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Field report of Environmental and socio-economic study on St.

martin, Moheshkhali & Cox’s bazar sea beach

Department of Environmental Sciences Jahangirnagar University

Savar, Dhaka-1342

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Field report of Environmental and socio- economic study on

St. martin, Moheshkhali & Cox’s bazaar

Submitted By

Reajul Islam Reaj

Exam Roll: 121988

Reg. No: 34013

Session:2o11-12

Submitted To

Dr. Mohammad Amir Hossain Bhuiyan

Associate professor

Mohammad Emadul Huda

Assistant Professor

Date:

30-06-2014

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Department of Environmental Sciences

Jahangirnagar University

Savar, Dhaka 1342

content Chapter one Page

1.1: Introduction to geological features ………………………………. 5

1.2: Introduction to biological features ………………………………….8 1.3: Introduction to chemical features………………………………….11

1.4: Introduction to economical features………………………………….12 Chapter two

2.1: Objectives……………………………………………………………12 2.2: Methodology……………………………………………………….. 13

2.3: Equipments………………………………………………………….13 Chapter three

3.1: Results of St. Martin island…………………………………………14 3.2: Results of Moheshkhali island………………………………………15 3.3: Results of Cox’s bazaar sea beach…………………………………....16

Chapter four 4.1: Discussion about St.martin island……………………………….…17

4.2: Discussion about Moheshkhali……………………………………..20 4.3: Discussion about Cox’s Bazar……………………………………..20

Chapter five: 5: Causes of result……………………………………………………….21

Chapter six 6.1: Summery……………………………………………………………22

6.2: Conclusion………………………………………………………… 23 Chapter seven

Reference ……………………………………………………………… 24

#map……………………………………………………………………..7

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our great pleasure that we completed the task assigned by our course teachers to

make a report on basic information on Cox’s Bazar, St. martin, Moheshkhali and

adjoining coastal region’s environmental condition assessment.It is the matter of

satisfaction that this task was completed due to the fact that Dr. Mohammad Amir

Hossain Bhuiyan (Associate professor), Mohammad Emadul Huda (Assistant professor)

Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka gave us

their valuable time to guide us and assist environmental impact assessment to complete

the task with care and efficiency.

Many local people of the place helped us to collect secondary data. We are grateful to

them.

Abstract

Bangladesh has a vast coastal area in the south-eastern part. Environmentally St.

martin,cox’s bazaar, Moheskhali are important because these areas are rich in

enormous natural resources and biodiversity. Due to its geomorphological feature and

climate a lot of diversify plants and animal make the region unique. Peoples who lived in

these areas are directly or indirectly depend on nature. Unfortunately due to lack of

proper management and over exploitation of resources these areas become threatened.

The coastal region of Bangladesh is now vulnerable for several natural and human

induced calamities and environmental disruptions. St. martin,cox’s bazaar, Moheskhali

have both natural and human induced calamities.Salt is the major human induced

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activity causing severe environmental disruption, which is responsible for destruction of

top soil layer fertility, soil quality, seawater intrusion, loss of biodiversity, lack of ground

water, which may cause disaster. So public awareness and recommended proper

environmental management is very essential to mitigate these problems and to check

the study area from any kind of disaster.

Chapter- 01

1.1: Introduction to geological features of the study areas:

St martin island:

Saint martin is an island situated in Bangladesh. It is a small island situated in the

north Bengal. Its a coral island.This small coral island is about 10 KM that means

about 6 mile. Southwest part of the southern tip of the mainland is a tropical niche

cliché, with beaches fringed with coconut palms and bountiful marine life. This

place is so calm and quite that you will lose yourself in the peace of this beautiful

island.

Due to the plate tectonic movement the Naf river was introduced. Which makes

the dividation of Myanmer and Bay of Bengal.

Due to sedimentation when wave comes at that time large granule deposited and

at the same time small granule flow away.

Chera dip:

Although chera dip is a part of saint martin island but it is divided by a tide. It is

also a very nice place to visit. Local small launch called as troller can be the

vehicle to visit this place

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Moheshkhali:

It is situated at the coast of Cox's Bazar. It has an area of 268 square kilometers.

