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Language: English

Original: English

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWROK (ESMF) SUMMARY

Project Title: AFLATOXIN CONTROL IN MAIZE AND GROUNDNUT VALUE CHAINS

Project Number: P-TZ-A00-008.

Country: TANZANIA Department: AHAI

Division: Project Category: 2

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Tanzania is officially known as the United Republic of Tanzania. It is located in East Africa

bordering Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the

Congo to the west, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south and the Indian Ocean to the

east. The most prominent physical features are Mt. Kilimanjaro at the border with Kenya, Mt.

Meru located not far away from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Lake Victoria in the north and the Usambara

Mountains. Tanzania remains a rural based country with nearly 70% of its population living in the

rural areas. This rural population depends on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. Maize

is the major and most preferred staple crop, with around 45% of the land (or over 4.9 million

hectares) used for maize production. More than 85% of maize production is by smallholder

farmers, and maize and groundnuts together account for about 44 percent of the calorie intake in

the country.

The information available shows that persistent and chronic aflatoxins exposure is widespread and

highly prevalent throughout the country. Aflatoxins are poisonous and cancer-causing chemicals

that are produced by certain types of fungi of which two known ones are Aspergillus flavus (the

main aflatoxins producing fungus) and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungi are commonly

available in any soils in the world. The aflatoxin infestation has been found to occur just before

crop flowering. During this time, if the crop is stressed due to limited water supplies like during

droughts or pest attack, such as by birds, insects or other animals, then the mycotoxins causing

fungi will infest the crop. The word AFLATOXIN is a combination of three words A coming from

the name of the fungus Aspergillus, FLA from the common aflatoxin producing type flavus and

TOXIN which means poison. Because there is no known agents to kill the fungi, scientists have

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proposed a biological control method that involves manipulating the population levels that will

ensure that the toxin causing strains are outcompeted by the atoxigenic strains to reduce their

infection potentials. Aflatoxin contamination has many negative impacts such as reducing the

volume and value of the agricultural output and does impact negatively on each of the four pillars

of food security which are food availability, food access, food utilization and food stability.

Aflatoxins have been linked to numerous health problems that include suppression of the immune

system hence accelerating HIV, malaria, and other opportunistic communicable diseases such as

tuberculosis. The micro-toxins are also known to interact in an adverse way with hepatitis B virus

(HBV) and have been linked to liver diseases including liver cancer besides being a major cause

of stunting in children.

This ESMF has been prepared based on an overall environmental and social assessment, which

includes (i) analysis of the general baseline at project areas; (ii) evaluation of potential

environmental and social impacts of different project components and subcomponents; (iii)

assessment of environmental requirements and practices in different ongoing and completed

projects; (iv) national requirements by the Government of Tanzania for implementation of similar

projects; and, (v) African Development Bank Safeguard requirements before implementation of

any development project. The ESMF provides the guidelines for the preparation of all mitigation

plans (such as Environmental and Social Management Plans, Construction Management Plan and

Compensation Action Plans) to respond to the anticipated project impacts, once the project sites

and specific communities and locations are identified.

1.2. Environmental and Social Management Framework requirements

The purpose of the ESMF is to provide a procedure for environmental and social assessment of

the proposed Tanzania Agricultural Value Chain Support Project. The ESMF was selected because

even though the footprint of the project is known, design and other details about the project and

specific project locations are not yet available prior to appraisal mission proposed for the month

of August 2017. The framework will guide the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries

(MALF) in determining the appropriate level of environmental and social assessments required.

1.3. Purpose of the ESMF

This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is an assessment tool that will

guide the implementation of the proposed Tanzania Agricultural Value Chain Development

Support Project. The project aims to minimize aflatoxin occurrence in the food system attained

through an integrated approach in maize and groundnuts food chain. Specifically, the project will

(i) improve pre- and post-harvest technologies as well as improve pre- and post-harvest

infrastructure and management practices; (ii) increase public knowledge and awareness; and (iii)

strengthen institutional capacities while enhancing innovative marketing incentives to increase

trade. The preparation of the ESMF was based on the fact that the African Development Bank

(AfDB) environmental and social safeguards policy requires the borrower to prepare an

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) that establishes the mechanism

whereby any project implementing agency carries out preliminary assessments of environmental

and social impacts of its proposed activities.

