environmental aspects of oil refining

08/02/2005Slide Number- 1 of 42

Delivering excellence through people

ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF OIL REFININGASPECTS OF OIL REFINING

Environment DivisionEnvironment Division

08/02/2005Slide Number - 2 of 42

Engineers India Ltd – Delivering excellence through people

Specific Emission & ConsumptionSpecific Emission & Consumption

Refineries manage Refineries manage huge amounts of huge amounts of raw material & raw material & productsproducts

Intensive Intensive consumers of consumers of energy & waterenergy & water

More than 90 More than 90 specific specific compounds compounds identified in identified in emissionsemissions

Values reported in Values reported in EC documentEC document



Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Impacts

LandFarm

Transfer Racks

MarineVessel Loading

Tank Farm

Wastewater

TreatmentProcess

Equipment Area

NearestResidences

Storm WaterLandfill

Land Farm

Cooling

Towers

Administrative

Offices

Plant’s Property Boundary Line

Parking Area

River

Receptor characteristics

Risk based approach

Local climate

Background concentrations



Environmental Approaches to Refinery Environmental Approaches to Refinery EmissionsEmissions

Difference in approach arises from how to tackle Difference in approach arises from how to tackle process integration issue within a refinery process integration issue within a refinery Bottom-up Approach-Bottom-up Approach- each process/activity found in each process/activity found in

the refinery is analyzed from the environmental point of the refinery is analyzed from the environmental point of view (view (BBest est AAvailable vailable TTechniques)echniques)

Top-down approach or Bubble approachTop-down approach or Bubble approach- certain - certain environmental goal is given to the whole installationenvironmental goal is given to the whole installation

Reflect difference in legislative and administrative Reflect difference in legislative and administrative proceduresprocedures

Can be used in a complementary rather than Can be used in a complementary rather than contradictory mannercontradictory manner



Concept of BATConcept of BAT

““Best” for the protection of environment and society as a wholeBest” for the protection of environment and society as a whole ““Available” thus allowing implementation, under economically Available” thus allowing implementation, under economically

and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and benefitscosts and benefits

““Techniques” can mean technology, design and construction, Techniques” can mean technology, design and construction, but also maintenance, operating procedures, commissioning but also maintenance, operating procedures, commissioning and de-commissioning proceduresand de-commissioning procedures Proven operationProven operation Proven reliabilityProven reliability AvailabilityAvailability Cross-media impactsCross-media impacts Economic viabilityEconomic viability



Bubble ConceptBubble Concept

Virtual single stack for whole Virtual single stack for whole facilityfacility

Applied to refineriesApplied to refineries Technical justificationTechnical justification Economic justificationEconomic justification Environmental justificationEnvironmental justification

Emission levels need to be Emission levels need to be given in transparent waygiven in transparent way Pollutants involvedPollutants involved Approach used in defining Approach used in defining

bubblebubble Measurement conditions, Measurement conditions,

averaging timeaveraging time



Bubble Averaging TimeBubble Averaging Time

Variable Variable conditions of conditions of operationsoperations

S in crude S in crude feedstockfeedstock

Related to Level Related to Level of Stringencyof Stringency

May depend on May depend on the pollutantthe pollutant



Refinery Global Environmental AspectsRefinery Global Environmental Aspects



Global Sulphur Balance In A RefineryGlobal Sulphur Balance In A Refinery

Raw materials (crude, etc.) S

Oil Refinery

Energy Production outside refinery

Atmospheric Emissions S1

Products

With specification

Without specification

Atmospheric Emission Outside Refinery S5

Inert Sulphur in Products S6

Potential Atmospheric Emissions Outside Refinery S7

Furnaces, Boilers, Turbines

FCC, etc.

