map in Figure 5.1.1). Figure 5.1.1. shows the project
area and the associated land uses and land cover characteristics.
In terms of population, according to the 2006 National Population Census, Epe local government
has about 323,634 residents comprising of 153,360 males and 170,274 females occupying a total
area of 965 km2. The population density is 335.37 p/km
2.
Figure 5.1.1: The project area with associated landuse and landcover
5.2 Physical Environment
5.2.1 Climate and Meteorology
Weather and climate are two of the most common atmospheric parameters that can affect any
location. Climate is the characteristic of atmospheric conditions measured over a fairly long
period of time (about 25 years); while weather describe the daily characteristic of various
elements of climate. An understanding of the characteristics of weather and climate in an around
the project area is important as it provides information on the prevailing atmospheric conditions
45
in and around the study area for most part of the year. The understanding of the climate
conditions prevailing has also showed how the study area might likely impact on the local
climate and meteorology in the area.
The data used in this study were derived from the climate and meteorological data obtained from
the Federal Meteorological Centre, Oshodi, Lagos State. The data provide information on the
general climate and meteorology conditions such as the air temperature, rainfall, humidity, and
sunshine. Detailed descriptions of these parameters are provided below:
5.2.1.1 General Climate and Meteorology
By the reason of its location, the area is influenced by the humid-semi equatorial climate. Under
this climatic regime, there are moderate maximum temperatures (the highest monthly average
daily maximum temperature of the warmest month is 33.50C or 92.3
0F), annual rainfall is greater
than annual potential evaporation. With the range of one to three months dry season, the rainfall
surplus is usually in excess of 200mm. Climate in this area is influenced by two air masses
namely the South-East trade wind and the North-East trade wind. The South-East trade wind is
hot and humid as it blows from Atlantic Ocean and carries a lot of rain to most part of Lagos
state. The North-East trade wind on the other hand is hot, dry and dusty because they originate
from the Sahara desert. The North-East trade wind prevail especially between the month of
November and February and is often refers to as Harmattan. These two air masses are separated
by a zone of discontinuity called Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This zone moves
north-south following the movement of the sun. This apparent movement of the ITCZ largely
account for variations in weather and climate. The movement of these air masses results in the
two weather seasons that is, the wet season from April to November, the dry season from
December to March typical of the project area. Some Climatological data for the project area are
presented in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Summary of Climate Characteristics of the Study Area
Month Average
rainfall (mm)
Temperature 0C Relative Humidity
(%)
Average
sunlight (hrs)
Average Recorded
Max Min Max Min Am Pm
January 28 31 23 35 17 84 65 6
February 46 32 25 36 19 83 69 7
March 102 32 26 37 16 82 72 6
46
April 150 32 25 37 21 81 72 6
May 269 31 24 40 21 83 76 6
June 460 29 23 34 21 87 80 4
July 279 28 23 34 20 87 80 3
August 64 28 23 36 19 85 76 3
September 450 28 23 34 20 86 77 3
October 286 29 23 36 21 86 76 5
November 69 31 24 37 21 85 72 7
December 25 31 24 37 19 86 68 7
5.2.1.2 Precipitation and Humidity
In Lagos, rain falls in virtually all the months of the year, averaging 1800mm annually, but
recording much higher values around the coastal portions such as the project area. Based on
information collected from the Meteorological Centre, the average rainfall in the Epe area, taken
from the rainfall data for 1985-2005, is 2,228mm. The rainfall pattern shows double maxima.
Two seasons are identifiable: the rainy season (April to November) and the relatively dry season
(December to March). Rainfall is heaviest during the months of June and September. More than
50% of the total rainfall recorded occurs between June and September while just about 7.5% of
annual total rainfall occurs between November and February.
The area is characterized by high relative humidity throughout the year, relative humidity range
between 81 and 87% in the mornings and between 65 and 80% in the afternoon.
5.2.1.3 Temperature
The air temperature within the project area is generally high throughout the year, varying from
230C to 32
0C. The lower air temperature occurs during the wet season while the higher value
(280C-32
0C) occurs in the dry season. Monthly temperatures vary on the average from a
minimum of 230C at 8:00hrs to a maximum of 32
0C at 14:00hrs in the dry season.
5.2.1.4 Wind Speed and Direction
The project area has a calm weather with the wind speed ranging between 2 and 5m/s. The wind
speed is lower than 2.7m/s for about 60% of the time, and seldom (<2% of the time) exceeds 3
m/s. Wind speeds are generally lower in the night than during the day with the highest wind
speed recorded at the onset of the rainy season. The prevailing wind direction (about 55% of the
time) is South-West, blowing north-east. However, during the dry season, winds are distributed
in all directions, but predominantly south to south-west during the rainy season.
47
5.2.2 Air Quality and Noise Level
Air pollution is a major environmental health problem. Increasing amounts of potentially
harmful gases and particles are being emitted into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile
sources, thereby resulting in damage to human health and the environment. Air pollutants are
usually classified into Suspended Particulate Matter in the air (often called PM-10 or PM-2.5 -
dusts, fumes, mists, smokes), gaseous pollutants (gases and vapours) and odours (see Table 5.2).
Table 5.2 Air Quality Determinants in and around the Study Area
Location CO NO2 SO2 THC H2S NH3 TSP
(PPM)
AQ1 0.16 0.01 0.00 01.00 0.00 0.00 56
AQ2 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.8 0.00 0.00 75
AQ3 1.1 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 45
AQ4 0.36 0.01 0.00 1.2 0.00 0.00 104
AQ5 0.21 0.01 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 77
AQ6 1.0 0.01 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 98
AQ7 0.83 0/01 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 65
AQ8 1.5 0.02 0.00 1.8 0.00 0.00 103
AQ9 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 114
AQ10 0.67 0.02 0.00 1.1 0.00 0.00 90
FMEH&U
D LIMITS
10 0.04 0.01 - - - 250
Based on a classification for air quality developed by Jain et. al. (1976) and shown in Table 5.3,
air quality in the project area can be said to range from high quality to moderate quality.
Table 5.3: Air Quality Classification Based on TSP Concentration
Range of TSP Values (µg/m3) Class of Air Quality
0-75 High Quality
76-230 Moderate Quality
231-600 Poor Quality
Source: Jain, et al. 1976
5.2.3 Ambient Noise Level
A brief discussion of noise levels measured in the sampling locations is shown in Table 5.2.3.1.
Sampling was taken in the morning, afternoon and evening. On the average, none of the
48
sampling locations was the 8-hour limit as set by the Federal Ministry of Environment (Table
5.4) breached. However, the noise disturbance level and WHO set limit of 45 dB(A) and 55
dB(A) respectively were breached occasionally at some of the sampling locations. Noise does
not only disturb sleep, interrupt conversation, and create stress cum annoyance in the general
population, but also reduces the efficiency and output of workers (Sinha and Sridharan, 1999).
NIOSH (1996) attributed hearing loss among workers to their exposure to noise in the industries
while Smoorenburg et al (1996) identified prolonged equivalent daily exposures of at least 85 dB
(A) as a contributing factor to increased blood pressure and hypertension. Loss of hearing due to
exposure of noise can equally lead to tinnitus (buzzing in the ear). Insomnia and tiredness can
also be caused by high noise exposure.
Table 5.4: Ambient Noise Level around the Study Area
Location Morning Afternoon Evening
AQ1 50.1 53.4 49.6
AQ2 53.2 56.3 50.7
AQ3 50.2 51.4 48.3
AQ4 52.1 54.6 50.0
AQ5 60.0 59.6 57.4
AQ6 58.3 59.0 56.5
AQ7 54.9 56.1 53.0
AQ8 56.1 57.8 55.0
AQ9 50.3 51.2 49.8
AQ10 57.8 58.3 56.0
FMEH&UD 8-hr
Occupational
Exposure Limit
90
5.2.4 Topography
The project area is situated on a flat terrain with low elevation. This is particularly due to its
closeness to River Aiye which runs into the Lagos Lagoon at the southern end of the study area.
The peak elevation is towards the north which is close to Ogun State. Its low lying elevation
coupled with its physical characteristics in terms of soil (edaphic nature), climate and vegetation
makes it suitable for agricultural production – the setting up of the Araga Farm Settlement. Its
average elevation is 10 metres with the peak values being recorded on the northern fringes.
While the southern fringe has the least elevation values which ranges between 4 and 5 metres
49
above sea level. It is such that the area is better referred to as a floodplain of River Aiye. The
office of the Ogun Osun River Basin Development Authority (OORBDA) and the hydro-
engineering projects on ground suggest that this assertion is accurate. The 10 metre contour as
deduced from the 1:25,000 Nigerian Topographic map of the area shows that project area falls
within this floodplain range. By implication, the occurrence of flooding at this level has only
gone to confirm the nature of the milieu.
5.2.5 Regional Hydrogeology
The existing aquifers in the stratigraphy units that make up the Dahomey basin are as shown in
Table 5.5. The aquifers of the Abeokuta Formations are essentially confined and sometimes
artesian as encountered in boreholes at the Farm Settlement. It has also been exploited for
industrial water supply in Ikeja area. It has proven to be more prolific than the widely exploited
coastal plain sands.
Table 5.5: Aquifer Distribution in the Eastern Dahomey Basin (coode Blizard et al, 1997)
Age Formation Lithology Depositional
Environment
Hydrogeological
Significance
Recent Alluvium Sands, clays, mud,
pebbies
Continental Acquiferous
Oligo-
pleistocene
Benin Formation Sands, clays, silts,
sandy, clays, gravel
Continental Acquiferous
Eocene Ilaro formation Predominantly
shale, clays
Marine/lacustrine Non-aquiferous
Paleocene Ewekoro formation Limestone, shale,
clay
Marine Aquiferous
(limestone)
Cretaceous Araromi formation
Afowo formation
Ise formation
Shale, fine/medium
sands
Coarse/medium
sand-stone, shale,
silt-stone
Sands, grits, sand-
stone
Marine/ contineta
Marine
Continental
Aquiferous
Aquiferous
Artesian
Both Ilaro and Ewekoro Formations may be considered regional aquitard/aquiclude unit
separating the underlying Abeokuta Formation aquifers from the overlying Benin Formation
aquifers. The Ewekoro Formation is known to be aquiferous only where limestone members are
present. No significant aquiferous zones have been reported in this Formation in Lagos area. The
Benin (Coastal Plain Sand) Formation is the most significant because it is the major source of
groundwater for private and public water supply, including industrial and commercial water
50
usage. The majority of the boreholes and dug wells in Lagos State are in the Benin Formation
aquifers.
5.2.5.1 Surface Hydrogeology of the Study Area
The project site is surrounded by surface water describing a y-shape (lower case letter “y”) with
Palm trees as most prominent plants along the bank. The northwestern end of the project site is
therefore considered as water collectors. This is as exemplified by the pattern of variation of the
measured in-situ parameters. The surface water is generally weakly acidic as indicated by the pH
values.
5.2.5.2 Subsurface Hydrogeology of the Study Area
The hydro-geological potential of the area is appraised in terms of the material that constitutes
the aquifer. This is accomplished via information on the soil horizons of boreholes drilled at the
area. The first aquifer where water was first encountered was white sand at about 4m depth. The
second aquifer is fine yellow sand about 4.3m thick and underlain the white sand, while the third
aquifer is a coarse red sharp sand about 3.4m thick. The aquifers are underlain by a layer of clay
aquicludes thereby confining the aquifers to the top.
The summary of the aquiferous unit predominantly in the study area is depicted in Table 5.6,
while the details of groundwater quality are discussed under water quality of the chapter.
Table 5.6: Aquifer units of the project site
Aquifer Thickness Range
White sand 1.0m
Yellow sand 0.4 – 4.4m
Coarse sand 1.0 – 3.4m
5.2.6 Water Quality
The results of surface and groundwater physico-chemical analyses for the project area are
presented in Tables 5.7 to 5.9, while Table 5.10 presents information on the population densities
of microbiology of the waters of the area.
51
Table 5.7: In-situ parameters for surface water in the project area
Sample Cond TDS Turbidity Salinity DO BOD COD
ID pH (µS/cm) (mg/1) (NTU) (%0) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
WS 1 6.08 20.00 10.00 3.00 1.00 4.50 6.50 420
WS 2 6.60 59.00 31.00 0.00 1.00 4.80 4.00 368
WS 3 5.59 39.00 20.00 55.00 1.00 3.60 10.30 396
WS 4 6.82 49.00 25.00 1.00 1.00 4.50 5.00 340
BH1 5.80 20.00 11.00 2.0 1.00 3.00 2.50 38
BH2 5.15 29.00 15.00 2.0 2.00 2.50 2.10 20
BH3 4.88 44.00 22.00 1.00 2.00 2.40 2.80 40
Table 5.8: Anions, cations and Hydrocarbons in water samples of the project area
Samp
le ID
Total
Hardne
ss
(mg/L)
Total
Alkalimi
ty (mg/1)
S042-
CI-
(mg/
I)
PO43
-
(mg/
l)
NO3-
(mg/
L)
Ca
(mg/
L)
Mg
(mg/
L)
Na
(mg/
L)
K
(mg/
L)
THC
(mg/
L)
WS 1 6.191 12.00 14.0
0
2.70 0.01 0.09 0.95 0.25 0.43 0.27 66.63
WS 2 5.242 12.00 1.00 0.50 0.01 0.03 0.98 0.25 0.44 0.21 22.52
WS 3 4.264 28.00 15.0
0
1.60 0.00 0.10 1.02 0.27 0.47 0.49 0.00
WS 4 3.24 20.00 2.00 3.10 0.01 0.07 1.51 0.39 0.68 0.40 6.84
BH 1 1.733 16.00 21.0
0
22.90 0.01 0.17 0.47 0.12 0.21 0.38 0.15
BH 2 1.264 32.00 18.0
0
10.40 0.03 0.12 1.26 0.33 0.57 0.93 0.00
BH 3 1.345 23.00 19.0
0
15.00 0.01 0.15 0.96 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.01
Table 5.9: Heavy metals in water samples from the project area
Sample
ID
Cd
(mg/L)
Cr
(mg/L)
Cu
(mg/L)
Fe
(mg/L)
Ni
(mg/L)
Pb
(mg/L)
Zn
(mg/L)
Mn
(mg/L)
V
(mg/L)
Hg
(mg/L)
Ba
(mg/L)
WS 1 0.01 ND ND 1.17 0.04 ND 0.07 0.1 0.01 ND ND
WS 2 0.01 ND ND 0.08 0.02 ND ND 0.2 0.01 ND ND
WS 3 0.01 ND 0.00 0.71 0.02 ND 0.04 0.1 0.01 ND ND
WS 4 0.01 ND ND 0.02 0.03 ND ND 0.1 0.01 ND ND
BH 1 0.01 ND ND 0.01 0.05 0.04 ND 0.2 0.01 ND ND
BH 2 0.00 ND ND ND 0.04 ND ND 0.3 0.01 ND ND
BH 3 0.00 ND ND ND 0.03 ND ND 0.1 0.01 ND ND
52
Table 5.10: population densities of microorganisms in water samples
Sample Code THB Count 104
(cfu/ml)
Coliform Count 104
(cfu/ml)
THF Count (cfu/ml)
WS 1 0.5 NIL NIL
WS 2 3.1 NIL NIL
WS 3 4.0 2.0 NIL
WS 4 0.2 1.0 NIL
BH 1 0.63 NIL NIL
BH 2 0.33 NIL NIL
BH 3 0.0168 0.01 NIL
Generally, all the waterbodies within the coverage area of this ESIA were shallow and appeared
to be seasonal. By extension, transparency was very low. In-situ measured parameters, such as
pH, conductivity; TDS, etc are presented in Table 5.12. All the waters were acidic at varying
levels, with pH ranging from 6.08 to 6.82 for surface waters and 4.88 to 5.80 for groundwater.
The acidic pH is probably indicative of the presence of acid sulphates in the soils and this
appeared to be corroborated by the strong characteristic “rotten egg” smell of hydrogen sulphide
that was perceived while collecting surface water samples.
Generally, surface and groundwater quality in the project area is clean and indicative of an
environment where minimal anthropogenic contamination has occurred or is occurring. The area
however has a possibility of altering the foregoing, especially with regards to groundwater
quality, and as such efforts have to be made to ensure that project activities are undertaken in a
way that minimizes impacts on groundwater.
5.2.7 Soil Quality
Results of soil physico-chemical analyses are shown in Tables 5.11 and 5.12. As shown in Table
5.13, this range falls within the low classification defined by Udo (1986). This is expected, given
that most of the soil samples were predominately sandy and sandy soils are typically known to be
deficient in organic carbon, which is why they are always so loose.
53
Table 5.11: Physical Characteristics of soil from the project area
SAMPLE
ID
pH Cond (µS) %Sand %Silt %Clay %TOC
S1 Top 4.07 46.00 92.74 4.48 2.78 1.46
S1 Bottom 4.44 10.00 95.98 2.48 1.54 0.34
S2 Top 4.31 11.00 94.00 3.86 2.14 0.59
S2 Bottom 4.36 18.00 95.64 3.71 0.65 0.47
S3 Top 4.39 24.00 98.43 1.37 0.20 0.98
S3 Bottom 4.82 15.00 98.22 1.44 0.35 0.64
S4 Top 4.55 25.00 96.76 1.79 1.46 0.88
S4 Bottom 4.58 15.00 95.11 1.79 3.11 0.39
S5 Top 5.34 33.00 90.24 2.16 7.60 0.93
S5 Bottom 5.24 8.00 92.79 1.30 5.91 0.34
Table 5.12: Heavy Metals in soil from the project Area
Table 5.13: Organic Matter Classes
Organic Matter (%) Class
< 1.50 Low
1.50-2.50 Medium
>2.50 High
Source: Adapted from Udo, 1986
Sample
ID
Cd
(mg/kg)
Cr
(mg/kg)
Cu
(mg/kg)
Fe
(mg/kg)
Ni
(mg/kg)
Pb
(mg/kg)
Zn
(mg/kg)
Mn
(mg/kg)
V
(mg/kg)
S1 Top 0.02 1.35 0.05 20.90 0.07 0.26 0.43 0.16 ND
S1
Bottom
0.02 0.01 0.03 20.36 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.10 ND
S2 Top 0.02 1.74 0.03 24.41 0.02 0.35 0.15 0.12 ND
S2
Bottom
0.02 0.66 0.03 21.45 0.05 0.20 0.24 0.11 ND
S3 Top 0.02 0.53 0.02 3.39 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.06 ND
S3
Bottom
0.02 1.59 0.03 2.19 0.04 0.19 0.13 0.03 ND
S4 Top 0.02 2.02 0.02 9.06 0.05 0.17 0.10 0.07 ND
S4
Bottom
0.01 3.79 0.01 16.67 0.03 0.19 0.07 0.05 ND
S5 Top 0.00 2.77 0.02 26.4 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.12 ND
S5
Bottom
0.00 1.68 0.02 26.4 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.07 ND
S6 Top 0.01 1.25 0.01 23.00 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.10 ND
S6
Bottom
0.01 1.32 0.01 27.00 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.11 ND
54
5.2.7.1 Soil Texture
Texture refers to the size and proportion of mineral particles (sand, silt, and clay) of which soil
are composed but does not refer to its organic matter or humus content. Texture generally varies
with soil depth, with the deeper soil tending to be more clayey, more compact and less friable
than shallow soil. Soil texture dictates water-retention capacity and drainage properties of the
soil, soil erosion as well as its ability to retain and absorb nutrients, which determines soil
fertility and a key influence in soil productivity and management. The particle size analysis
(expressed as fractions of sand, silt and clay) showed that sandy soils dominate the soils of the
study area. Results of laboratory analysis carried out on soil samples indicate that sand-sized
samples were preponderant in the soils, accounting for more than 90% in all cases.