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1.4. Objectives of the ESMF

The main objective of this ESMF is to ensure that the implementation of the AVDSP Project is

environmentally and socially sustainability. The specific objectives are: (i) to establish clear

procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social screening, planning, review,

approval and implementation of the project and its sub-projects; (ii) to specify appropriate roles

and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring

environmental and social concerns related to sub-projects; (iii) to determine the training, capacity

building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF;

(iv) to propose and establish the funding required to implement the ESMF; and, (v) to provide

practical information resources for implementing the ESMF. The responsibility to ensure that the

requirements of the ESMF are implemented will rest with the Project Coordinating Unit (PCU)

while its approvals will be the responsibility of the National Environment Management Council

(NEMC).

1.5. Environmental and Social Screening

The Laws of the Republic of Tanzania require that any development project must undergo

environmental and social screening. The objective of the screening process is to ensure that the

projects are designed and implemented in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner.

The MALF, especially its Environmental Management Unit (MALF-EMU) will be responsible for

preparing the Environmental and Social Screening Form whose results will determine the

appropriate level of environmental work. The appropriate level of environmental work could range

from the application of simple mitigation measures (using the Environmental and Social Checklist)

as will be proposed in the Environmental and Social Management Plan, to the preparation of a

comprehensive EIA Report. The project was also screened based on the guidleines provided in the

Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) which provide for categorization of projects whose

site-speficic aspects are not very certain at time of preparation to prepare ESMF and subsequently

ESMPs once project sites have been identified at implementation stage.

1.6. Preparation and use of the ESMF

This ESMF has been prepared by an Environmental Consultant from the AfDB based on previous

experience on similar projects. The ESMF provides a guide to be used within the existing

Government Policy regulations for environment and social processes and other international

legislation by donor organizations. This ESMF will be a living document that will be subject to

periodic reviews to address specific concerns raised by stakeholders, and emerging policy

requirements. This framework has been prepared as a reference document for use by key

stakeholders in the planning, implementation, management and operation of the proposed

Tanzania Agricultural Value Chain Development Project and may act as reference for other future

agricultural development projects by both donors and the government.

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1.7. Organization of the ESMF

This Framework is organized in 12 chapters ranging from the introduction, general baseline

information, the methodology, description of the project, description of various potential

environmental and social impacts including their mitigation, the various legal, policy and

regulatory frameworks, and ends with conclusions.

2. ADMINISTRATION, POLICIES, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS

6.1. Background

In Tanzania, the Environmental Regulations are vested in the Division of Environment (DoE) in

the Office of the Vice-President (OVP) and the National Environmental Management Council

(NEMC), an independent statutory institution. The Division of Environment is mandated, by law,

to provide policy and technical back up to the responsible ministries. The National Environmental

Council is responsible for enforcement and compliance as well as reviewing and monitoring of the

various environmental management tools including Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs),

Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMP), Environmental and Social Management

Frameworks (ESMF), Strategic Environmental and Social Assessments (SESA) and

Environmental Audits.

Environmental Management in Tanzania is guided by several national policies and legislation.

These include (i) the National Environmental Policy of 1997; (ii) the Environmental Management

Act No. 20 of 2004; (iii) the National Environmental Action Plan of 2013; (iv) the National

Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II (2010); and, (v) the Tanzania Development

Vision 2025. The National Environmental Policy of 1997 and the Environmental Management Act

No. 20 of 2004 provide the environmental governance structure and establish environmental

management units in the sectoral ministries in the country. The Environmental Management Unit

at the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries will be the principal environmental

management entity as regards the implementation and management of environmental matters

during the development and implementation of this project. The unit will be answerable to the

Division of Environment (DoE) at the Office of the Vice-President (OVP) and the National

Environment Management Council (NEMC).

2.1. Legal, policies and regulatory frameworks

The implementation of the proposed Agriculture Value Chain Development Support Project

(AVCDSP) will be guided under several laws, policies and regulations. (i) The Constitution of

Tanzania especially Article 27 which calls upon the public to ensure that the natural resources of

the country are managed properly; (ii) The Environmental Management Act of 2004 and its

Regulations, the Environmental Impacts Assessments and Audit Regulations of 2008 which ensure

that environmental concerns are adequately addressed in any development project, enable public

participation and contributions as regards environmental concerns during the preparation and

implementation of any project; establish clear, transparent and effective procedures for

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enforcement, monitoring and implementation of mitigation measures as regards all environmental

issues and ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into measures and instruments

designed for further sustainable development for the project. Several other laws will include: (iii)

The Agriculture Act; (iv) The plant Protection Act of 1997; (v) the Sector Guidelines for

Agriculture 2014; (vi) The Land Act of 1999 and the Village Land Act of 1999; and, (vii) the

Land Acquisition Act of 1967 which provides for compulsory acquisition of land for development

aspects and public purposes.

Additional Acts will include: (i) the Occupational Health and Safety Act which addresses issues

dealing with health safety of workers at work places; (ii) The National Land Use Planning

Commission Act of 1984 which establishes the National Land Use Planning Commission

(NLUPC), the principal advisory organ of the Government of the Republic of Tanzania on all

matters relating to land use; (iii) The Water Resources Management Act of 2009 that provides a

framework for the management and utilization of water for various needs; (iv) The Forests Act of

2002 that provides for the management of forests in Tanzania; (v) The Wildlife Conservation Act

of 2009 that provides for management and utilization of wildlife resources in Tanzania; and, (vi)

Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control Act) of 2003 that provides a legal

basis for the management and control of industrial and consumer chemicals throughout their life

cycle.

A number of policies and regulations have been developed in the country that will be applied in

the implementation of the proposed. Discussed here are some of the Acts that will be useful or

may be invoked during the implementation of the project. Such policies and regulations will

include: (i) The Agriculture Policy of 2013 that envisions an agricultural sector that is modernised,

commercialised, that is highly profitable and that uses natural resources sustainably to ensure food

and nutritional security while reducing poverty; (ii) National Environmental Policy of 1997 which

is the principal basis for environmental management in Tanzania; (iii) The Environmental Impact

Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005; (iv)The National Land Policy of 1997 that addresses

various land use needs in the country; (v) The National Health Policy of 2007 to ensure food

quality; (vi) The Water Policy of 2002 that advocates for developing a comprehensive framework

for sustainable development and management of national water resources; and, (vii) Wildlife

Policy of 2007 that supports and promotes sustainable conservation and protection of wildlife and

wetlands in Tanzania. Other policies and guidelines of importance whose details must be sought

during the appraisal period are: (1) Climate Smart Agriculture Guidelines; (2) Biosafety Policy;

(3) Food Security Policy; (4) Nutrition Policy; (5) The National Gender Policy; (6) Agricultural

Climate Resilient Plan; (7) The Community Development Policy; (8) The Livestock Policy; (9)

The National Environmental Action Plan 2012 – 2017; (10) The National Investment Promotion

Policy of 1996; (11) The national Strategy for Gender Development.

2.2. The African Development Bank (AfDB) Safeguards

The Agriculture Value Chain Development Support Project will be developed and implemented

according to the requirements of the African Development Bank Operational Environmental and

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Social Safeguards. The AfDB’s 5 Operational Safeguard Policies are summarized in in the table

below.

OPERATIONAL SAFEGUARDS TRIGGERED BY THE

PROJECT(FOR THE MOMENT)

YES NO

OS1 -Environmental Assessment x

OS2 Involuntary Resettlement: Land Acquisition, Population Displacement

and Compensation

x

OS3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services x

OS 4: Pollution Prevention and Control, Greenhouse Gases, Hazardous

Materials

x

OS 5 Labor Conditions, Health and Safety x

The OS1 and OS2 Policies require Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank

financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve

decision making. This ESMF does establish a mechanism to determine and assess future potential

environmental and social impacts during implementation of AVSDP activities, and then to set out

mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during operations of the activities, to

eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable

levels.

2.3. International Regulations and Conventions

Tanzania has ratified many international conventions and Multilateral Environmental Agreements

pertinent to land administration, environmental protection and human rights. Among them are: (i)

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar

Convention), 2001; (ii) United Nations (UN) Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD),

1994; (iii) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992; (iii) the

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; (iv) Montreal

Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; (v) Convention Concerning the Protection

of the World Cultural and National Heritage (World Heritage Convention), Paris, 1975; (vi)

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wildlife Animals, 1979; and, (vii)

African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968.

3. THE GRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

The Agriculture Value Chain Support Development Project (AVSDP) is being developed to

support the national agricultural sector goal of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania.