Through the center of the island and along the eastern coastline rises, a range of

low hills, 300 feet high; but the coast to the west and north is a low-lying treat,

fringed by mangrove forest.

Coxs bazaar:

Cox’s Bazar is a fishing port town in Bangladesh with the world’s longest natural

unbroken 125 km sandy sea beach with gentle slope. This is the most attractive

tourist spot of the country which is located between the river Bakkhali and the Bay

of Bengal from 150 km south of Chittagong in the South Eastern part of the

Bangladesh.

Sl.

No. Type of deposits Locality

1 Heavy minerals (Radio-active

Minerals)

In the beach deposits of Teknaf, Cox’sbazar sadar, Sonadia island, Materbari, Kutubdia island,

Nijhumdwip, Bhola island, Kuakata and Kawar char.

2 Glass sand In the valleys of Moheshkhali island, Pekua,

Banskhali, Anowara and Chakaria

3 White clay In small lenses of the hilly terrains of Ramu, Ukhia, Moheshkhali, Pekua, Banshkhali, Anowara and

Chakaria

4 Tiles clay In different areas of the Coastal Plain of Satkhira

district

5 Peat In the depressions of Gopalganj, Khulna, Bagerhat and Cox’sbazar districts (Pekua upazila) and Kutubdia island

6 Construction sand Teknaf, Cox’sbazar sadar, Moheshkhali, Pekua,

Banshkhali, Anowara, Chakaria, Chittagong, Feni, Bhola and Barishal

7 Gravel and Construction Sands

Teknaf, Cox’bazar Sadar, Ukhia, Moheshkhali, Banshkhali,

8 Brick clay In different areas of the Tidal floodplains of coastal

area.

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Map of St.martin island,Moheshkhali,Coxs bazaar

Fig:Cox’s Bazar distric Fig:St.Martin Island

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Fig:Maheshkhali upazila

1.2: Introduction to biological features of the study areas:

St martin island:-

There are different types of biological features are found in the Saint Martin

Islands. This is the only island in Bangladesh which has coral colonies in the

shallows. Enormous areas of sand ridge, some mangrove formations, Pandanus

vegetation and scattered boulder/dead corals are the major characteristics of this

island. The surface area of the island is about 8 kilometres depending on tidal

level. The north portion of the island is called 'Cheradia Dwip', because during

high tide, this portion of the island is separated from the other and also considered

as the last southern landmark of Bangladesh (Haider, 2008).

The island is a good example of co-occurrence of corals, algae, sea weeds, grasses

and mangroves.The seaward margin to about 1000m offshore supports a diverse

coral community represented by approximately 66 Scleractinian coral species, of

which 19 are fossil corals, 36 are living corals and the rest are under families of

subclass Octocorallia (11 species of soft corals). Although as many as 240 fish

species were recorded from the catch landed on Narikel Jinjira, (DoZ, 1997), only

86 of them are coral reef associated (Tomascik, 1997; Department of Zoology,

1997). The most abundant coral or reef associated fish are Damsel, Parrot,

Surgeon, Groupers, Snappers, Emperors and Butterfly fish (Haider, 2008).

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The main attraction for any coral island is their different, varieties of multi- colour

ornamental fishes. It has been reported that nearly 25%-40% of the world marine

fish resources came from coral reef area. Reef area is also a major nutrients

supplier for primary production in marine food chain. The mollusc on the St.

Martin's is the largest and most beautiful in Bangladesh. 186 species of mollusc &

oyster, 7 species of crab, 9 species of echinoderms, 4 species of sea urchin, 1

species of sea cucumber & some brittle stars were reported.

Moheshkhali:

The hills are covered with green plants. It can be grass, bushes, planted trees by

human, or natural tree . Most of the dry fish supply comes from this part of the

country. The island has lots of varieties mangrove trees at the shore. The green

shore is a nice view from the boats.

Coxs bazaar:-

Coastal zones from Chittagong to Cox’s Bazar along the Bay of Bengal studied

changes of water-flow and the flora and fauna of the estuaries of the Karnaphuli,

Halda, Sangu and Matamuhuri rivers, which flow down from the adjacent

Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) and Arakan Lusai Hills.