5.2.8 Geology
5.2.8.1 Regional Geology
The study area falls within the eastern part of the Dahomey basin, in southwestern Nigeria. The
basin (Figure 5.2.8.1) extends from the eastern part of Ghana through Togo and Republic of
Benin to the western margin of the Niger/Delta basin in Nigeria. The basin is separated from the
Benue trough by a basement ridge, the Okitipupa ridge a paleographic high. It is bounded in the
east by Benin hinge line, a major regional fault structure marking the western limit of the delta
basin (Adegoke, 1969). The regional fault consists of horst and grabens (Omatsola and Adegoke,
1981) and confirmed by gravity and aeromagnetic studies (e.g. Adighije, 1981; Ofoegbu, 1984;
Nur et. al., 1994).
55
Figure 5.2.8.1: Generalised Geological map of Dahomey Basin
(from Adegoke and Omatsola, 1981)
5.2.8.2 Stratigraphy
The stratigraphy of Dahomey basin based on Jones and Hockey (1964) and Omatsola and
Adegoke (1981) is as shown in Table 5.14.
Table 5.14: The stratigraphy of the Dahomey basin
Jones and Hockey 1964 Omatsola and Adegoke
1981
Quaternary Recent Oligocene to
Pleistocene
Alluvium Coastal Plains Sands
(CPS) Ilaro formation
Alluvium coastal Plains
(CPS)
Tertiary Eocene
Paleocene- Lower
Eocene
Ewekoro Formation Oshosun Formation
Akinbo Formation
Ewekoro Formation
Cretacious Cretaceous Abeokuta formation Araromi Formation
Aofowo formation
Ise formation
Pre-Cambrian Pre-Cambrian Basement complex Basement complex
56
The generalized stratigraphic cross section (north-south) across the basin is as depicted in Figure
5.2.8.2.
Figure 5.2.8.2: Generalised Stratigraphic cross (N–S) across the Dahomey Basin (after Oyegoke, 1986)
5.2.8.3 Local Geology of the Project Site
Geologically, Lagos state lies in the alluvium, littoral and lagoonal deposit and Coastal Plains
Sand (Figure 5.2.8.3). The area study falls within the Coastal Plains Sand unit and comprising
soft, very poorly sorted clayey sand, pebbly sands, sandy clays and rare thin lignites which
littered sparsely especially at the southeastern and central part of the area. There are also
sediments consisting mainly of unconsolidated sands, clays and muds with a varying proportion
of vegetative matter. The sediments were probably deposited under littoral and lagoonal
conditions and reflect continual shifting lagoon and sea beach patterns as well as varying
sedimentation conditions within the lagoons.
57
Figure 5.2.8.3.1: Geological Map of Lagos area (Coode Blizard et al., 1997)
5.2.9 Soil
The soils of the study area are reminiscent of its geology and topographic nature. They are very deep
and well-drained with traces of proximity to maritime influences. They have dark-brownish, loamy
surface underlain by pale loamy soils which is representative of a soil under hydraulic action
referred to as juvenile soil of fluviomarine alluvium (mangrove swamp). These soils are mostly
recognised in parts of Lagos state under the influence of the Lagos Lagoon.
5.2.10 Surface and Ground water Hydrology
The project area is proximate to the Lagos Lagoon on the southward end. It is connected to it
through series of shallow and ephemeral streams with its seasonal activity. This is reminiscent of
the physiographic nature of the area. There are instances and spots of wetlands with surface
water that runs in a curvilinear fashion into the lagoon. These lacustrine wetlands in conjunction
with the Lagos Lagoon define the hydrological characterization of the project area.
58
5.3 Biological Environment
5.3.1 Ecosystem
The ecology of the project area could be viewed from the surrounding landscape. Although parts
of the area have been cleared for crop cultivation purposes, yet the strand of disturbed and
undisturbed coastal forest on the southward and northward axis presents a good perspective of
the area. The extent of the built environment has not had much impact on the natural landscape.
Maze of mangrove swamps can be observed with series of palm trees, shrubs, and herbaceous
plants close to wetland. In addition, there are flora life in form of plant regrowth and secondary
formations such includes regrowth of grasses, shrubs and coastal marsh plants which are
indicators of human alteration of the natural landscape to produce secondary ecological areas.
The observed ecology typifies that of a rural area with random buildings and more of green
surfaces, farm plots, and derived forest. Thus, the ecosystem though altered still present a good
mixture of flora and flauna characteristic of a rural setting.
5.3.2 Vegetation
Vegetation is an integral part of the terrestrial environment and performs several functions that
are crucial to the sustenance of the environment. Some of these functions include:
i. Protection of the fragile soils from the erosive impacts of rains and wind.
ii. Maintenance of soil fertility through continuous nutrient recycling.
iii. Conservation of water resources through shading
iv. Preservation of water sheds.
v. Regulation of air and soil temperatures.
vi. Moisture balance.
vii. Provision of habitat for countless terrestrial flora and fauna
viii. Purification of the environment through the carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and the
release of oxygen for human and animal respiration
Vegetation in the study area consists of swampy species as well as upland species. The swampy
species occurring around the south-eastern end of the project area appears to be periodically
inundated and swampy. Upland species are available in the northern and western fringes of the
area as well as within the main study location.
59
5.3.2.1 Plant Characterization / Identification
The general physiognomy of the plants presently existing within the study area is secondary
vegetation, resulting from agricultural/industrial development within the study area. A
description of the observations made on the vegetation of the area is described below:
5.3.2.2 Plant Physiognomy
The vegetal composition within the study area was generally thick and luxuriant, consisting of
trees, annual herbs and perennial species. These include: Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus
spinosus, Asystasia gangetica, Chloris pilosa, Commelina erecta, Cyperus spp., Mariscus spp.,
Paspalum spp., Setaria batata, and Tridax procumbens.
5.3.2.3 Inventory of Economic Crops
The prevalent economic crops include Talinum triangulare (water leaf), Saccharum officinarum
(sugarcane) Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam), Capsicum spp. (pepper), Lycopersicum esculetum
(tomato), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Carica papaya (paw paw), Telfaria occidentales (Fluted
pumpkin), Citrus spp. Magnifera indica (mango), Musa paradisiaca (plantain), M. sepientum
(banana), Psidium guajava (guava), and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) (See Table 5.15).
Table 5.15: List of economic crops
S/n Taxon Common Name
1 Capsicum spp. Pepper
2 Carica papaya Pawpaw
3 Cocus nucifera Coconut
4 Colocasia esculenta Cocoyam
5 Dioscorea spp Yam
6 Elaeis guineensis Oil palm
7 Lycopersicum esculentum Tomato
8 Mangifera indica Mango
9 Manihot escuulenta Cassava
10 Musa paradisiacal Plantain
11 Musa sapientum Banana
12 Psidium guajava Guava
13 Persia amaricana Avocado Pear
14 Saccharum officinarum Sugarcane
15 Talinum triangulare Water leaf
16 Anacardium occidentals Cashew
60
5.3.3 Fauna and wildlife resources
The information obtained on the animal and wildlife resources within the study area is presented
in Table 5.16. Animal and wildlife resources were taxonomically identified (to species level and
also with local and common name), and identified with the national and/or international
protection status. In addition, information was obtained through interviews with hunters, dealers
in animal products, and other interactive sessions. Wildlife in the project area and its immediate
vicinity consisted of Mammals, birds and reptiles. The mammals are mostly rodents such as
grass-cutter, Nile Giant rat, porcupines, squirrels and Pangolins. Duikers are also recorded to be
available in the area.
Information on various birds in the study area is presented in Table 5.17 below. These birds
include aquatic species such as kingfishers, egrets; and garden and forest species such as the
doves and weaver birds. Their number and variety suggests that the avian population of the area
is very rich.
Table 5.16: Mammals Recorded in the Project Area
Common Name Biological Name Status
Mona Monkey Cecopithecus mona Common
White-bellied pangolin Manis tricuspis Common
Black-bellied penguin Manis teradactyla Common
Giant pangolin Manis gigantean Common
Grasscutter Thyronymys swinderianus Common
Gambian Giant Rat Cricetomys gambianus Common
Nile Harsh-furred Rat Arvicathis niloticus Common
Fruit Bat Eidolon helvum Common
Red-legged sun squirrel Heliosciurus rufobrachium Uncommon
Fire-footed Tree-squirrel Funisciurus pyrrhopus Common
Ground squirrel Xerus erythropus Uncommon
Blotched Genet (“Bush cat) Genetta tigrina ”
Marsh mongoose (“Fox”) Atilax paludinosus Uncommon
Sitatunga (“Antelope”) Tragelaphus spekei Common
Grimm’s Duiker Sylvicarpa grimmi Uncommon
Red River Hog Potamocherus porcus Uncommon
Crested porcupine Hystrix cristala Uncommon
Brush-tailed porcupine Artherurus Africanus Common
61
Table 5.17: Birds of the project Area
Common name Biological name
Little Egret (white phase) Egretta garzetta
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus
Hammerkop Scopus umbretta
Crowned Hawk Eagle Stephanoaet-us coronatus
Senegalese coucal Centropus sengalensis
Palm-nut vulture Gypohierax augolensis
Balck kite Milvus migrans
Red-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquata
Vinaceous dove Streptopelia vinacea
Senegal kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis
Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis
Squre –tailed rough winged swallow Psalidoprocne nitens
Plain-backed pipit Anthus leucophyrs
Carmelite sunbird Nectarinia fuliginosa
Olive-bellied sunbird Nectarinia chloropygia
Common Bulbul Pycnonotus barbaetus
Francolin (bush fowl) Francolinus bicalcaratus
Grey-headed sparrow Passer griseus
Village Weaver Ploceus cucculatus
The reptilian fauna consists of tortoise, crocodiles, snakes and lizards (Table 5.18). Dangerous
snakes found in the area include pythons, mambas and spitting cobras.
Table 5.18: Reptiles and Amphibians reported to be present in the area
Biological Name Common Name Status
Trionyx triunguis African soft-shelled turtle Uncommon
Kinixys erosa Serrate Hinge-backed Common
Pelusios niger Black Swamp Turtle Common (in flooded forests)
Osteolemus tetraspis Dwarf Crocidile (“Alligator”) Common
Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor Lizard (“iguana”) “
Python sebae African python “
Dasypeltis fasciata Egg-eating snake Common
Dendroaspis jamesoni Green Mamba Common
Naja nigricollis Spitting cobra “
62
Chameleon gracilis Common chameleon Common
Dicroglossus occipitalis Bullfrog (“Jumping chicken”) “
5.4 Socio-cultural Environment
5.4.1 Administration
The project area falls within Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State southwestern Nigeria. Epe
Local Government Area is one of the twenty local government areas acknowledged by the
constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The people of Epe are essentially of the Ijebu ethnic
class of the well-extended Yoruba ethnic group of Nigeria. The local government area is governed
by a chairman who is the chief administrative head of the local government.
According to the 2006 National Population and Housing Census conducted by the National
Population Commission, Epe local Government has a population of 181,409 on a land area of
965 km2 giving about 187.99 people per square kilometer; a value that is far less than the state
average and a pointer to the nature of the area.
5.4.2 Socio economic Facilities
The study area is a village. It is a typical rural setting which is very close to a growing yet well-
established town. The area is predominantly and traditionally agrarian with agricultural activities
such as crop production and fishing. It main populations are engaged in rural agriculture. The
community has no healthcare facility, no primary schools or secondary except the privately-
owned Atlantic Hall which is beyond the reach of a resident farmer in the village. Therefore,
dwellers of this area will have to travel to Epe in order to get the services of a medical officer or
get education for their children.
5.4.3 Ethnic groups
The project area is populated traditionally by the Ijebus. On current terms people of different
tribes from the entire country – Nigeria can be found in Epe engaged in one form of business or
trading activity for living. However, for the project area it is a strictly Yoruba settlement. Other
tribes that are identifiable include the Hausas/Fulanis, Ibos, Itshekiris, Ijaw, Tivs, amongst
several others. In addition, foreign nationals have also migrated to the area to establish
industries.
63
CHAPTER SIX
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS
6.0 Introduction
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has to do with the assessment plan to
appraise the impacts (positive and negative impacts) of a proposed or existing development on
lives of current and future residents of the development project area and their surroundings.
ESIA is a crucial assessment due to several reasons. Generally, it is used to alert the stakeholders
(community, including residents and local officials), of the impact and magnitude, as case may
be, of the proposed and existing development project on the affected community‟s environmental
and beyond, social and economic well beings. The assessment helps avoid creating inequities
among community groups as well as encourages the positive impacts associated with the
development project while proffering solutions to negative impacts.
This study provides estimates of expected changes in demographics, housing, public services,
and even the aesthetic quality of the affected people and settlements that will result from the
development. The study similarly gives an opportunity for diverse community values to be
integrated into the decision-making process. A component of this assessment provides a
foundation on how positive impacts of projects‟ interventions of Lagos State Commercial
Agriculture can be enhanced in a sustainable manner. This impact assessment report has been
prepared regarding the all-encompassing impacts of Government project interventions aiming at
enhancing farm output and living standard of Lagos farmers under the stipulated value chain
(Rice production, Poultry and fishery). The study area and geographical scope of the social
baseline covers Araga Farm Settlement (Agric YES) with a view to assess the impacts of
agricultural project interventions listed as follows:
5. Construction and rehabilitation of farm access roads
6. Rural Power generation
7. Water Provision
8. Farm input including Fingerlings
9. Drainage system
64
Araga Farm Settlement is an institute saddled with responsibility of empowering next generation
farmers; in other words, it is an Agriculture-based Youth Empowerment Scheme (AGRIC-YES).
The need to engage our youths as potential agents of change for themselves and their
communities gave birth to AGRIC-YES. The scheme was intended as a social protection
programme designed to empower our youths and train them in modern agricultural techniques on
vegetable farming; poultry; livestock farming; aquaculture and basic book-keeping. Up to date,
the programme has produced more than 300 trained farmers being placed on internship and who
are currently practicing in the institute.
6.1 Methodology
This study was designed to assess from an external and independent point of view, the scale and
range of the social and environmental impacts of the proposed agricultural project interventions
by LSCADO at Araga Farm Settlement in Epe Local Government Area (LGA) of Lagos State. In
undertaking the assessment, a combination of research methods were used to collect socio-
economic data, including the following:
Review of historical/existing data for population characteristics and hospital records of
the LGA
Reconnaissance survey to identify all stakeholders that are directly or indirectly impacted
In-depth interview with community Commodity Investment Group (CIG) and leaders of
the identified communities (traditional leaders, women leaders, religious leaders and
youth leaders); this provides a vertical depth knowledge on the likely socio-economic
impacts of the proposed project
Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with project affected farmers and communities
Personal observation
Structured questionnaire to collect baseline information and farmer‟s perception of the
intervention. Simple random sampling was used for the administration of the
questionnaire and enumeration of the combination of the basic socio-economic
characteristics. Population estimation was based on the combinations of questionnaire
survey and projection from 1991/2006 census figures by the National Population
65
Commission (NPC). In all, a total number of 100 questionnaires administered were
returned.
6.1.1 Data Collection Sampling Methodology
Sampling of stakeholders for engagement and data collection (as shown from Plate 6.1.1 to
6.1.2) was based on the following criteria:
Adequate representation from the relevant social groups in the study location
Inclusion of groups and individuals with different population characteristics/socio-
economic status
Participation of those with access to relevant information;
Evidence of different type of livelihood activities; and
Inclusion of males and females where possible
6.2 Description of LGA and Host Community
Epe is one of the twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Lagos State. The division is
divided into two Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) vis; Epe and Ibeju-Lekki with Epe
serving as the divisional headquarters. Epe lies about 89kms north-east of the City of Lagos.
Urakaloye was the man reputed to be the ancestral founder of Epe, a name derived from black
ants, which invaded Urakaloye hunting home-stead.
Hence, the town name, Epe, means the forest of black ants. Epe division consists of Epe,
Agbowa-Ikosi, Ilara, Odo-Ayandelu, Igbodu, Ejinrin, Poka, Itoikin, Idotun, Ita-Oko, Omi, Temu
Ise and Debojo. Others are Apawa, Aba-Titun, Abomite, Afere, Apakin, Abalaye Orogantigan,
Kayetoro Eleko, Yegunda, Okunraya, Keta, Arapagi, Aiyeteju, Okunfolu, Osoroko,
Olomowewe, Ibeju-Lekki, Akodo, Otolu, Magbon-Alade, Oriba, Iwerekin, Iberekodo, Idado,
Igando-Orudu, Tiye, Awoyaya, Ite-Omi, Bogije, Siriwon, Idaso, Orimedu, Olorunkoya, Ojota,
Ode-Ifa, Ofin, Igbesibi and Igbolomi, among others.
A peculiar feature of Epe is the presence of a long range of hills, which demarcates the coastal
town into equal parts. However, in Ibeju-Lekki, artisanal fishing, sandy beach and coconut
66
fringed Atlantic coastlines are distinctive characteristics of the environment, which has enormous
tourism potentials. Fishing and farming form the major occupations of the inhabitants of the
Division, which also includes the Eko-Aworis.
6.3 Results and Discussions
6.3.1 Demographic Profile
The farm estate located in Araga, Epe LGA, and the settlement must likely to be impacted on by
the activities of the farm settlement estate positively and or negatively. The demographic profile
of this settlement was examined in the context of the profile of the Local Government Area
(LGA), it belongs to (Epe LGA). Data used for the profile analysis were therefore drawn from all
the relevant document of the LGA and the feedback forms (questionnaires).
6.3.2 Population Size
Since the host community of interest does not have a specific population record of its own,
because it constitutes part of the overall population of Epe LGA in which it is sited, its
population size was estimated using the population of the LGA. Figures 6.3.2.1 and 6.3.2.2 show
the 1991 and 2006 population estimates of National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Lagos State
Bureau of Statistics (LSBS) for Lagos State and Epe LGA. With 3.2 % annual growth rate, the
population of the State and the LGA was projected to 2015, expecting to be 23, 305, 971 and
429,706 respectively. The LGA has seriously influenced by the influx of people from Lagos
urban centres as result of high cost of living and urbanization.
67
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
1991 2006 2015
3,01
0,60
4
2,71
4,51
2
5,72
5,11
6
4,7
19
,12
5
4,3
94,
480
9,11
3,60
5
12
,07
2,4
93
11,2
33,4
78
23,
305
,97
1
Figure 6.3.2.1: Population Estimation and Projection of Lagos State
Source: NBS and LSBS
49
,80
2
51
,66
2 10
1,4
64
91
,92
5
89
,80
9
18
1,7
34
21
7,4
31
21
2,2
75
42
9,7
06
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
1991 2006 2015
Figure 6.3.2.2: Population Estimation and Projection of Epe LGA
Source: NBS and LSBS
68
6.3.3 Age Profile
Age distribution of a given location concerns with the description of the age structure of such
population. The knowledge of the age structure of a population is vital to the planning and
organization of welfare programmes in the society. The age distribution of respondents is shown
in Figure 6.3.3.1 below.