This national agriculture sector goal is to ensure food and nutritional security for its citizens, reduce

income poverty and increase climate change adaptation and mitigation. To achieve this goal, the

government has put in place strategies: (i) to ensure food security at household, district, regional

and national levels through increased food crop production and enhanced access to food by its

people; (ii) to maintain national grain reserve for at least 4 months of national food requirements;

(iii) to support the agricultural production of crops and livestock varieties that are climate change

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tolerant; and (iv) to develop and maintain early warning and early response to natural disasters

through a strengthened coordination framework.

Aflatoxin contamination affects maize and groundnuts both of which constitute the staple food

consumption by the majority of Tanzanians. Aflatoxin has several negative impacts such as

reduction in the volume and value of the agricultural sector’s outputs impacting negatively on

availability of food, access to food, good utilization of food and food stability. The aflatoxin

contaminations have also been linked to numerous health problems that include suppression of the

immune system hence accelerating deaths from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

malaria, and other opportunistic communicable diseases such as tuberculosis. The mycotoxins are

also known to interact in an adverse way with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and have been linked to

liver diseases including liver cancer. Aflatoxins are known to contribute significantly to the general

stunting in children currently affecting 42% of children under 5 years in Tanzania. This limits the

children’s development to their adult potential hence affecting their development capacities. The

reduction of aflatoxins contamination in maize and groundnuts will improve the health, as well as

improve income and food security of poor people of Tanzania. The project will also help Tanzania

in realising three of the 5 strategic goals of the African Development Bank, particularly the feed

Africa, integrate Africa and improve the lives of Africans.

The main objective of this project is to minimize aflatoxin occurrence in the food system attained

through an integrated approach in maize and groundnuts food chain. The specific objectives are:

(i) to improve pre- and post-harvest management technologies and storage infrastructure; (ii) to

increase public knowledge and awareness; and (iii) to strengthen institutional capacity and develop

innovative marketing incentives.

The proposed components of the project are: i) Infrastructure Development for Prevention of pre

and post-harvest contamination and enhancing Market Access, ii) Awareness Creation and

Capacity Building; and iii) Project Management. Activities of component 1 will include: (i)

construction of Aflasafe facility for the isolation and multiplication of atoxigenic strains of fungi;

(ii) construction of improved post-harvest storage; and, (iii) establishment of Reference Laboratory

for Aflatoxin Risk Assessment. The main technologies proposed include bio-control and improved

varieties resistant to pests and drought; drying and hermetic storage technologies for postharvest

measures; and education and awareness among farmers and other stakeholders. Component 2 and

component 3 do not have direct environmental implications even though they may have social

implications.

4. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Tanzania is one of the largest countries in Africa, located in the easternmost part of the continent,

covering an area of approximately 945,087 km2 of which the terrestrial area covers about 883,749

km2 and inland water bodies cover about 59,050 km2 (URT 2006). Its marine Exclusive Economic

Zone (EEZ) territory is about 241,541 km2 (Pew, 2012). The country’s land ecosystems reflect

variations in elevation, precipitation, and soils. Annual average rainfall ranges from 200 to 2000

mm, with most of the country receiving less than 1000 mm on average with unimodal distribution

in the southern and western parts of the country while in the northern, eastern, and northern coastal

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areas rainfall is bimodal. Tanzania’s tropical forests constituting a greater component its

biodiversity.

The highland areas in the north, around Kilimanjaro, Mt. Meru and the Eastern Rift and the

southern highlands have volcanic soils that are fertile supporting great agricultural production. The

red soils occupy most of central plateau and are rich and support good vegetation growth in the

grazing zones with limited rainfall. Light sandy soils are commonly found in the coastal areas. The

Ironstone soils are poor and acidic but can be productive with inputs and are found in the far west

of the country, mainly in Kagera, Kigoma and Sumbawanga areas. The mbuga black vertisols soils

are widespread and an important source of dry season grazing. Tanzania’s arid and semi-arid

northern and north-western zones are characterized by a mosaic of grassland savanna and

woodland savanna as well as bushland plant communities defined by soil type, rainfall quantities

and other factors. About 40% of the country’s land area is occupied by the Miombo Woodlands

(Burgess et al. 2010, Byers, B. et al, 2012). The coastal zone of the Tanzanian mainland and

islands of Zanzibar support a mixture of cover types (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). The Eastern Arc

Mountains contain some of the highest densities of endemic plant and animal species in the world

(Burgess et al., 2007).

The freshwater ecosystems of Tanzania include rivers and freshwater lakes, including Lake

Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Nyasa, Lake Rukwa and Lake Chala. Saline lakes, Natron,

Manyara, and Eyasi, are found in the Rift Valley. Tanzania has nine major river basins with a

variety of wetland ecosystems four of which have been designated as Wetlands of International

Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands as shown in the map below.

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The map was adopted from the Tanzania Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment

Report by the United States Agency for International Development, 2012.

Major environmental challenges in Tanzania include loss of tree cover due to increased human

population and expanding agriculture and poaching. It is estimated that more than 70% of the

original extent of the Eastern Arc Forests have been cleared (Burgess et al., 2007). Tanzania has

one of the highest population growths. The population of Tanzania is estimated to be 55 million

people, most of them being youthful (below the age of 25). This is largest population in East Africa

but with the lowest population density (59.1 persons per square km) due to the enormous land size

of the country. About 2/3 of the population is rural. The population growth rate is estimated at

nearly 3% annually. Major diseases include malaria and HIV. Total life expectancy (both sexes)

at birth is 52.9 years with male and female life expectancies at 51.3 and 54.4 years, respectively.

After the economic crisis in the 1970s, Tanzania undertook drastic structural reforms in the mid-

1980s under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) funding aimed at reducing poverty and

improving the economy. The greatest economic challenges include low per capita income, high

levels of poverty, poor infrastructural development, changes in climatic conditions, weak socio-

economic indicators, high donor dependence and rising debts. However, Tanzania has been

experiencing strong economic growth in the recent past with a GDP growth at about 7.1% in 2014

and 2015.

5. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

This ESMF study sought to consider possible alternatives to the proposed project. These

alternatives included among other considerations the No Project Alternative and the Alternative

Locations. This study has therefore sought to identify and assess alternatives to the proposed

developments so as to have the best working models that may have none or those that have the

least minimal effects.

5.1. The “No Project” Alternative

This alternative implies the project does not proceed thereby maintaining the status quo. The status

of the environmental resources neither improves nor worsens since the state of the resources is not

interfered with at all. However, project implementation means improved environmental

conditions, improved food security, increased household incomes and employment as well as

upgrading the regional and national economies. As such the ‘No Alternative’ is not the best

alternative.

5.2. Alternative Locations

The selected sites are suitable for the project because they are the main maize and groundnut

growing areas in Tanzania. Some of the districts have been selected on the basis of their being

major consumption areas with need for bulk storage of the staple grains and in terms of socio-

economic considerations such as high poverty levels and extensive availability of markets for the

agricultural produce.

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6. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED

MITIGATION MEASURES TO ADDRESS NEGATIVE IMPACTS

6.1. Positive Impacts

Among identified positive economic, social and environmental impacts will include: (i) minimized

agricultural produce losses and subsequent increased food and nutritional security; (ii) improved

trade in high quality agricultural produce both local and international; (iii) improved household

and community incomes hence improved living standards, food security and improved nutrition

through diversified food supplies; (iv) increased employment opportunities both directly and

indirectly by people employed during the development works as well as those who will be

employed in agro-processing, marketing, sale of farm inputs, etc.; (v) improved agricultural

production skills through training; (v) enhanced environmental management skills; (vi) improved

food storage and processing infrastructure; (vii) minimized post-harvest losses through the

development of farm and off-farm storage facilities as well as processing facilities that will help

improve socio-economic well-being of the beneficiaries.

The project will directly benefit about 1,000,000 farmers who will use aflatoxin free inputs, 120

extension and technical staff who will be trained, 2000 traders and transporters and 2000 SMEs

involved in high risk food processing. Private sector participation will be part and parcel of this

project to ensure they commercialize the proposed technologies for sustainability purposes.

The project targets to mainstream environmental, social and gender issues which be integral in the

implementation and monitoring of the proposed project through a list of identified indicators. The

design will also systematically employ a gender and youth lens to ensure that the project

contributes to active gender equality and will not lead to unintended negative gender impacts, such

as exclusion. The Project will pass for classification as Category 2 according to the Bank’s

Climate screening score card. The design review will include climate change risks and proposal of

adaptation measures. Risk management and adaptation options will be integrated into project

implementation. Catchment management programme will be incorporated as part of the climate

change resilience programme. The proposed project interventions are adaptation measures

required in land and water management sub-sectors to secure and improve agricultural productivity

against climate change impacts through enhancement of water management practices.

6.2.Negative impacts

The foreseen negative impacts include: (i) Vegetation, habitat and biodiversity destruction and loss

during the development and construction of storage facilities and laboratories; (ii) generation of

solid wastes as a result of excavations during construction works; (iii) compaction of soils and

destabilization of the geological balance during infrastructure development; (iv) chances of threats

of incidences of microbial infections in the laboratories accidentally during mycotoxin risk

analyses; (v) dust, air quality and noise pollution; (vi) threats of occupational health and safety;

(vii) soils, rivers and wetlands pollution from laboratory chemicals during the operational phase

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of the project; (viii) threats of transmissions of HIV/AIDs and other communicable diseases due

to social interactions.

7. MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

(i) For the loss of vegetation and destruction of habitats and biodiversity: the mitigate

measures will be: (i) avoidance of extensive clearing of vegetation, particularly of indigenous trees

and clearing be carried out only where necessary; (ii) landscaping and land reclamation by planting

where clearing and excavations are done; (iii) avoid clearing and construction within key sensitive

habitats such as wetlands, culturally protected areas, unique and special habitats; and (iv) where

possible, buffer the special, sensitive and ecologically important habitats.

(ii) Generation of wastes due to processing: (i) put in place appropriate waste management

mechanisms for both solid and wastewater; (ii) educate and sensitize the population on being

mindful of and responsible for their own environments.

(iii) Soil Compaction and destabilisation of the geological balance: (i) minimize heavy

machinery movements and other equipment except in designated transportation and operational

areas; (ii) minimise unnecessary vehicular and machinery movements; (iii) reclaim and re-vegetate

excavation sites once work is completed to reduce run off.

(iv) Possibilities of microbial infections in laboratories: (i) advocate use of proper personal

protective gears including proper clothing, use head covering gears and use of masks to prevent

inhaling of such reagents; (ii) public education and sensitization; (iii) well labelled and

conspicuously placed warnings; (iv) provision of First Aid Kits in all the laboratories that will be

clearly marked and conspicuously placed.

(v) Possible accidents in the laboratories arising from dangerous chemicals: (i) advocate

for the use of proper personal protective gears including proper clothing, use head covering gears

and use of masks to prevent inhaling of such reagents; (ii) public education and sensitization; (iii)

well labelled and conspicuously placed warnings; (iv) provision of First Aid Kits in all the

laboratories clearly marked and conspicuously placed.

(vi) Pollution of Rivers and Wetlands: (i) ensure adequate and regular checks on the

equipment in use to ensure they are well maintained and in good working condition to prevent any

leakages and spillages; (ii) ensure that used chemicals are protected against reaching sensitive

areas such as wetlands ; (iii) ensure usage of the right chemical types and in right quantities; (iv)

ensure appropriate application of chemicals and in the right quantities; (v) put measures to ensure

proper disposal of used chemicals and other wastes that may include incineration.

(vii) Pollution: Noise, Dust and Air Quality Concerns: (i) ensure all vehicles transporting

raw materials especially soil should be covered or avoid overloading to reduce dust emissions; (ii)

the workers in dusty areas should be provided with requisite protective gears such as dust masks

and dust coats ; (iii) the movement and speed of the construction machineries and vehicles should

be controlled and properly managed; (iv) the removal of vegetation should be avoided and denuded

surfaces should be adequately re-vegetated; (v) most noisy machinery should be fitted with proper

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silencers to minimise noise emissions; (vi) where necessary, ensure good and appropriate selection

of construction machinery and equipment; (vii) the amount of blasting in the quarries should be

controlled ; (viii) sprinkle water in construction yards, on dusty roads and soil heaps to keep down

the dust produced; (ix) ensure the construction work takes the shortest time possible; (x) ensure

the noise is kept at the minimum acceptable levels and the construction activities are confined to

the working time limits; (xi) ensure chemicals are well handled and properly stored while disposals

should be in accordance with prescribed procedures.

(viii) Transmission of HIV/AIDs and other communicable diseases: (i) enhance education

and sensitization of workers and the local communities on the dangers and prevalence of diseases;

(ii) regular sensitization campaigns and monitoring of diseases spreading; (iii) development of

education and information materials such as brochures and other materials; (iv) regular provision

of adequate prevention measures such as condoms; (v) provision of drugs such as anti-retriviral

drugs (ARVs).