34 plant species of tropical rainforest including Podocarpus nerifolia and Enteda

phaseoloids which face extinction. Animal lives such as cats, bears, porcupine,

wild boars, pythons and anteaters have become rare. Red crabs, jelly fish, sharks,

and dolphins have become rare since 1980. Hilsa ilisha has migrated to Myanmar

coast and further deep sea, but marine Hilsa used to breed in the fresh waters of the

Ganges, Brahmaputa and Meghna’s meeting point Chandpur to Gualanda, about

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100-150 km inside Bangladesh. The Halda freshwater fish breeding zone has move

14 km east due to increased salinity in the Bay of Bengal.

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Fig : Various animals found in St. Martin’s Island

1.3: Introduction to chemical features of the study areas:-

St martin island:-

Soil Condition: PH- {6.8 to 8.2}

CaCO3 - {2.22 to 9.4}%

Salinity: 6.8ppm {average}

But in Chera dip 8 ppm.

Moheshkhali:

Water & sanitation of Moheshkhali:

Indicator Upazila %

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Coverage of households having access to safe drinking water (%) 98.00

Coverage of households having access to sanitary latrines (%) 60.00

Coxs bazaar:-

Gravel and Construction Sands,Glass sands are mainly found in the beach of

Coxs bazaar.

1.4:Introduction to Economical features of the study areas:-

St martin island:-

The people of St martin mainly depends on the sea in case of their livelihood

.Besides this there are also some business on boat,troller, and hotel business.They

mainly earn money from tourism business.The childrens used to collect snails

,corals from the beach.And sell that to the tourists and earn money,Besides these

some people cultivate different types of crops and vegetables.

Moheshkhali:

Moheshkhali is mainly famous for pan.The peoples of moheshkhali lives on

some business like boat,fishing, and others.There remains different types of

people of different occupations.The maximum portion of dry fishes comes

from this region of Bangladesh.

Coxs bazaar:

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There remains different types of people of different occupations. .They mainly

earn money from tourism business.The childrens used to collect snails ,corals

from the beach.And sell that to the tourists and earn money,Besides these some

people cultivate different types of crops and vegetables.Besides these hotel and

resturent business is popular in Coxs bazaar.

Chapter- 02

Objectives and methodology of the field tour:-

2.1: Objectives:

In st. martin island and coxs bazar we have also some objectives . the main

objectives are given below:-

1.The threats of biodiversity and environment in particular areas identifying.

2. Awareness create among people.

3. The biodiversity survey along the coast and other coastal areas, and marine

systems.

4. The importance of corals and hazards related to the lackings of corals.

5.Observation on coastal erosion, hazards,flash flood, monsoon flood,tidal flood,

salinity and others .

6. observation of the flora and fauna of the field areas.

7. To find a suitable way to promote eco-tourism in the field area.

8. To conserve and restore the biodiversity in the project areas.

9. Observation on marine fisheries and dry fish export In Bangladesh.

In Moheshkhali our main objects were on-

1. to see the marine coastal mangrove forest in the coastal belt

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2. salt cultivation process and their impacts on human life and cultivation land .

2.2: Methodology:

We use transect method for this field tour .The transect is simply a line that spans

the gradient of interest, and then we have to locate the sample plots along this line

. The length of transect would be determined by the gradient you are sampling .

Line transects are used when you wish to illustrate a particular gradient or linear

pattern along which communities of plants and, or animals change. They provide a

good way of being able to clearly visualise the changes taking place along the line.

2.3: Eqipments:

1. Base map

2. GPS receiver 3. Sample bag 4. Field note book

5. Haversack 6. Water bottle

7. Camera, marker pen 8. First aid equipments

9. Ph meter 10. TDS meter

11. Turbidity meter 12. Salinity meter

Chapter 03:

Result:-

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3.1: St. martin island:-

The main threat to future viability of coral communities comes from direct

extraction of corals colonies. Coral collection activities started in 50's but

until recently extraction was at low level. Large-scale removal of coral

boulders and dredging of channels has caused considerable damage to the

reefs, and a barrier wall built on the sea front has caused beach erosion

(Mollah).

The removal of Pandanus trees for firewood has also caused much beach

and dune erosion (Rajasurya and others, 2000).

Nesting intensity of turtles may have declined greatly within 15-20 years.