The age distribution presented has lots of implications on planning. The high proportion of the
respondents recorded within the age range 18-45 years (74%), in which most of them are below
30 years of age. This means that most of the sampled households and individuals fall within the
active population. This will be highly beneficial to sustainable agricultural development and food
security in Lagos state and the Nation at large, through provision of the skilled labour in
agricultural setting. Since the age distribution is also characterized by agility, exuberance and
energy, it is highly important that, these people must be provided with basic necessities in order
to remain in the sector. Also, the respondents within the range of above 65 years, 46-65yrs and
below 18yr had estimates of 10%, 11% and 5% in that order.
Below 18 yrs5%
18-45 yrs74%
46-65 yrs11%
Above 65 yrs10%
Figure 6.3.3.1: Age Profile of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2013
69
6.3.4. Sex Profile
The age profile of the population in any area can be defined as the relative proportion of males
and females within it. This can also be referred to as the sex ratio or distribution. The sex
composition of the respondents is presented in Figure 6.3.4.1.
The result in the Table shows that there are more males respondents than females. The high
proportion of males may serve as advantage to the productivity of the famers since men are
mostly needed in farming activities. As shown in the Figure, the male respondents had a total of
71% while female recorded a total of 29%.
Male71%
Female29%
Male
Female
Figure 6.3.4.1: Sex Profile of Respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.5 Families and Households
There are various categories of families and households identified in the neighbouring
communities. For ease of understanding these categories will be discussed under two sub-
categories, namely; Marital and family type.
6.3.6 Marital Status
Marital status of a sample respondent describes the type of relationship that exists between adults
(male and female) within that particular population. It shows the number of individuals of
marriage age that are actually married and those that are not. Figure 6.3.6.1 shows the marital
status of respondents.
70
As shown in the Figure, most of the in-scope households and individuals that have married
slightly above those who are yet to marry. This has an implication on potential population
increase. It determines the household type, the consumption power and the infrastructure needs
of the resident of the area. As was reported, the high proportion of individuals who are yet to
marry was attributed to poor economic situation of the country. Marriage status describes the
level of responsibility as well as risk an individual can take.
010203040
5045 47
6
2
Figure 6.3.6.1: Marital Status
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.7 Family Types
These have to do with the description of the nature of the family type that exists within the
population. It examines and differentiates the present family types in sample frame. The high
proportion of sample households with zero dependants was as a result of the fact that, most of the
respondents are students in the sampled institute.
As shown in Figure 6.3.7.1 below, the families with dependants of 1-2 persons below 18 years
recorded the highest proportion (41%) among the sample households and individuals. This was
followed by the households with zero dependants (35%). The farmers with 2-4 dependants in the
sampled frame returned 16% while 4-8 dependants and above 8 dependants recorded 4% each of
the sample frame.
71
35%
41%
16%
4% 4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
0 Dpt 1-2 Dpts 2-4 Dpts 4-8 Dpts Above 8 Dpts
Figure 6.3.7.1: Size of Households
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.8 Residential Status of Respondents
Residential status of the respondents is presented in Table 6.3.8.1 below. As shown in the table,
76.0% of the total sampled individuals and households resided permanently within the institute
and this is due to the availability of accommodation for the trainees whose are the dominant
respondents. This is followed by the returnees (Back Home residents) with an estimated value of
20.0% of the in-scope individuals and households.
Table 6.3.8.1: Residential Status of Respondents
Variables Frequency Percentage
Permanent Resident 76 76.0%
Back Home Resident
(Returnee)
20 20.0%
Non Resident, Visiting 4 4.0%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2013
72
6.3.9 Duration of Living in Farm Settlement
Assessment of the duration of residence in Araga Farm Settlement and surroundings is presented
in Table 6.3.9.1 below. As shown in the Table, the number of years the residents with highest
proportion (52.0%) have stayed in area was two to four years. The residents within the range of
zero to one had 25.0% while the dwellers resided for over four years had an estimate of 23.0% of
the total sample households.
The length of time of residency of respondents has lots of implications for the study. Generally,
it shows the validity of the data collected since the respondents have seen it all having lived in
the area for quite a reasonable number of years.
Table 6.3.9.1: Duration of Living in Farm Settlement
Variable Frequency Percentage
0-1 year 25 25.0%
2-4 years 52 52.0%
Above 4 years 23 23.0%
Total 100 100%
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.10 Educational Status of Respondents
Educational status of the respondents was used to measure the literacy level of the sampled
individual and households in the study area. The educational status of the respondents is
presented in Table 6.3.10.1.
The result presented below shows a high proportion of respondents having tertiary qualification.
This translates into a high literacy level of the area. It also points to the possibility of a cordial
relationship among the project affected people and the communities. Another advantage of this is
that it will enhance peaceful and intelligent resolution of conflicts among the people when they
interact. This can translate to supply of high quality manpower that is needed for efficient
functioning of the activities and the productivity of the farmers in the study area.
73
Table 6.3.10.1: level of Education of Respondents
Variable Frequency Percentage
Primary School 11 11.0
Secondary School 26 26.0
Tertiary (Excluding University 24 24.0
University Graduate 36 36.0
University Post Graduate 3 3.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.11 Employment Status of Respondents
Mostly, the employment status of a particular population indicates the major source of income
for the household members of that population. It also describes the potential source of labour. It
indicates what the inhabitants do to make a living.
The result of analysed data indicates that majority of the respondents are engaged in farming
activities most especially mixed farming (livestock, aquaculture and arable cropping). The high
proportion of respondents engaged in primary activities says a lot about the economic status of
the respondent. It also gives an insight into what is needed to improve the living standard of the
in-scope farmers (trainees) in the study area. It was also realized that, the highest proportion
being recorded as students are trainee being empowered by Government to become a full-time
farmers in near future. A detailed finding is illustrated in Table 6.3.11.1below.
Table 6.3.11.1: Main Occupation of Respondents
Variable Frequency Percentage
Agriculture 19 19.0
Livestock 15 15.0
Student (Trainee) 33 33.0
Trading and Shop Keeping 7 7.0
Artisans 6 6.0
Employed (Salary) 5 5.0
Remittances 4 4.0
Aquaculture 10 10.0
Total 100 100.0
74
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.12 Income Status of Respondents
This refers to the average income a respondent expects to get at the end of the month, either
working personally or for someone else. It shows the economic status of a particular population.
Table 6.3.12.1shows the monthly income of the sample households and individuals.
This result shows that, the high proportion of respondents fall within the income range N10,001-
N30,000 (63.0%). Most of the respondents within the group are trainees with little or no other
source of income. The respondents within the income range of N30,001-N50,00 and N50,001-
N100,00 had an estimated figures of 12.0%% and 10% of the total responses respectively. The
respondents receiving less than N10,000 per month had an estimate of 10.0% while respondents
getting more than N100,000 in a monthly basis had 5.0%.
Table 6.3.12.1: Income Status
Variable Frequency Percentage
Below N10,000 10 10.0
N10,001-N30,000 63 63.0
N30,001-N50,000 12 12.0
N50,001-N100,000 10 10.0
Above N100,000 5 5.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.13 Housing Characteristics
The housing profile of the sampled households describes the distribution of different building
types being occupied by the respondents and indirectly signified the dominant types of building
in the study areas. The essence of this assessment is that, it differentiates the desirable from the
non-desirable buildings. It also indicates the economic status of the respondents.
As depicted in Table 6.3.13.1 the most common type of buildings found in the study area
essentially the residence with the farm settlement that is the trainees (farmers) are mini flat with
corrugated roofing and cement block wall, mainly occupied by two trainees. This building is
being built by the government assist next generation farmers. The thatched roofs with plank wall
75
are not common in the area. The situation was not the same outside the settlement where people
are living in a building without or with a pit toilet.
Table 6.3.13.1: Type of building
Building Parts Value Label Frequency Percentage
Construction
Material (Wall)
Plastered Mud 0 0.0
Mud 7 7.0
Cement Block 93 93.0
Total 100 100.0
Construction
Material
(Roofing)
Asbestos Slate 13 13.0
Corrugated Aluminum zinc
sheets
67 67.0
Aluminum 20 20.0
Thatched roof 0 0.0
Total 100 100.0
Construction
Material
(Floor)
Earthen 18 18.0
Cement 69 69.0
Tiles 13 13.0
Other 0 0.0
Total 100 100.0
Toilet Facility Pit latrine 14 14.0
Water borne system 72 72.0
Toilet facility outside dwelling 8 8.0
None 6 6.0
Other 0 0.0
Total 100 100.0
Tenure of
Housing
Owned 26 26.0
Rented 7 7.0
Occupied rent free 64 64.0
Other 3 3.0
76
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2013
6.3.14 Health Records
As was stated by the in-scope households and individuals, all respondents indicated that they are
in good health condition (100%) which is quite necessary for the nature of the work. Also, the
responses reflected the health facilities frequently used for treatment of illnesses/ailments within
the vicinity. As was stated, hospital/clinic (24.0%), chemist (46.0%) and traditional medicine
(30.0%) were mostly visited for ailments/diseases. The ailments/diseases significantly affected
people and communities are malaria and typhoid. Table 6.3.14.1 displays the health records.
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
Attending Hospital/Clinic
Buying Drug from Chemist
Using Traditional Medicine
24.0
46.0
30.0
Figure 6.3.14.1: Health Status of Sampled Individuals and Households
Source: Field Survey, 2013
However, efforts were made to visit nearby general hospital in the LGA in order to acquire the
information on most prominent ailments among the patients. As was reported, the dominant ailments
were: Malaria, Typhoid fever, Pile, Whooping Cough, Eye pains, Rashes, Ringworm, Rheumatism,
Dysentery and Diarrhea.
6.3.15 Social and Health Infrastructure
This part looks at how the solid waste generated by residents of the community are collected or
stored and eventually disposed. This determines the vulnerability of the community to diseases
77
and epidemics. Table 6.3.15.1shows the refuse collection methods by the farmers and the
residents in the area.
The issue of waste management needs a proper attention due to lack proper waste management
system in the area including the residents of the farm settlement. The solid waste/refuse
collection technique used by most residents is the open dustbin method, while the most prevalent
disposal method as shown in the Table 6.3.15.1 is by dumping into the bush (44.0%). All the
identified methods for solid waste disposal encourage the spread of diseases by vectors. Detailed
findings are presented in Table 6.3.15.1 below.
Table 6.3.15.1: Refuse Disposal
Variable Frequency Percentage
Dumping at backyard 13 13.0
Dumping in Water Body 0 0.0
Community Dedicated
Dumpsite
12 12.0
Burning after Gathering 21 21.0
Waster Collector (PSP) 0 0.0
Other 44 44.0
Total 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2012
6.3.16 Main Sources of Domestic water
Assessment of availability and accessibility of domestic and portable water to the dwellers of the
farm settlement is presented in Table 6.3.16.1below. The residents of the farm settlement and
surroundings have two main sources of water for domestic water supply which include hand-dug
well and borehole. The borehole is only main source of water available and accessible to the
trainees (farmers) in the Araga farm settlement.
For domestic water supply, 73.0% of the total sampled households/farmers depend on borehole
for domestic water supply. This is next to hand-dug well with 27.0% of the respondents. Other
sources of water are not available except rain harvest which is seasonal, available only in the
rainy season.
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With respect to portable water supply, 80.0% of the sampled households and individuals
depended mainly on borehole. In addition, pure water and bottle water recorded 12% and 8% to
the in-scope households and farmers.
Table 6.3.16.1: Main Sources of Domestic Water
Value Label
Domestic Water
Supply
Portable Water
Supply
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Rain Harvest 0 0.0 0 0.0
Surface Water (Stream, River, etc.) 0 0.0 0 0.0
Hand-dug well system 27 27.0 0 0.0
Bore hole 73 73.0 80 80.0
Tap water 0 0.0 0 0.0
Pure water 0 0.0 12 12.0
Bottle water 0 0.0 8 8.0
Total Response 100 100.0 100 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2012
6.3.17 Resources and Cultural Properties
All communities all over the world have natural resources which they value and try to protect.
The community of interest is not different because they placed high premium on the forest and
water resources. Thus, despite their welcoming of project interventions by farmers, some
respondents indicated that they have issues with the implemented projects particularly with road
rehabilitation and construction and drainage systems. As presented in Figure 6.3.17.1,
environment issues observed in the farm settlement include:
Land pollution which was attributed to waste management problem
Flooding, surface and erosion problem as a result of poor drainage system
Environmental degradation
Air pollution (bad odour) from poultry dropping
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43%
18%
23%
11%5% Poor Drainage System
Flooding
Erosion
Environmental Degration
Surface and Ground Water Pollution
Figure 6.3.17.1: Community Environmental Issues
6.3.18 Social Impacts
Available data analysis indicates that the expected social impacts of the project implemented are
highly positive. About 65% of the respondents believed that the implemented and the proposed
projects will encourage high productivity and better standard of living of the farmers. At the
FGDs and in depth interview, the participants applauded the effort of Government to enhance
food security through empowerment scheme and job creation in the state. Undoubtedly,
Commercial Agriculture Development Projects are highly positive but more are still expecting
from the Government. These include:
Provision of health centre/clinic;
Better means of transportation for effective movement farm input and output;
Adequate waste management;
Better remuneration for farmers;
Rehabilitation of inner farm access roads network;
Adequate loan and credit facilities to farmers to enhance the farm output;
Provision of waste processing factory; and
Egg processing facilities e.g. raw egg (unprocessed) to powder egg (processed).
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6.3.19 Environmental degradation
The data that emanated from administered questionnaire, focused group discussions and
interviews revealed that certain environmental problems presently affecting the community. The
problems indicated include flooding, improper waste management resulting to environmental
degradation. About 43% of the respondents identified poor drainage system as main factor
causing flooding and erosion.
6.4 Contribution of the CADP to development
The acquired data shows that high proportion of the respondents and farmers agree that the
project implemented by CADP has a significant positive impact on agricultural productivity and
living standard of farmers in the settlement. The CADP contribution to the agricultural
development can be itemized as follows:
Improved access roads for effective movement of the farm input and output
Provision of fingerling to boost fish production
Improved power supply for domestic and agricultural usage
Water supply for domestic and agricultural usage (activities of fishery)
Job creation for young school leavers e.g. youth empowerment scheme, extension workers
and services, farm input and output (distribution) etc.
6.5 Conclusion
In summary, the population of farmers in Arage Farm Settlement and its surroundings is
characterized by:
A high proportion of young farmers (trainees) within the settlement, comprising people of
18 to 45 years
A high proportion of households who are yet to marry within the farm settlement
A high proportion of households and individual comprising couples with children (2-4);
The community of the study area is characterized by low income group including trained
farmers
These features are consistent with the profile of active population, ready to be propelled into
active productive action if farming activities are encouraged particularly farmers under the
training in the institute. In terms of amenities, the people in the community lack certain basic
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amenities such as good refuse disposal system within and outside the settlement, good toilet
facility mainly (outside the farm settlement), and inadequate transport facility (within the
settlement).
Further characteristics suggestive of social disadvantage include:
The relatively low level of income;
A significant proportion of group household types with couples and many children; thus
the need for more schools;
High dependence on subsistence farming and small scale activities;
Lack of hospital/clinic and health facilities in the estate for farmers;
Inadequate market for farm produce;
Unavailability of primary and secondary school for children; and
Lack of loan and credit facility to effectively boost agricultural output.
The simple fact that will benefit the farmers in the long run is the influx of different categories of
people into the surroundings of the farm settlement as this will boost the market for farm output.
However, this influx will eventually increase the population of the entire community, which will
subsequently put more pressure on the insufficient social amenities. The population has been
experiencing constant growth and change for many years not only as a result of natural growth
but also to the influx of people from Lagos urban centres as a result of high cost of living in the
city and urbanization.
In terms of health impacts, many of the residents did not believe that the CADP activities
brought about any major negative impact on their health. Some however intensified that the
major concern is solid waste management which could be a threat if adequate measures are not
put in place. Majority of the respondents dismissed the possibility of contacting diseases as a
result of bad odour resulting from poultry dropping since they are accustomed to the situation,
demanding for waste processing factory where poultry dropping can be processed to manure.
This will in turn provide manure to boost farm productivity.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND SIGNIFICANCE
7.1 Methodology for Impact Identification
The potential environmental and social impacts likely to arise as a result of the Lagos State
Commercial Agriculture Development Project (LSCADP) were assessed by harmonizing the
project components with the surrounding environmental and social and cultural resources. This
chapter presents observed impacts resulting from the intervention projects. Information regarding
the social, cultural, natural and coastal resources, etc., was sourced from related literature, visits
to the project site and consultation with relevant stakeholders. Stakeholders were involved in the
identification of the potential impacts of the LSCADP.
7.2 LSCADP and Associated Activities
The potential interactions between various intervention project activities and environmental and
social receptors were identified for analysis. At the project phase (operational phase), these were
evaluated against site-specific conditions using information gathered for baseline conditions and
site observations. The interactions/project phase activities were „screened out‟ if the potential for
impact did not exist or is negligible.
7.3 Project activities and potential environmental and social impacts
Specifically, under Component 2 of the CAD project, the menu of subprojects will include: (a)
rehabilitation and/or construction of feeder and/or farm access roads, culverts and small bridges;
and (b) rehabilitation and maintenance of rural energy, including provision of transformers and
transmission lines. These sub-projects will have both positive and negative environmental and
social impacts. The following section identifies the potential environmental and social impacts
associated with the interventions as relates to the agricultural sector, commercial farming,
agribusinesses as well as the impacts that might have resulted from feeder/farm access road
operation.
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7.3.1 Positive Impacts of the Project on the Agricultural Sector
(a) Direct income increase
The project has generated direct benefits to commercial farmers who are already participating in
organized supply chains through increased production and farm-gate prices due to quality
improvement. The smallholder and commercial farmers has intensified an increase in their
production as well as their return on labour, as a result of improved extension programmes and
improved access to financing for on-farm investments and inputs provided by agro-businesses. In
addition, smallholders and local rural communities in general has benefited from feeder road
rehabilitation and better organizational arrangements within the supply chains.
(b) Employment and labour productivity
Improvement of agricultural productivity under the value chain has resulted in increased labour
productivity. Diversification of farm production activities has increased labour demand (i.e. spot
labour). It is also expected that the development of marketing services available to farmers will
generate additional employment opportunities in the medium and long-term. The project has also
created new employment in the out grower schemes and in the trade and agro-processing sector
and development of new investment opportunities. The project has also had a positive impact on
employment in the formal sector through job creation within the supply chain.
(c) Food security and risk reduction
Intensification of commercial agricultural production systems has had a positive impact on food security.
Combined with improved access to markets, has helped commercial farmers to make better production
decisions that has reduced farmers‟ income variability.