Other units producing H2S

Sulphur Recovery Unit


Sulphur Inert form S3

Possible Abatement Technique


S= S1+S2+S3+ S4+S5+S6+S7+S8+S9

Effluent S8 Waste S9

08/02/2005Slide Number - 10 of 42


Fuel ManagementFuel Management

Constraints

•Refinery configuration and crudes processed

•Complexity and degree of process and energy integration

•Fuel requirement in relation to quantity and quality of fuel available

•Environmental restrictions

•Operational flexibility or limitations

•Climatic or local conditions

08/02/2005Slide Number - 11 of 42


Water Management AspectsWater Management Aspects

Cooling Tower MU

Drift

Evap.

CTBD

Process & Misc.

To Desalter

From FCCU

From DCU

Deaerator Boiler

Desalter

Lost

Consumed

Crude Ovd.

Boiler BDSWS

Cont. Cond.

Water Treatment

Regeneration

WWTP

Make Up

Refinery Water Balance

MU

Process

Cooling

Steam

Condensate

WWTP

Strongly related to refinery configuration

Water availability

Environmental restrictions on disposal

Recycle/reuse opportunities

08/02/2005Slide Number - 12 of 42


Process Specific Environmental AspectsProcess Specific Environmental Aspects

08/02/2005Slide Number - 13 of 42


Crude DesaltingCrude Desalting

Hot salty wastewaterHot salty wastewater 3-10% of crude thruput3-10% of crude thruput Sulfide, phenol, Sulfide, phenol,

suspended and suspended and dissolved solidsdissolved solids

Sludge (rust, clay, oil, Sludge (rust, clay, oil, metal)metal)

No major air emissionNo major air emission

08/02/2005Slide Number - 14 of 42


Crude Distillation UnitCrude Distillation Unit

Heater stack gasHeater stack gas Fugitive emissionsFugitive emissions Sour water from fractionators (HSour water from fractionators (H22S, NHS, NH33)) Spent caustic (Sulfides, mercaptans)Spent caustic (Sulfides, mercaptans)

08/02/2005Slide Number - 15 of 42


Vacuum Distillation UnitVacuum Distillation Unit

Heater stack gasHeater stack gas Fugitive emissionFugitive emission Sour water from Sour water from

fractionators (Hfractionators (H22S, NHS, NH33))

08/02/2005Slide Number - 16 of 42


Vis-Breaker UnitVis-Breaker Unit

Heater Stack GasHeater Stack Gas Sour Water from Sour Water from

Fractionator (HFractionator (H22S, NHS, NH33, ,

Phenol, solids)Phenol, solids)

08/02/2005Slide Number - 17 of 42


Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Fluidized Catalytic Cracking

Heater Stack GasHeater Stack Gas Catalyst Regenerator Stack Gas (CO, NOx, SOx and Particulates)Catalyst Regenerator Stack Gas (CO, NOx, SOx and Particulates) Sour water from fractionators, gas concentration units and stem strippers- Sour water from fractionators, gas concentration units and stem strippers-

high levels of oils, phenols, solids, sulfides, NHhigh levels of oils, phenols, solids, sulfides, NH33)) Spent CatalystSpent Catalyst

08/02/2005Slide Number - 18 of 42


Delayed Coking UnitDelayed Coking Unit

Heater stack gasHeater stack gas Particulate emissions Particulate emissions

from decoking drumfrom decoking drum Coke laden water from Coke laden water from

decoking operationsdecoking operations Sour water from Sour water from

fractionatorsfractionators

08/02/2005Slide Number - 19 of 42


HydrocrackingHydrocracking

Heater stack gasHeater stack gas Sour water from fractionator and hydrogen separatorSour water from fractionator and hydrogen separator Spent catalystSpent catalyst

08/02/2005Slide Number - 20 of 42


Catalytic ReformingCatalytic Reforming

Catalyst RegenerationCatalyst Regeneration Fugitive emissionsFugitive emissions Process wastewater from Process wastewater from

stripperstripper Spent CatalystSpent Catalyst

08/02/2005Slide Number - 21 of 42


HydrotreatmentHydrotreatment

Heater stack gasHeater stack gas Fugitive emissionFugitive emission Sour wastewater from fractionator and hydrogen separatorSour wastewater from fractionator and hydrogen separator Spent catalystSpent catalyst