Rashid (1986) recorded 35 green turtles nesting in one night on the same

beach in St Martin. According to local elders, 10-15 years ago, turtle nesting

was very common on most of the beaches. Endless over-exploitation has

brought the nesting turtles to near extinction. The traditional uses of marine

turtle products by local communities are not significant. Major consumers of

the turtle eggs are the ethnic communities of the country and the biggest

business zone are the 3 hill tract districts of Khagrachari, Rangamati and

Bandarban.

It would certainly contribute to the increase of solid wastes with increase of

visitors in St. Martin's Island which makes threat to the island's coral health. The

physical action of waste throwing by tourists either on the beach or in the water

might not be an apparent threat. The marine park islands would have to cope with

the waste problem from the general population of the islands as well as with the

increased amount of wastes from lodges and resorts. At present, solid wastes

disposal system remains disorganised and unavailable on most islands. Oil

pollution caused by passenger boats and ferries is also an issue that contributes to

the deterioration of water quality. The advent and rising demand of tourism on

these islands had resulted in the increase number of boats and ferries. The

cumulative effect of the oil residue could affect the health of the marine resources.

Snorkelling and scuba diving are the most popular activities that tourists engaged

in during their visit to the marine parks. This activity has been noted to pose

significant threat to corals in shallow water as inexperienced snorkelers and scuba

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divers tend to either crush or stand on the reefs. Coral breakage could also be the

result of diving activity as well as anchoring of boats done by irresponsible boat

operators or illegal fishermen. Visitors have also been caught engaging in illegal

activities such as stealing live corals and other marine lives for souvenirs.

3.2: Moheshkhali:-

IMPACT ON GROUND WATER:

A significant amount of stagnant saline water directly penetrates to the

ground water and contaminating ground water. Chemicals are used in salt

cultivation enters in ground water through soil horizon by leaching process. As a

result, ground water contamination is a major problem in study area.

IMPACT ON SOIL pH AND INFILTRATION:

Because of salt cultivation in agricultural land soil, pH increases and

preparation of saltpan reduce infiltration rate of the soil.

IMPACT ON ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY:

Soil nutrient is reduced because of salt cultivation. This creates an adverse

condition for vegetation and other micro biota. The ecosystem based on this

vegetation is damaged. It may cause the extinction of many species.

IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH:

Skin diseases are the severe problem of the people who are directly involved

in salt cultivation.

Impacts of tourism:-

mainly the main attraction of moheshkhali is adinath temple which is 165 years

old.with th increasing history of its discovery , it’s the most attractive spot during

the festive season of falgoon (march-april) ,when sea fishing near the moheshkhali

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island is a rewarding experience. There are also situated rakhyan villages and the

betel leaf of moheshkhali is very famous . from the tourism the are some negative

and positive impacts . they are given below:

mainly from tourism the local people along with the government earn a lot

of currency which can attribute in local and national economy.

mainly from tourism, there are many negative impacts .mainly tourists are

not sincere about the environment there . they mainly pollute the entire

island by dispose the garbage here and there.

3.3: Cox’s bazar:-

Cox’s Bazar has socio-economic and environmental impacts mainly caused from

domestic tourism.

mainly the natural landscape of the hill and forest area of the coxs bazaar is ruined

due to environmental and economics reasons.

mainly due to costal cyclone and coastal flood mainly coastal erosion and

major change in the landscape occur.

mainly for tourism facilities the landscape has been ruined."Trees are being

cut indiscriminately on the hillside and lands are also cleared to make way

for buildings," Prof Ahmed said.

many tourists take coral home as souvenirs. As a result, traders and locals

frequently collect corals and sea shells . it causes many problems in coastal

area.

Chapter 04:

Discussion:

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4.1: St. martin island:

St. Martin’s island is endowed with vast marine and land resources

having a global biodiversity significance. The island is a good example of co-occurrence of corals, algae, sea weeds, grasses and mangroves.

The island contains some of the most unique, but thus far not studied, benthic community association in Bangladesh, in fact not found any

where else in the south Asia region.

It has been known from a study by Canadian coral biologist Dr. T. Tomasik in 1997 that notably the rocky sub -tidal habitat from the

seaward margin to about 1000m offshore supports a diverse coral community represented by approximately 66 Scleractinian coral

species, of which 19 are fossil corals, 36 are living corals and the rest are under families of subclass Octocorallia (11 species of soft corals).