(d) Impacts Associated with Rehabilitation Road
This component of the proposed Project involved upgrading/rehabilitating or widen farm access roads and
adding drainage structures. Though, the existing alignment shall be followed but improvements to the
vertical and horizontal alignments of isolated sections to enhance the safety of road users should equally
be made. Since the Earthworks will be limited to the shoulders and drainage repairs, then the potential
impacts will equally be minimal.
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Since the assessment covered all phases of the intervention, socio-economic benefits provided by
road includes all-weather road reliability, reduced transportation costs, increased access to
markets for local produce and products, better access to health care and other social services. In
the long term, this will have more positive benefits to local economic development. These
positive impacts are already manifesting.
7.3.2 Negative environmental and socio-economic impacts
The negative impacts of the operational phase of the rehabilitated farm access roads include:
• Manifestation of flooding incidence due to inadequate drainage system
• Deforestation in the process land preparation for cropping
• Surface and ground water pollution
• Erosion problem being resulted from extensive land cultivation for farming
• Loose soils on cleared areas causing raised dust particulate;
• stagnant water could result to hazard to ecology and communities and act as disease
vectors cause by stagnant water;
• Soil fertility deterioration
Farm operations under the value chain have the potential to harm the environment through the
use of chemicals, and due to inappropriate waste, land and water management. The chemical
usage inform of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and other farm chemicals can have significant
impacts which need to be addressed through appropriate mitigation measures.
Specific environmental issues associated with the Araga farm settlement include:
(a) Airborne pollution
Solid waste from poultry dropping, arable cropping and domestic waste, liquid waste from fish
farming and other farm operations have an implication on environment and social lives of
affected people. Though the impacts are less significant but required an improvement on the air
quality.
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(b) Effluents and Waste water treatment
All agricultural activities operating at Araga Farm Settlement under the selected value chain
produce both solid and liquid wastes. All plants and facilities with steam or hot water boilers or
heating systems using solid fuels (coal, wood etc) produce solid waste from ash and clinker. The
poultry and fish farming typically generate large volumes of effluents. The effluents contain high
organic loads, cleansing and blanching agents, salt, and suspended solids such as fibers and soil
particles. They may also contain pesticide residues washed from the raw materials. Odour
problems can occur with poor management of solid wastes and effluents.
(d) Noise pollution
All processing and services equipment produce various levels of noise and will have to meet
national and World Bank standards to be acceptable. This has insignificant impact on
environment and communities
7.3.7 Impacts Associated with Agricultural Development and Commercialisation
Investment in commercial farming through infrastructural development and farm input has
involve d strengthening or extending existing practices, and could give rise to the following
activities:
• land clearing and preparation, perhaps of marginal lands;
• introduction of and expansion of the usage of fertilizers and other chemicals
• introduction of unfamiliar/exotic seed/seedlings, fingerlings; bird (chicks)
• water supply and management systems;
• Domestic and agricultural, solid and liquid waste management
7.3.8 Cumulative Impacts of the Project
On a long term scale, the Project has the potential to result in a number of cumulative impacts,
such as:
Deforestation due to the exploitation of forest resources in the process of agricultural
development and energy;
Groundwater degradation owing to the development and operarion of numerous
boreholes and wells; and
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Waste production due to multiple waste and dumping sites from uncoordinated waste
management.
These can be mitigated through careful design of the project, implementing the required
mitigation measures for different types of investments, and ensuring through monitoring that
activities and their outputs meet permissible limits (e.g. air emissions, chemical use, effluent
treatment) under national law and international best practice.
Some of the major site specific potential environmental issues/impacts and adopted mitigation
measures, which are detailed explained under project mitigation measures and Environmental
and Social Management Plan , arising from an individual agriculture intervention project activity
at this operational phase are listed in the Table 7.4.1.2 below.
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Table 7.4.1.: Potential Impact Matrix
Specific CAD Project Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
10. Farm Access Roads
Improvement/Infrastructure
Operation of farm access road within the
settlement;
Operation of lateritic access roads leading to
farm lands;
Operation of light/small-scale bridges
Improvement of communication;
Connecting rural areas to
principal road networks;
Access to markets,
transportation of goods and
service;
Overall positive impact on the
economy;
Facilitation of communication
between neighbouring rural
settlements;
Accessibility to village forests or
other areas for land development
and use;
Improvement of commercial
exchanges;
Access to health and education
centres;
Exposure to modern farming
techniques;
Human capital development;
Employment generation for local
youths.
Destruction of vegetation in and near
roadways;
Deforestation;
Increase in poaching and illegal and
excessive removal of firewood and wood
for rural construction purposes;
Destruction of wildlife habitat;
Impending wildlife movement;
Reduction in biodiversity;
Destruction of local ecological
functionalities and displacement of
organisms;
Water pollution and negative effect on
surrounding ecosystem;
Loss of certain aesthetic values (visual
impacts) from destruction of vegetative
cover;
Acceleration of soil erosion due to poor
maintenance and drainage of roads;
Likelihood of flooding due to poorly
operational drainages or lack of proper
drainages;
Noise and possible accidents during
vehicular movement;
Increased migration from nearby cities;
Social instability;
Spread of communicable/other diseases;
Poor maintenance may lead to waste of
financial capital and human resources;
Encroachment upon land for local customs
and traditions.
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11. Power Supply Infrastructure
Transformers equipped with facilities such as
up-risers, HT poles;
Replacement of damaged/faulty transformers
Development and rehabilitation of
damaged/faulty HT poles;
Maintenance of power supply infrastructure
Rural electrification projects
Expansion and rehabilitation of power
facilities, etc.
Electricity supply for various
uses
Improvement of communication
and information interchange;
Overall positive impact on the
economy;
Availability of power for farm
and operations and agricultural
operations;
Social and economic benefits;
Reduction in the usage of
generators and burning of fuels
to generate power;
Provision of power for lighting;
Power availability for domestic
and personal needs;
Improvement in overall
wellbeing;
Development of infrastructural
facilities that require power
supply;
Employment of labour;
Improvement and enhancement
of agricultural activities;
Development of rural
infrastructure;
Availability of power to aid
water supply provision
particularly through power aided
boreholes.
Partial or total destruction of vegetation
along the pole lines;
Destruction of wildlife habitat;
Decline in biodiversity;
Destruction of local ecological
functionalities and displacement of
organisms;
Loss of certain aesthetic values (visual
impacts) from destruction of vegetative
cover;
Exposure to danger resulting from electrical
faults such as destruction of properties;
Readjustment of social life towards usage of
electronic equipment;
High cost of living for urban dwellers
owing to maintenance of electrical
installations;
Lack of constant power supply may lead to
loss of capital invested in agriculture
Exposure of human life to destructive
effects of electrical installation;
Exposure to harmful electrical installation;
Electrical installation that were located in
inaccessible areas do trigger forest fires due
to poor maintenance
12. Automatic Battery Cages
Operation of farm inputs
Operation of new battery cages with
automatic watering system;
Reduction of cost of
operations;
Improvement in poultry
output;
Risk of concentrating number of
birds within small space;
Poultry disease could occur;
Pressure on available space and risk
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Operation of technical guide on battery cage
maintenance;
Modern poultry management practices.
Reduction in number of
farm assistance thus
reducing the cost of farm
operations;
Overall better poultry
management;
Better management of
birds and safety operations;
Increased egg output;
Modernisation of poultry
management approach;
Human capital
development and expansion
of poultry management
knowledge;
High income being
generated.
of death of birds due to over
concentration of birds within limited
space;
Poor management of space could
lead to low poultry productivity.
13. Agricultural input
Pesticides;
Unfamiliar Rice Seed and Seedlings
Rice Processing Machines and
Other Input
Increase in agricultural output
Increase in income of farmer
Less working time with high
productivity
Enhanced standard of living
Enhanced Food security in the
state and beyond
Employment genearion (supply
chain, extension services)
Entrophication;
Air pollution;
Destruction of wildlife habitat;
Impending wildlife movement;
Reduction in biodiversity;
Destruction of local ecological
functionalities and displacement of
organisms;
Water pollution and negative effect on
surrounding ecosystem;
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CHAPTER EIGHT
PROJECT IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES
8.0 Introduction
This chapter describes the various mitigation measures that have been constructed and
integrated into the design or that need to be adopted to minimise the occurrence and/or effects
of the potential impacts. Mitigation measures aims to remedy or compensate for the predicted
adverse impacts of the project (proposed or existing) on site. Sequel to impact evaluation,
mitigation options for this study is developed with the ARRC framework i.e. Avoid–Reduce–
Remedy–Compensate approach which follows the best practices for mitigation procedures.
The necessity of mitigation has been integrated into the study as a critical part of the
methodology. This was stated in the ESIA methodological framework as an element of the
scoping stage.
The approach adopted is centred on consideration of all identified environmental and social
variables that are connected to the agriculture development projects and prepare suitable
mitigation measures. It should be stated that the measures stated in this chapter are based on
the need to streamline the adverse impacts of the agriculture development projects in the
study area as positive impacts require no mitigation. Thus, each of the environmental and
social was scrutinised and respective mitigation measures provided with respect to
fundamental elements of the former and latter. In general, there are two fundamental
intervention projects which were designed for the development of rural infrastructure
particularly for the enhancement of agricultural productivity. These are networks of farm
access roads and rural energy provision. For the study area, these have been provided in
conjunction with others such as provision of seedlings, fingerlings, credit support schemes
and extension services.
Since the commercial agriculture development projects have been developed and are
currently being operated, the stated mitigation measures are therefore developed as project
specific. Each of the project concerned with the Araga Farm Settlement are stated as follows.
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8.1 Best Available Control Technology
In order to ensure that the impacts emanating from the CADP intervention projects activities
are mitigated, time-tested standard designs, employing new technology with bias for
environmental safety and economics will be adopted. This also includes regular and
consistent maintenance of all the intervention projects in the study area.
The measures that will mitigate the impacts identified with the respective intervention
projects with associated activities are stated in the following sections and subsections.
8.2 Operations and Maintenance of Farm Access Roads
Several activities will characterise the landscape during the operation of this intervention
project. Generally, roads are essential connecting and mobility modes from place to place
which is related to interaction and socioeconomic development. Therefore any issue
connecting the road development tends to cut across several aspect of the environment. Issues
such as air quality and noise, water quality, soil quality, ecology, wild life and forestry,
socioeconomics and health are amongst several other areas that will be impacted during the
operation stage of this intervention project.
8.2.1 Air quality and noise
During operation, noise level from vehicles plying the road might likely increase owing to
movement of vehicles across the road and likely generation of traffic. In addition, vehicular
emissions will definitely impair the quality of air. This is based on the introduction of
gaseous emissions from vehicles plying the road thereby reducing the pristine status of air
and the eventual introduction of a new local scale air quality issues. Health and safety issues
emanating from dusts and other gaseous emissions inhalation by either road users or the
community inhabitants is another instance of air quality issue that is connected to operation
and maintenance of farm access roads in the study areas. Mitigation action to be taken to curb
the impact of air quality and noise will include:
Speed breaks should be introduced at specific junctions to reduce the travel speed of
motorist in order to curb dust and particulate matter.
Trees should be planted with 5 metres distance between road and residential areas in
order to reduce noise.
Road signs indicating the speed limit should be erected at particular sections of the
road.
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Road users should be encouraged to utilise environmentally-safe vehicles via proper
maintenance of vehicles.
8.2.2 Water quality
Small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be
washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season.
Such chemical compounds could also seep further down the surface layers to pollute
groundwater. This impact during the rainy season might be relatively small as the rivers will
be flowing at the peak values, however the impact on the long term will be different when
considering the physiographic nature of the study area which is a the depositional stage of
river. Due to the fact the river systems tend to deposit their load interprets that local seepage
and movement of liquid waste might not travel as far as envisaged. Also, effluent generated
from in-washing or mixture of water with chemical lubricants might contain COD and SS
which will impact adversely on the water quality of the area as the effluents will be
discharged into the surrounding wetlands and other connecting waterbodies.
Particular mitigation measures to be taken concerning water quality will include:
Chemical wastes from vehicles should be handled carefully and dumped properly;
Motorists should be educated on the dangers of indiscriminate dumping of chemical
waste close to farmlands or places of farming interests will have adverse impact on
the generality of the project area;
Motorists and road users should use approved mechanic villages for repair of faulty
vehicles and not roadsides.
8.2.3 Ecology and biodiversity
Contamination of surface water and groundwater which will arise from chemical effluents,
solid waste disposal and discarded lubricants or any other solid waste along the roadway
could impair the ecology of the project area. Apart from impairment of water quality and
stimulating water pollution, aquatic ecological lives are not spared of the risk posed by these
chemicals.
Mitigation measures shall include:
Trees should be planted in the open farm access roads (For instance in Araga Farm
Settlement such could be designed in form of boulevard along the farm access road
connecting the administrative block to the residential areas).
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Official waste dump sites should be established and waste management operators
should be contacted on the prompt clearing of waste deposited.
The landscape should be permitted to regrow based on application of some control
mechanism to prevent wildlife intrusion into residential and administrative quarters.
Residents should be advised to use appropriate waste dump sites and to stop
indiscriminate waste dumping.
8.2.4 Wildlife and forestry
Fauna tends to react to changes in surrounding land uses. Macrofauna constituents of an area
are sensitive to noise from vehicles. As such they migrate from their previous habitats to a
new one which provides almost similar environmental condition to their former abode.
Therefore, as trees are being decimated the associated wildlife tends to migrate. Similarly,
microfuna resource could be impaired due to the level of road construction embarked upon.
Mitigation actions on wildlife and forestry will include;
1. Road signs indicating the design speed which should be consistent with
environmental safety should be erected along the farm access road corridor.
2. Proper cleaning and clearing of petroleum products used after repairs of faulty
vehicles along the farm access roads
3. Speed breaks should be introduced at specific point to curb noise related to over
speeding motorists.
4. The community should be engaged on the need to keep to all environmental and
safety regulations.
8.2.5 Socioeconomic and community health
Socioeconomic life of the community is at the centre of any development–oriented project.
The farm access roads have both positive and negative impacts. As it is already stated,
positive impacts require no mitigation, the mitigation provided in this section will involve
such issues that have had adverse effect on the socioeconomic life and community health.
Increased traffic tends to have higher risk to health and safety on the people of the area. There
is also the case of discomforting operational noise to the immediate communities. This
scenario is usually connected to local road users particular pedestrians and cyclists.
Public/environmental nuisance issues associated with dust and exhaust fumes can arise and
may have a significant effect on neighbouring settlements and locations.
Mitigation actions to be taken should take the following;
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Road signs and symbols indicating design speed should be erected along the road
corridor to guide all motorists;
Introduction of speed breakers at specific junctions particularly places that could
developed to accident black spots or places where children do cross the road;
Proper cleaning and clearing of petroleum products;
The community should be engaged on the importance of observing the movement of
vehicles before crossing the road.
8.3 Operations and maintenance of Rural Energy
Apart from the provision of farm access road, the second rural infrastructure intervention project is
the provision of rural energy. This entails the provision of power transmission lines and electrical
transformer to rural areas particularly for the stimulation of commercial agriculture activities. Within
the study area, this has been provided to provide areas without such facilities with electricity to
stimulate increased agricultural production. However, there are probable issues that require mitigation
measures in order to ensure sustainability of the environmental and social component of the project
area. Particularly aspect of the study area that has been impact in different dimension include human
exposure to accidents especially electrocution, human exposure of the electromagnetic effect of
electricity, loss of ecology, in some places farmers have been displaced from their respective farm
plots. It should be noted that specific aspects of the environment and social concerns will be examined
with respect to mitigation.
8.3.1 Socioeconomic and community health
The nature composition of man is sensitive to electrical works irrespective of the scale and
magnitude of such project. It therefore follows that essential steps must be taken to reduce the
adverse impact on the environment. Comprehensive details of the potential impacts and the
associated mitigation measures are stated in Table 8.3.1.1 below.
1. Risk of accidents through electric shocks, electrocution and even death. The
respective mitigation measure will involve the following;
a. PHCN to provide protective shields for electrical installations from causing
danger to residents
b. Proper safety measures must be taken during electrical fittings
c. PHCN officials must use safety gadgets such as safety gloves, safety shoes,
safety belts, non-metallic ladders amongst other health and safety measures.
2. Health risk for the immediate community owing to electromagnetic radiation effect
from high tension lines, transformer, etc.
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a. The community members should be sensitized on the dangers of getting close
to electrical gadgets;
b. Protective fencing/cover should be used to secure transformers in case of
explosion to reduce risk and exposure;
8.3.2 Ecology and biodiversity
Road construction generally impairs the pristine ecology of an area. As regards the study area likely
impacts on the ecology will include the forest fires due to poor or lack of maintenance of facilities,
disturbance to communities due to exposure to electromagnetic radiation from the electrical facilities.
Table 8.3.1.1 enlists the potential impacts as well as mitigation.
Table 8.3.1.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for rural energy power
Activities Potential impact Mitigation Area/Best management
practices
Operations and
maintenance would
include:
energizing the high
tension line;
maintenance and
site
visits/inspections;
vegetation control
in along electricity
lines;
pole repairs;
foundation repairs;
repair of damaged /
downed wires.
The potential impact
include;
emissions of CO,
NOx, SO2, etc.;
forest fires due to lack
of maintenance of HT
poles and
accumulation of
underlying growth
along the HT lines;
impacts on flora,
wildlife and habitat;
avian collisions and
electrocutions;
disturbances to
communities exposure
to EMR by workers;
loss of crops and farm
land due to forest fire
associated with HT
line;
loss of livestock; and
harm to humans due
to accidents.
implement regular checks and
assessment of electrical installations;
remove invasive plant species,
whenever possible, and cultivate native
plant species within a good distance so
as not to trigger forest fire;
implement an integrated vegetation
management approach (IVM): the
selective removal of tall-growing tree
species and the encouragement of low-
growing grasses and shrubs;
where clearing in shrubs and forested
areas, the ground should be tilled and
seeded with native grass species
immediately after clearing activities
are complete;
plant and manage fire resistant vegetal
species (e.g. hardwoods) within the
area of influence of the HT lines;
mark overhead lines with bird
deflectors/diverters to reduce collision
risk;
communicate with local communities
in advance of activities to inform them
of the duration, type and degree of
disturbances, including contact
information for Stakeholder Liaison
Officer;
provide guideline information on
health and safety of community and the
farming activities;
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delineate areas of potential danger with
signs in local languages to enable
farmers and other community members
to avoid potential accidents;
brief workers on culturally appropriate
interaction behaviours in local
communities; and
compensate farmers for loss of
farmland/crops.
8.4 Operations and maintenance of other intervention projects
As earlier stated, there are two fundamental intervention projects in Lagos State which are
farm access road and rural energy. Meanwhile there are situations in which additional
projects were added in order to support the specific agricultural productivity at the particular
beneficiary CIG. These projects include;
i. Fingerling provision for aquaculture productivity;
ii. Free-flowing drainage;
iii. Other agricultural productivity inputs.
Each of these projects has impacts which require specific mitigation measures. These
measures will be based on the extent of the usage and the impact on the CIG which such
intervention project(s) have been implemented. These impacts are stated in Table 8.4.1.