08/02/2005Slide Number - 22 of 42


Sulphur ManagementSulphur Management

Key to environmental performance of refineriesKey to environmental performance of refineries Treatment of sour gases and sour watersTreatment of sour gases and sour waters Process tail gas from incineratorProcess tail gas from incinerator Hazardous Air Pollutants- COS, CSHazardous Air Pollutants- COS, CS22

08/02/2005Slide Number - 23 of 42


Merox TreatmentMerox Treatment

Spent Caustic Effluent- Sulphides, Mercaptans, NaphthenatesSpent Caustic Effluent- Sulphides, Mercaptans, Naphthenates Waste disulfide oilWaste disulfide oil

08/02/2005Slide Number - 24 of 42


Crude & Product StorageCrude & Product Storage

Hydrocarbon emissionsHydrocarbon emissions Drains to wastewater- Oil, SolidsDrains to wastewater- Oil, Solids Bottom Sludge- HazardousBottom Sludge- Hazardous Spill and leakageSpill and leakage

08/02/2005Slide Number - 25 of 42


Wastewater Treatment & Waste ManagementWastewater Treatment & Waste Management

Wastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment Sludge- oily, chemical and biologicalSludge- oily, chemical and biological Hydrocarbon emissionsHydrocarbon emissions

Waste ManagementWaste Management Incinerator emissionsIncinerator emissions Hydrocarbon emissionsHydrocarbon emissions Contaminant migrationContaminant migration

08/02/2005Slide Number - 26 of 42


AIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION

08/02/2005Slide Number - 27 of 42


AIR POLLUTION STUDIESAIR POLLUTION STUDIES

USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC MODELING TECHNIQUES

• fluidyn-PANACHE (Transoft Int.)

• Fluent 6.0 (EIL)

08/02/2005Slide Number - 28 of 42


CFD MODELLINGCFD MODELLING- - Zoomed view of a 3-dimensional BFC MeshZoomed view of a 3-dimensional BFC Mesh

08/02/2005Slide Number - 29 of 42


CFD MODELLINGCFD MODELLING- - Zoomed view of a 3-dimensional BFC MeshZoomed view of a 3-dimensional BFC Mesh

08/02/2005Slide Number - 30 of 42


CFD MODELLINGCFD MODELLING- - Velocity Vectors Velocity Vectors

08/02/2005Slide Number - 31 of 42


CFD MODELLINGCFD MODELLING- - Zoomed View of Zoomed View of Velocity Vectors Velocity Vectors

08/02/2005Slide Number - 32 of 42


CFD MODELLINGCFD MODELLINGConcentration contours of S02 in the vertical directionConcentration contours of S02 in the vertical direction

08/02/2005Slide Number - 33 of 42


CAUSECAUSERECIRCULATION PATTERNRECIRCULATION PATTERN

08/02/2005Slide Number - 34 of 42


CAUSECAUSE105 M AND 1000 M MIXING HT105 M AND 1000 M MIXING HT

08/02/2005Slide Number - 35 of 42


GROUND WATERGROUND WATER

08/02/2005Slide Number - 36 of 42


Ground Water(GW) MonitoringGround Water(GW) Monitoring

GW contamination is a matter of timeGW contamination is a matter of time GW remedial measures are very expensive and time GW remedial measures are very expensive and time

consumingconsuming Monitoring at GW abstraction points including analysis of Monitoring at GW abstraction points including analysis of

routine parameters are inadequateroutine parameters are inadequate A well designed monitoring network can help provide A well designed monitoring network can help provide

information on current levels of contamination.information on current levels of contamination. If not contaminated, a good GW monitoring network can If not contaminated, a good GW monitoring network can

provide early warning and prevent widespread provide early warning and prevent widespread contaminationcontamination

08/02/2005Slide Number - 37 of 42


Need for monitoringNeed for monitoring

• Regulatory Compliance

• Health and safety of life and property

• Environmental Protection

• Liability (Polluter Pays Principle)