Flora:

name Number of species

algae 157

brayophytes 16

pteries 10

Gymnosprams Nearly absent

angiosprams 450

Fauna:

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name Number of species

coral 68 species under 10 family and 22 generes

molluscs 151 species under 55 family and 107

generes

Deep sea molluscs 4 species under 4 family and 4 generes

crab 7 species under 1 family and 7 generes

butterfly 6 species under a family and 6 generes

echinodermata 9 species under 1 family and 8 generes

fishes 234 species under 85 family and 159

generes

Coral dependant fishes Very few

Coral dependent species 89 species under 32 family and 51 generes

amphibia 4 species under 3 family and 4 generes

reptile 29 species under11 family and 24 generes

mammals 25 species under 7 family and 21 generes

birds 77 species under 32 family and 63 generes

Migratory birds 43 species under 14 family and 31 generes

most of the people here are related with occupation of fishermen . they mainly

collect fish from sea and sells it to the market . During the survey we have found

that there are only 2 primary schools and 1 high school and percentage of

education is medium but most of them probably left school in 9 or 10 th grades .

many people also send their children to study in the madrasa.there are 6 madrasra

and 13 mosques in the island.

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Mainly there is one hospital in the island but with no doctor. Mainly the medicine

is taken from the farmacy.

The hotels and restaurants that sprang up in the recent past in Saint Martin's Island,

one of the ecologically critical areas (ECA) in the country, have been operating

without any official approval. According to the law, building of any structure and

carrying out any activity that might pollute the environment or harm the flora and

fauna in an ECA is strictly prohibited. But the different government agencies

turning a blind eye to the violation. Nearly 100 privately owned hotels and

restaurants are currently doing business in the 3.34-square kilometre island with

only 10,000 inhabitants. Use of diesel to generate electricity for the hotels having

800-bed capacity for overnight stay of tourists is also degrading the natural

environment of the island in the southern-most tip of Bangladesh. Permanently

migrated Rohingyas have raised the population of Saint Martin's Island from about

5,700 in 2001 to nearly 10,000 in 2009 .

4.2: Moheshkhali:

Moheshkhali mainly is full of natural resource . mainly here found many types of

agricultural products. During survey we have found that mainly prawn, dried fish ,

salt and betel leaf are exported to other parts of the country. Adinath Temple - It is

located on the north side of maheskhali . it is mainly an attractive tourist spot in the

festive season. Mainly moheshkhali is a place with natural beauty.due to

cyclone and strom surge many areas are affected heavily. Again salt caltivation

here mainly affected the water quality and soil quality. Again as it is an attractive

tourist spot many tourists come but they are not sincere about the environment here

. they throw the garbage careleesly and it pollutes the environment.

4.3: Coxs bazar:

Seventy-five miles (120 Kilo miters sandy sea beach with a gentle slop). and it's

the the tourist capital of Bangladesh.visit beach is the main reason which is shark

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free and good for bathing, swiming & sun-bathing. Lot's of local tourist & foreign

tourist come Cox's Bazar to spend their leisure in Cox's Bazaar.

Cox's Bazar sea beach is crowded almost through out the year. It is a good place

for sea bathing. Anyone can go there both by air and road from Dhaka and

Chittagong.

Cox's Bazar is a small town. But the natural beauty of the town is very

charming. The climate of this place is very fine. The Bay of Bengal lies on the

south of it. There is a high standard tourist centre at this place. There are good

arrangements for the stay of the tourists of different countries of the world. Many

foreigners come to this place. The people of the place are very gentle. A lot of fish

is available there.

Chapter 05 :

Causes of result:

5.1: St martin island:

For the last few years St. Martin's Island, the only coral-bearing island in

Bangladesh, has been facing an ecological disaster due to excessive tourism. Even

the very existence of this newly born island, which is at most 150 years old, and

small in size, is under threat from unlimited and eco-unfriendly tourism activities.