Table 8.4.1: Mitigation/Best Management practices for other intervention projects
Activities Potential impact Mitigation Area/Best management
practices
1. Operations and
maintenance of
fingerling provision:
Supply of
fingerlings for
aquaculture;
Maintenance of
fingerling and fish
productivity;
Support-
programmes for
sustaining
fingerling
production and
fishery
The potential impact
include;
Generation of effluent
waste from fish
production;
Impact of fish
productivity
Impact of fertilizer
application to fish pond
and fish productivity;
Eutrophication issues
could lead to
uncontrollable plant
incursion into the fish
pond;
Implement regular checks and
assessment of fingerlings status;
Ensure consistent cleaning and
clearing of fish pond surfaces clear of
invasive plant life.
Secchi disc should be used for the
measurement of appropriate fertilizer
quantity to be used as against
likelihood of over-fertilization issues;
Ensure best practices for fertilizer
management with respect to pond
characteristics with respect to
quantity of fish, examination of fish
production cycle, level of water
quantity, fish behaviour, status/type
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productivity. Pond over-fertilization
challenges.
of fish pond, the nature of fish being
farmed, ;
Periodic pond fertilization
approaches should be adopted in an
effective manner.
2. Operations and
maintenance of
drainages:
Provision of
concrete drainages;
Provision of
lateritic drains
Flooding leading to
disruption of farming
and other associated
socioeconomic
activities;
Destruction of
properties and likely
deaths;
Erosion of top soil in
areas where lateritic
drainages were
constructed;
Improper construction
issues;
Destruction of roads
and road infrastructure
owing to improper flow
of water.
Review the nature of existing
drainages;
Ensure that drains were cleared
consistently;
Prepare drainage monitoring plan to
assess the functionality and status of
constructed drains;
Allow community participation in
facility provision, construction and
maintenance;
3. Operations and
maintenance of
automatic battery
cages:
Supply of fish
battery cages for
poultry CIGs;
Provision of
associated facilities
for proper
functioning;
Training on
maintenance and
upkeep of the
battery cages;
Management of
nature of birds in
the cages either
layers or broilers.
Excessive poultry
droppings;
General waste
management issues;
Lack of space for
proper rearing of birds
and farm management;
Air quality and bad
odour issues emanating
from improper waste
collection and disposal;
Escalation of diseases
such as bird flu;
Death of poultry due to
poor management and
tendency to increase
the number of birds;
Regular cleaning of the environment
and tidiness of the surroundings;
Waste bins for poultry droppings
should be placed at pivotal points
within the battery cage for collection
of poultry waste;
Ensure timely disposal of poultry
waste and general environmental
cleaning;
Control the number of birds within a
set of battery cage to curb over-
crowding issues;
Birds should be immunised based on
their level of development;
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Table 8.4.2 Risk Mitigation Measures
Risks Risk Mitigation Measures Risk
Rating
with
Mitigation
To project development
objective
Lack of sustainability of sub-
projects after the project has
closed and/or the grant is
ended, and lack of
maintenance of
infrastructure provided
under the project.
Attention to economic viability of the sub-projects and
maintenance of infrastructure . Creation of innovative products
through linking commercial farms with financial institutions
(i.e. supply chain financing, future markets, crops as collateral
and graduation of the commercial farmers from the Matching
Grant Scheme).
M
Government commitment to
the project falters due to
change in policy and
orientation towards
agriculture
commercialization.
Investment in public information, stakeholders awareness
raising and communication about the approaches and results of
the Project.
M
Counterpart contributions
not paid on time, or are
irregular.
Federal Government and States agreed to counterpart
contributions and this will be closely monitored during
implementation.
H
Collusion and/lack of
transparency and
accountability in the
management of funds at the
beneficiary level.
Random audits ex-post will be conducted by CADA in addition
to the financial statement audit with focus on the utilization of
the matching grant that funds spent on intended purpose and
beneficiaries will receive value for their money. Details of these
are documented in the FPM under community participation. The
TOR for the audit is included in the PIM.
M
Procurement Risks.
Insufficient
knowledge and experience
with Bank procurement may
cause delays in project
implementation
Random audits ex-post and spot-checks of accounts by CADAs
to confirm grants are used for the intended purpose. (i)
Procurement and implementation training will be provided to
key staff during project implementation; (ii) experienced
Procurement Specialist will be hired to assist and coordinate the
states‟ procurement functions and provide on-the-job training to
the state officials; (iii) intensive supervision of the agencies‟
staff by the Bank field office Procurement Specialist.
M
Overall Risk Rating M
Note: Implementation of some of the risk mitigation measures have started particularly on awareness of the
project at the federal and state levels through television, radio and information leaflets, provision of counterpart
funds in the state budgets, and training on procurement.
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CHAPTER NINE
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
9.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan
The chapter examines the possible preventive, remedial or compensatory measures for each
of the adverse impacts evaluated as significant in Chapter Seven. The implementation of the
mitigation measures will be ensured through the Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP), as outlined in this chapter.
The objective of the ESMP (sometimes called the Environmental and Social Action Plan)
Araga farm settlement is to outline the arrangements relating to:
the identification of environmental and social impacts arising from LSCADP
intervention projects such as road construction, installation of transformers and other
power facilities, farm input (herbicides) etc.
proposed mitigation measures corresponding to each of the impacts identified, and the
implementation of such mitigation measures;
the program to monitor proposed mitigation measures; and
the budgetary allocations for the implementation.
The ESMP is conceived to ensure that the impact mitigation measures proposed in the ESIA
are effectively implemented and that the proposed measures are not just a statement of good
intensions made by LSCADP. This ESMP contains descriptions of the mitigation and
monitoring measures to be adopted by LSCADP, which must be integrated into the CADP‟s
budget and implementation plan. As presented in Tables 9.1.1 and 9.1.2, for Farm Access
Roads and other CADPs respectively. It shows the specific impact, the respective mitigation,
the monitoring approach and the agency (government/farmers‟) to supervise the mitigation
procedures and actions. For the effective management of these provisions, cost estimate for
apt implementation of these provisions is presented in Table 9.1.3. This shows a consice
documentation of all identified mitigation measures and the cost estimate for its execution
each. A sum of two hundred and sixty-eight thousand dollars (i.e. $384,000) have been
proposed for Araga Farm Settlement, Poka-Araga, Epe.
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Table 9.1.1: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Farm Access Roads
S/N Environmental and
social impact
Mitigation measures Monitoring Responsibility
1. The potential air
quality and noise
impact will include:
Increased noise
level due to
vehicular
movement and
traffic
generated;
Gaseous
emissions from
vehicles plying
the roads;
Health and
safety issues of
both the
residents and
the road users
due to vehicular
speed and
introduction of
harmful gaseous
Speed breaks should be
introduced at specific
junctions to reduce the
travel speed of motorist
in order to curb dust and
particulate matter.
Trees should be planted
with 5 metres distance
between road and
residential areas in order
to reduce noise.
Road signs indicating
the speed limit should
be erected at particular
sections of the road;
The use of rickety
vehicle should not be
allowed
Regular check for
adherence to safety
concerns;
Ensure that all
areas have trees
planted along the
road corridors;
Ensure that road
signs are placed
along the road
corridors;
Ensure that speed
limits are strictly
adhere to;
Ensure that
vehicles are in
good condition so
as not to pollute
the environment
when driven along
the roads.
ESMO,
RIO,
Facilitator
Road,
CADA,
CIGs
2. Water quality
impact will include:
Oil and grease
droplets might
pollute surface
and groundwater;
Effluent
generated from
mixture of water
with chemical
lubricants might
contain COD and
SS which will
impact adversely
on the water
quality of the area
Chemical wastes from
vehicles should be
handled carefully and
dumped properly;
Motorists should be
educated on the dangers
of indiscriminate
dumping of chemical
waste close to farmlands;
Motorists and road users
should use approved
mechanic villages for
vehicular repairs.
Ensure that proper
waste management
practices are
adhere to;
Adherence to the
principles of safe
and clean
environment
should be taken
paramount;
Road users should
be made to observe
the mitigation
measures.
ESMO,
RIO,
Facilitator
Road,
CADA,
CIGs
3. Ecology and
biodiversity impact
will include:
Contamination of
surface water and
Trees should be planted
in the open farm access
roads;
Official waste dump
sites should be
Regular
environmental
assessment with
interest on the
ecological life
ESMO,
RIO,
Facilitator
Road,
CADA,
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groundwater from
chemical
effluents;
Poor and untidy
environment;
Risk and
impairment of the
ecosystem.
established and waste
management operators
should be contacted on
the prompt clearing of
waste deposited.
The landscape should be
permitted to regrow
based on application of
some control mechanism
to prevent wildlife
intrusion into residential
and administrative
quarters.
Residents should be
advised to use
appropriate waste dump
sites and to stop
indiscriminate waste
dumping.
forms;
Consistent checks
on the management
of waste
CIGs
4. Wildlife and
forestry impact will
include:
Migration to a
new habitat where
it is possible to
adapt
Loss of original
forest cover
Evolvement of
invasive plant life
Reduction in the
population of
microfauna
Road signs and symbols
indicating design speed
should be erected;
Introduction of speed
breakers;
Proper cleaning and
clearing of petroleum
products;
The community should
be engaged on the need
to keep to all
environmental and safety
regulations.
Consistent checks
on the adherence to
safety regulation;
Regular cleaning
and clearing of the
environment.
ESMO,
RIO,
Facilitator
Road,
CADA,
CIGs
5. Socioeconomic and
community health
impact will include:
Exposure to
danger in form of
road accidents
Adverse
adjustment to
vehicular traffic
and noise
Health
implication to
children
Road signs and symbols
indicating design speed
should be erected;
Introduction of speed
breakers;
Proper cleaning and
clearing of petroleum
products;
The community should
be engaged on the
importance of the
movement of vehicles
before crossing the road.
Consistent checks
on the adherence to
safety regulation;
Regular check on
the adherence to
traffic regulations
by road users.
ESMO,
RIO,
Facilitator
Road,
CADA,
CIGs
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Table 9.1.2: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for other intervention projects
S/N Environmental and
Social Impact
Mitigation Measures Monitoring Responsibility
1. Flooding leading to
disruption of
farming and other
associated
socioeconomic
activities;
Destruction of
properties and likely
deaths;
Erosion of top soil in
areas where lateritic
drainages were
constructed;
Improper
construction issues;
Destruction of roads
and road
infrastructure owing
to improper flow of
water.
Review the nature of
existing drainages;
Ensure that drains
were cleared
consistently;
Ensure that
construction methods
and construction
materials follows the
plan for drainage
erection;
Prepare drainage
monitoring plan to
assess the
functionality and
status of constructed
drains;
Allow community
participation in
facility provision,
construction and
maintenance;
Check the
environment for
the status of the
drainages;
Ensure that
prepared plan is
strictly adhere
to.
ESMO,
RIO,
Facilitator
Drainage,
CADA,
CIGs
2. Social and economic
disruptions to
existing community
water management
practices;
Conflicting demands
on water supply;
Farming activities
could be disrupted
owing to lack of
water;
Human health
through the pollution
of water sources
from aquaculture
waste;
Water quality
deterioration
resulting from
aquaculture waste
and wastewater.
Avoid conflicting
water use through
proper segmentation
of water availability
through the use of
dedicated storages for
fish farming
purposes;
Develop means of
storing rainwater
through proper
rainwater harvesting
modes;
Pipe-borne water
should be provided in
the long term to all
fish farmers;
Release pond
wastewater into
nearby wastewater
drains with adequate
dilution and dispersal
capability
Use shorter retention
time in water ponds –
i.e. more frequent
exchange and
flushing of pond
water;
Ensure that
water supply
meets the need
of targeted
farmer/CIGs;
Provide support
for rainwater
harvesting
Ensure that
waste
management
techniques are
strictly
maintained and
sustained;
Ensure that
wastewater are
properly let of
using the
environmental-
friendly
approach
ESMO,
RIO,
Facilitator
Water
Provision,
CADA,
CIGs
103
Keep fish densities at
moderate levels to
curb disease risk and
need for antibiotics;
Pump air through the
water to speed up
decomposition;
Dilute pond water
prior to release;
Consider using pond
bottom sludge as
agricultural fertilizer
if properly
decomposed and non-
toxic.
Table 9.1.3: Cost Analysis of ESMP Measures
S/N Activities Cost Estimate ($)
1 Capacity building on envrionmental improvements
including safety standards, assessment procedures
and screening
1000
2 Tree planting, ecological enhancements 1500
3 Best practices capacity buidling on rice cultivation
including bye-product generation from waste and
farm upkeep
1000
4 Coordination of waste management practices and
taking of appropriate steps for waste collection and
disposal
1500
5 Traffic and transportation management with
provision of relevant road infrastructure elements
such as road signs, speed breaks, etc.
2000
6 Health, safety and environment control/standards 1000
7 Awareness-raising campaigns for farmers, local
communities and other stakeholders on
environmental protection, safety and health
1000
8 Environmental monitoring (internal and external)
with respect to air quality and noise, water quality,
and ecological issues.
1000
9 Institutional support (procedures manuals on
mainstreaming environmental and social aspects into
network of farm access road monitoring from
Ministry of Health, LASEPA, Ministry of
Agriculture & Cooperatives)
2,000
TOTAL 11,000
9.2 Institutional Arrangement for Implementing the ESMP LSCADP retains ultimate responsibility for development and implementation of the ESMPs
for the Commercial Agriculture Development Project in Lagos. LSCADP will assign this
104
responsibility to its LSCADO Environmental Specialists (Managers), who will report directly
to the General Manager.
9.2.1The World Bank
The World Bank has overall responsibility to ensure that its Safeguard Polices are complied
with. In addition, will be responsible for the final review and clearance of EMPs and or
ESIAs; as well as review and give “no objection” to the ESIA/EMPs‟ TORs. The
responsibility for preparing the TORs for ESIAs/EMPs resides with the SFCOs.
9.2.2 Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and Urban Development
The role of the FMEH & UD in this project will be that of monitoring. Although the staffing
levels at the EIA division of the FMEH and the Impact Mitigation and Monitoring (IMM)
Branch of the EIA division are sufficient with adequate experience to carry out these roles,
there is a need for further capacity strengthening.
9.2.3 State Commercial Agriculture Development Office
All technical assistance, institutional building, and productive investment sub-projects will be
managed and supervised by the SCADO. The SCADO will be headed by a State Coordinator
who will manage an inter-disciplinary staff that will also include an environmental officer.
The designated environment specialist will be responsible for day to day monitoring and
reporting feedback throughout the life of the project, specifically (i) ensuring that the
subprojects were screened using the environmental and social screening mechanism
contained in this ESMF; (ii) overseeing the implementation of the EMPs/ESIA and RAPs (if
applicable); and (iii) monitoring of environmental issues during operations.
9.2.4 State Environmental Protection Agencies/Authorities (SEPAs).
The SEPAs will perform the following key roles in this project:
• Reviews terms of reference (TOR) for EMPs or ESIAs
• Ensure adherence to EMP/ESIA requirements
• Ensure implementation of EMPs/ESIAs in communities
• Monitor compliance of EMPs for micro-projects
• Enforce state laws.
• Report to the FMEH & UD
105
Table 9.1.3 Summary Table of Institutional Framework for Environmental and
Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Institution Tasks/Activities
National Coordinating Desk (NCD) Project Coordination, Implementation and Oversight;
reporting to IDA
State Commercial Agriculture Development
Office
(SCADO)
Preparation of TORs for EMPs/ESIAs; monitoring
activities of EMPs.
Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and
Urban Development (FMEH & UD) Monitoring State Environment Ministries/Agencies
and
reporting to NCD
State Environment Ministries/Agencies Review, approve and clearance of ESMPs; Monitoring
SCADOs and reporting to FMEH & UD and State
Commercial Agriculture Development Technical
Steering Committee (SCADTSC)
9.3 ESMP Measures
The subsequent sections of the chapter provide a framework for the content of the ESMPs
envisioned for the LSCADPs in the Study area. As the LSCADP progresses through
agricultural development project in the State, these ESMPs will be expanded to include
specific procedures to guide implementation by CAD Project personnel and contractors, and
to provide for periodic updating, as necessary.
9.3.1 Flora and Fauna Management Plan
The primary purpose of the Flora and Fauna Management Plan is to protect the biodiversity
of the area from any unintended damage due to LSCADP development and operation, and to
protect the Project personnel from dangers associated with the native flora and fauna. This
plan will include the following provisions as well as others that may be identified as it is
further developed:
Animals shall not be handled, removed, killed or unnecessarily disturbed by LSCADP
or its employees, or by LSCADP‟s contractors‟ or their subcontractors‟ employees.
LSCADP will not tolerate poaching of fauna or flora by its personnel or by any of its
contractors or subcontractors
LSCADP will ensure through a High Conservation Value study that all High
Conservation Value Forest sites are properly marked and left untouched.
106
LSCADP will help to maintain the integrity and quality of biodiversity in the project
area.
LSCADP will assist in protecting the swampy section from liquid effluent generated
in the fish farm estate
Land clearing operations are expected to drive wildlife away from the clearing
operations for the various LSCADP activities , however, if any species classified as
VU by the Ministry of Environment moves to the project areas is trapped or hurt
during land clearing operations, the Wildlife Division under the Ministry will be
informed to determine whether translocation or other actions are required to save the
individual. LSCADP will allocate funds for such contingency.
LSCADP intervention is to occur over a period of five years. LSCADP should plan its
development projects in advance to minimize the impact on the fauna, help identify
and control impacts such as flood zones and to result in a lower amount of biomass to
manage.
LSCADP shall monitor the general condition of the aquatic habitat downstream to
ensure that its water withdrawals are not creating significant stresses to that habitat
and if so, LSCADP shall develop plans to install wells to replace enough of the
surface water usage to mitigate the significant impacts.
LSCADP shall ensure that the site is kept clean, tidy and free of garbage that would
attract animals.
In order to reduce the risk from invasive species, the monitoring program for the
interventions should track what types of invasive species occur, where they occur,
how they were most likely introduced to the area, how they were eradicated, and the
success of the various eradication measures. If any of the CADPs identifies a
continuing problem with invasive species, it should determine the root cause of that
problem and investigate additional measures to address that root cause.
In order to decrease the demand for local bush meat, LSCADP should take the
following measures:
decrease hunting pressure by ensuring that adequate supplies of meat other
than local bush meat as well as other protein sources are available in stores
and markets within the study area;
educate its employees on the adverse impacts of hunting and consuming bush
meat;
107
to the degree possible, prohibit and enforce prohibitions on hunting inside the
LSCADP area;
sponsor education programs in local villages about the adverse impacts of
hunting and consuming bush meat; and
sponsor programs to transition hunters to other, sustainable livelihood
activities.
LSCADP will work with conservation groups and other stakeholders around the
Project Area to help prevent poaching. Initiatives may include hiring guards, posting
signs among others.
9.3.2 Waste Management Plan
The primary purpose of the Waste Management Plan is to ensure that wastes are minimized
and any wastes that are generated are properly managed and disposed to avoid damage to the
environment. This process can be expressed as follows:
minimize waste production as much as possible;
if waste is produced, reuse or recycle that waste as much as possible;
if reuse or recycling is not possible, the waste should be treated, neutralized, or
transformed into inert materials; and
if this is not possible, the waste must be disposed in a way not harmful to the
environment or to human beings.
The following summarize important elements of a Waste Management Plan:
the plan must establish the responsibility for waste management and appoint an
overall Waste Management Supervisor, who must be fully trained in the
implementation of the Waste Management Plan;
the CADP must develop a list of all wastes generated at the different facilities with
estimated quantities of each on a monthly basis or other time interval, particularly
Hazardous Wastes;
the CADP must provide well labeled storage bins for the different categories of waste
in specially designed plastic or metal bins so that each type of waste can be treated or
disposed of as necessary;
Hazardous Wastes must be properly disposed based on their specific properties as
noted in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and may not be disposed with non-
hazardous wastes;
108
Hazardous Waste at the CADP area is expected to be primarily composed of the
following:
empty agrochemical substances containers (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides,
fungicides);
empty petrochemical substances containers (e.g. oil, grease, lubricants);
used lubricants; and
used towels soaked with oil and grease or lubricants;
Hazardous Wastes cannot be mixed unless specifically noted in the plan;
the LSCADP must establish a list of accredited waste disposal contractors and obtain
a Certificate of Accreditation from each to ensure that they are operating legally;
the LSCADP must have accredited waste disposal contractors for the following items
and activities:
used engine oil recycling contractor/facility;
lead and lead battery recycling contractor (also other heavy metal pollutants);
tire and rubber recycling contractor;
plastic recycling contractor, particularly for plastic containers which must be
rinsed prior to disposal (note – do not burn PVC in open air because dioxins
and furans can be generated);
used batteries (not car and equipment batteries) and e-waste (electronic waste)
recycling/exporting contractor;
Hazardous Waste incineration contractor (for incineration at high
temperatures in specially constructed incinerators); and
domestic waste collection contractor;
the LSCADP must track all hazardous waste disposal activities using an appropriate
Waste Manifest Form and all completed forms shall be kept for record purposes;
the LSCADP should periodically (e.g. every six months) reconcile its estimated
disposal quantities with the waste manifests and other records of actual wastes
generated, and investigate any significant discrepancies;
the Waste Management Supervisor must ensure that periodic inspections are
conducted of waste management practices to ensure compliance with this plan.
9.3.3 Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan
The Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan will provide guidance to control soil
erosion and the transport of sediment to surface waters. Soil erosion is a major soil
109
degradation process affecting the soil quality not only by directly reducing nutrients and
organic matter levels, but also by affecting soil properties such as infiltration rates.
Erosion could occur during forest clearing and rice plantation establishment when the soil is
left uncovered. Related activities that could cause this erosion include establishment of the
base camps during the harvesting, construction of access roads and development of drainage
works. The top layer of soil is the most vulnerable and unfortunately tends to be the most
fertile soil. Soil suspended as solids in the water column can physically enter waterways and
obstruct them. Soil erosion can also transport agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides,
which adhere to the suspended solids.
All exposed soil areas in the CAD Project area will be managed through a diversified set of
measures and strategies that minimize the risk of erosion and run-off, control the flow of
storm water over exposed soil areas, retain sediments within the cleared areas as much as
possible, and control erosion and run-off downstream of the cleared areas. These measures
are grouped and presented below.
The LSCADP shall monitor effectiveness of erosion and run-off control through systematic
verification of compliance with control measures implemented through monitoring of impacts
to surface water quality downstream (turbidity) and run-off accumulation at streams and
natural drainage channels downstream of construction fronts.
Erosion and runoff will be minimized through the implementation of the following types of
measures:
Vegetated buffer zones will be protected along streams to help control sedimentation.
Leguminous cover crops will be used to help minimize soil erosion, and assist soil
conservation and moisture retention by intercepting rainfall (absorbing the energy of
the raindrops, thus reducing runoff), decreasing surface velocity, restraining soil
movement, improving soil porosity, and, increasing biological activity in the soil.
Site clearing operations will progress in a gradual and phased manner to ensure there
are no large increases in sediment discharge.
While vegetation clearing and earthmoving activities are in progress and permanent
erosion control devices cannot be implemented, temporary erosion control devices
will be used.
110
As a rule, the only rainwater that will be allowed to flow over cut and fill slopes is
that which falls directly on them. All exposed soil working surfaces will be tilted
towards the base of cut slopes and, where this is not possible, measures such as berms
will be installed at the upper limits of fill slopes to minimize uncontrolled storm water
flow over them.
Slopes of all cut and fill areas will be rigorously controlled and will at no time be
allowed to be greater than the slope established in the final design.
Temporary protection of exposed soil surfaces with measures such as plastic film,
bio-membranes or other means, will be implemented whenever necessary.
Permanent erosion control on may be achieved through measures such as terracing
along with a re-vegetation program. The terraces would consist of low, broad-based
earth levees constructed approximately parallel to the contours designed to intercept
overload flow before it achieves great erosive force and to conduct it to a suitable
discharge point.
Erosion protection such as riprap, or sacked concrete may be used around culvert
entrances.
Inlet structures used to collect storm run-off will be constructed of any suitable
construction material. The structures will ensure efficient removal of design-storm
runoff in order to avoid interruption of construction during or following storms and to
prevent erosion resulting from overtopping of the inlet.
Piles of soil or other materials will be allowed for short periods of time and will be
located only in flat areas and away from any storm water courses. Only topsoil piles
will be allowed to remain for extended periods and will be protected from rainfall.
Storm water will be controlled through the implementation of the following types of
measures:
All flow of storm water over exposed soil surfaces will be along pre-established paths
that will not interfere with vehicle and other activities and will contain breakers and
other devices to control flow velocity. Hydraulic stairs, drop structures or other
energy dissipation structures will be used when necessary to convey storm water to
lower grounds.
Careful considerations will be given to the drainage of all farm access roads, facility
areas, borrow pits, and surplus soil deposit areas.
111
All storm drainage will be discharged via surface drainage systems. Maximum use of
natural drainage features will be used. Runoff from cleared areas will be collected in
open channels or ditches for removal from the immediate area. The use of buried pipe
will be minimized and buried pipes will be day-lighted to open channel drains as soon
as practical.
9.3.4 Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan
The Employment, Training, and Awareness Management Plan will be required both during
the implementation phase and operations. For both phases, the following will be
incorporated, as appropriate:
During the new employee orientation process, all workers will receive health and
safety training on standard work processes and other health and safety requirements
applicable to their work activities.
All workers at work fronts will receive weekly safety orientations that last at least 15
minutes. If significant accidents occur or other health and safety issues arise, these
orientations may be supplemented.
The training status for all workers will be recorded.
Health and safety training will be detailed in the Integrated Health and Safety Plan
(IHSP) that will specify the contents, target groups, frequency and forms of evaluation
of each type of training to be applied. It will include at least the following modules:
Induction health and safety training;
Community relations training;
First aid;
Venomous animals;
Use of PPE; and
Safe Work Procedures.
9.3.5 Water Management Plan
The Water Management Plan will address water conservation, protection of water resources,
responsibly using surface water and groundwater for farming and farming activities
plantation and mill purposes, and practicing rainfall harvesting, if appropriate. The important
aspects of this plan will be:
training of all workers to ensure that they understand the significance of protecting all
water sources;
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implementation of measures contained in the Erosion and Sedimentation Management
Plan to control sedimentation of surface water resources and minimize the loss of
nutrients and therefore the need for chemical fertilizers;
implementation of the measures contained in the Chemical Management Plan to
ensure that all chemicals used on the site are used properly and in the minimum
necessary quantities to control adverse impacts to surface and groundwater;
implementation of the measures contained in the Waste Management Plan to ensure
that all wastes generated on the site are properly stored and disposed to control
adverse impacts to surface and groundwater by liquid effluents or by leachate from
solid wastes;
monitoring significant effluent streams on a periodic basis to ensure that they meet
applicable discharge requirements;
developing and implementing a site-specific water quality monitoring plan for both
surface water and groundwater to ensure that management measures are achieving the
desired results;
monitoring water quantity downstream of nurseries to ensure that withdrawals for
nursery watering needs do not significantly affect downstream aquatic environment or
human users; and
development of parameters for the installation of water wells to ensure that the wells
meet all applicable national standards and that they do not have significant adverse
impacts on other groundwater users.
9.3.6 Chemical Management Plan
The Chemical Management Plan will provide details for the acquisition, storage, application,
use, and disposal of all pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and other chemicals used in the
nurseries, plantations, mills and other CAD Project infrastructure.
Improper usage and application of fertilizers can pollute the soil and the waterways in the
area. The effect of fertilizer runoff is known as eutrophication or increased growth of
vegetation that can affect aquatic life.
This program will use chemical, cultural, biological, and physical practices to control the
infestations.
High levels of other chemicals (e.g. pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides) in the waterways
can affect the aquatic life and even the supply of freshwater for human use.
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This Chemical Management Plan will be developed to ensure that chemical use is minimized,
and when chemicals are used, that they are used safely and responsibly. For pest control,
LSCADP will utilize a specially created Integrated Pest Management Program. Decisions on
schedule, application process and quantities of chemicals applied, if they are necessary, will
be based on detailed analysis of soil characteristics, existing and likely pests, bio-control
options, and safe and available chemical control options. It will include requirements for
farmer training and safe application practices for farmer/workers, the environment, and
surrounding communities. The use of agrochemicals is resource extensive. Thus, the
application of fertilizer should be based strictly on the analysis requirements. The use of
organic fertilizer will minimize the impacts of the chemicals in the soil and the waterways.
Fuel dispensers must be used by well-trained personnel to prevent accidental spillage.
Chemical usage for weed control will be minimized using the following types of practices for
immature plantings:
rice circles should be kept weed-free through manual weeding;
hormonal herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D amine and triclopyr) will be avoided;
excessive spray drift and scorching on lower fronds will be avoided through careful
control of areas that are sprayed; and
spraying will be limited to the minimum amount required to treat specifically
identified weed problems.
The Chemical Management Plan will include the following important aspects:
agrochemicals should be properly stored and handled to avoid spills;
Farmers/workers will be informed of the danger of agrochemicals and trained on the
proper methods to handle, use, and dispose of the chemicals and their used containers
incorporating all appropriate elements of the IFC guide for ―Pesticide Handling and
Application‖;
the application of pesticides and fertilizers will be in strict accordance with the
manufacturers‟ instructions and generally established safety procedures;
every chemical product will have its own Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS);
LSCADP will not make use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) banned under the
Stockholm Convention, which came into force on the 17th of May 2004 and which
Nigeria adhered with. This International Convention banned:
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Aldrin;
Chlordane;
Dieldrin;
Dioxinx (PCDDs);
DDT;
Endrin;
Furans;
Heptachlor;
Hexachlorobenzene;
Mirex;
Polychlorinated biphenyls; and,
Toxaphen.
LSCADP will install an oil/water separator for the workshop drainage system where it
has the potential to convey petroleum products or wastes;
LSCADP will implement a proper Monitoring and Surveillance System (MSS) for
pests. The MSS will provide information on the pests‟ presence and activity to
determine the right time to control a particular pest. This systematic pest control
strategy will result in effective control with minimal chemical usage and minimal
damage to other living organisms and the environment.
9.3.7 Air Quality Management Plan
The Air Quality Management Plan will include the following important aspects:
noise levels in mills and other Project areas shall meet Nigerian requirements;
all boilers used in the Project will be of modern construction to minimize emissions of
NOx and other pollutants;
all Project vehicles used for transportation will be properly maintained and fitted with
standard pollution control equipment to minimize emissions;
LSCADP will study the potential for capturing methane generated from rice
production and use that methane for energy production at its mills to decrease
emissions to the atmosphere;
LSCADP will avoid the use of ozone depleting substances for uses such as coolants or
cleaning operations;
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9.3.8 Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan
The Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan will ensure that all vegetation
clearing and biomass management for all aspects of the LSCADP activities will be conducted
in accordance with detailed procedures that will meet the requirements of Nigeria as well as
best practices outlined by Roundtable Sustainable Agriculture (RSA).
Site clearing for farm access road development, nursery establishment where applicable,
plantation development, mill development, and infrastructure development can damage the
habitats of terrestrial flora and fauna species. If clearing is not done properly, it could result
in the removal of ecologically important habitats and species. The conversion of forests, even
secondary, to rice plantations reduces biodiversity, with species reductions occurring for
insects, birds, reptiles, and soil microorganisms. LSCADP, being abiding by environmental
sustainability, will not develop High Conservative Value Forest areas.
This plan will include procedures for the following:
delineating areas to be cleared;
delineating areas to be protected;
specifying methods for clearing in various types of areas or terrain, including methods
to allow fauna to relocate out of the area to be cleared;
specifying methods for best utilization of merchantable timber;
specifying procedures for ensuring that non-timber forest products are reasonably
utilized by local villagers before or immediately after areas are cleared; and
specifying procedures for utilizing and/or disposing of the biomass generated by the
clearing activities.
This plan will be used on conjunction with the Employment, Training, and Awareness
Management Plan and the Erosion and Sedimentation Management Plan to ensure that
workers/farmers, the environment, and surrounding communities are protected.
9.3.9 Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan
The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include procedures for
addressing all reasonably foreseeable and possible emergencies such as:
fires;
floods;
spills or releases of hazardous chemicals or wastes to the ground or water;
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medical emergencies; and,
other weather-related emergencies
The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will define the methods of
intervention and required resources to be implemented by LSCADP in the event of an
accident to protect staff and property and to prevent harmful effects on the local population
and the environment. As part of the plan, LSCADP will facilitate the alert of rescue services
and inform the competent relevant authorities. Spills are the release of substances (solids or
liquids) in a magnitude that could cause substantial negative effects to the system receiving it;
the system in question could be, for example, soil, river, lake, sea or the atmosphere. The spill
response aspects of the plan will be outlined for all employees and relevant employees will be
trained in specific spill response procedures for the substances for which they are responsible.
The impacts of spills can have very adverse effects on the environment and humans.
Spills can occur during many of the typical operations such as: refuelling of equipment,
painting, changing oil, during transfer of the liquids or solid from container to another,
rinsing drums containing liquid or solid that is harmful; they may also occur as a result of a
burst hose or pipe, the malfunctioning of an overflow valve of a tank or road accident of a
fuel tanker. The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will include the
following features to address spills or releases of hazardous materials:
identify the personnel responsible in the event of a spill as well as a hierarchy for
notifications both within the Commercial Agriculture as well as Government and
emergency response personnel;
provide the structure for a spill response organization;
characterize the different types of materials and potential quantities of spills that could
occur as a result of the LSCADP intervention;
outline spill response procedures as well as equipment, protective equipment,
supplies, and materials to support the response;
provide specific training guidelines and procedures for personnel to ensure a safe and
effective response to potential spill events; and
provide training guidelines for recovery and disposal of all materials contaminated in
the event of a spill.
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The Emergency Response and Incident Management Plan will also define the procedures,
training, supplies, and materials for designated personnel to respond to fires, medical
emergencies, and other significant emergencies or incidents during both construction and
operations of various LSCADP intervention activities.
9.3.10 Cultural Heritage Management Plan
The Cultural Heritage Management Plan will ensure that known cultural sites are identified
and adequately protected, and that a procedure is in place for identifying any unknown or
unmarked sites that may be encountered during development (Chance Find Procedure).
In order to mitigate impacts to known sites, LSCADP will demarcate, along with each
affected village and community, the cultural and sacred sites used by that village and
community for traditional practices, so that those sites can be excluded from any vegetation
clearing or other construction activities.
During the course of construction, if any artifact or human remains are discovered, work in
the immediate vicinity shall be stopped immediately and LSCADP will implement a Chance
Find Procedure that will include the following:
LSCADP„s HSE coordinator shall take reasonable precautions to prevent any person
from removing or damaging any such item;
all work will be moved at least 30 m away from the artifact, or outside the boundaries
of the site containing the artefact;
the local village Chiefs and Government Officials will be notified of the find to
determine whether it is significant from a cultural perspective;
if the artefact appears to be pre-historic, the national museum will be notified; and,
appropriate actions will be taken after consultations with the relevant authorities.
9.3.11 Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan
The Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan will include the following provisions:
LSCADP will place speed limits and appropriate road signage along all Project roads;
LSCADP will enforce speed limits for safety, air quality, and noise purposes both on
the Project site and beyond;
all LSCADP drivers should be trained by a road safety specialist; and,
all vehicles should be properly maintained and undergo periodic safety inspections.
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9.3.12 Social Investment Plan
The Social Investment Plan outlines the types of measures that LSCADP will consider as it
develops the Project intervention to assist the communities in and around the Project area to
benefit from the presence of the Project. As a basis, LSCADP will sign Memorandums of
Understanding (MOU) with villages and community to ensure that there is no loss of village
farms or plantations (e.g. coffee, oil palm, cocoa, Kola, and banana) and will provide for
farmland for future generations to avoid impacts related to food insecurity. LSCADP will
demarcate such farmland for each village and community in coordination with a team to be
composed of the villagers, LSCADP personal, Subdivision Farm Council, and Regional
Delegation under the appropriate Ministry.
Some of the programmes being considered by LSCADP as part of its Social Investment Plan
include:
assisting in the creation of ranches or farms to provide workers/farmers and villagers
with meat (e.g. cows, goats, sheep, poultry) at avoidable price and to decrease the
hunting pressure on wild animals;
using a portion of the agric-waste (e.g. rice husk) as fuel for cooking and domestic
and industrial source of energy where applicable (e.g. compacting into briquettes) to
decrease the need for fuel wood from the forests;
providing technical assistance to out-growers as well as a market for agricultural
products grown on village farms and plantations;
improving the provision of health care services to both its workers, farmers and the
broader community in the Project area;
improving the provision of potable water to both its workers/farmers and the broader
community in the
Project area;
improving the provision of educational services to both its workers/farmers and the
broader community in the Project area;
providing access to electricity to project affected communities at low cost;
providing scholarships for deserving local students in; and,
providing priority for employment to local residents where applicable
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9.3.13 Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan
The Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for the Project will comply with all Lagos
requirements as well as international best practices. It will address measures for hygiene,
health, and safety at the work place and include an ongoing training program for all
employees‟ project beneficiaries. LSCADP will provide the necessary safety equipment to its
employees. The plan will address issues such as:
the proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety
boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;
analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard
requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;
provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of
PPE;
training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages, the
plantation, nurseries, and mills;
physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where
dangerous equipment is in use;
training related to job-specific risks and activities, including:
electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and
indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);
mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds,
equipment shock);
lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision);
machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision
with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with
a vehicle or machine);
hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution,
poisoning, dazzle);
workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with
machines);
sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace,
explosion risk); and,
power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution
risk)
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provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well-
stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite
injuries
9.3.14 Community Health & Safety Plan
The purpose of the Community Health and Safety Plan is to address the potential impacts on
the human population living in and around the farm settlement. These mitigation measures
include:
construction activities can draw significant numbers of single men and others
attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers
and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as
alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and diseases, including
HIV/AIDS, so LSCADP will attempt to recruit most of its construction workers
from the immediate area, thus minimizing the number of single men migrating for
work;
LSCADP will also ensure that it and its contractors provide adequate training and
enforcement codes of conduct to minimize worker participation in risky activities
such as sex trade, drugs, and alcohol;
LSCADP will conduct sensitization of local communities regarding potential
impacts from construction workers and inform those communities about the terms
and conditions of LSCADP‟s worker Code of Conduct;
LSCADP will conduct community training and awareness programs to ensure that
the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic
activities for short-term economic gain;
LSCADP will coordinate with local Government Councils to ensure that they
fully understand the risks
of large-scale construction activities and support LSCADP‟s efforts from a law
enforcement perspective;
LSCADP will work closely with the health districts of the Ministry of Health in
the State and promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid
risky activities; and LSCADP will work closely with the health districts to
monitor the incidence of diseases and other health measures that has indicated a
need for further intervention to protect community health and safety.
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9.3.15 Stakeholder Engagement Plan
LSCADP has been implementing its Stakeholder Engagement Plan since the inception of the
Project invention. It includes the following major considerations:
identification of Project stakeholders;
summary of past consultation efforts;
planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities;
stakeholder engagement during construction;
stakeholder engagement during operations;
resources for stakeholder engagement; and,
monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement
In coordination with its Stakeholder Engagement Plan, LSCADP will develop and implement
a Grievance Procedure that will include the following components:
anyone may contact the Project, in person, by email, or by telephone to submit a
grievance;
contacts about grievances may be by the affected person or through an agreed local
liaison committee;
all complaints will be documented by LSCADP and tracked to resolution, and
information on the status will be available to the person making the complaint;
LSCADP will investigate the complaint, using technical assistance if necessary, and
determine the response including, if applicable, proposed actions;
LSCADP will inform the person making the complaint, either verbally or in writing,
of LSCADP‟s response and proposed actions (if any);
prior to construction, LSCADP will work with stakeholders to develop a binding
arbitration system for resolving complaints;
the grievance mechanism will inform complainants of their options if the complaint
cannot be resolved;
LSCADP will strive to investigate and resolve complaints promptly;
there will be no cost to the person presenting the complaint;
all complaints will be treated with appropriate confidentiality;
complaints will be investigated and resolved without retribution to the complainant or
other persons; and,
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project personnel, especially those who have contact with the public, will be
briefed/trained about the grievance procedure, including who to contact within the
LSCADP or the Government of Lagos about a complaint.
9.3.16 Resettlement Action Plan
The Project will not require any involuntary resettlement therefore there is no need for a
Resettlement Action Plan framework. Any resettlement activity will be on a voluntary basis,
however, if the Project and local villagers do agree to a mutually agreeable resettlement
program, LSCADP will ensure that any such program is consistent with the principles and
guidelines of Nigerian Law.
9.3.17 Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan
The Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan will outline the anticipated process for closure
of the plantation, rice mills, and associated infrastructure. The plantation is expected to be
productive for several years to come and would be revitalized with a continuous, sustainable
re-planting program to maintain it as an on-going concern for the foreseeable future beyond
that point. As such, the Conceptual Closure and Reclamation Plan will be a living document
that will be updated approximately until it appears that closure is a realistic option at which
point it would be updated until closure occurs.
The plan would include concept-level planning for:
retrenchment of employees;
conversion of social services provided or funded by the Project (e.g. education, health
care) from Project funding to Government funding;
conversion of civil infrastructure provided of funded by the Project (e.g. roads, water
supply, waste water treatment) from Project funding to Government funding; and,
restoration of plantation land to either native species or other agricultural or forestry
use as determined appropriate at the time.
9.3.18 Training Programmes
LSCADP will develop, implement, and track training programs which is to include:
the benefits of protecting local fauna and alternatives to activities such as hunting for
local bush meat;
the need for waste management and how to implement the Waste Management Plan;
the need for proper selection, handling, storage, application, use, and disposal of all
hazardous materials and chemicals used in the Project activities in accordance with
the Chemical Management Plan;
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implementation of all emergency response procedures as identified in the Emergency
Response and Incident Management Plan;
implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance
Find Procedure;
implementation of the Health, Safety, and Security Management Plan for all
employees;
specific programs identified in the Community Health and Safety Plan; and,
executive management
9.4 Monitoring The Project will develop a detailed Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan to monitor key
elements of both the biophysical and human environments. The purpose of this monitoring
will be to ensure that significant impacts were correctly identified in the assessment process,
then to monitor the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. The results of monitoring
activities will be regularly reviewed to determine if the proposed management measures are
adequate, or if those measures should be revised, deleted, or supplemented.
Monitoring will include aspects such as:
water quality of the effluent streams discharged from the plantations, workers‟ and
farmers‟ housing, nurseries, and rice mills;
water quality and general aquatic health of streams receiving effluents from the
plantations, workers‟/farmers‟ housing, nurseries, and rice mills;
invasive species;
bush meat sales in local markets;
interactions between local fauna such as birds and the plantation to determine if
additional mitigation measures are required and if implemented, how effective they
are working;
the effectiveness of waste management activities;
the effectiveness of sediment and erosion control measures and of storm water
management measures;
all clearing activities for compliance with the Vegetation Clearing and Biomass
Management Plan;
implementation of the Cultural Heritage Management Plan and associated Chance
Find Procedure;
compliance with the Traffic and Vehicle Management Plan;
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health and safety indicators, including accidents, for all workers and farmers working
in the Project;
grievances of workers, farmers and the local community;
health indicators in the local communities to inform any modifications to the
Community Health and Safety Plan; and,
flora and fauna in the Project Area
9.5 Implementation Schedule Detailed ESMPs for the relevant aspects of work will be developed based on the above-
described frameworks starting before further development of project interventions (e.g.
Vegetation Clearing and Biomass Management Plan) and continuing to commissioning of the
rice mills and the specific worker health and safety issues associated with the mills. Also, the
IPMP prepared and disclosed by the project would be implemented in this regard. The
tentative schedule for this development is included in the below Table 9.5.1.
Table 9.5.1: Tentative ESMP Development Schedule
Plan Name Duration
Flora and Fauna Management
Plan
One month before the start of clearing for the plantation
Waste Management Plan One month before the start of clearing for the plantation for
clearing activities
Erosion and Sedimentation
Management Plan
One month before the start of clearing for the plantation
Employment, Training and
Awareness
One month before the start of clearing for the plantation
Water Management Plan Immediately for nursery activities and one month prior to any
well development
Chemical Management Plan Immediately for nursery activities and one month prior to any
well development
Air Quality Management Plan One month before clearing activities
Vegetation Clearing and Biomass
Management Plan
One month before clearing activities
Emergency Response and
Incidence Management
Immediately for nursery activities and one month before clearing
activities
Cultural Heritage Management
Plan
One month before clearing activities
Traffic and Vehicle Management
Plan
One month before clearing activities
Social Investment Plan Within six months of the start of plantation development
Health, Safety, and Security
Management Plan
One month before clearing activities
Community Health and Safety
Plan
One month before the start of clearing activities
Stakeholder engagement Plan On-going updates
Resettlement Action Plan At least three months prior to any resettlement
Conceptual Closure and
Reclamation Plan
Within one year of the start of clearing activities
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CHAPTER TEN
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The objective of CADP is to develop and manage a sustainable agricultural development
under the stipulated value chain (Rice, Aquaculture and Poultry) in the Lagos State, Nigeria
to enhance food security in the state. This Project will directly provide thousands of long-
term jobs for the people of Lagos state and beyond, local communities of a project area, as
well as act as a catalyst for secondary commercial and agricultural markets.
LSCADP will maintain the highest standards in sustainable practices, worker welfare, social
benefit and environmental impact throughout the Project development and operations
interventions. A significant additional benefit of the Project includes its ability to mitigate
Lagos as focus and Nigeria in general dependence on expensive imported of the agricultural
product under the value chain.
: OP/BP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04 - Natural Habitats and OP/BP
4.09 – Pest Management. It worth to know that, Nigeria EIA laws are similar to World Bank
safeguard policies, However, in the event of conflict between the two, World Bank Safeguard
Policies shall supersede. Also, the Federal laws overrule the Lagos state laws in case of
discrepancy.
The assessment of biophysical environment of the study area covered general climate and
meteorology, air quality and noise level, topography, regional hydrology, water and soil
quality, geology, ecosystem, vegetation, plant physiognomy, inventory of economic crops,
and fauna and wildlife resources. In this regard, most parameters measured This assessment
covered the proposed project activities financed by WBACADP at Araga Farm Settlement,
Poka, Epe, Lagos. As it was documented during the field survey, the proposed interventions‟
projects by LSCADO at the Farm Settlement (AGRIC-YES) include: construction and
rehabilitation of farm access road; power generation inform of provision of transformer and
installation facilities; rural water supply; drainage system; provision of tricycles to trainees
and provision of 20,000 birds; smoking kiln, miller, fingerlings were also included.
ESMF, PMP and RPF are the existing safeguard instruments that address the triggered
policies of environmental assessment, pest management and involuntary resettlement. ESIA
is identified as all-encompassing EA for any proposed development project. It addressed the
126
adverse environmental impact of the LSCADP proposed intervention projects with a view to
enhance project benefits and introduce standards of good environmental practice for
agricultural development in the state.
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
The requirement for an Environmental Assessment is in compliance with the Federal
Republic of Nigeria‟s (FRN) laws and WB policies geared towards achieving sustainable
development goals through proper and adequate care for the environment, health and social
well-being of her citizens. The project impacts covered small scale and site-specific
infrastructure investment projects associated with category B projects of the World Bank.
This report was prepared in accordance with provision of ESMF, RPF and IPMP. The
relevant WB safeguards policies triggered by the LSCADP intervention projects includewere
in conformity with local and international standards and mitigation measures were provided
where environment will be affected.
Public consultations were held with the local communities and all other interested/affected
parties including the project donors. These consultations identified the key issues and
concerns of all parties and addressed them with reference to the proposed sub-projects
activities. The consultations included vulnerable groups within the community, specifically
the poorest of the poor, elderly, widows and widowers, and women.
127
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APPENDICES
Appendix A
FOCUS GROUP REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALUATION OF COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Introduction
Focus Group Discussion henceforth referred to as FGD was conducted to obtain scientific report of
the environmental and social impact of the Commercial Agriculture Development projects at the
Araga Farm Settlement situated at Araga Poka Epe Lagos State. Series of agriculture-support projects
have been completed with international intervention from the World Bank to assist the
development of commercial agriculture in Lagos State. These include road construction, provision of
electricity, drainages, water supply among others. However, the need to examine the status and the
environmental cum social impacts of these projects particularly from the perspectives of the
beneficiaries becomes inevitable. It is in this line that the FDG on these series of project was
conducted on the project area. The FGD was conducted with relevant authorities of the institute
particularly top officials with a series of well-structured questions that concerns the nature of the
agricultural practice and the impacts of the already provided infrastructures in the agricultural
practice. Information from the FGD is used as important input to the preparation of a
comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment for the project area.
The discussion was designed to gather information from the fish farmers group in regard to the
following probable outcomes:
1. To understand the nature of the agriculture land use of the project area.
2. To examine the nature of the available physical and social infrastructure
available in the area.
3. To assess the nature and status of the proposed commercial agriculture
development (CAD) projects in the project area.
4. To understand the sensitivity of the proposed commercial agricultural
development (CAD) to environmental issues.
131
5. To understand if there are resource management, land conflicts and other
resource–related issues that is connected.
6. To understand if there are social and gender issues tied to the proposed
commercial agriculture development (CAD) projects.
Participant Demographics
Three participants took part in the focus group:
All participants are men
All present had their age ranging between 40 – 50 years.
All of the participants have had tertiary education up to the University level.
They are all married and living with respective family members.
All are officials of the AGRIC YES (Youth Empowerment Scheme) in general agriculture
training and farm maintenance.
There are other socio-economic variables which differentiates the participants of the focus
group discussion in terms of other source of income.
Names of Participants
S/N Name Phone No
1 Mr. Olusanjo M. 08034745611
2 Mr. Ayodele K. 08055404507
3 Obajaye Bimbo 7044428863
4 Emmanuel Oluwole 8038222514
5 Wilson Olufemi 8023110279
6 Adeyemo Abiodun 8022570223
7 Akinjogbin Tunde 8054096837
Outcome Analysis
Outcome 1: General Assessment
The organization is Lagos State Agricultural Empowerment Scheme (AGRIC YES) situated within
Araga Farm Settlement, Poka Epe, Lagos. It functions under the Lagos State Ministry of Agriculture
and Cooperatives with the Commissioner as the overall head. The institute is under the leadership of
the Director who reports to the permanent secretary and in turn reports to the Commissioner.
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The total population of the residents and workers in the institute is about 500 comprising of 400
students while others are non-academic, administrative and clerical staff members. The institute
was structure to teach and demonstrate full time agricultural knowhow to trainees across agro-
related courses such as fishing, crop production, animal husbandry and poultry.
Examination and assessment of the existing social and physical infrastructures in the settlement
revealed a lot of lacunas. There are no existing primary or secondary school in the area. This simply
means that trainees with young children will have to a suitable means of transporting their
children/wards to school. Health facilities are available but on a first aid level. In case of urgent need
of high-level medical attention that requires the services of a doctor, the patient will have to be
travel to Epe town for such case.
Being the flagship institution for training of farmers in Lagos State, extension services are available
even for farmers who are not enrolled in the institute. The series of pragmatic courses on offer
provide the trainees a wealth of latest knowledge concerning agriculture practice. Hence, the degree
of effectiveness of the extensive services is high. Farm inputs such as fertilizers, herbicides, and
other chemicals that are essential for suitable agricultural practice are made available to farmers
who are trainees of the institute. This is extended beyond their training period. Farmers can apply
for these to stimulate their agricultural practice beyond the training for personal private practice of
the knowledge that has been impacted on them.
Similarly, farm machineries are available in the institute. Four tractors are made available to
students for the crop production. This is based on the cooperative basis. As the programme is run
based on the formation of cooperatives, each cooperative can apply for the use of the farm
machines within a particular duration.
Storage facilities are also available although under-utilised probably due to the number of farmers
(trainees) in the programme. This was provided to curtail wastages and for the availability of seeds
for planting the next season. Portable water is available for use. The institute has been rehabilitated
with portable and the taps are running effectively. Public enlightenment about the programmes on
offer and the modalities for gaining admission into the institute is high. There is a programme on
Lagos Television (LTV) that informs the public whenever the need arises.
There are two Farm Access Roads in the institute. The roads are in good condition without well-
constructed drainages. This could be a challenge with respect to flooding. It is noteworthy to state
that one farm access road is currently under construction and it is anticipated that the road will
provide better accessibility to the farmlands better that the footpath-lateritic roads. There is no
credit facility for an institute as this other than government subvention.
Outcome 2: Nature of the proposed Commercial Agriculture Development (CAD) project(s)
Several CAD projects have been executed in the institute. These include Farm Access Road, Road
Rehabilitation, Provision of Tricycles to trainees, Provision of 20,000 birds, Smoking Kiln, among
others. These projects were executed to provide accessibility in and out of the farmlands, for fish
processing, and to replace dispense layers.
Since, the aim of agriculture is to provide food for the teeming population of any country; the CAD
projects are germane to ensure food security and to make life easy for the farmers in the area. In
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addition, the provision of these CAD project stimulates productivity of the agricultural sector of the
economy through the provision of agriculture-support projects such as the Farm Access Roads. This
has helped to promote agricultural productivity of the farmers. These proposed CAD projects will
really help to increase in local production of fish and ensure continuity of the farming activities. If
the efforts of the farmers are being complemented with better and more inclusive agricultural
policies, it will help to increase food security in the country.
Government has provided opportunities to enhance international trade through the proposals on
the expansion of the current poultry production up to provision 50,000 broilers and layers,
development of powdered eggs. In fact, some of the piggery products have been exported to
Republic of Benin. However, the current efforts are directed to meet local demands with the future
projection set on exports.
New farming techniques such as automated battery cage for broilers and deep irrigation system. The
deep irrigation is for vegetable farming 10-hectares of land. Local seeds have been at the fore of the
agricultural practice of the institute. Crops such as oil, cassava and vegetables have been cultivated
as main local seeds into the farming practice of the institute.
Other efforts to support the small-scale farmers include the graduate farmers scheme (GFS) which is
directed towards to graduates of the institute and other higher education citadel of learning across
the nation. Graduates from this institute can learn advance agricultural practices on the scheme.
Others are the Rice for Job scheme at Idena–Itoikin. The issue that requires urgent attention is that
of the on-going projects and drainage issues. These road construction projects should be fast-
tracked so that it will not hamper our farming activities.
Outcome 3: Environmental issues connected to CAD projects
As far as the institute is concerned, there are very limited issues connected to CAD project that has
stimulated any environmental concern but the flooding challenge. We are of the opinion that this
cab resolved with prompt effort towards the proper construction of drainage channels that will
convey runoff and overland flow to nearby streams. With the current uncompleted projects the
access to the farmlands might be hampered owing to flash floods. The footprint of flooding is usually
related to the extent of time it will take to get to the farm when compared to the scenario where the
drainages are provided.
Apart from the flooding, we need to clear forest areas to prepare pristine land for farming. In the
process of doing this, we cut trees and clear existing ecology of the area. Animals and plants will
have to migrate to other habitats as a result of this. Thus, we can say that the clearing of forest often
leads to deforestation and destruction of ecological life.
Outcome 4: Resource management, land conflicts and other resource-related issues
There are no issues concerning communal clashes with respect to the land. However, cattle rearers
were observed closed to the entrance gate of the institute.
Outcome 5: Social Aspects and Gender Issues
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The institute has provided means of employment through direct involvement and indirect
employment in marketing of agricultural products. With this level of employment created, the place
for subcontracting of farming activities is not encouraged. For the opportunities created, fulltime
employment has been created.
The institute permits gender equality and this is spread across the staff and trainees. About 40% of
the trainees are females and 60% males. Thus, the system runs on a framework that allows anyone
irrespective of gender to participate and this is extended to the CAD projects. Everyone is a
beneficiary without any form of gender discrimination.
Outcome 6: Opportunities created since the initiation of the CAD projects
There are series of opportunities that the institute has provided to trainees and with the initiation of
the CAD projects, more people have benefitted from the programmes on offer. The level of
attendance is a testament to this claim. Learning agriculture and agric-related businesses has been a
big point of claim that the trainees will attest to. Over 400 trainees have benefitted from these
streams of programmes here and more are still on the way. The trainees are arranged in a form of
cooperative societies and each cooperative is trained on series of agricultural practices and the
business aspect of agricultural is an integral aspect of the training.
Some of the trainees have been sent abroad for higher education in agriculture. About 5 of the
trainees are in Israel to develop more skills in agricultural practices such as crop production, animal
husbandry such as poultry and piggery management etc. thus we can say with much emphasis that
there are opportunities for higher learning of agriculture beyond the institute. Provision of water is
also on the optimum level for the trainees. Our available water infrastructure is well-maintained and
we don’t have any issue with availability of water. Similarly, our road infrastructure is also very good
although we have some challenges with respect to some facilities that should be provided with the
roads.
Outcome 7: Other issues of concern
Concerning issues of critical concern, we are concerned about the flooding issues here as earlier
stated. The existing farm access roads are gradually getting to bad state due to lack of drainages on
the roadway. During torrential rains some of these roads are flooded due to lack of drainage channel
to move the water off the road. The sloppy nature of the road is a challenge as lack of drainage
system often lead to stagnant water left in some sections of the roads.
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Appendix B
COMMUNITY/INSTITUTION-BASED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)
Environmental and Social Impact Evaluation of Commercial Agriculture Development Project
(CADP)
FGD OR KEY INFORMANTS QUESTIONNAIRE – COMMUNITY DIAGNOSTICS
Name of institution/community: ……………………………………………..…………………………….
Institution/community identification number: ……………………………………….…………………….
LGA/State: …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Interviewers: ………………………………………………………………………….…………………….
Number of participating respondents: ……………………………….….……..…………………………
Association/Group: ………………………………………………………………………………………….
A. GENERAL ASSESSMENT
1. What is the highest traditional institution in this community? /What is the overall head of this
institution referred to? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. What is the approximate population of this community/institution? ………………………………………….
3. What is the major occupation/major course of study in this institution? …………………………………….
4. What are the other occupations? Or associated course of study in the institute?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Please examine the following physical and social infrastructure in your community/institute, what
is the nature of these in your area generally irrespective of the consideration for the CAD projects
Available / Not available
(number)
Level of functionality
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Primary school(s)/High School(s)
Health facilities
Extension services
Supply of farm inputs e.g.
chemicals, fertilizers
Provision of farm machines at
subsidized rate
Storage facilities
Rural access to road
Provision of water
Public enlightenment about on-
going works and farming
activities
Credit facility
B. ASSESSMENT OF PROPOSED CAD PROJECT(S)
1. Is there any CAD project(s) in this community/institution? ………………….……………………………….
2. If yes, how many and what are their particular names
(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….
(b) …………………………………………………….……………………………………………..………..
(c) …………………………………………………..…………………………………………………….…..
3. What are the specific goals of this /these projects?
(a) ……………………………………………..……..…………………………………………….……….
(b) ………………………………………………..………………………………………..………………..
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. How do you think they are linked to the overall agricultural sector of the country?
………………………………………………………………………….………………………………..……...……
………………………………………………………………………….………………………………...…..………
5. Are you aware if there is any effort to expand the operations of these project(s) towards
international trade?
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Are there any efforts focused on promoting local productive farming for local needs, thus, working
to ensure food security?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………
7. How do the liberal/open market policies affect the small scale Nigerian farmers (The agri-business
owners)?
……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………….
8 Do the funded projects impose specific inputs on the farmer, i.e. seeds?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Are there any new ideologies and models for farming that have been introduced through
this/these project(s)?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Are there any efforts to support the preservation of local seeds and biodiversity?
………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………...
11. What other associated projects/efforts aimed to support the small scale Nigerian farmers?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
12. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the CADP in your community/institution?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….
C. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES CONNECTED TO CAD PROJECTS
How are these environmental issues connected to the proposed CAD projects in your
community/institute?
Intensity Footprints/level of impact(s)
Air quality
deterioration
Flooding
Environmental
degradation/
landscape alterations
Soil pollution/soil
contamination
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Water pollution
Noise/vibration (sonic
factors)
Deforestation issues
Destruction of
ecological life
D. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, LAND CONFLICTS & RELATED ISSUES
1. Are there communal clashes with regards to parcels of land committed to CAD projects in your
area? If Yes, please state with examples ………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. Are the resultant cases handled locally through the heads or through the legal agencies?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is the nature of the resource conflict? Is it directly or indirectly related to the CAD project?
Please explain ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. What in your own opinion is going to be the likely impact of this development on the CAD project?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
E. SOCIAL ASPECT & GENDER ISSUES
1. What form of employment has the project contributed to the residents/students
community/institute?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Is there any form of sub-contracting services outsourced to other local farmers from the CAD
projects?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Are women involved in CAD project with respect to agriculture? ……………………………………………
4. If Yes, What percentage? ………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Do women have equal access to the CAD projects and associated facilities compared to men?
………..
6. Are there barriers to women benefitting from the CAD project and how can they overcome it
without creating tension within the community?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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7. Are there necessary frameworks that will support the involvement of women if the extent of
involvement is low?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Has the CAD project created further opportunities in the following areas?
To what extent Number of beneficiaries
Learning agri-business
Higher education
Provision of facilities
Provision water
Provision roads
9. Any other social/economic issues regarding the CAD projects in your community/institution?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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Appendix C
QUESTIONNAIRE ON ENVRIONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT EVALAUTION OF COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE INTERVENTION PROJECTS
Dear Agricultural Landowner,
Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey! The purpose of this survey is to gain
valuable insight from the agricultural communities and agricultural landowners on the
Environmental and Social Impacts Evaluation of Commercial Agriculture Intervention Projects, the
use of best management practices on the farm and participation in government funded cost share
programmes. This is your chance to tell us what you think! If you are not a farmer, or if you do not
own land that is farmed, please disregard this survey.
NOTE:
Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included
only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed,
please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately
20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.
Settlement/Community/Activity: ……………………………….. L.G.A: …….………………………………………….…..
Name of Interviewer: ……..…………….……………………….. Date: ……………..……………………………………….
Survey Location: (a) Major Urban (b) Other Urban (c) Rural
SECTION A: Household data
1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female
2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs
3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) married (d) Divorced/Separated (e)
Widowed
4. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non
Resident, Visiting
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5. Ethnic Group: (a) Yoruba (b) Igbo (c) Hausa/Fulani (d)
Other, specify ………………………….
6. Religion: (a) Muslim (b) Christian (c) Traditional
7. Education: (a) None (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d)
Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post
Graduate
8. Relationship to HH: (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e)
Other, specify…………………. ..
9. Type of HH (a) Normal (b) Woman (c) Child
10. Size of the HH ……………………………
No. of Adults (Above 18) I HH: Men Women
No. of Children (below 18) in HH: Boys Girls
11. Main income source: (a) Agriculture (b) Livestock (c) Daily Labour (d) Trading & Shop
Keeping (e) Artisans (f) Employed (salaried) (g) Remittances (h) Fishing (i) Social Support
(j) Other
12. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-1 yr (b) 2-4 yrs (c) Above 4 yrs
13. If non-resident, please tell me where you come from: …………………………………………………….
(Location/LGA)
Education
B1.1 Does anyone in the household
currently attend school (If no, skip
to D2)
A Yes b No
B1.2. Where do the children go to
school? (Place name)
a Primary
B Junior High
c Senior High/ Tech/
Voc
d Post-Secondary
B1.3. How long does it take to get
to school?
(Note response to each school
accessed)
a <5 mins
b 5-15 mins
c 15-30 mins
d 30-60 mins
e 60+ mins
B1.4. What method of transport is a Foot
142
used to get to school?
(Note response to each school
accessed)
b Bicycle
c Mini bus
d Taxi
e Private Car
f Okada
g Tri-cycle
SECTION B: LAND & AGRCIULTURAL ACTIVITIES
B1. General Land Characteristics
Land Available for
cropping …………Acres
Acquired Land: Own Land ……… Acres Rented ……………Acres cost ………………
Borrowed for free ……… Acres
Shared
Cropping …………… Acres, ……………. % Harvest
Garden with Vegetable Yes No
Do you have debt: Yes /
No Cost ……………… NGN
B2. Agriculture
B2.1 Do you grow your own food a Yes b No
B2.2 Is anyone in your household engaged
in farming (if no, skip to D3)
a Yes b No
B2.3 If yes, what crops do you cultivate in
the rainy/wet season
a cassava b Plantain
c coconut d Sugarcane
e Rice f Maize/corn
g Yam h Vegetables
If other please specify
i Other
B2.4 If yes, what crops do you cultivate in
the dry season (please circle all that apply)
a cassava b Plantain
c coconut d Sugarcane
e Rice f Maize/corn
g Yam h Vegetables
If other please specify
i Other
B2.5 Is the land cultivated: a Owned by you b Rented
If other please specify
c Sharecropped d Paid by annual
donation
o
e Other
What percentage of your crops are a. for subsistence b. for sale
Check section (B2.3)
143
Check section (B2.4)
B2.10 How much income does your
household get from your crops that you sell
a. in a good month b. in a bad month
Naira
Naira
B3. Plantation / Trees
B3.1 Is anyone in your household engaged in
plantations or tree cropping (If no, skip to D4)
1 Yes 2 No
B3.2 If Yes, Please Specify
B3.3 Is the plantation land cultivated a Owned by you b Rented
If other please specify
c Sharecropped d Paid for by an annual
donation to the chief e Other
B3.4 How much income does your household get
from the tree crops that you sell
a. in a good season b. in a bad season
Naira Naira
B4. Livestock
B4.1 Does your
household own any
livestock
a Yes B No
If yes a. How many In the past, year, what percentage of these animals were
b. for your own consumption c. for sale?
(a) Cow
(b) Sheep
(c) Goats
(d) Pigs
(e) Poultry
(f) Other (specify)
Household income from selling meat?
a. in a good month
Naira
b. in a bad month
Naira
B5. Fish Farming
1. How many members are in the group for fish farming?
……………………………………………………………………
2. How have you select the member? ……...……………………………………………….……………………………………
3. Did you get training on fish pond construction? (a) Yes (b) No
4. If Yes, for how many days in total? …………………………………………………. days
144
5. Did you get support/advice/technical guidance during the fish pond construction? (a) Yes (b)
No
6. If yes, by who? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….
7. Which points did you take into account for choosing the site for the construction of the fish pond?
(a) …………………………… (b) ……………………………….. (c) ………………………………………….. (d)
……………………………
8. What is the size of your pond? …………………………. m2
9. Who was involved in the fish pond construction?
Group members Yes No
Family members Yes No
Daily Labour Yes No
Workers paid by NGO Yes No
Other, specify:
10. How many days did it take to construct the fish pond? …………………………….
11. Mention four main constraints/problems you faced during the fish pond construction?
(a)……………………………………………………………..
(b) ……………………………………………………………..
(c) ………………………………………………………………
(d) ……………………………………………………………….
12. Do you have some expenditure during pond construction? (a) Yes (b) No
13. What type of water sources do you have? (a) Spring (b) Rain (c) River (d) Water
Catchment Dam (e) Other, specify
14. Who is the owner of the land where the fish pond is placed? (a) Private Owned (b) Family
(c) Cooperative society (d) Partnership (e) Public company (f) Government enterprise
(g) Public corporation (i) Other, specify
15. What steps did you do to get a fish harvest?
(a) …………………………………………….
(b) …………………………………………….
145
(c) …………………………………………….
(d) …………………………………………….
16. How do you dispose waste water from fish pond? ………………………
17. From where did you get the fingerlings? ……………..
18. How many fingerlings did you get? …………………..
19. Are you feeding the fish? (a) Yes (b) No
20. If yes, what are you giving? (a) Sunflower cake (b) Cotton cake (c) Maize/rice bran (d)
Other, specify
21. Fish pond management strategies (feeding)
QQ in kg Daily Weekly Monthly
What quantity of manure are you applying?
What quantity of sunflower cake are you applying?
What quantity of cotton cake are you applying?
What quantity of maize/rice bran are you applying?
Other, specify: 1
2
3
4
22. Fish pond management strategies (maintenance)
Daily Weekly Monthly
How often do you weed around the fish pond?
How often do you check water level?
How often do you sample the fish for their size?
How often do you check the flow of water?
How often do you check for predators?
How often do you check for leaking of the fish pond?
23. What type of harvest did you do? (a) Partial (b) Total
146
24. On average, how much did you harvest? ……………………kg/basket/basin
25. Distribution of fish harvested
How did you use the harvest? %
Distributed to members
Eaten
Sold
Other, specify ……………………..
26. Cash income from sell: ………………………….. NGN
27. Where did you sell the fish?
Yes No
Pond site
In the village
At market place in the village
in town
To businessmen/women
Other, specify
28. Did you process some of the harvest? (a) Yes (b) No
29. If yes, what type of processing did you use? (a) Sun dried (b) Smoked (c) Salted (d)
Frozen (e) Other, specify ………………………
30. Please, give four problems you faced during the management period?
(a) …………………………………………….
(b) …………………………………………….
(c) …………………………………………….
(d) …………………………………………….
SECTION C: HEALTH
147
1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by the farming activities? (a) Yes (b)
No
2. If yes, in what way? (a) Cause skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d)
Other , Specify………………………..
3. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs
from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None
4. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year
(c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one.
5. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most
accordingly?
Degree
Ailment
Alway
s
Sparingl
y
Seldo
m
Neve
r
Degree
Ailment
Alway
s
Sparingl
y
Seldo
m
Neve
r Whooping
Cough
Rheumatism
Tuberculosis Rashes
Asthma Eczema
Dysentery Ringworm
Diarrhoea Eye pains
Cholera Cataract
Pile Glaucoma
Hypertension Typhoid
fever
Congestive
health
problem
Malaria
Pneumonia Sickle cell
anaemia
Sexually
transmitted
diseases
Epilepsy
6. Do you think your ailment/sickness is directly or indirectly linked to the farm activities?
(a) Yes (b) No
7. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c)
Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Others,
specify:……………………………………
SECTION E. STANDARD OF LIVING
E1. Assets
E1.1 Do you have any of the following items
Quantity Quantity
a. radio / tape
recorder
k. beds
b. television
l. furniture set
c. DVD player
m. fan
d. telephone (land
line)
n. computer
e. mobile phone o. generator
148
f. stove
p. mosquito nets
g. fridge
q. insect screens
h. fishing traps
r. hunting trap
i. fishing nets s. other hunting equipment
j. fishing hooks t. other (specify)
E1.2 What sort of transport does your family own
Quantity Quantity
a. bicycle
f. car
b. motorcycle/okada
g. truck
c. canoe
h. taxi
d. boat i. bus
e. tri-cycle/ keke NAPE j. other (specify)
E1.3 What sort of housing does your household live in?
a. Construction material -
Walls
1 Plastered mud d. Number of rooms
1 1-2
2 Cement blocks 2 3-4
9 Other (specify) 9 Other
(specify) b. Construction material -
roofing
1 Corrugated
roofing
e. Other structures on
plot
1 Animal Pen
2 Tile 2 Granary
9 Other (specify) 9 Other
(specify) c. Construction material -
floor
1 Earthen
2 Cement blocks
9 Other (specify)
E1.4 Toilet Facility 1 Pit latrine
2 Water borne system
3 Toilet facility outside dwelling
4 Pier latrine
5 None
9 Other (specify)
E1.5 Tenure of housing 1 Owned
2 Rented
3 Occupied rent free
9 Other
Tenure of land 1 Owned
2 Rented
3 Occupied rent free
4 Lease hold
9 Other
E2. Household Services
Indicate predominantly source of lighting for the household?
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Palm
Oil
(f)
Torchlight
(g) (h) (i) Gas
149
PHCN Generator Lantern Candle Lamp Battery Wood Kerosene
Indicate major source of energy for cooking?
(a) Fire
Wood
(b) Coal (c)
Kerosene
(d)
Eletric
(e) Animal
dropping
(f) Gas (g) Crop
Residue/saw
dust
Others
E3Sources of Water
for drinking for cooking for bathing and
washing a. Lagoon
Yes No Yes No Yes No
b. Well
Yes No Yes No Yes No
c. Borehole
Yes No Yes No Yes No
d. Water pump Yes No Yes No Yes No
e. Community tap Yes No Yes No Yes No
f. Piped water outside
dwelling
Yes No Yes No Yes No
g. River Yes No Yes No Yes No
h. Rain harvesting Yes No Yes No Yes No
i. Water vendor Yes No Yes No Yes No
j. Tanked water Yes No Yes No Yes No
k. Other (specify)
Yes No Yes No Yes No
E4 Remittances
E4.1 Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 Yes 2 No
E4.2 If yes, how much (per month) Naira
E5 Other Income
E5.1 Do you have other income streams 1 Yes 2 No
E5.2 If yes, please specify?
E5.3 If yes, how much (per month) Naira
E6 Total Income
E6.1 What is the total household monthly income (all activities)? Naira
SECTION F: RESOURCES/ CULTURAL PROPERTY
150
1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and
whose cause can be linked to the CAD projects?. (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad
road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) environmental
degradation (g) Others (specify) …………………………..
2. Do you think the LSCADP activities affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in
your area?
(a) Yes (b) No
3. If yes, how? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Desecration of sacred
items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others,
specify:……………………………
4. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste including farm waste? (Multiple options)
(a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in
community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector
(f) Other specify
5. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three
years?
a. Same b. Better c. Worse
SECTION F: Impact Evaluation Assessment
1. Please, identify the areas in which CAD Projects have really impacted on you?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(e.g. infrastructural development, agricultural productivity, Loan, agricultural input etc)
2. Please identify the projects implemented by CADP in your organization and the environment
(Multiple options)?
(a) Road Construction (b) Power supply (Electricity) (c) Water tanker (d) Fingerling (e)
Drainage system (f) Seedling (g) Other specify
3. How has the project impacted on you?
Positive impact Negative impact
(a)
(b)
(c)
151
(d)
(e)
(f)
4. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the CAD projects in your area, please state
clearly?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….
Appendix D
Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Pollutants Time of Average Limits
Particulates Daily average of daily values 1hour 250µg/m3
600 µg/m3
Sulphur oxide (Sulphur dioxide)
Daily average of hourly values 1 hour
0.01ppm 0.1ppm
Non-methane hydrocarbon Daily average of 3- hourly values
160µg/m3
Carbon monoxide Daily average of hourly values 8-hour average
10ppm 20ppm
Nitrogen oxides (Nitrogen dioxide)
Daily average of hourly values (range)
0.04- 0.06ppm
Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.06ppm
Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (FEPA, 1991) Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria
Duration per Day, Hour Permissible Exposure Limit dB(A)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 115
Source: Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Noise Level Guidelines
Receptor One Hour LAeq (dBA)
Day time (07:00 -22:00) 22:00 – 07:00
Residential; Institutional; educations 55 45
Industrial; commercial 70 70
Source: World Bank Group 2007: General EHS Guidelines Groundwater Samples
Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS FMEnv Limit
Highest Desirable Level
Max. Permissible Level
152
Parameters GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 WHO LIMITS FMEnv Limit
Highest Desirable Level
Max. Permissible Level
pH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5-8.5
Conductivity, µS/cm
NS 1000
-
Temperature, 0C NS NS <40
Turbidity, NTU NS NS 1.0
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l
200 500
500
Salinity, ppt NS NS
Hardness, mg/l CaCO3
100 500 200
Alkalinity, mg/l NS NS
-
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l
NS NS
7.5
BOD5, mg/l NS NS 0
COD, mg/l NS NS -
Chloride, mg/l 200 600 250
Nitrate, mg/l - - 10
Sulphate, mg/l 200 400 500
Phosphate, mg/l NS NS 5
Sodium, mg/l NS NS 200
Calcium, mg/I 75 200 -
Magnesium, mg/l
30 75 -
Potassium, mg/l NS NS -
THC, mg/l 0.01 0.3 -
Oil and Grease - - 0.05
Heavy Metals
Iron, mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0
Zinc, mg/l 5.0 15.0 5.0
Lead, mg/l NS NS 0.05
Mercury, mg/l NS NS 0.01
Copper, mg/l 0.05 1.5 0.05
Chromium, mg/l NS NS 0.01
Cadmium, mg/l NS NS 0.03
Nickel, mg/l NS NS -
Arsenic, mg/l NS NS -