• Get to know the extent of contamination

• Proactive steps for monitoring/containment

• Public Relations/Image issues

08/02/2005Slide Number - 38 of 42


Ground Water (GW) MonitoringGround Water (GW) Monitoring

EIL has designed GW Monitoring network EIL has designed GW Monitoring network considering the following:considering the following: Site hydrogeologySite hydrogeology Surface DrainageSurface Drainage Present and past sources of contaminationPresent and past sources of contamination Current and past operation and maintenance Current and past operation and maintenance

practicespractices History of spills/leaksHistory of spills/leaks Monitoring well designed specifically for GW Monitoring well designed specifically for GW

monitoring monitoring

08/02/2005Slide Number - 39 of 42


Factors Affecting GroundwaterFactors Affecting Groundwater

Soil contaminationSoil contamination Materials handled (hence contaminants)Materials handled (hence contaminants) Nature of activities Nature of activities Land use (hence area in use)Land use (hence area in use) Duration of activities (affects fate and extent transport of Duration of activities (affects fate and extent transport of

contaminants)contaminants) Developments in the vicinity(trans-boundary movement of Developments in the vicinity(trans-boundary movement of

contaminants)contaminants) Geo-hydrological settings(transport and fate of Geo-hydrological settings(transport and fate of

contaminants)contaminants)

08/02/2005Slide Number - 40 of 42


08/02/2005Slide Number - 41 of 42


08/02/2005Slide Number - 42 of 42


08/02/2005Slide Number - 43 of 42


08/02/2005Slide Number - 44 of 42


08/02/2005Slide Number - 45 of 42


Intrusive InvestigationsIntrusive Investigations

Development of trial pits and monitoring wellsDevelopment of trial pits and monitoring wells Establishment of groundwater Establishment of groundwater Drilling boreholes to below groundwater tableDrilling boreholes to below groundwater table

08/02/2005Slide Number - 46 of 42


Intrusive InvestigationsIntrusive Investigations

Soil and Ground waterSoil and Ground water Petroleum Hydrocarbons (total, heavy fractions, Petroleum Hydrocarbons (total, heavy fractions,

Gasoline Range Organics,Diesel Range Gasoline Range Organics,Diesel Range Organics)Organics)

Volatile&Semi Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile&Semi Volatile Organic Compounds Phenols & Polychlorinated Bi-phenylsPhenols & Polychlorinated Bi-phenyls Heavy metalsHeavy metals Metals in leachate (soil)Metals in leachate (soil) Chemical parametersChemical parameters

Vizag BayVizag Bay Water samples may also be analyzed Water samples may also be analyzed

08/02/2005Slide Number - 47 of 42


WASTEWATER MANAGEMENTWASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

08/02/2005Slide Number - 48 of 42


WASTE WATER MANAGEMENTWASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Waste Water Collection SystemWaste Water Collection System

Pollution Prevention (P2)Pollution Prevention (P2)

Waste MinimisationWaste Minimisation

Inside Battery Limit Treatment (ISBL)Inside Battery Limit Treatment (ISBL)

End Of Pipe Treatment ( EOP ) End Of Pipe Treatment ( EOP )

Maximisation of Reuse / RecycleMaximisation of Reuse / Recycle

Treated Effluent Disposal - Compliance Treated Effluent Disposal - Compliance RequirementRequirement

08/02/2005Slide Number - 49 of 42


MINIMAL NATIONAL STANDARDS (MINAS) FOR OIL REFINERIES

Parameter Maximum Permissible

Concentration

Maximum Permissible Quantum In Kg/1000 T of

Crude Processed *

pH RANGE 6.0 – 8.5

OIL & GREASE 10 mg/l 7.0

SUSPENDED SOLIDS

20 mg/l 14.0

BOD 15 mg/l 10.5

SULPHIDES 0.5 mg/l 0.35

PHENOLS 1.0 mg/l 0.7

* Based on Waste Water generation of 700 m3/1000T of crude processed

08/02/2005Slide Number - 50 of 42


SOURCES OF WASTE WATER GENERATION IN REFINERIES

RAW MATERIAL STORAGE AREARAW MATERIAL STORAGE AREA Crude tank bottom drainsCrude tank bottom drains Contaminanted rain water from tank farmContaminanted rain water from tank farm

CRUDE OIL PROCESSING AREACRUDE OIL PROCESSING AREA Desalter effluentDesalter effluent Sour condensate from CDU, VDU, FCCU, HCU, VBUSour condensate from CDU, VDU, FCCU, HCU, VBU Spent caustic effluent from caustic wash of various intermediate/ Spent caustic effluent from caustic wash of various intermediate/

final productsfinal products Merox regeneration effluentMerox regeneration effluent Hydrocracker catalyst regeration effluentHydrocracker catalyst regeration effluent Pump bearing/ gland cooling waterPump bearing/ gland cooling water Blow downsBlow downs Equipment drips / drainsEquipment drips / drains Sampling drainsSampling drains Floor wash / contaminated rain waterFloor wash / contaminated rain water

08/02/2005Slide Number - 51 of 42


UTILITIES GENERATION AREAUTILITIES GENERATION AREA

Boiler blow down (BBD)Boiler blow down (BBD) Cooling tower blow down (CTBD)Cooling tower blow down (CTBD) Regeneration effluent from DM plantRegeneration effluent from DM plant

PRODUCTS STORAGE / LOADING GANTRY AREAPRODUCTS STORAGE / LOADING GANTRY AREA Tank bottom drainsTank bottom drains Floor wash from loading gantryFloor wash from loading gantry Contaminated rain water from tank farm / loading Contaminated rain water from tank farm / loading

gantrygantry

PLANT / ADMINISTRATIVE AREAPLANT / ADMINISTRATIVE AREA

Sanitary/ canteen effluentSanitary/ canteen effluent

SOURCES OF WASTE WATER GENERATION IN REFINERIES (Contd.)

08/02/2005Slide Number - 52 of 42


TYPICAL CONTAMINANTS / POLLUTANTS IN AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM REFINERIES

CRUDE / PRODUCT TANKS BOTTOM DRAINS

DESALTER EFFLUENT

PUMP GLAND / BEARING COOLING WATER

EQUIPMENT DRIPS / DRAINS

SAMPLING DRAINS

FLOOR WASH / CONTAMINATED RAIN WATER

Oil & Grease Associated BOD,

COD Suspended Solids Traces of Sulphides,

Phenols etc

08/02/2005Slide Number - 53 of 42


TYPICAL CONTAMINANTS/ POLLUTANTS IN AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM REFINERIES

SOUR CONDENSATES

Oil & Grease, Sulphides, Phenols, Cyanide, NH3-N, BOD, COD

SPENT CAUSTIC/ MEROX WASTE

Sulphides, Phenols, Mercaptans, Cyanides, BOD, COD

REGENERATION EFFLUENT FROM HCU

NaHSO3, NaHCO3, Na2SO3, COD

BOILER BLOW DOWN

Clean stream does not require treatment

COOLING TOWER BLOW DOWN

Oil & Grease, Suspended Solids

REGENERATION WASTE FROM DM PLANT

Self neutralized clean stream with high TDS

SANITARY/ CANTEEN EFFLUENT

Suspended Solids, BOD, COD

08/02/2005Slide Number - 54 of 42


GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE REFINERY WASTEWATER

PARAMETER TYPICAL RANGE

Free Oil 2000 – 3000 mg/l

Emulsified Oil 80 – 120 mg/l

Sulphides (as H2S) 10 – 220 mg/l

Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) 12 – 30 mg/l

BOD5 100 – 300 mg/l

Suspended Solids 200 – 400 mg/l

Chromate (as CrO4) and Zinc (as Zn), Phosphate (as PO4) from cooling water

5 – 20 mg/l

pH 6.5 to 9.0

Cyanides and ammonia may be present in the wastewater from refineries where cracking process is present

08/02/2005Slide Number - 55 of 42


TYPICAL DESIGN BASIS FOR END OF PIPE (EOP) TREATMENT ( 3MMTPA GRASS ROOT

REFINERY)PROCESS EFFLUENTPROCESS EFFLUENTFLOWFLOW - - 200-225 m200-225 m33/hour average, 300-350 m/hour average, 300-350 m33/hour Peak/hour Peak

CharacteristicsCharacteristics pHpH :: 6 - 96 - 9 Oil & Grease Oil & Grease :: 800 - 1000 mg/l800 - 1000 mg/l TSSTSS :: 100 - 250 mg/l100 - 250 mg/l BODBOD55 :: 400 - 600 mg/l400 - 600 mg/l COD COD :: 700 -1000 mg/l700 -1000 mg/l SulphidesSulphides :: 60 - 250 mg/l60 - 250 mg/l Phenols Phenols :: 30 - 100 mg/l30 - 100 mg/l CyanidesCyanides :: 2 - 8 mg/l2 - 8 mg/l NHNH33-N-N :: 15 - 50 mg/l15 - 50 mg/l NaHCONaHCO33 :: 25 - 50 mg/l25 - 50 mg/l NaNa22SOSO33 :: 50 - 100 mg/l50 - 100 mg/l

Out of Total Oil, free Oil is 60 - 70%, Balance Emulsified oilOut of Total Oil, free Oil is 60 - 70%, Balance Emulsified oil

08/02/2005Slide Number - 56 of 42


TYPICAL DESIGN BASIS FOR END OF PIPE (EOP) TREATMENT ( 3MMTPA GRASS ROOT

REFINERY) (Contd..)COOLING TOWER BLOWDOWNCOOLING TOWER BLOWDOWNFLOWFLOW 40 - 50 m40 - 50 m33/hour /hour CharacteristicsCharacteristics Oil & Grease :Oil & Grease : 50 - 100 mg/l50 - 100 mg/l TSSTSS :: 50 - 100 mg/l50 - 100 mg/l

CONTAMINATED RAIN WATERCONTAMINATED RAIN WATER

FLOWFLOW - - AS PER SITE LOCATIONAS PER SITE LOCATION CharacteristicsCharacteristics Oil & Grease :Oil & Grease : 20 - 50 mg/l20 - 50 mg/l TSSTSS :: 50 - 100 mg/l50 - 100 mg/l

SANITARY EFFLUENTSANITARY EFFLUENTFLOWFLOW - - 10 - 15 m10 - 15 m33/hour /hour CharacteristicsCharacteristics TSSTSS :: 50 - 100 mg/l50 - 100 mg/l BODBOD55 :: 200 mg/l200 mg/l CODCOD :: 400 mg/l400 mg/l

08/02/2005Slide Number - 57 of 42


EFFLUENT TREATMENT – TYPICAL STAGES

TREATMENT

STAGES POLLUTANTS

TARGETED

1 PRIMARY (Physico – Chemical)

FREE & EMULSIFIED OIL SUSPENDED SOLIDS SULPHIDES pH ADJUSTMENT VOC CONTROL *

2 SECONDARY (Biological)

BOD / COD PHENOLS N & P *

3 TERTIARY (Polishing)

RESIDUAL SS RESIDUAL COD BTEX *

AUXILLIARY (Sludge)

THICKENING & DEWATERING OIL RECOVERY AND SAFE RESIDUE DISPOSAL

08/02/2005Slide Number - 58 of 42


EFFLUENT TREATMENT SCHEMEBUILDING BLOCKS

SECTION 1 :SECTION 1 : PRIMARY TREATMENTPRIMARY TREATMENT

( PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT ) ( PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT )

SECTION 2 : SECTION 2 : SECONDARY TREATMENT SECONDARY TREATMENT

( BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT )( BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT )

SECTION 3 : SECTION 3 : TERTIARYU TREATMENT TERTIARYU TREATMENT

( ( POLISHING TREATMENT ) POLISHING TREATMENT )

SECTION 4 : SECTION 4 : SLOP OIL & SLUDGE HANDLINGSLOP OIL & SLUDGE HANDLING SECTION 5 : SECTION 5 : CHEMICAL SOLUTION DOSING CHEMICAL SOLUTION DOSING

SYSTEMSYSTEM

08/02/2005Slide Number - 59 of 42


EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTBUILDING BLOCKS

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ( PRIMARY TREATMENT )PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ( PRIMARY TREATMENT )

Screening and DegrittingScreening and Degritting

Gravity Separation (API, TPI/CPI)Gravity Separation (API, TPI/CPI)

Equalisation Equalisation

Flotation Units ( DAF / IAF ) Flotation Units ( DAF / IAF )

Chemical Oxidation with HChemical Oxidation with H22OO22

Oil SkimmersOil Skimmers

BIOLOGICAL ( SECONDARY TREATMENT )BIOLOGICAL ( SECONDARY TREATMENT ) Biotower ( plastic media )Biotower ( plastic media ) Extended Aeration Process with surface aerators / Extended Aeration Process with surface aerators /

diffused aerationdiffused aeration

08/02/2005Slide Number - 60 of 42


EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTBUILDING BLOCKS (Contd…)

POLISHING ( TERTIARY TREATMENT )POLISHING ( TERTIARY TREATMENT )

Media Filtration (PSF, DMF)Media Filtration (PSF, DMF)

Activated Carbon Adsorption (ACF)Activated Carbon Adsorption (ACF)

Polishing Ponds with Cascade Aeration and FountainsPolishing Ponds with Cascade Aeration and Fountains

SLUDGE TREATMENT ( AUXILLIARY TREATMENT )SLUDGE TREATMENT ( AUXILLIARY TREATMENT )

Thickeners (dedicated for biological , chemical and oily Thickeners (dedicated for biological , chemical and oily sludge)sludge)

Mechanical sludge dewatering by centrifugeMechanical sludge dewatering by centrifuge

08/02/2005Slide Number - 61 of 42


TREATMENT MODE

FLOATABLESFLOATABLES -- MECH. SCREENINGMECH. SCREENING HEAVIER GRIT / SSHEAVIER GRIT / SS -- SETTLINGSETTLING FREE OIL FREE OIL -- GRAVITY SEPARATIONGRAVITY SEPARATION EQUALISATIONEQUALISATION -- POLLUTANT & HYDRAULICPOLLUTANT & HYDRAULIC EMULSIFIED OILEMULSIFIED OIL -- DISSOLVED / INDUCED AIR FLOTATIONDISSOLVED / INDUCED AIR FLOTATION SULPHIDESSULPHIDES -- CHEMICAL OXIDATION / PRECIPITATIONCHEMICAL OXIDATION / PRECIPITATION BODBOD -- BACTERIOLOGICALLYBACTERIOLOGICALLY

ATTACHED GROWTH (NATURAL DRAFT / INDUCED DRAFT)ATTACHED GROWTH (NATURAL DRAFT / INDUCED DRAFT)SUSPENDED GROWTH AERATIIONSUSPENDED GROWTH AERATIION

RESIDUAL SSRESIDUAL SS -- MEDIA FILTRATIONMEDIA FILTRATION HEAVY METALSHEAVY METALS -- AC ADSORPTIONAC ADSORPTION RESIDUAL CODRESIDUAL COD -- AC ADSORPTIONAC ADSORPTION SLUDGESLUDGE -- THICKENING & CENTRIFUGINGTHICKENING & CENTRIFUGING

08/02/2005Slide Number - 62 of 42


SIMPLIFIED EFFLUENT TREATMENT SCHEME

EQUAL.

BIOTOWER EXT. AERATION

TPI DAF

FILTRATION THICKNER CENTRIFUGE

API

SLOP OIL

SLUDGE

CLARIFIER

ADSORPTION

SCREEN

GRIT CHAMBER

08/02/2005Slide Number - 63 of 42


www.engineersindia.com

Thank You

environmental aspects of oil refining

Education

uupp aapppprrooaacchh

degree ofprocess

relation toquantity

s9effluent s8waste s9