8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING

The overall objective of environmental and social management plan is to provide monitoring

mechanisms that ensure that mitigation measures are implemented and are effective.

Environmental and social monitoring will also enable response to new and developing issues of

concern during the project implementation and, therefore, it will ensure that project activities

comply with and adhere to environmental provisions and standard specifications of the Bank and

those of the Government of the Republic of Tanzania.

The overall responsibility of the environmental and social monitoring will lie with the Ministry of

Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF) in conjunction with the district and regional

environmental units and working in close collaboration with the Division of Environment (DoE)

at the Office of the Vice-President and the National Environment Management Council. Many

senior staff at MALF) are highly trained in environment while NEMC has officers at the district

and regional levels. However, the ministry will require senior staff in social and gender issues. The

staff will also require training in aflatoxin related issues. The AfDB using their environmental

experts will also follow up to ensure adherence to environmental and social safeguards. The ESMP

monitoring programme is proposed for implementation at two-levels – the supervisory activity

carried out by the control or supervision missions and regular monitoring to ensure that site

activities are conducted in compliance with agreed upon local environmental standards under the

laws of Tanzania. Using the environmental monitoring indicators adopted, the control mission will

seek to measure the project’s progress, in a manner that highlights the various objectives in line

with national goals and in line with the Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS).

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The ESMP and Monitoring and costs

No. Activity Timeframe Cost (USD) Responsibility

01

Preparation of site-specific

ESMP/ESIAs

Quarter 1 prior to actual

project works

150,000

MALF/EMU/AfDB

02 Complementary initiatives:

Capacity Building of

Technical officers –

environmental matters

Quarter 1 & 2 of project

implementation

95,000 MALF/DoE/NEMC

Capacity building of

farmers – farming

practices and farm

inputs

Quarter 2 of project

commencement

75,000 MALF

03 ESMP Monitoring MALF-

EMU/NEMC/ DoE

Regular supervisions –

environmental aspects

Entire project period

until hand-over

250,000 MALF/NEMC/DoE

Control missions Annually during project

period

275,000 MALF/AfDB

04 Institutional Strengthening and

Capacity building and general

public awareness programmes

As and when needed 150,000 MALF/MoTI*

05 HIV/AIDS Mainstreaming Quarterly campaigns 75,000 MALF/ Public

Health

Total 1,075,000

06 5.5% mark-up 53,750

07 Grand Total 1,128,750

9. CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

9.1. Rationale for consultation and disclosure

Consultations and public participation is a requirement by law to generate concerns about

environmental impacts of any development project or programme. In Tanzania, stakeholder

engagement and public consultations are a process governed by Part XIV of the Environment

Management Act, No. 20 of 2004 and Article 17 of the Environmental Impacts Assessment and

Audit Regulations of 2005. The objectives of the stakeholders and public participation include

among others: (i) to provide an opportunity for people to be affected to get clear, accurate and

comprehensive information about the proposed project and the prospective environmental impacts;

(ii) to provide an opportunity for people that will be affected with an opportunity to give their

views, raise their concerns regarding the project and also give possible alternative arrangements

that may assist in the development of the project; (iii) to provide people to be affected with the

opportunity of suggesting ways of avoiding, reducing, or mitigating negative impacts or enhancing

positive impacts of proposed project activities; (iv) to enable the project proponents to incorporate

the needs, preferences and values of into the proposed project/programme; (v) to provide

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opportunities to avoid and resolve disputes and reconcile conflicting interests; and, (vi) to enhance

transparency and accountability in decision making.

9.2. Stakeholder identification and analysis

In order to develop an effective stakeholder engagement, it is necessary to determine the key

stakeholders and hold dialogues to understand their priorities and objectives in relation to the

proposed project/programme. Given that the project will touch on the key issues of food and

nutritional security as well as enhanced agricultural produce for markets, locally and abroad, the

key stakeholders will be officers from The following key stakeholders were identified: (i) Ministry

of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; (ii) Office of the President and Vice-President, relevant

reginal and local officers, all entities dealing with environmental matters in Tanzania (Division of

Environment (DoE) at the Office of the Vice-President, National Environment Management

Council (NEMC), the Environmental Management Unit at the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock

and Fisheries, etc.), affected communities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society

organizations (CSOs), community based organizations (CBOs), international organizations

(particularly those that will be directly involved such as the International Institute for Tropical

Agriculture (IITA), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN),

structural development companies, development partners and agencies, etc. A more detailed list

will developed as the requirements are further identified.

9.3. Methodology of engaging stakeholders

The following methods were or will be used: (i) public consultative meetings; (ii) workshops; (iii)

focused group discussions (FGDs); (iv) interviews with different key informants; (v) printing and

distribution of materials; (vi) physical site visits and inspections; (vii) identification of vulnerable

communities that may be impacted on more with the project; (viii) due consideration of gender

and various age groups during consultative processes.

9.4. Possible key issues for consideration during stakeholder engagements

Issues identified that maybe useful during stakeholder engagements include: (i) land acquisition;

(ii) identification of ecologically sensitive sites; (iii) identification of culturally important sites;

(iv) various environmental and social impacts; (v) biodiversity issues; (vi) socio-economic

considerations; (vii) socio-cultural issues; (viii) disruption of normal life; (ix) trans-boundary

accumulative issues; and, (x) occupational health issues.

.

9.5. Instruments for consultations

Article 17 of the Environmenta Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005 requires that:

(1) During the process of conducting an environmental impact assessment study, the developer

or proponent shall in consultation with the Council, seek the views of any person who is or is

likely to be affected by the project; (2) In seeking the views of the public following the approval

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of the project brief, the developer or proponent shall: (a) publicize the project and its anticipated

effects and benefits by-

10. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY BUILDING FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

10.1. Responsibilities for environmental and social management monitoring

The Environmental Management Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries has

several well-trained and highly qualified staff who have the capacity to implement the

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). It shall also be required that site specific

environmental impact assessments be carried out for all sites that will be affected. There will be

need to find out the existence of social development experts such as gender expert, social

development expert, youth empowerment expert, etc.

10.2. Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring, evaluation and reporting on environmental issues will be part of project

implementation processes and reporting systems. Contractors as well as the implementing agency

will be required to keep records of all activities that will be undertaken under each project site,

which will be compiled and used in enhancing environmental sustainability of the project sites.

The implementing entity at MALF will be responsible for environmental and social monitoring at

local levels at each implementation site.

10.3. Capacity building and training needs identified

During discussions with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries officials as well as

with other members of the technical preparation working group as well as several other officials

in Tanzania, it was realized that there is inadequate information about aflatoxin problem in

Tanzania. As such capacity building will be required in: (i) aflatoxin contamination and

prevention; (ii) Training on aflatoxin prevention storage facilities; and, (iii) Training workshops

on aflatoxins for MALF staff and other staff who might be involved in the project.

11. COMPLIMENTARY INITIATIVES

The key complimentary initiatives identified include: (i) enhanced institutional collaboration

among the different institutions; (ii) capacity building of key officers and stakeholders involved in

the project; (iii) Capacity building of community members in good agricultural production

practices; (iv) mainstreaming public health and HIV/AIDS in the overall operations of the

agricultural sector and other economic activities; (v) improved agricultural production and

increased number of agricultural value chains.

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12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This ESMF has been prepared based on preliminary environmental assessments conducted to

equip the AfDB and relevant authorities of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania

with relevant and sufficient environmental information about the proposed project. It is hoped that

the Tanzanian authorities would use this information to assess the more site specific

environmental viability and sustainability of the proposed project once the speficic project sites

have been identified. The negative environmental impacts that have been identified and are

associated with the implementation of this project are minimal and could be addressed by

implementing the mitigation measures proposed. Even though the project focuses on agricultural

production, it is a multi-sectoral and a multi-disciplinary project and as such collaboration among

the various stakeholders is highly recommended. The multi-disciplinary approach will ensure that

emerging issues and challenges are not only adequately addressed but the addressing is done timely

and appropriately.

11.0 References and contacts

This ESMP summary was prepared based on information contained in the detailed project ESMF

documentation.

For further information please contact:

Salum Ramadhani, Task Manager, African Development Bank, Abidjan. E-mail:

S.RAMADHANI@AFDB.ORG.

Justin Ecaat, African Development Bank, Regional Directorate, East Africa, Nairobi Kenya, Tel: +254 20

2998245, e-mail: J.ECAAT@AFDB.ORG

Ambrose Oroda: ambrose.oroda@gmail.com Consultant