The fragile eco-system of St. Martin's Island cannot sustain such mass tourism; the

island is suitable only for sustainable and responsible tourism. With the onslaught

of mass tourism, sewage and waste disposal in the island are placing heavy burden

on the island. The tourist hotel built at the west beach has connected its sewage

line to the seawater, which contaminates the ground water and adversely affect the

bio-diversity of the island. The collection of corals and shells as souvenirs by the

tourists is posing a threat to coral colonies of the island. The disposal of plastic

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materials like poly-bags, plastic bottles etc by tourists on the island are harmful for

the corals. Hotels on the islands are making lighting hazard in the nearby sandy

beach, which was previously used as a nesting ground by the turtles. It is reported

that these days turtles encountering disturbance by light go back without laying

eggs. The tourist season and nesting season of turtle coincide with each other.

Moreover, the tourists make noise and enjoy fire camping for fun at night thus

disturbs the sea turtles.

5.2: Moheshkhali:-

Maheshkhali is full of natural resources and . Many tourists come here specially In

the festive season. The main causes are-

>as it is a popular tourist spot many tourists come here .they pollute the entire

island by many ways because there is no permanent regulation.

> moheshkhali is mainly popular for salt cultivation . salt cultivation mainly affects

the soil and water quality heavily.

5.3: Cox’s bazar:

Cox’s Bazar sea beach, the world’s longest, is now under great threat

from erosion due to unplanned development of resort area by cutting

hills.

Environmental problems include tropical cyclones and tornados and

floods, erosion, causes great damages to the topography of that area .

Moreover, scattered disposal of wastes by the tourists and vendors has

been creating pollution problem and damaging the aquatic habitat.

Chapter 06:

6.1: Summury:

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St. martin island is a very attractive tourist spot , mainly every year thousands of tourists come here to enjoy the beautiful coral island.But the biodiversity of the

island is ruined because of some natural and anthropogenic reasons. In order to save the island and conserve its biodiversity we have to establish some permanent

laws and regulations.

Moheshkhali is mainly popular for many reasons such as a tourist spot ,salt cultivation etc. because of salt cultivation and tourism both mainly affects the

biodiversity of the area.

Coxs bazaar is very famous tourist spot because of its longest beach in the world. But for increasing tourism the hill areas have been cut to make hotels and resorts.

Tourists just throw their wastes here and there which damages the beach environment.

As these are the most attractive tourist spots of the country , so we have to conserve the places carefully . mainly because of both environmental and socio

economic reasons these places are now under great threats. We have to conserve the biodiversity of the places so that we can protect these areas from threats.

6.2: Conclusion:

The present status of saint martins island is totally have a bad impact on the flora and fauna living on the island. excessive growing of people leads the island a great threatening. At the begging saint martins island is famous for corals. but we have not found no corals. A few number of corals are found in the behind of the island.

Due to this lacking, the government has stopped the exploitation of corals. but the people doesn’t work according to the laws. Cox’s bazaar is the largest sea beach

all over the world, having the largest forest which is the important assets of Bangladesh. Lack of proper management and human activities, the ecosystem and diversity of Cox’s Bazaar are going to be destroyed. For the protection of these

valuable resources, government should necessary steps and rise awareness among us. All of us should be conscious with the help of government. In Moheshkhali

many workers involving in dry fish business. The workers involved in dry fishing and came to learnt that sometimes they stopped their work due to the lackings of

money.If they get loans from different NGO’s or from different governmental and non- governmental institutes or from different governmental banks at a low cost

then it would be better to them. They can explore their business in cox’s bazar and

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chittagong and can play an important role in the economy of the country.The education rate of moheshkhali is quite low and it is about 40%.so government

should take seriously on the improvement of this area .

Chapter seven:

References:

1.http://www.sos-arsenic.net/english/environment/coral.html

2.https://www.google.com.bd/search?q=image+of+fish+of+st+martin+bd&rlz=1C1GIGM_enBD

591BD591&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=628&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=SJOsU7PqG

cW6uAS96oCoBg&ved=0CBkQsAQ

3. http://nurulafsar.hubpages.com/hub/Saint-martin-chera-dip-island-of-Bangladesh

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin's_Island

5. Khan Ali Reza,Fauna of Bangladesh

6.Rashid E. Harun, Survey of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh

7.Shukla R.S. and Chandal C.S., Plant ecology

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8.Municipal data; Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics