The environmental assessment report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB‘s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Environmental Assessment Report

July 2011

Bangladesh: Power System Efficiency Improvement Project

Prepared by the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(as of 3 June 2011)

Currency Unit - India rupee/s (INR) Rupee 1.00 = $0.02243

$1.00 = Rs44.59

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB - Asian Development Bank APSCL - Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd BAN - Bangladesh BELI - Bangladesh Efficient Lighting Initiative BERC - Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission BIDS - Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies BIWTA - Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority BNBC - Bangladesh National Building Code BPDB - Bangladesh Power Development Board CAPE - convective available potential energy CCPP - combined-cycle power plant CDM - clean development mechanism CFL - compact fluorescent lamp CNG - compressed natural gas CTG - Chittagong DoE - Department of Environment DPDC - Dhaka Power Distribution Company EA - Executing Agency ECR - Environment Conservation Rules EGCB - Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh EIA - environmental impact assessment EMP - environmental management plan EMRD - Energy and Mineral Resource Division EPC - Engineering Procurement Construction Contractor ETP - effluent treatment plant FGD - focus group discussion GoB - Government of Bangladesh HRSG - heat recovery steam generator HSE - health, safety, and environment IDCOL - Infrastructure Development Company Ltd IEE - initial environmental examination NGO - non-government organisation NEMAP - National Environmental Management Action Plan NOx - oxides of nitrogen O&M - operations and maintenance Petrobangla - Bangladesh Oil, Gas & Mineral Corporation PGCB - Power Grid Company of Bangladesh PIC - project implementation consultant PPTA - project preparatory technical assistance

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PV - photovoltaic RoW - right-of-way RPGCL - Rupantarita Prakritik Gas Company Limited SOx - oxides of sulphur SPM - suspended particulate matter TOR - terms of reference TA - technical assistance WWTP - wastewater treatment plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

cm - centimeter GWh - gigawatt hour ha - hectare km - kilometer kV - kilovolt (1,000 volts) kWh - kilowatt hours m - meter MVA - megavolt-ampere MW - megawatt mm - millimeter C - degree Celsius

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Description of the Project .............................................................................................. 2 3.0 Description of the Environment ..................................................................................... 2 4.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ........................................ 4 5.0 Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................. 7 6.0 Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation ................................................ 7 7.0 Grievance Redress Mechanism .................................................................................... 9 8.0 Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................. 9 9.0 Conclusion and Recommendation .............................................................................. 10 10.0 Structure of the Report ................................................................................................ 11 B. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ....................................... 12 B.1 Environment-related of ADB Policies in Bangladesh ................................................... 12 B.2 The Bangladesh EIA Process ..................................................................................... 15 B.3 List of International Treaties and Conventions Signed by Bangladesh ........................ 16 B.4 The Environmental Requirements of ADB ................................................................... 19 C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................ 21 C.1 Project Type ................................................................................................................ 21 C.2 Project Details – 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Power Plant ............................. 22 D. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT .................................................................. 37 D.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 37 D.2 Project Influence Area ................................................................................................. 37 D.3 Physical Environment ................................................................................................. 39 D.4 Ecological Baseline ..................................................................................................... 46 D.5 Socioeconomic Environment ....................................................................................... 50 E. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........ 56 E.1 Environmental Impacts Identification ........................................................................... 56 E.2 Evaluation and Mitigation of Impacts ........................................................................... 57 F. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................ 65 F.1 Do Nothing or Without Project Alternative ................................................................... 65 F.2 Type of Fuel ................................................................................................................ 65 F.3 Alternative Sites .......................................................................................................... 66 F.4 Power Plant Configuration .......................................................................................... 67 G. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION .............. 68 G.1 Overview of Public Consultation Process .................................................................... 68

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G.2 Information Dissemination Process ............................................................................. 68 G.3 Key Stakeholder`s View .............................................................................................. 69 G.4 Details of Consultation Meeting and Discussion .......................................................... 69 H. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...................................................................... 75 I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................... 76 I.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................... 76 I.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................................... 76 I.3 Specific Management Plan ......................................................................................... 84 I.4 Institutional Arrangement and Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................... 91 J. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................. 102 K. PART B PROJECT COMPONENTS - INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION 103 I. Kaptai 5 MW Solar Power Subproject ....................................................................... 121 II. Hatiya 2 MW Solar PV-Wind Hybrid System ............................................................. 123 III. 1000-km Solar PV and LED System of Streetlighting for Cities ................................. 143

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LIST OF TABLES A. 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Power Plant Table B.1 Environment-Realted Laws in Bangladesh 14 Table B.2 List of International Treaties and Conventions Signed by Bangladesh 18 Table C.1 Water Abstraction for Cooling Purpose within the APSCL Complex 30 Table C.2 Composition of Natural Gas 33 Table C.3 Project Cost Estimates 38 Table D.1 Maximum and Minimum Flow at the Meghna River (m3/s) 45 Table D.2 Water Quality Data for Meghna River 45 Table D.3 Water Quality of the Meghna River - Surface Water Quality Test Report 46 Table D.4 Ambient Air Quality Test Report 48 Table D.5 Ambient Noise Quality Analysis 49 Table D.6 Ambient Noise Quality Standards 49 Table D.7 Fish Species in the Meghna River and in Ponds 52 Table D.8 Population and demographic characteristics surrounding the

project area (Zila, Upazilas and Paurashavas) 54 Table D.9 Population and Demographic Characteristics surrounding

the Project Area Unions of Ashuganj and Bhairab Upazila 55 Table D.10 Population and Demographic Characteristics surrounding

the Project Area Pourashava Unions of Bhairab Upazila 55 Table D.11 Population of the Project Upazila 55 Table D.12 Type of Religion of the Sample households Bhairab Upazila 56 Table D.13 Land Holdings and Ownership of Land at Ashuganj Upazila 56 Table D.14 Cooking Fuel 58 Table D.15 Rate of Literacy for Male and Female 58 Table D.16 Electricity Facility 58 Table E.1 Ground level NOx Concentration at Various Distances from the Plant 63 Table E.2 Standard Values for Noise (DoE, 1997) 64 Table F.1 Comparison of Different Alternatives 68 Table F.2 Comparative Study of Four Sites 69 Table G.1 Lists of Participants during FDG and KII 73 Table I.1 Environmental Management Plan 80 Table I.2 Types and Sources of Domestic Wastes 89 Table I.3 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities 97 Table I.4 Monitoring Activities during Project Cycle 99 Table I.5 The Schedule of Environmental Monitoring Reports 101 Table I.6 Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Cost Per Month 103 B. 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV Table 3.1 Salient features of solar PV site 113 Table 4.1 Estimated Electricity Savings and CO2 Emissions Reduction 118 Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Program 119 C. 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System Table 2.1 Hatiya Electricity Supply 129 Table 2.2 Connections and Potential Electricity Connections 129

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Table 3.1 Salient features of solar PV – wind hybrid site 132 Table 3.2 Meteorological data for Hatiya, 2009 133 Table 3.3 Chronology of Major Cyclones and Storm Surges that occurred Primarily

in Noakhali Coast 134 Table 3.4 Monthly extreme tidal level at Meghna River near Noakhali Coast in 2007 135 Table 3.5 Groundwater quality of tube well near the Project area 135 Table 3.6 Fish species around Hatiya Island of the Bay of Bengal 136 Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Program 141 D. 1000 km Solar and LED System of Streetlighting for Cities Table 2.1 Tentative allocations of solar PV LED street lighting project 148 Table 2.2 Categories of Road and Lighting Requirement 151 Table 2.3 Panel and Battery Sizes 152 Table 2.4 Solar PV LED lamp technical parameters 152 Table 2.5 Estimated solar PV LED costs per luminaire size 153 Table 3.1 Population Status of Savar Upazila and Dhamsona Union, Dhaka 154 Table 3.2 Occupational Status of Dhaka City Corporation 154 Table 3.3 Population Status of Chittagong City Corporation 156 Table 3.4 Occupational Status of Chittagong City Corporation 156 Table 3.5 Population Status of Sylhet City Corporation 157 Table 3.6 Occupational Status of Sylhet City Corporation 158 Table 3.7 Population Status of Rajshahi City Corporation 159 Table 3.8 Occupational Status of Rajshahi City Corporation 160 Table 3.9 Population Status of Barishal City Corporation 161 Table 3.10 Occupational Status of Barisal City Corporation 161 Table 3.11 Population Status of Khulna City Corporation 162 Table 3.12 Occupational Status of Khulna City Corporation 163 Table 4.1 Estimated Electricity Savings and CO2 Emissions Reduction 165 Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Program 165

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LIST OF FIGURES A. 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Power Plant Figure B.1 Steps for Obtaining the Environmental Clearance Certificate for

Red Category Projects 17 Figure C.1 Location of Project Components 23 Figure C.2 Ashuganj Power Station Complex 24 Figure C.3 Features of the proposed 450 MW CCPP area 25 Figure C.4 Layout of the proposed 450 MW CCPP at Ashuganj Power Complex 26 Figure C.5 Process Flow Diagram of 450 MW CCPP 29 Figure C.6 Proposed Transmission Route 35 Figure D.1 Project Influence Area Map covering 500 m 40 Figure D.2 Project Influence Area Map covering 5 km 41 Figure D.3 Seismic Zones of Bangladesh (BNBC 1993) 44 Figure D.4 Location of Sampling Station 47 Figure D.5 Protected and Proposed Protected areas locations in Bangladesh 53 Figure I.1 Waste Management Flow Diagram for the EPC Contractor 89 Figure I.2 Conceptual Drawing for the Separation of Spillage 93 Figure I.3 Organizational chart for APSCL 95 Figure I.4 Proposed EMU 97 B. Kaptai 5 MW Solar PV Figure 2.1 Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation Map 106 Figure 2.2 Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation Chart for Kaptai 107 Figure 2.3 Kaptai proposed site and 11KV evacuation line 108 Figure 2.4 Site for proposed Solar Plant 109 Figure 2.5 Typical solar generation diagram 110 Figure 2.6 Module orientation and shed parameters 111 Figure 2.7 Proposed layout of PV solar panels 112 Figure 2.8 Photo of general land use for the site showing grass and tree cover 115 C. 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System Figure 2.1 Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation Map 124 Figure 2.2 Map showing the sites in relation to Hatiya Island 125 Figure 2.3 Hatiya proposed solar PV and wind farm 126 Figure 2.4 Site for proposed Solar Plant 127 Figure 2.5 Site for proposed 1 MW wind power site 128 Figure 2.6 Module Orientation and Shed Parameters 130 Figure 2.7 Location of Burirchar Union 138 D. 1000 km Solar PV and LED System of Streetlighting for Cities Figure 2.1 Location of the Six City Corporations 147 Figure 2.2 Solar PV LED solar street light system 149 Figure 2.3 Lighting area and pole height relationship of typical LED street lamp 150 Figure 2.4 Monthly Solar Irradiation for Dhaka 151

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LIST OF ANNEXES Annex 1 Meteorological Data, 1948-2008 Annex 2 List of Participants Annex 3 Minutes of Focus Group Discussion Annex 4 Questionnaire and Checklist for Focus Group Discussion

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 INTRODUCTION Bangladesh aims to develop the indigenous energy resources which play a vital role in the socioeconomic development of the country. The Government has declared its vision for the power sector as load shedding-free beyond 2010 and to make electricity available for all by 2020. To fulfill this vision, additional 9,000 MW should be generated within the next five years under the short-, medium-, and long-term plan. By 2013, the Government plans to increase power generation to about 7,000 MW. Another strategic element in realizing its vision is the use of alternative energy sources. The present power generation from renewable energy sources is estimated at about 20 MW. Based on the approved renewable energy policy, 5% of the total generation would be added by 2015 and 10% by 2020. Recognizing the need, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance to the Government in 2009 to assist in planning for an increased power supply capacity and to improve efficiency in the power sector.1 As part of this technical assistance from ADB, the priority Project identified consists of Part A – Generation Efficiency Improvement and Part B – Increased Renewable Energy Use. Part A involves the replacement of old steam and gas turbine power plants with a total capacity of 274 MW at the Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd (APSCL) complex by a more efficient 450 MW combined-cycle power plant using natural gas as fuel. The 450 MW combined-cycle power plant will be located within the existing APSCL complex. Part B consists of 5 MW Kaptai solar photovoltaic (PV), off-grid installation of a 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel hybrid system, and street lighting of about 1,000 km in the cities of Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Borishal, Rajshahi, and Khulna using solar PV and light-emitting diode system. According to ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) June 2009, Part A is Environment Category A requiring an environmental impact assessment (EIA) while components of Part B are considered as Environment Category B requiring an initial environmental examination (IEE). This project categorization is based on anticipated environmental impacts. Given that the sites of the Project components are not contiguous, this integrated environmental assessment report was prepared covering an EIA for Part A and IEEs for Part B project components. SPS 2009 provides that the project‘s environment category is determined by the category of its most environmentally-sensitive component, hence, this integrated environmental assessment needs to comply with the 120-day public disclosure prior to consideration of ADB‘s Board of Directors. In May 2009, an EIA was prepared by APSCL for the 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycled Power Plant and was approved by the Department of Environment of Bangladesh on 5 May 2010. However, to comply with ADB‘s requirements, the government-approved EIA for the 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Power Plant was revised following the outline given in Annex to Appendix 1 of the SPS June 2009 while the IEE was based on Appendix 3 of the ADB‘s 2003 Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Aside from these guidelines, relevant environmental regulations of Bangladesh such as Environment Conservation Rules (ECR)

1 The Project Preparatory Technical Assistance for this project is TA 7242-BAN: Power System Efficiency Improvement approved on February 20, 2009.

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1997 and the Environment Conservation Act of 1995 were referred to in the preparation of the EIA and the IEE. 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

Briefly, the Project consists of the following components:

Part A: Generation Efficiency Improvement

i. Replacement of old steam and gas turbine power plants with a total capacity of 260 MW at the Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd. (APSCL) complex with an efficient combined-cycle power plant of 450 MW capacity

Part B: Increased Renewable Energy Use

i. Installation of a 5MW solar PV based grid-connected power generation plant at

Kaptai Hydropower Plant site ii. Installation of an off-grid wind-solar-diesel hybrid system in Hatiya Island (1 MW

solar PV, 1 MW wind energy, and 5.5 MW existing diesel generator) iii. Installation and retrofitting of about 1,000 km of street lighting based on solar PV

and LED-based technology in six cities across the country 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3.1 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant The project will be constructed and operated within the existing APSCL complex located on the left bank of the Meghna River. APSC is one of the largest power complexes in Bangladesh with a total installed capacity of 724 MW. Currently, it consists of a combined power cycle plant (146 MW) and 5 steam power generating plants (578 MW). The site is zoned as an industrial belt along the Meghna River. Given the existing land use, there is no natural forest but some homestead vegetation such as Am (Mangifera indica), Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Jam (Syzygium cumini), etc., and some roadside vegetation. No record of wild animals and endangered species are found in the area. Ambient air quality sampling conducted in November 2009 at the proposed site showed that it meets the standards for PM2.5, PM10, suspended particulate matter (SPM), SO2 and NO2 set by DoE for industrial area while noise levels ranged from 48.11 dB(A) to 51.37 dB(A), also within the limits of 75 dB(A) prescribed for industrial area. The CO2 emissions for the existing power plant units in the APSCL complex is estimated at about 2,760 kiloton (kt) per year based on fuel consumption and plant factor of 90%. The installed capacity at APSCL complex is 724 MW but due to age of the units, it was de-rated to 678 MW. Water quality measurements in July 2009 at Meghna River also showed that it is within the standards prescribed in ECR 1997 of DoE. 3.2 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV The site is owned by the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) which is within the existing Karnafuli Hydropower Plant operated by BPDB. The land is approximately 7- 8 hectares and is just 500 meters to the south and below the main Karnafuli dam retention wall. The site was used during the dam construction for the Karnafuli Hydropower Plant in 1962 and since then the land has remained unused and is overgrown with vegetation including some bushes and trees.

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Kaptai is in Rangamati District which is a well forested part of the country. About 78% of the District land is covered by tropical-evergreen mixed forest. Kaptai National Park is about 7 km away and Shita pahar Reserve Forest is about 10 km away of the project area. There is no indication of any vulnerable, threatened or endangered wildlife in the vicinity of the project area. The rainy season in the project site extends from June through November with an annual rainfall ranging from 2,200 mm to 3,600 mm. Maximum temperature is 33oC in July while the minimum is 13oC in December. Maximum wind velocity is at 96 km/hr. Similarly, the land for the 2-km 11 kV transmission line required to link the power generated by the solar PV to the national grid is all within BPDB ownership and control. A total of 849 hectares are owned by BPDB, which includes the site for the project, thus, there are no issues of resettlement or loss of private land. 3.3 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System Hatiya project will be located in two new sites, 4-km apart with a total land area of about 3.5 hectares. The power generation from solar and wind sources is linked to a diesel back-up generator (existing) which will be upgraded along with the distribution network on the island. The proposed site for the solar PV is located in Rehani Village under the Surza Mukhi Muouza of Burirchar Union and about 4 km east of the site will be for the wind power. The site is flat and no major preparations are needed. The two sites selected are agricultural land and both require acquisition from private landholders. Soil type is alluvial and compacted during the dry season. Climate is sub-tropical monsoon with an annual rainfall of 4,005 mm and a relative humidity of 90% during the rainy season. The minimum temperature is 14oC while the maximum temperature is 33oC. Good wind speed at 4 m/s to 7 m/s are available during the summer season. Hatiya has a population of 450,000 and 80,000 households. The major source of income comes from agriculture and fishing with some business and industrial activities related to agriculture. There is no indication of any vulnerable, threatened or endangered wildlife in the vicinity of the project area. No local marine turtle breeding ground are present on the beaches to the east of the wind power site. The nearest protected area (Nijum Dwip) is about 50 km away from the project sites and there are no forested areas close to the project sites. The solar and wind sites will be connected to the distribution system in Hatiya town through the existing power lines such as the 4 km new transmission line which will follow an existing road. 3.4 1000-km Solar PV and LED Streetlighting for Cities It is estimated that Bangladesh has 4,744 kms of streets with various quality of street lighting in the six main city corporations: Dhaka, Khulna, Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, and Barishal. The streetlighting component will replace the existing conventional street lighting along 1000 kms of streets in the 6 city corporations with more efficient light emitting diode (LED lamps. This will be done in combination with the installation of solar power panels on individual lighting poles; solar power will then replace the existing requirement for connections to town power. It is calculated that 33,000 individual lamps will be required to achieve the project goal of covering 1000 km of city streets. The project will supply new LED lamps, a solar power units, new poles and a storage batteries.

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This project will be implemented on land owned by Government inside existing rights of way and there are no issues of resettlement, loss of productive land and encroachment on any environmental sensitive receptors. 4.0 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant 4.1.1 Construction Phase About one hundred trees will be removed during construction. As soon as the construction material is stabilized, a tree planting program and landscaping will be instituted and five trees will be replaced for every tree removed based on the norms of the Department of Environment. Transportation and storage of materials can be a source of airborne pollution and surface water contamination. Measures will be taken to ensure all vehicles are properly maintained. Any haul or construction roads will be kept clean and will be sprayed for dust suppression during dry conditions. Similarly, any stock piles of fine materials will be properly covered and stored away from Meghna River or any temporary pond that will used for construction purposes. Equipment maintenance and refueling will be carried out at designated controlled areas. There will be no significant impact on the existing road network in the general project area. Major transportation of plant and construction material will be by the Meghna River with unloading of materials by crane owned by APSCL and at the jetty which is within the existing APSCL complex. All slopes will be protected and suitable erosion protection measures will be employed to reduce any impact from runoff during the monsoon rainy season. Attention will be paid to ensure that wet cement and concrete are not allowed to enter the Meghna River. Any hot mix plant and concrete batching plant will be located away from adjoining residences and the Meghna River bodies and will employ dust control measures, as required by the Environmental Conservation Regulations of Bangladesh. Any construction camp required for the project will have properly designed toilets with septic tank and solid waste disposal facilities; sites for these purposes will be away from the Meghna River. All solid waste from the construction site will be disposed of in accordance with environmental regulations. Increase in ambient noise levels will be mitigated by ensuring equipment maintenance and enclosure of all diesel generator sets; workers will be provided with ear protection, if and when needed. The general health and safety of workers will be safeguarded with the provision of medical and health facilities on-site, the provision of personal protection equipment (hard hats, ear plugs, masks as required). There will be an emergency response system and workers and supervisors will receive training. 4.1.2 Operation Phase The main impacts during operation are emissions, noise, and potential change in ambient temperature at the Meghna River due to cooling water discharge from the combined-cycle power plant.

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The 450 MW CCGT power plant will replace the existing old units of 146 MW combined-cycle power plant and the 2x64 MW steam power plant (or a total of 274 MW). According to the Atlanta Feasibility Study for the 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT conducted in 2009, the new units will consume significantly less gas than the existing old power plants to be replaced. Therefore, pollutants such as NOx, CO and CO2 per kWh generated will be also reduced accordingly. Assuming an operation of 90% power plant availability, the new 450 MW CCGT will use 62.21 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD) of natural gas. The existing old units that will be replaced use natural gas at about 70.66 MMSCFD. Based on this gas consumption, there will be a reduction of 0.00499 MMSCF per MWh (or 46.42%) with consequent equivalent reduction in emissions. A dry low NOx burner with premix burning system will be used to restrict the combustion temperature at 1,317oC that will minimize the formation of NOx (normally formed starting at a combustion temperature of 1600oC). Use of natural gas as fuel will not generate sulfur oxides (SOx) and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Based on a fuel consumption of 165.6 million standard cubic foot per day (MMSCFD) for all the existing units (i.e., 724 MW), the estimated CO2 emissions is 2,760 kiloton (kt) per year while the new CCGT units (i.e., 450 MW) will contribute 1,036 kt CO2 per year. Once the new CCGT units are operating, there will be a reduction of about 1,180 kt of CO2 per year due to the closure of the existing old power plant units (i.e., 274 MW). The combined-cycle power plant configuration of one gas turbine, one heat recovery steam generator, and one steam turbine (1:1:1) will reduce the generation of noise and vibration during operation. Currently, the existing power plant units (a total of 724 MW) at APSCL complex abstract water from the Meghna River at a rate of 39 m3/sec for cooling purposes. The new CCGT units will require about 6.4 m3/sec for its cooling water (CW) system also to be abstracted from the Meghna River. This volume of water will discharge about 44,770 kilocalorie of heat at the discharge point of the CW discharge system. When the new CCGT units are commissioned, five power plant units (or 274 MW) will stop its operation resulting to a reduction of cooling water requirements to about 6.78 m3/sec. Thus, compared to the existing cooling water requirements, the operation of the new CCGT units will improve efficiency and will result to an overall reduction of cooling water requirements at a rate of 0.4 m3/sec (or 1.03% reduction). The cooling water system of the existing power plant units at APSCL complex use once-through cooling where the spent warm water is discharged to a receiving body of water (in this case, the Meghna River) or a temporary pond. Cooling water prior to discharge is estimated to have a maximum temperature of 7oC above ambient. Thermal discharge from the cooling water system of all the existing units at APSC is about 39 m3/sec. When the new CCGT units will start its operation, the old power plant units consisting of 274 MW will stop its operation, thus, thermal discharges to Meghna River will be 38.6 m3/sec or a reduction of 0.4 m3/sec. The existing cooling water discharge system at APSCL complex consists of a retaining pond to temporarily hold the hot water and an open discharge channel of about 2 km prior to discharge at the Meghna River. The discharge channel is designed in such a way that adequate turbulence and mixing are generated for maximum heat dispersion prior to release at Meghna River. About 80% of the cooling water discharges is retained to a holding pond before release to local farmers for irrigation purposes during the dry season.

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Actual measurements of cooling water discharges in five sampling stations at and around APSCL complex conducted on February 20-26, 2011 (sampling time from 12:30PM to 2:00PM) showed an average of 31oC prior to discharge outside the boundary of APSCL complex. At the time of sampling, the river water intake from Meghna River has an average temperature of 24.6oC. These results suggest that the thermal discharges from APSCL complex meet the limits set by DoE. During the operation phase, the existing combined-cycle power plant (146 MW) commissioned in the early 80s and two units of steam power plant units (ST1 and ST2 or a total of 128 MW) which started operating in 1970 will be shut down. There is no plan yet for abandonment and/or decommissioning of the units. In the event decommissioning is pursued as the best economic strategy, APSCL will prepare an Abandonment Plan and required environmental clearances will be obtained from regulatory agencies prior to any decommissioning works. 4.2 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV Environmental impacts will be few. Construction activity will only create minor and manageable environmental disturbance such as water quality and noise impacts. The PV poly-crystalline modules to be used in the project are emissions-free once they are manufactured and have no emission impacts during operations. Arrangements will be made with manufacturers to take back panels either at the end of the project or as they are replaced and find suitable recycling or disposal options and arrangements during operations. Kaptai solar PV will add 5 MW of power to the national grid system contributing to improved and more regular supply of power to the country as a whole. Project benefits also include savings from non-use of other fossil fuels. The reduction in CO2 emissions is estimated at 5,460 tons per year for a power generation equivalent to 7,413 MWh. There will also be benefits in terms of local employment during the construction phase and during the operation phase; more staff will be employed for maintenance and cleaning of equipment. The project has been explained to local villagers and representatives and they are generally in support of the project. 4.3 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System During the installation of the hybrid system, any loss of trees and loss of private land required for power poles or site development will be compensated for and other environmental impacts will be mitigated through the environmental management plan. There will be tree planting program by BPDB at the sites. Similar to the Kaptai solar PV, Hatiya will also use PV poly-crystalline modules which are emissions-free once they are manufactured and have no emission impacts during operations. Arrangements can be made with the manufacturers to take back panels either at the end of the project or as they are replaced and to find suitable recycling or disposal arrangements for panels, turbine parts and any batteries used during operations. The wind turbines will be designed to have minimal noise impacts. Estimated CO2 emission reduction is about 1,900 tons per year for the power generated by the solar PV-wind hybrid system equivalent to 3,040 MWh. The project will bring about reliable power supply to Hatiya Island. Project benefits will include savings by not using other conventional fossil fuel. There will be reduction in emissions from less use of diesel fuel. There will also be benefits in terms of local employment for construction and during the operations phase when approximately 25-30

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new staff will be needed for operation of the plant and for site maintenance and cleaning of equipment. 4.4 1000-km Solar PV and LED Streetlighting for Cities Erection of lighting poles will involve site preparation, foundation installation and fixtures assembly and these activities are likely to have minor environmental impacts. There will also be a need to remove and dispose of existing lighting infrastructure. There is likely to be a local small increase in traffic and noise, dust, and sediment. There will be short term disruption of vehicle and pedestrian traffic and verges and street landscaping. There will be some impact from noise and if existing light poles and associated infrastructure such as wiring are removed. These construction type impacts are manageable with proper planning and mitigation measures suggested in the project Environmental Management Plan. During operations there will also be few additional environmental impacts. The project takes place along well established urban streets all having existing street lighting. LED lamps are more efficient and long lived than conventional lighting and solar panels have lives of up to 25 years with little maintenance requirements. The project will assist in the reducing the use of fossil fuel to provide electricity. Assuming that the existing streetlight system is using 150 Watt (W) high pressure sodium vapor lamps2, replacing the same with 15 W LED solar PV system at 33,000 units (for the entire 1,000 km), the CO2 emission reduction per year is estimated at 18,100 tons. This reduction represents 24,571.8 MWh of electricity saved from conventional power source. 5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES A ―do nothing‖ or ―without project alternative‖ was considered for the Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT Power Plant. This option would place further strains on Bangladesh‘s current energy supply deficiencies. With this option, the APSCL complex would continue to run using old inefficient plant, which breaks down regularly and is, therefore, not an acceptable alternative. Four site locations within the APSCL complex were assessed in the northeast and southwest extremities of the land owned by APSCL. The criteria used are distance from the fuel supply and cooling tower, grid access, road access, land availability, and jetty and cargo access. The site in the APSCL complex has an available and allocated supply of gas in an area where gas supplies are not plentiful. The site is also close to existing power plant infrastructure including power transmission lines. Developing a site, when it is available, close to existing power infrastructure is, therefore, seen as a major factor in site selection. Three fuel types (gas, oil and coal) were considered from the standpoint of environmental impacts. In the case of Bangladesh, the natural gas has virtually no sulphur content, and supply and allocation are currently available at the site within the APSCL complex. Alternative power plant configurations were considered for the Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT. This includes a 1:1:1 (1GT+1HRSG+1ST) and 2:2:1 configurations were examined, but it was determined that the land area at APSCL complex could only accommodate the 1:1:1 configuration. 6.0 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

6.1 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT Power Plant

2 Baseline technology

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Various public consultations were held with focus group discussions and key informant interviews to explain and obtain feedback from local communities. Consultation with the key stakeholders was held at Upazila Conference Hall on August 11, 2009. Another consultation was held on 12 May 2011 together with the ADB Project Team. At union level, five Focus Group Meetings were held in the project site. These are Ashuganj, Araishida, Durgapur of Ashuganj Upazila, and Bhirab Pourashava and Simulkandi of Bhairab Upazila. In the meetings, all classes of stakeholders including businessmen, farmers, schoolteachers, religious leaders, NGO and public representatives as well as Members and Chairman of the Union Council were present. Generally local people expressed support for immediate implementation of the project, during the consultations as they saw the project as generally being of benefit to local communities. During the survey period, school teachers, village leaders and Members and Chairman of the local bodies and others were consulted in groups and individually with particular importance to female headed households. Some of the concerns/issues raised during consultations are as follows:

Project affected people appeal for employment opportunities during construction Compensation to affected persons for any unforeseen loss due to the project Community and religious sites are to be protected if acquisition of land is needed Provide training and employment opportunity to local unemployed youth, as far as

practicable As part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), provide scholarship to poor

students at constructing school, college and vocational institute, health centre in the Upazila

Sound and vibration should be contained under accepted level by installing good and of best quality equipment

Height of the chimney should be 50 meter. Temperature should be at minimum level during discharging water from cooling

system. Fish breeding and the flora and fauna of the area should be saved.

Aside from the concerns/issues given above, there were no new issues raised during the consultation held with the ADB Project Team in May 2011.

6.2 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV A consultation meeting was held on January 22, 2011 with local government representatives, local elite, businessmen, farmers and local workers. Major issues discussed were as follows:

• Problems faced by present electricity supply system • Prospects of establishment and operations of solar system • Affordability for supporting solar electricity • Merits and demerits of solar system

6.2.2 Summary of consultation The community people were fully in favor of establishment of this solar plant and they are ready to support its implementation in all respect. The people recognized that solar will be an environmentally friendly source of power and they saw the following benefits of additional and reliable power supply to:

• support the 35% of local households and business enterprises which are not supplied with power at present

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• support the establishment and operation of new industrial and commercial enterprises

• contribute in generation of local based employment and income opportunities • develop market network and improve access to markets • improve access to health services • improve access to education and skilled development training

The people also said that they are ready and willing to pay the additional charges for electricity consumption for commercial and industrial use.

6.3 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System

6.3.1 Consultation Meeting A consultation meeting was held on January 26, 2011 with local government representatives, businessmen, fishermen, farmers, teachers, and local workers. Major issues discussed by the group were constraints faced by the community as a result of poor power supply and community services. Local development is adversely affected, the people feel vulnerable because of the lack of social infrastructure and public utility services. Community opinions in regard to the proposed solar and wind plant establishment were as follows:

• The community as a whole agreed to the establishment and operation of the solar and wind plant at the identified site

• The people are ready to provide full support to assist the implementation of the proposed plant

• The land owners and community people were ready to surrender their land for the project implementation

• The people believe that the new system will provide them with electricity that will improve their socio-economic development

• The people are ready to pay for the electricity service • They think that the plant will be environmentally friendly.

6.4 1000- km Solar PV and LED Streetlighting

Initial consultations were done by BPDB to the City Councils about the proposed streetilighting using clean energy by installing solar poles and replacement of existing bulbs with more energy-efficient LED bulbs. Once the specific locations within each city have been identified, another consultation will be conducted by BPDB among stakeholders such as business owners, residents, and the City Councils. As this component will bring about beneficial impacts to the residents and the environment, full support is expected from the local people and the City Councils. 7.0 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM A complaint redress committee will be established to address any kind of environmental and social complaint arising from the residents both within and outside the Ashuganj Power Station Complex including workers during the construction and operation phase. The committee will include members from APSCL, the owner's engineers and also the EPC contractor. A complaint box will be specifically made available at the Project Director‘s Site Office to allow for complaints to be lodged. For Kaptai solar PV, and the Hatiya solar-wind-diesel hybrid system, BPDB will monitor the performance of contractors and will deal with any complaints during project implementation.

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8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT Power Plant At the time of construction, the Contractor(s) will implement the mitigation measures identified in the EIA, while regular monitoring will be conducted by APSCL to ensure compliance by Contractor(s) with applicable provisions of the environmental management plan (EMP). The APSCL will increase its environmental management capacity and will use consultants as necessary to assist the preparation of contractual documents such as bidding documents which will clearly identify environmental responsibilities and prescribe penalties for non-compliance.

8.2 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV BPDB will employ an environmental engineer who will be responsible to the Manager, Karnafuli Hydropower plant for implementation of the measures in the EMP. Issues of health, safety and environment will be incorporated in the BPDB system which is in place for the existing hydropower operation. Construction contracts will incorporate requirements for the EPC contractors who will be responsible for implementing the mitigation measures in the EMP and monitored by BPDB.

8.3 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System BPDB currently operates the existing small diesel power plant with as small staff but will set up a separate management structure to run the new hybrid system with three engineers and four support staff. Environmental environment training will be provided. Environmental performance of the EPC contractors will be monitored by the BPDB Senior Engineer.

8.4 1000-km Solar PV and LED Streetlighting for Cities The six city corporations will follow the Guidelines indicated in the environmental management and monitoring plan and will ensure there is proper supervision of the safety and environmental impacts and recommended mitigation measures. BPDB will be responsible for supervising the six City Councils and any contracts with EPC contractors will include obligations to comply with the EMP and Monitoring Program which will be included in contracts. 9.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

9.1 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT Power Plant The 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT Power Plant will be constructed within the existing Ashuganj Power Station Complex for which the land has been set aside in the past. Only a small amount of agricultural land is lost for the transmission route and affected persons will be compensated as recommended in the Resettlement Plan for the Project. There is no need to move people and there are no sites of historic, cultural or biodiversity interest in the area. The EIA identifies various potential impacts and recommends appropriate mitigation measures together with a management and monitoring program. Potential negative environmental impacts identified during construction are temporary in nature and can be managed through good engineering measures and design. Replacement of the existing old units of 146 MW combined-cycle power plant and the 2x64 MW steam units by this new project will result to reduced emissions due to efficient fuel use. With the mitigation and environmental management plan proposed in this EIA, the

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environmental impacts identified can be mitigated and managed. The Project will result in significant economic beneficial impacts to people and businesses in the Ashuganj area.

9.2 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV The project site has been a vacant land since the construction of the main Kaptai dam in 1962. There is no loss of livelihood or resettlement problems arising from the implementation of the project. The site is not located in a sensitive ecosystem, and has no historical and cultural value. Only minor and transient environmental disturbances will be experienced at the project site during construction and operation, and they will be minimized through implementation of the EMP attached to this IEE. It is recommended that this IEE is adequate to justify the environmental and social feasibility of the Project. There is no need for further analysis and the environmental assessment of the Project is considered complete. BPDB will meet its environmental and occupational health commitments, committed to the implementation of the EMP, and will employ an Environment Manager to oversee the project construction and implementation.

9.3 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System The project sites for the solar and wind power plant are on flat agricultural land; the diesel site is on existing land owned by BPDB. Some private land will be lost as a result of the project but no single land owner loses more than 10% of his farm land and the people affected will be compensated for loss of land and crops. The site is not located in a sensitive ecosystem, and has no historical and cultural value. The nature of project and the clean nature of solar power and wind power generation mean that there will be few significant lasting environmental and social impacts. Minor and transient environmental disturbances will be experienced at the project site during construction and operation, and they will be minimized through implementation of the EMP. The people in the area are eager for the project which they see as a means of more secure power supply and associated benefits for business and work opportunities. BPDB is committed to its environmental and social responsibility and discharges this responsibility in adherence to principles of good corporate governance.

9.4 1000-km Solar PV and LED Streetlighting for Cities This project will replace the existing conventional street lighting (and install new, as needed) along 1,000 kms of streets within the six City corporations with a more efficient LED lamps. This will be done in combination with the installation of solar power panels on individual lighting poles and 33,000 units will be required to achieve the project goal. The identified environmental impacts can be mitigated by good engineering design, monitoring, clear roles and responsibilities of implementing agencies and contractors, allocation of budget for mitigation measures and monitoring activities, and continuing public consultation during project implementation. 10.0 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT Section B discusses the policy, legal, and administrative framework; Section C provides the overall description of the project components and the details of the 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Power Plant (CCPP); Section D to Section J relate to 450 MW Ashuganj CCPP, and Section K presents the IEEs of Part B project components.

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B. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK B.1 Environment-related policies in Bangladesh The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has developed a policy framework that requires environmental issues to be incorporated into economic development planning. The key policies are the National Environmental Policy of 1992, the National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP) of 1995, and the National Conservation Strategy of 1992 National Environmental Policy, 1992 The Bangladesh National Environmental Policy was approved in May 1992. It sets out the basic framework for environmental action together with a set of broad sector guidelines. Key elements of the Policy are:

Maintenance of the ecological balance and overall progress and development of the country through protection and improvement of the environment;

Protection of the country‘s assets, properties and resources against natural disasters; Identification and regulation of all types of activities that pollute and degrade the

environment; Ensuring sustainable development and utilization of all natural resources; and Promoting active association with all environment-related international initiatives.

The Environmental Policy requires the following specific actions with respect to the ‗Industrial‗ sector:

To phase-in corrective measures in polluting industries; To conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for all new public and private

industrial developments; To ban, or find environmentally sound alternatives for, the production of goods that

cause environmental pollution; and To minimize waste and ensure sustainable use of resources by industry.

Under the National Environmental Policy, the Department of Environment is directed to review and approve all Environmental Impact Assessments. National Environmental Management Action Plan, 1995 The National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP) is a wide-ranging and multi-faceted plan, which builds on and extends the statements set out in the National Environmental Policy. NEMAP was developed to address issues and management requirements during the period 1995 to 2005, and set out the framework within which the recommendations of the National Conservation Strategy are to be implemented. NEMAP has following broad objectives:

Identification of key environmental issues affecting Bangladesh; Identification of actions necessary to halt or reduce the rate of environmental

degradation; Improvement of the natural environment; Conservation of habitats and bio-diversity; Promotion of sustainable development; and, Improvement of the quality of life of the people.

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National Conservation Strategy, 1992 The National Conservation Strategy provides recommendations for sustainable development in the industrial sector as follows:

All industries shall be subject to EIA and adoption of pollution prevention/control technologies shall be enforced;

Hazardous or toxic materials/wastes shall not be imported as raw materials for industry;

Import of appropriate and environmentally-sound technology shall be ensured; and Dependence on imported technology and machinery should gradually be reduced in

favour of sustainable local skills and resources.

Table B.1 Environment Related Laws and Regulation

Act/Rule/Law/Ordinance Responsible Agency-Ministry/Authority Key Features-Potential Applicability

The Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and subsequent amendments in 2000 and 2002

Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest

Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas;

Obtaining Environmental Clearance Certificate;

Regulation with respect to vehicles emitting smoke harmful for the environment;

Regulation of development activities from environmental perspective;

Promulgation of standards for quality of air, water, noise, and soils for different areas and for different purposes;

Promulgation of acceptable limits for discharging and emitting waste;

Formulation of environmental guidelines relating to control and mitigation of environmental pollution, conservation and improvement of environment

Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 and subsequent amendments in 2002 and 2003

Department of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forest

Declaration of Ecologically Critical Area;

Requirement of Environmental Clearance Certificate for various categories of projects;

Requirement for IEE/EIA according to the appropriate category of the project;

Renewal of the environmental clearance certificate within 30 days after the expiry;

Provides standards for quality of air, water & sound and acceptable limits for emission/discharges from vehicles and other sources

Environment Court Act, 2000 and subsequent amendments 2002

Judiciary and Ministry of Environment & Forest

GoB has given highest priority to environment pollution and passed ‗Environment Court Act, 2000‘ for completing environment related legal proceedings effectively

The Vehicle Act, 1927; The Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983;The Bengal Motor Vehicle Rules, 1940

Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA)

Exhaust emission; Vehicular air and noise; Road safety

The Brick Burning (Control ) Act, 1989; The Brick Burning (Control) Amendment Act, 1992

Ministry of Environment & Forest

Control of brick burning requires a license from the MoEF; Restricts brick burning with fuel wood

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Act/Rule/Law/Ordinance Responsible Agency-Ministry/Authority Key Features-Potential Applicability

The Removal of Wrecks and Obstructions in inland Navigable Water Ways Rules 1973

Bangladesh Water Transport Authority

Removal of Wrecks and Obstructions in inland Navigable Waterways

Water Supply and Sanitation Act, 1996

Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives

Management and Control of water supply and sanitation in urban areas.

The Ground Water Management Ordinance 1985 Upazila Parishad

Management of ground water resources; Tube well shall not be installed in any place without the license granted by Upazila Parishad

The Forest Act, 1927 and subsequent amendments in 1982 and 1989

Ministry of Environment and Forest

Reserve Forests; Protective Forests; Village Forests

The Private Forests Ordinance Act, 1959

Regional Forest Officer, Forest Department

C Conservation of private forests and for the afforestation on wastelands

Bangladesh Wild Life (Preservation) Act, 1974

Ministry of Environment and Forest Bangladesh Wild Life Advisory Board

Preservation of Wildlife Sanctuaries, parks, reserves

The Protection and Conservation of Fish Act 1950 and subsequent amendments in 1982

Ministry of Fishery Protection and Conservation of fish in Government owned water bodies

Natural Water Bodies Protection Act 2000

Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakkha/Town Development Authority/Municipalities

According to this Act, the character of water bodies i.e. rivers, canals, tanks, or floodplains identified as water bodies in the master plans or in the master plans formulated under the laws establishing municipalities in division and district towns shall not be changed without approval of concerned ministry.

The Embankment and Drainage Act 1952

Ministry of Water Resources and FCD

An Act to consolidate the laws relating to embankment and drainage and to make better provision for the construction, maintenance, management, removal and control of embankments and water courses for the better drainage of lands and for their protection from floods, erosion and other damage by water.

Antiquities Act 1968 Ministry of Cultural Affairs

Governs preservation of the national cultural heritage, protects and controls ancient monuments, regulates antiquities as well as the maintenance, conservation and restoration of protected sites and monuments, controls planning, exploration and excavation of archaeological sites.

The Building Construction Act 1952 and subsequent amendments

Ministry of Works

An Act to provide for the prevention of haphazard construction of building and excavation of tanks which are likely to interfere with the planning of certain areas in Bangladesh

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance 1982 and subsequent amendments in 1994, 1995 and 2004

Revenue Department Current GoB Act & guidelines, relating to Acquisition of and

The Factories Act, 1965 Bangladesh Labour Law 2006 Ministry of Labour

This Act pertains to the occupational rights and safety of factory workers and the provision of a comfortable work environment and reasonable working conditions.

Source: Different Laws and Regulations of GoB

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The primary institution for environmental management in Bangladesh is the Department of Environment (DoE), under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MEF). The DoE is the authority with the mandate to regulate and enforce environmental management, and the setting and enforcement of environmental regulations. The Department was created in 1989 to ensure sustainable development and to conserve and manage the environment of Bangladesh. The principal activities of the DoE are:

Defining EIA procedures and issuing environmental clearance permits - the latter

being legal requirements before proposed projects can proceed to implementation; Providing advice or taking direct action to prevent degradation of the environment; Pollution control, including the monitoring of effluent sources and ensuring mitigation

of environmental pollution; Setting the Water Quality Standard (WQS) for particular uses of water and for

discharges to water bodies; and Declaring Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs) where the ecosystem has been

degraded to a critical state. In keeping with its role with respect to EIA and environmental clearance permits, and its mandate with respect to environment degradation and pollution, the DoE is the reviewing agency for EIA report. B.2 The Bangladesh EIA Process Section 12 of the Environmental Conservation Act stipulates "No industrial unit or project shall be established or undertaken without obtaining environmental clearance from The Director General of the DoE in the manner prescribed by the Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) 1997‖. The DoE, which is a statutory body under the Environment Conservation Act, is responsible for review and evaluation of IEEs and EIAs prepared for projects in Bangladesh. The proposed 450 MW CCPP falls under the Red category (described under item 64, Schedule –1, page 3122 of ECR-97), which means that Environmental Clearance must be obtained in two steps: (1) Obtain Site Clearance based on the Application along with necessary papers, including the IEE, which will contain the scope of work of the proposed EIA; and, (2) Obtain Environmental Clearance by submitting the Application along with EIA and time schedule for implementing any recommended mitigation measures including design and necessary papers, and after obtaining approval of the EIA Report. The DoE is required to respond within sixty (60) working days to issue or refuse the Site Clearance (from the date of receiving the Application), sixty (60) working days to approve or reject the EIA, and thirty (30) working days to issue or refuse to grant the Environmental Clearance. The process for obtaining the Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) for Red Category project is outlined in Figure B.1.

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Source: Guide to the Environmental Conservation Act 1995 and Rules 1997, Prepared by Bangladesh

Centre for Advanced Studies, 1999

Figure B.1 Steps for Obtaining the Environmental Clearance Certificate for Red Category Projects

B.3 List of International Treaties and Conventions Signed by Bangladesh

List of environment related international conventions, protocols, treaties signed/ratified or accessed by Bangladesh are given in Table B.2.

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Table B.2 List of International Treaties and Conventions Signed by Bangladesh

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Source: EIA, BAN: Padma Multipurpose Bridge Project, July 2010 B.4 The Environmental Requirements of ADB Among others, the ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 provides guidance on the category of projects. Project categorization is based on the degree of anticipated environmental impacts. Initial process involves filling out a Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist which is sector/project-based. The checklist takes into account the type, size, and location of the proposed project; sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in project area; and the potential for the project to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. A project is classified as one of the four environmental categories (A, B, C, or FI) based on the most environmentally sensitive component. Categories are as follows: Category A: A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment (EIA), including an environmental management plan (EMP), is required. Category B: A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination (IEE), including an EMP, is required. Category C: A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. An EIA or IEE is not required, although environmental implications need to be reviewed. Category FI: A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves the investment of ADB funds to, or through, a financial intermediary. The SPS 2009 also provides the content and format of environmental assessments. Key elements such as public consultation, grievance redress mechanism, information disclosure, occupational health and safety, etc are also discussed to ensure compliance with ADB requirements. Information disclosure of environmental assessment reports are required such that for category A projects, the EIA is posted on the ADB website 120 days prior to its Board consideration of the project.

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Based on the SPS 2009 project categorization, the 450 MW combined-cycle power plant is classified as category ―A‖ and therefore an EIA is required. The remaining subprojects are category ―B‖ requiring an initial environmental examination (IEE).

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C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

C.1 Project Type Broadly, the project consists of the following components: Part A: Generation Efficiency Improvement

i. Replacement of old steam and gas turbine power plants with a total capacity of 274 MW at the Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd (APSCL) Complex with a new and more efficient combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plant of 450 MW capacity

Part B: Increased Renewable Energy Use

ii. Installation of a 5MW solar photovoltaic (PV) based grid-connected power generation plant at Kaptai Hydropower Plant site

iii. Installation of an off-grid wind-solar hybrid system with diesel generator in Hatiya Island (1 MW solar PV, 1 MW wind energy, and 5.5 MW diesel)

iv. Installation and retrofitting of about 1,000 km of street lighting based on solar PV and light emitting diode (LED)-based technology in six cities across the country

The following section describes the project details of Part A, construction of a 450 MW CCGT power plant at the APSCL complex. Project details of Part B will be described in the IEE of each subcomponent. Figure C.1 presents the location of Project components.

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Figure C.1 Location of Project Components

C.2 Project Details – 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant

C.2.1 Background

APSCL complex is one of largest power complexes in Bangladesh with a total installed capacity of 724 MW. It consists of a combined power cycle plant (146 MW) and 5 units steam power generating plants (578 MW). Two gas turbines (units 1 and 2) are already 40 years old while all other units are more than 20 years old. Partly due to aging and lack of maintenance, the available capacity of the APSCL complex amounts only to 593 MW (80 MW from the combined-cycle and 513 MW from steam turbines).

Kaptai 5 MW Solar

PV

Ashuganj 450 MW CCPP

Hatiya 2 MW solar – wind hybrid

1000 km Solar PV LED street lighting6 City Corporations Borishal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet

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Part A, generation efficiency improvement consists of retiring the existing combined cycle power plant comprising of GT1, GT2 and ST (2 x 56 MW and 1 x 34 MW), ST 1 (64 MW) and ST 2 (64 MW) for a total of 274 MW and replacing them with a 450 MW combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT), considered to be a more suitable power generation technology and capacity. The proposed 450 MW CCGT will be constructed within the premises of APSCL complex on an existing vacant land. The gas turbine unit(s) will be fired continuously on natural gas.

C.2.2 Site and Surroundings The proposed power plant is located on the south bank of Meghna River within the APSCL complex (Figure C.2).

Figure C.2 The Complex of Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd. APSCL complex is located about 75 km Northeast of Dhaka City on the left bank of Meghna River across Bhairab Bazar and connected by motor/railways to Dhaka and Chittagong. There also exists good waterways connection from the Ashuganj site to the seaports of Chittagong and Mongla and then overseas. Access to power grid is easy since there are existing 230 kV and 132 kV substations. Ashuganj is also the hub of the gas transmission system where all the sources meet. The total land owned by APSCL in the complex consists of 311 acres. A considerable amount of the land has already been utilized and occupied by existing power plant facilities and pertinent installation with most facilities in the centre of the site. The only site large

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enough to accommodate the proposed 450 MW CCGT plant with a 1:1:1 configuration (i.e., 1 gas turbine, 1 heat recovery steam generator, 1 steam turbine) is the 82,670 m2 in the south west of the APSCL complex. A bird‘s eye view of the power plant site with surroundings may be seen in Figure C.3

Figure C.3 Features of the proposed 450 MW CCPP area

C.2.3 Layout of the Proposed Asuganj 450 MW CCGT Power Plant The plant layout of the 450 MW CCGT is shown in Figure C.4. The detailed layout was prepared on the assumption that cooling water (CW) will be taken from a new intake equipped with a new pumping station to be installed by the west side of the existing intake structure of Unit 5. About 1 km of 2.5 m diameter CW pipe line will be installed to the proposed site. A CW discharge pond will be constructed near the steam turbine unit and will be connected to the existing old discharge channel. Titas Gas RMS for APSCL will be extended, and a new 10 inch-diameter 600 m-long pipeline and other supply facilities will be installed. A new 8-bay 230 kV switching station, along with a 4-circuit 230 kV of about 1.2 km long overhead line for turning in and out of the existing Ashuganj-Ghorasal line, will be required to evacuate power to the 230 kV national grid. A completely new water treatment plant will be installed to supply the required water through the CW pipeline. A new warehouse and a control room building will be required for the new plant. An open channel shall be constructed to divert cooling water discharges, retained in the water pond, for irrigation water as is currently being done. Some APSCL residential buildings will be constructed to replace the existing structures at the site.

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Space will be required for an alternative fuel oil supply tank at the plant site and oil pipeline with other facilities including rehabilitation of the existing oil tanks which will be retained. The auxiliary power for starting the proposed 450 MW CCGT will be supplied by the 230/6.6 kV 25MVA station transformer and a 15.75/6.6 kV auxiliary transformer, connected to the gas turbine unit, will supply the running auxiliary power.

Source: Feasibility Study prepared by APSCL, January 2010

Figure C.4 Layout of the proposed 450 MW CCGT at APSCL Complex

C.2.4 Life Cycle Overview The life cycle identifies the major issues of concern which are likely to evolve over the life of a project. The major issues and concerns throughout the life cycle of the proposed power plant are construction, operation and maintenance including decommissioning. These issues have been considered during the EIA study. The key activities to be completed and facilities to be constructed and operated for the life time of the proposed project are described below.

C.2.4.1 Construction Phase The engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor and their sub-contractors will construct the power station and adhere to the World Bank‘s (WB) Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines 2007, since ADB has no environmental standards, together

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with the relevant GoB regulations as well as the EPC contractor's Safety, Health and Environmental Policy and Procedures Manual. During the construction phase, large number of labourers will be employed. EPC contractor where appropriate, will provide project site housing and support facilities. The EPC contractor shall supply the drinking water facility and dispense to workers consistent with GoB drinking water quality standards. Toilets with septic tank facilities will be provided to workers.

C.2.4.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase The major concern during operation phase and related mitigations are described below. Natural gas shall be used as the primary fuel for the proposed Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT. Since there is no sulphur content in the natural gas proposed to be supplied by Titas Gas, there will be no sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions that would require flue gas treatment. NOx emissions can be controlled by the following methods:

Dry low-NOx burners Water or steam injection Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

The new gas turbine unit will employ either water injection system or dry low-NOx burner to reduce NOx emission. The emission of carbon monoxide (CO) can be controlled by using appropriate combustion control and proper maintenance of the gas turbine unit. Moreover, using CCGT technology produces only two-third of emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) per kWh produced as compared to a simple cycle. The minimum recorded discharge at Meghna River (Station No- 273, Bhairab Bazar, about 1 km away from the proposed power plant) is 2,050 m3/sec3. The feasibility report for the proposed 450 MW CCGT indicated that the plant will use approx. 6.4 m3/sec for cooling. The total water withdrawal by the existing and the new plants will be about 50 m3/sec, which is only 3% of the total flow of water in the extreme lean supply period. Sufficient river water flow will still be available to sustain the natural environment and for aquatic ecology. During operation and maintenance stage, EPC contractor shall collect waste lubricating and hydraulic oils and delivered to a licensed contractor who has facilities to treat waste oils and is permitted to recycle the treated oil for other purposes. During plant operation and maintenance phase the EPC contractor shall maintain waste management, all gaseous emission, effluent discharges and noise emission with limit as prescribed in GoB guidelines (ECR-1997) and WB General EHS Guidelines 2007.

C.2.4.3 Decommissioning The power plant is likely to continue longer time than its design life. If the proposed power plant is constructed and operated by EPC contractor during contract period following GoB, WB guidelines, and as per recommendation of EIA, there should not be significant environmental liabilities that will require remediation during decommissioning. However, APSCL will take all environmental management responsibility after the end of contract period of EPC contractor appointed for the proposed project.

3 BWDB

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C.2.5 Power Plant Components The general components of the proposed Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT include the following: In-Site Facilities

Plant facility comprising of 1 gas turbine, 1 heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) set, 1 steam turbine, generator, transformer and ancillary facilities

Water treatment plant Wastewater treatment plant Cooling water pond Circulating pump house Switch room Emergency generator and transformers 600 m gas pipeline 132 kV switching station to be added in the existing switchyard area

Offsite Facility

About 1.2 km of 132 kV transmission line to connect power generated to the national grid

Civil Structures

Demolish several residential buildings and rebuilt them at a suitable location Store building Control building Administrative building Fire protection tank, water tank and septic tank Construction of internal road Drainage Security fencing and gate house

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Figure C.5 Process Flow Diagram of 450 MW CCGT Brief description of some of the major components and their main requirements are described below: Combined Cycle Power Plant Combined steam-gas cycle has some advantages:

Energy generation is clean—i.e., it‘s the most acceptable technology from an environmental/ecological standpoint.

High efficiency factor, more than 50%. Minimal land requirement Minimal water requirements Fast operations. The station starts and shuts downs quickly, so it is possible to

operate the facility both for base and peak load Facility construction time is short; accordingly, less time is required to repay the

investment High level of automation and smaller number of staff required.

A state of the art micro computer based distributed control system will be applied for smooth and optimum operation of the high technology gas turbine, heat recovery boiler and the steam turbine. The variable pressure operation of the steam turbine unit is to be employed so as to afford flexible operation and improve the turbine efficiency at partial load.

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C.2.5.1 Gas turbine unit The type of gas turbine which will be selected for the proposed project shall be identified as being suitable for the project and will meet the GoB and WB emission standards described in Environmental, Health and Safety guidelines for Thermal Power Plant 2008. In addition, the turbine supplier shall have the capacity of offering a long-term spare parts and services agreement for their turbines.

C.2.5.2 Steam turbine unit The Project will include steam turbine generator units. The steam turbines will be capable of operating in both fixed and sliding-pressure modes and in a modified sliding-pressure mode. During normal operation; the steam turbine operates without throttling the main steam flow (sliding-pressure mode).

C.2.5.3 Cooling water system The cooling water system of the proposed CCGT is once-through cooling with water taken from the Meghna River at the rate of 6.4 m3/sec.4 The water requirements of all the power plants operating within the APSCL complex and the proposed new CCGT units were estimated to determine the effect, if any, on the flow of Meghna River at APSCL complex area. Water Abstraction The hydrological data of the Meghna River from 1985 to 2008 were collected from the Surface Water Processing Branch of the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BPDB). River water discharges recorded from 1998 to 2006 show that a minimum discharge of 2,050 m3/sec occurred in November 1998 and a maximum discharge of 16,558 m3/sec occurred in August 2002. The calculated water abstraction from the Meghna River by the existing operational plants and the new units are given in Table C.1.

Table C.1 Water abstraction for cooling purposes within the APSCL Complex

SI No. Existing Operational Plants within APSCL complex

Amount of water for cooling purposes

1 2x64 MW steam turbine 5.67 m3/sec (2.83 m3/sec each) 2 3x150 MW steam turbine 31.62 m3/sec (10.54 m3/sec each) 3 2x56 MW, 1x34 MW gas turbine 1.11 m3/sec (now operating 66 MW) 4 Proposed 450 MW CCGT 6.4 m3/sec Sub Total 44.8 m3/sec Grand Total 50 m3/sec

Source: Manager, APSCL and EIA Report, March 2010 Out of total river water flow 2,050 m3/sec in extreme lean period, approximately 50 m3/sec will be used by APSCL (calculation shown above) and 2,000 m3/sec is left as natural flow in the river for other uses in surrounding areas. This shows that only about 3% of total river water flow will be abstracted for cooling purposes. Availability of water is considered adequate for once-through cooling even with the new CCGT units. To supply this amount of cooling water, a separate intake structure with intake channel and a pump house will be constructed in west side of the existing intake structure of Unit 5. Two

4 Final EIA Report prepared by Atlanta Enterprise Ltd. March 2010

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100% capacity cooling water (CW) pumps will be installed in the pump house. A 2.5 m-diameter CW pipeline will be required to supply 6.4 m3/sec of river water to the proposed 450 MW CCPP site. Also, a discharge system such as a pond shall be constructed near the steam turbine unit connecting through 2 x1.75 m-diameter pipe and then connected to the existing discharge channel to Meghna River and for irrigation.

C.2.5.4 Water Treatment System A separate water treatment facility will be constructed for the proposed 450 MW CCPP. The facility for treatment of feed water will consist of, but not be limited to, the following systems and equipment: (i) raw water pumps, (ii) raw water tanks (iii) clarifier (v) demineralization lines, and (vi) feed water pumps. Clarifier Raw water which is supplied from the river will be pumped into the clarification system and primary settling and aeration. Before entering into the clarifier tank, treatment chemicals such as lime, alum and coagulant aid will be added to the water, as needed, to aid filtration of the suspensions and to partially reduce water hardness. Demineralization Demineralized water storage tanks and a distribution system will be installed as part of the water treatment system. An appropriate anion exchanger will also be incorporated into the design of the water treatment system to increase resistance to organic fouling and produce the appropriate water quality required for the process.

C.2.5.5 Wastewater Treatment System (Treatment and Discharge of Wastewater)

A separate wastewater treatment system will be built for the proposed 450 MW CCGT. All the wastewater generated by the proposed power plant will be treated in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The WWTP will be designed based on the recent available environment-friendly technology. One of the options for the WWTP technology may be Electric Contaminant Removal (ECR) technology. WWTP discharges must comply with GoB and WB standards. The sewage pond will be protected against overheating. Sewage effluent quality will be monitored against GoB and WB standards. Sludge management The solid sludge generated will be stored temporarily (within project site) and will be reused in an environment-friendly manner following WB and GoB guidelines.

C.2.5.6 Generators and Systems for Power Output C.2.5.6.1 Generators Facilities

The Project is expected to be based on one gas turbine generator, one steam turbine generator having subsequent transformer facilities with sufficient backup system. The control of gas and steam turbine generators and plant electrical systems are performed by the automation system of the plant through a digital control system (DCS) — i.e., the man-machine interface is through the monitors and keyboards of the DCS in the control room of the plant. The 230 kV transmission line switchgears (compatible with the proposed system) each have separate control systems with monitors in the control room. These control systems are linked to the DCS for information exchange. The daily control of the electrical

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system during normal operation concern mainly generator plants operations, like synchronizing and adjusting the reactive output and voltage.

C.2.5.7 Automation and Control System C.2.5.7.1 Level of Automation

The plant operations will be automated as follows: (i) the main DCS; (ii) safety-related system; (iii) separate control systems (if necessary) for gas turbines, steam turbines, water treatment facilities, etc. using programmable logic controllers; (iv) control room devices for man-machine interfaces; and (v) site instrumentation and data acquisition. The cabinets containing the control systems will be placed in a room in the control building. Electronic cabinets dedicated to signal acquisition (remote input/output) cabinets) could be installed at field. For all the equipment not installed in air conditioned environment, provisions will be made for an adequate protection degree (IP 55 minimum or compatible). The design of the automation system will generally comply with IEC standards. The measurement units employed will correspond to the international system of units.

C.2.5.7.2 Main Control Room All of the normal control and monitoring tasks (starting, stopping, normal operation, and load variation) of the Project will be performed from operator terminals in the main control room. In addition, separate local control rooms may be built to control and monitor certain sub processes. The lighting of the control room will be designed to avoid or minimize optical disturbances, in particular on the monitors. Similar care will be paid to minimizing the effects of other potential disturbances (temperature extremes, moisture, noise, etc.).

C.2.5.8 Fuel System Fuel for the gas turbine unit of the proposed CCGT is natural gas which is indigenously available in Bangladesh. The total lifetime requirement of gas is estimated to be about 438.13 billion standard cubic feet (BSCF) at 70% plant factor. The quality of natural gas is shown below:

Table C.2 Composition of Natural Gas

% Mole % Wt Methane 96.464 90.882 Ethane 1.914 3.380 Propane 0.254 0.657 i-Butane 0.262 0.894 n-Butane 0.100 0.340 i-Pentane 0.030 0.127 n-Pentane 0.013 0.053 Hexane 0.040 0.200 Heptane+ 0.342 2.407 Nitrogen 0.477 0.785 Carbon 0.106 0.274 Total 100 100

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APSCL complex has been producing electricity since 1970 with the 2x64 MW steam power plants based on indigenous natural gas. Two oil tanks were constructed with 10,000 tonne capacity each, but never used for the power station. All the subsequent plants also were based on natural gas fuel. The present total gas consumption of older units of 146 MW CCGT and 2x64 MW units combined is about 70.66 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD). The proposed 450 MW CCGT power plant, if operating at an average loading of up to 90%, will require about 62.21 MMSCFD. Therefore, replacement of old inefficient units with a total of 274 MW by new CCGT units will use fuel more efficiently. The existing Titas Gas RMS situated in APSCL complex is receiving gas supply at a pressure of 1000 psi (present pressure is 700 – 800 psi) through a 10-inch diameter pipe from the valve station. In the Titas RMS, the gas pressure is regulated and three different pipe lines are in use to supply gas to the power station complex. The 450 MW CCGT will receive gas at a pressure of 500 psi (present pressure 470 psi) through a 10-inch diameter pipe, the 128 MW (2x64) receives gas at a pressure of 65 psi through a 16-inch diameter pipe and the 90 MW CCPP (56 MW GT1 + 34 MW ST) and the 2nd unit of GT 56 MW receives gas at a pressure of 500 psi (present pressure 330 psi) through an 8-inch diameter pipe. The existing Titas Gas RMS for APSCL will be extended and a new 10-inch diameter about 600 m-long gas pipe line shall be installed along with gas supply system for GT unit at proposed 450 MW CCGT site.

C.2.5.9 Compressed Air System Compression ratio is estimated to be between 17 and 20 compatible with the required mass flow and pressure. The compressed air system will supply compressed air for tools, instruments, and combustion process. All compressed air will be filtered and dried. If the main compressor fails or if the system pressure drops to a certain point, alarms on the DCS will go off and the standby compressor will automatically start. Any single failure in compressed air system will not disturb the operation of the system because of back up measures.

C.2.5.10 Safety System The Project will be designed to preserve all parts and minimize the risk of corrosion. There will be provisions for the preservation of the power plant for a short term standby and for a long term standby will be arranged. The HRSG, the main condensate line, the feedwater tank, and the feedwater lines will be filled with water with chemical additives to keep the required pH value. Circulation of the water will be arranged with auxiliary pipelines and feedwater pumps. Steam lines will be dried or preserved with nitrogen or as per design of the process. Facilities for air circulation with dehumidified air will be provided for the steam turbine cylinders and heat exchangers. When ending the preservation phase of the above mentioned parts, the water used will be transferable to the neutralization basin as per design of the proposed machine.

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C.2.5.11 Transportation There is an existing permanent jetty at the Meghna River bank inside the APSCL complex provided with a crane with a capacity of 200 ton plus 50 ton auxiliary. This crane requires major rehabilitation. After rehabilitation of the crane and with the help of some other cranes of appropriate capacity, any larger unit can be unloaded. Internal roads in the complex will be improved and material to construct the plant can be moved to the new site. In case the larger pieces of equipment are required, a jetty immediately down the stream will be used. This jetty is currently under construction by BIWTA immediately downstream of the existing complex.

C.2.5.12 Evacuation of Power from the Proposed Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT The proposed power plant will be connected to the 230 kV National Grid System. An eight-bay 230 kV switchyard with conventional outdoor type equipment was proposed at the 450 MW CCGT site. This would have two bays for GT and ST unit transformers, one bay for station transformer, one for bus coupler and four bays for outgoing feeders. One 4-circuit 1.2 km 230 kV overhead line will be constructed for ‗In‘ and ‗Out‘ of the existing Ashuganj-Ghorasal line. The probable route of the transmission line is shown in Figure C.6. Thus, the 230 kV switching station at the proposed power plant will remain connected to the existing APSCL 230 kV switchyard through the Ashuganj-Ghorasal line near the substation and to the Ghorasal substation through the rest part of the line. A new 132 kV switching station is proposed to be built at the south side of the existing 132 kV switchyard along with a 33 kV switching station to replace the existing 33 kV substation at the proposed 450 MW CCGT site. The transmission route has been divided into three different symmetrical towers which are as follows:

a) Existing angle tower at 115 comprising the area in and around the Araishida Mouza of Araishida Union

b) Middle Tower (3 straight towers) comprising the areas of the mouzas namely, Arishida (Arishida union), Jatrapur and Sonarampur Mouza (Ashuganj Sadar union) etc.

c) Dead end or terminal tower comprising the areas of Sonarampur Mouza

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Source: APSCL, February 20, 2011

Figure C.6 Proposed Transmission Route

The area within the transmission route is mainly agriculture with a few scattered settlements. Agricultural production reflects Boro land. Most of the agricultural lands are double cropped and the main crop is rice paddy and mustard. The land is also covered with some trees and bushes. The pictures below show the land use in the proposed route.

Proposed Transmission Route

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Photograph showing the pond that will be crossed by the proposed 1.2 km transmission line along the

opposite side of the proposed 450 MW Power plant boundary on Dhaka-Sylhet Road

Photograph showing agricultural land that will be crossed by the transmission route at Jatrapur and

Arishida Mouza

Photograph showing vegetation (trees) which will be crossed by the transmission route at Sonarampur Mouza

C.2.5.13 Ancillary Services

Site Development There are some ponds at the proposed site. Contour of the area varies from 2.4 m to 7.8 m. The area will be filled up by dredge filling to increase the level up to the existing power station which is about 8 m above the PWD level. Earth filling of about 300,000 m3 will be required. Average filling height will be about 4 m. Sand will be dredged in the Meghna River directly adjoining the site with the use of a slurry pipeline. The slurry is pumped to the area allowing the water to seep back into ground water. This method avoids transport by vehicle and any emissions of particulate matter. Demolition Work Proposed 450 MW CCGT shall be constructed at Site 4. The space required by different installations of the new CCGT units will cause the demolition of several residential buildings and structures within APSCL complex. Some of these structures need to be rebuilt. One three storey residential building, one two storey residential building, two semi-pacca buildings and some other civil structures will be demolished. APSCL authority shall decide and arrange suitable locations for the reconstruction of these structures.

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Civil, Structural and Building Works The civil, structural, and building works will include the complete engineering and construction of all foundations, structures, and installation services needed to ensure the satisfactory operation of the Project. The work will comply with GoB national building code and BS (British standard) codes, or relevant civil construction code. All parts of the Project that needs to be enclosed will meet the requirements of the local planning authority. Special attention will be paid to ensure that the facilities are functional and of pleasant appearance. Building housing will be adequately proportioned to facilitate the installation, operation, maintenance, and replacement of the plant. The buildings and structures will be designed to have a minimum working life of 25 years before significant repair or replacement of the main or secondary structural elements is necessary. The design will take into account the climatic and seismic conditions of the site which could normally be considered applicable during the minimum working life of the Project.

C.2.6 Manpower The organization of the proposed power plant shall comprise of four departments: operation, maintenance, administration, and finance and accounts. The Maintenance Department will have mechanical, electrical, civil, and instrumentation. It is estimated that a workforce of 92 people will be required for the new 450 MW CCGT for operation and maintenance. Most of the maintenance and operation staff will be made available from the existing APSCL complex. New recruits shall be thoroughly trained and existing manpower re-deployed shall undergo conversion training to be suitable for the new plant and technology.

C.2.7 Project Costs The project base cost is estimated to be around 29,198 million Taka. Including contingencies and financial charges during construction, the total project cost amounts to 34,522.2 million Taka of US$485.2 M (see Table C.3). The cost of land, since it is owned by the Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd, is not included in the analysis. Operation and maintenance costs used in the analysis are the following:

Fixed: Taka 182/kW Variable: Taka 0.064/kWh

The gas price used in the study is Taka 79.9 per thousand standard cubic feet (SCF).

C.2.8 Project Implementation Schedule Project implementation schedule is based on realistic assumptions. It is estimated that a period of 48 months will be needed to complete the project, counting from the date of issuance of EOI document for short-listing of project consultants. It is shown that commissioning of the GT will take 18 months and that of the steam turbine will take 24 months from the date of award of the Turnkey Contract.

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Table C.3 Project Cost Estimates

Source: PPTA Consultant, February 2011

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D. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT Section D presents the existing environment for Part A component, the 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT Power Plant. The description of the existing environment for Part B components : (i) 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV, (ii) 2 MW Hatiya solar-wind-diesel Hybrid System, and (iii) 1000 km Solar PV and LED street lighting is given in Section K, the IEE of each component.

D.1 General The primary objective of the EIA study of existing environmental parameters is to provide an environmental baseline against which potential impacts from the construction and operation phases of the proposed 450 MW CCGT can be compared. Baseline data includes an inventory of physical, ecological and socio-economic parameters. Covering these aspects, data has been compiled for:

Land Environment (topography, geology, seismology and soils); Water Environment (water resources, water quality); Air Environment (meteorology, air quality); Noise Environment (noise levels); Ecological Environment Socio-economic Environment

Baseline data for the study area were collected using the following methods:

Gathered data from previous EIA report prepared by Atlanta (January 2010) for important environmental components such as water, air , noise

Primary data collection on cooling water temperature Operating data on CO2 emission and stack Preparation of maps

D.2 Project Influence Area

For the purpose of the EIA study, the Project Influence Area (impact zone) of the proposed 450 MW CCGT was determined as a radius of 1-km from the existing walls of the APSCL complex. However, socioeconomic information has been taken from both upstream and downstream areas of Meghna River and for this purposes, the survey area was defined as roughly a 5-km radius around the proposed 450 MW CCGT project site. The project area is an industrial site beside and adjacent to the Dhaka-Sylhet Highway and located on the eastern bank of the Meghna River. Economically, the area is very active. The Meghna River is the main navigation route connecting Dhaka with north eastern region of the country via Bhairab and Ashuganj river ports. Different types of commodities including quarry materials, cement, fertilizer and paddy, etc are transported and many cargo vessels use the river. The project is located in Sonaram Mouza of Ashuganj Upazila with the western part of the site being under Bhairab Upazila of Kisoreganj District while eastern part falls under Ashuganj Upazla of B.Baria District. The Bangladesh UK Friendship Bridge on the Dhaka-Sylhet Highway crosses the Meghna River at the project site. The project site is to the northwest of the highway. Parallel and to the SW of the Friendship Road Bridge is the main Bhairab Rail Bridge and within 1-km from the project site, Ashuganj Fertilizer factory is located. Ashuganj rail station is situated on the east bank close to a silo and on the western bank is the Bhairab rail station.

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There are various industrial sites in the area and on both banks there are residential areas. During the monsoon, the low-lying paddy field is submerged by flood waters. Boro crop is the main crop in the dry season. Figure D.1 and D.2 shows project influence area map covering 1 km and 5 km radius from the proposed 450 MW CCGT site.

Figure D.1 Project Influence Area Map covering 500 m

Figure D.2 Project Influence Area Map covering 5 km

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D.2.1 The Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd. (APSCL) Complex

The APSCL complex is one of the largest power complexes in Bangladesh with a total installed capacity of 724 MW. It consists of a combined-cycle power plant (146 MW) and five units of steam power plant (578 MW). APSCL started operating in the 70s when the first two steam power plant units (ST1 and ST2) were commissioned in August 1970. The existing combined-cycle power plant and two units of steam power plants (ST1 and ST2, each 64 MW) will be replaced by the new 450 MW CCGT units. Aside from the power plant units, there are other facilities within the APSCL complex. There are two mosques, one temple, one secondary school with a capacity of about 1,000 students, 669 residential flats for employees in the residential area, one Guest House with modern facilities, one recreation club with indoor and outdoor games facility (e.g., cricket field), and one small shopping center. There is only one main entrance to the APSCL complex and security is provided by a Security Unit whose staff are also housed in one of the buildings within the complex. There is also a jetty to serve transport need of APSCL operations. The APSCL operations were not covered by specific environmental regulations since they started in the early years when these regulations were not yet formulated. However, for use of chemicals in their operations such as acid for water treatment plant, a license is obtained in compliance with the Acid Control Act of 2002 and Acid Acid Control Rules of 2004 (Import, Production, Storage, Transport, Sale and Use). APSCL also secures permit from the Office of Boiler Inspector in compliance with the Boiler Act 1923. The boiler permit determines and gives the permission to use the maximum amount of steam pressure (permissible pressure capacity of the safety valve). All the permits required for APSCL operations are renewed regularly and are ensured that they are up-to-date. Baseline measurements on noise level and ambient air quality conducted during the preparation of the EIA in 2009 showed compliance to the limits set by the Department of Environment (DoE).

D.3 Physical Environment Information was gathered on the existing physical environment including meteorology, geology, topography, soils, hydrology and drainage, surface water quality, air quality and noise levels. The following sub-sections elaborate the findings in this regard.

D.3.1 Topography The proposed power plant is located on the south bank of Meghna River within the APSCL Complex. According to the Final Report of the Feasibility Study for the project (March 2010), the project site elevation is between +2.1 m and +7.8 m. The site is in the Meghna flood plain and is susceptible to flooding. The general project area is a vast, low-lying alluvial plain, sloping gently to the south and southwest. A depression extends northeast from the Dhaka area following the Meghna floodplain and broadening out in the Sylhet depression. Within this area, elevations are less than 6 m above mean sea level.

D.3.2 Land Use The site is located in the industrial belt along the Meghna River. Commercial shops, restaurants on Dhaka-Sylhet Highway are situated northeast of the Meghna Bridge. The area on the northwest side of the APSCL complex is mainly used as river landing site for paddy business, stone, sand bricks and breaking yard.

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The land use pattern in the area is of mixed type having industrial, commercial and residential uses. Erratic development of housing and industries, imprudent alignment of roads and commercial places and some pockets of good agricultural land are common features of the existing topography surrounding the project area. The present status of the project area can be visualized from recent photographs below.

D.3.3 Geology and Soils

The geology of Bangladesh is generally dominated by poorly consolidated sediment deposit over the past 10,000 to 15,000 years (Holocene age). The geology of the study area consists of Quaternary deltaic sediments, which have been strongly influenced by tectonic movements on deep-seated faults. The area lies on a tectonic block, which has been uplifted relative to the surrounding areas. The soil profile of the study area consists of about 12 m thick clay deposit followed by sand, clay and progressively coarser sand as depth increases. In terms of crop production, the soils of Bangladesh can be categorized into three main classes; floodplain, terrace, and hill soils. Soils are mainly grey loamy on the ridges and gray to dark gray clayey in the basins. Gray sands to loamy sands with compact silty topsoil‘s occupy areas of the old Brahmaputra Char, floodplain or alluvial soils. In adjoining southern part, soil mainly comprises of sandy barns and sandy clay barns and tends to be gray to dark gray in poorly-drained basins and brown on higher and better drained land.

D.3.4 Climate The climate of the region is dominated by the influence of the Himalayan mountain ranges and the monsoonal systems in the Bay of Bengal. The climate is sub-tropical with summer, monsoon and winter seasons. Rainfall is monsoonal, inter-monsoonal or cyclonic in origin. Maximum annual rainfall in the area was 4,127 mm recorded in 1952 while minimum annual rainfall is 1,439 mm recorded in 1989, with peak rainfalls occurring in July and August (see Annex 1). Mid-November to February is the coolest and driest period while April to May is the hottest with periodic heavy thunderstorms. June to mid-September is the most rainy and humid period while mid-September to early November is the transitional period with decreasing rainfall, often with association of thunder but with relatively high temperature and humidity (see Annex 1).

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D.3.5 Temperature In general, cool seasons coincide with the period of lowest rainfall. Temperature data for the last 50 years is given in Annex 1 which shows a monthly average maximum and minimum temperature at Comilla from 1948-2008. During this period, monthly maximum average temperature of 36oC was observed in April 1960 and a monthly average minimum temperature was 9.8oC in January 1962. The monthly maximum temperature was 41.8oC in April 1960 and the minimum was 6oC in January 1993 and January 1995.

D.3.6 Wind Speed and Direction Wind speed and direction from 1948 to 2008 collected by the Meteorological Department is given in Annex 1. The data indicate that the maximum wind speed recorded are 80 knots and 96 knots in March and June 1979, respectively followed by 88 knots in April 1954 and 80 knots in June 1980. The prevailing wind direction is South and Southeast in most part of the year.

D.3.7 Natural Hazards

D.3.7.1 Introduction Bangladesh can be regarded as being susceptible to natural calamities. This is due to its unique combination of physiographic, morphological and other natural features, which have lead to direct loss of life and physical property on a massive scale. Natural calamities experienced include floods, cyclones and storm surges, and earthquakes. Flooding Flooding is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh. Every year, certain areas of Bangladesh are subject to flooding. The major cause of flood is monsoon runoff from upstream catchments. More than 90% of runoff is from outside Bangladesh. It has been observed that, despite being adjacent to the river, the existing Ashuganj Power Plant and its electrical distribution system have never been inundated by flood water. The project buildings will be located at the same approximate elevation as the existing electrical distribution system. Cyclones Bangladesh is also cyclone prone. The country experiences, at times, catastrophic cyclones that cause loss of life and property. However, cyclones usually decay rapidly after coming into contact with land and such losses are largely confined to coastal regions. The project area is far from the coastal belt, the likely impact of cyclones is relatively small and it should not be necessary to implement specific contingencies for such an event. Earthquakes According to BNBC (1993), Bangladesh has three seismic zones with severe, moderate and low seismic activity. The Project area falls in Zone II (0.15) i.e. medium intensity seismic zone. No major earthquake has been reported in the project area in recent years or recent past. The project area falls into Zone II. As a result, the land buildings and land-based structures for this project should be designed to withstand maximum lateral load of 25% of gravity load. The seismic zones of Bangladesh are shown in Figure D.3.

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Figure D.3 Seismic Zones of Bangladesh (BNBC 1993)

D.3.8 Water Resources D.3.8.1 Surface Water Resources in and around the Project Site The nearby surface water source in the proposed site is the Meghna River. Upstream of the site, the Upper Meghna meets the Old Brahmaputra River at Bhairab Bazar and downstream, it joins the Padma River near Chandpur. This is a meandering river with braided characteristics. It flows along the western part of the Brahmanbaria District boundary and has significant influence on the drainage of the Brahmanbaria District. There is a notable change in the flow characteristic of the Meghna River between wet and dry seasons and with lower flow levels in the river. Tidal influence becomes more pronounced in the dry season. During the monsoon, the Meghna River dominates flood extent in the District. It is apparent that Meghna River is the primary source of prolonged monsoon flooding in Brahmanbaria District. There is tidal discharge, water level measurement station (Station No 273 at Bhairab Bazar) which is upstream, about 1 km north-west of the proposed power plant site. D.3.8.2 Water Flow of the Meghna Rivers The flow of Meghna River at the Ashuganj plant site is not affected by tides. The maximum discharge of 16,558 m3/sec was measured on September 9, 2002 while the minimum discharge of 2,050 m3/sec was recorded on June 10, 1998. The water data collected by BWDB from 1998 to 2006 is given in Table D.1. These data were obtained during the EIA study by Atlanta Consultants in 2009.

Table D.1 Maximum and Minimum Flow at the Meghna River (m3/s)

Year Maximum Minimum 1998 14,669 2,050

Ashuganjourashava

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Year Maximum Minimum 2000 12,109 3,197 2001 11,630 3,135 2002 16,558 4,448 2003 13,229 2,938 2004 10,571 3,742 2005 10,786 3,658 2006 9,463 4,230

Source: BWDB D.3.8.3 River Water Quality at and around the Project Site Water quality at the stretch of Meghna River near the proposed site appears to be relatively good. People near the area use the river for domestic, bathing, and general purpose washing. Two major centers of economic activities are located on the Meghna River: Ashuganj/Bhairab Bazar and Chandpur. Ashuganj/Bhairab Bazar has a few major industrial units along with other smaller ones. Ashuganj Fertilizer Complex is situated about 2 km downstream of Ashuganj Power Station. Meghna River receives effluent from major industrial units as well as domestic and commercial wastes from Ashuganj, Bhairab Bazar, and other smaller economic/commercial centres and from the rural area, located on its banks. There is run off from agricultural fields containing pesticide and chemical fertilizer residues which drain to the river and this is a particularly problem as the greater Comilla region is extremely well advanced in improved farming methods. River transport activities including launches, engine boats, barges etc. also add pollution loads into Meghna River.

Table D.2 Water Quality Data in Meghna River

Parameter Concentration Standard5 EC (µ S/cm) 166 1200 pH 7.1 6-9 Chloride, mg/l 5.0 600 T-Alkanity, mg/l 40 DO, mg/l 6.5 4.8-8 BOD5, mg/l 3.2 50

Source: DoE

Water quality data for the following parameters (see Table D.3) were analyzed in July 2009 by Atlanta Consultants during the preparation of EIA (Location of sampling is not mentioned in the report). The results are within the Bangladesh standards. The river monitoring data available in the DoE also indicate that Meghna River still appears to be relatively unpolluted (see Table D.2).

Table D.3 Water Quality of the Meghna River

Parameter Concentration present

Ambient Surface Water Quality

Standards

Industrial Effluent Quality Standards6

BOD5 at 200C 3.1 mg/I 2 or less 50 mg/I DO 6.6 mg/I 6 or above 4.5-8.0 mg/I

5 Industrial Effluent Quality, ECR 1997 6 Bangladesh Guidelines- Official Gazette August 28, 1997 (Environment Conservation Rules-1997)

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Parameter Concentration present

Ambient Surface Water Quality

Standards

Industrial Effluent Quality Standards6

SS 32 mg/I 150 mg/ I COD 10 mg/I 200 mg/I Nitrogen as nitrate 8.0 mg/I 10.0 mg/I Chloride 3.0 mg/I 600 mg/I TDS 62 mg/I 2100 mg/I Conductivity 132 µS/cm 1200 µS/cm Manganese total 0.13 mg/I 5 mg/I Sulfate 0.2 mg/I - Iron I 0.1 mg/I 2 mg/ Silica 32 mg/I - Oil & grease 3.5 mg/I 10 mg/ I PH 6.8 mg/I 6.0-9.0 Phosphate 0.5 mg/I - Temperature 300C 400C Turbidity 65 JTU -

Source: Atlanta Enterprise Limited Survey, 16 July 2009 Ambient Water Temperature Measurement of temperature at Meghna River was conducted from February 20-26, 2011. Temperature was also measured at the discharge channel for cooling water coming from APSCL operations. Time of measurements was done from 12:30 PM to 2:00 PM, considered to be the time of the day with the highest ambient temperature. Six sampling stations were identified (Figure D.4). Results show that the average temperature of Meghna River at the three intake channels of the power complex is 24.6oC while the temperature at the discharge point (outside of APSCL boundary limit) along Meghna River is 24.1oC (Station 6). The average temperature at Discharge Channels 1, 2 and 3 is 29.5oC. At Discharge Channel 4, the average temperature is 36.7oC at the discharge point within the APSC premises (Station 4) while the average temperature from the same channel at Meghna River (Station 5) is 29.3oC. The length of Discharge Channel 4 from discharge point to Meghna River is 100 m. These measurements suggest that the reduction in temperature of cooling water discharges from the source to Meghna River at a distance of 100 m is 7.4oC. DoE limit is 40oC during summer and 45oC during winter for discharge to inland surface water (Schedule 10, Rule 13 Environment Conservation Rules 1997, p3132-3134 of the Bangladesh Gazette of 28 August 1997).

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Figure D.4 Location of Sampling Station, February 2011

D.3.8.4 Ground Water Groundwater aquifers in Bangladesh are constantly recharged by major river systems and by infiltration of rainwater. Groundwater is usually available within 5 m below ground surface (mbgs). This level fluctuates seasonally but approaches close to the surface in most parts of the country from July to September. At Ashuganj, the groundwater level is about 6 mbgs surface during the dry season, with levels returning to their normal position before the end of the monsoon season. This fall in ground levels is an entirely natural process that arises because of the hydrological link with the river. The groundwater present in the project area is at three distinct levels:

An upper silty clay cover of less than 20 m thicknesses, along the borders of the NCR. The maximum thickness ranges from 50 to 100 m.

A middle composite aquifer of fine to very fine sands, varying in thickness from 30 m to 60 m along the border of the NCR. In the centre of the region, the aquifer is less than 10 m thick. Although it is a good aquifer, its irrigation development potential is poor, because its sands are too fine for slotted well screens and for providing high discharge rate. However, it is used as a source of supply for HTWs and MOSTIS.

The lowest and main aquifer consists of medium, medium-to-fine or medium-to-coarse sand with layers of clay and silt extending to 30-60 m. The coarser-grained structure of this aquifer is suitable for large-scale groundwater development with screened wells. Most tube wells within the main aquifer are less than 150 m deep.

Local ground water represents a stable source of water for various activities including irrigation (both shallow and deep tube wells), domestic purposes (hand pumps) and industrial applications (deep tube wells). Apart from for cooling purpose, the possibility of using ground water abstracted from boreholes may be considered for plant use.7 Currently, APSCL use groundwater from shallow hand tubewell (60 m)8 for drinking purposes as emergency supply. 7 EIA Report by Atlanta, March 2010 8 Discussion with APSCL, March 2011

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D.3.9 Air Quality

D.3.9.1 Introduction DoE air quality standards prescribe pollutant levels that cannot be legally exceeded during a specific time period in a geographical area. The emissions of air pollutants must be controlled so that the ground level concentrations (GLCs) for these pollutants do not exceed the ambient air quality.

D.3.9.2 Local Air Quality Aside from the power plant units within the APSCL complex, there are also facilities such as school, a mosque, a cricket field, and several buildings used as housing for staff and a guest house. The local area may be classified as mixed industrial area. Ambient air quality measurements carried out at the project site on November 16, 2009 showed that PM2.5, PM10, SPM, SO2 and NO2 concentrations are way below the prescribed limit of DoE. The weather at the time of sampling was sunny. The results of the analysis are given in Table D.4.

Table D.4 Ambient Air Quality Test Report Location: Proposed site for the Ashuganj 450MW Combined Cycle Power Plant Project

Sample Location Ambient air pollution concentration in µgram/m3 PM2.5 PM10 SPM SO2 NOx

Propose project area 51 89 187 31.44 41.17 Average time for sampling (minute) 480 480 480 480 480

DoE (Bangladesh) standards for Industrial area

65 150 200 80 100

Analysis Method Gravimetric Gravimetric Gravimetric West-Geake

Jacob and Hochhelser

Source: Atlanta Field Survey, 16 November 2009 Note:

1. PM2.5 – Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns 2. PM10 – Particulate matter whose size is 10 microns or less 3. SPM – Suspended Particulate Matter 4. NOx – Oxides of Nitrogen 5. SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide

CO2 Emissions from the Operation of APSCL Complex The contribution of operating the existing power plant units in APSCL complex was based on a fuel consumption of 165.6 MMSCFD, quality of natural gas given in Table C.2, and assuming power plant availability at 90% of the year. Based on these information, the contribution of the existing power plant units (724 MW) to CO2 emissions is 2,760 kiloton (kt) per year. Monitoring and quantification of CO2 emissions from APSCL complex will be coordinated with the DoE for the national GHG emissions inventory required by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change as part of National Communication on GHG Emissions Inventory.

D.3.9.3 Noise

Existing ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the proposed power plant were monitored by Atlanta Enterprises using a noise level meter on 16 July 2009 (see Table D.5). Sample

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locations were selected based on factors such as: sensitivity to noise and proximity to the project site. The data includes the noise due to all the existing plants.

Table D.5 Ambient Noise Level Analysis

Sl. Location Site condition Result, dB(A) Bangladesh

Standard9 at daytime, dB(A)

Daytime

01 Project west-north corner Proposed project 48.11 75 02 Project north-east corner Proposed project 49.39 75 03 Project south-east corner Proposed project 50.44 75 04 Project west-south corner Proposed project 51.37 75 Source: Field Survey of Atlanta Enterprises, 16 Nov 2009 The data indicate that the existing noise levels in the proposed area (mixed industrial zone) are within the range of Bangladesh Environmental Quality Standard as well as WB General EHS Guidelines 2007 for industrial zone (see Table D.6).

Table D.6 Ambient Noise Quality Standards

Location WB General EHS Guidelines

dB(A)

Bangladesh Guidelines

dB(A) Day1 Night1 Day2 Night2 Silent - - 50 40 Residential 55 45 55 45 Commercial 70 70 70 60 Industrial 70 70 75 70 Source: Sound Pollution (Control) Rules-2006, Bangladesh, EHS Guidelines for General Environmental Guidelines, April 2007, WBG 1. WBG ―day‖ is 07:00- 22:00, WBG ―Night‖ is 22:00-07:00 2. GoB ―day‖ is 06:00-21:00; GoB ―Night‖ is 21:00-06:00

D.4 Ecological Baseline The ecological component generally refers to flora and fauna, their present status, description and habitats. The status of the flora and fauna of the study area (both terrestrial and aquatic environments) was determined by:

Reconnaissance survey of project area and surrounding area Interviews and discussion with local informants Review of IUCN-Bangladesh Red Data Book relevant to the area, and Through different secondary sources.

D.4.1 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology

D.4.1.1 Terrestrial Flora

9 Sound Pollution (Control) Rules, 2006

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There is no natural forest at the project site as industrial and commercial establishments dominate the area. There is no forestland in this area; and plant community consists of low bushes and herbaceous vegetation as well as other flora. Homestead Vegetation Homestead vegetation has a positive effect on improvement in soil moisture through shading and mulching process. Trees growing at homesteads also ensure easy access to the fuel wood, fodder and other products. Thus, it reduces the pressure on forestlands. A large number of multipurpose trees (fruit, timber, fodder, medicine) are grown in the general project area. The most common among them are Am (Mangifera indica), Kanthal (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Lebu (Citrus sp.), Kola (Musa sp.) Korai (Albizia procera), Jam (Syzygium cumini), Kul (Zizyphus sp.). Roadside Vegetation Most of the 10-15 families of the plant species are present in the study area. These are: Gramineae, Leguminosae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Labiatae, Rubiaceae, Malvaceae, Compositae, etc. The most common roadside plantation trees are Sisso (Dalbergia sissoo), Mahogany (Sweitonia mahagoni), Katanote (Amaranthus spinosus), Apang (Achyranthus aspera), Chorekanta (Chrysopogon aciculatus), Jagadumur (Ficus glomoreta), Swetadrun (Leacus lavendulifolia), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Titbegun (Solanum indicum), Benna (Veteveria zizanioides), Bot (Ficus benghalensis) etc.

D.4.1.2 Terrestrial Fauna A number of species were observed within the project area including many common birds typical of the open countryside such as the roller (Coracais benghalensis), bee eaters (Meliops supercilious and Meliops orientals), crow, parakeet, birds of prey, shalik, sparrow. Other bird species were observed specifically at the site included the pariiah kite (Milvus migrans), the house crow (Corves spenders) and the Brahmani kite. All of these species are typical inhabitants of urban fringe and are considered common on both the local and regional level. A few waders were seen feeding in areas of standing water adjacent to the site. These included little egret and black wing stilt, both of which are extremely common in the deltaic regions of Bangladesh. The project site habitat has also a variety of reptile, mammals and invertebrate species. Some reptiles were recorded during the base line survey including common skink (Mabuya carinata), the garden lizard (Calotes versicolor), smooth water snake Enhydris, and wall gecko gekko gecko. All of these are common within the study area. Anecdotal evidence suggests that cobra occur in the study area but not at site. As the site is inundated for much of the area, it is a particularly suitable habitat for amphibians, however none were observed during the site survey. The common lizards found within the project area comprise of the common skink (Mabuya carinata). Among other species that once were common but now are only occasionally seen are the monitor lizards (Varanus bengalensis and V. flavescens). These species prefer a habitat with or near water. Land use around the project area has been modified due to developments. The existing land use is considered as mixed since it is being used for agriculture, residential, and industrial purposes. The APSCL complex site had been raised above the river level with extensive fill to be above flood levels. Given the changes in land use, loss of habitat is likely

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to be the main cause of decline in the population. Although associated with water monitor lizards are principally terrestrial feeders. The operation of the 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT is not expected to affect the population of the monitor lizards. There will be a reduction in the cooling water discharges of about 1,400 m3/hr from APSCL complex due to the shutdown of old power plant units that will be replaced by the new CCGT units. No wild mammal species were observed during the Atlanta survey of the site. Mammals typical of cultivated rural habitats of this type around the power plant include the Indian fox (Lepis migrocollis), and rodent species such as brown and black rat (Indian gerbil and sand-colour rat). Other species, in particular the more endangered species are almost certainly absent due to the lack of suitable natural habitat for them and the pressure of human activity. No records of wild animals and endangered species are found in the project area. Aquatic and water-dependent birds have been severely affected by habitat alteration. Wetland degradation has left virtually no sheltered place for waterfowl to roost or nest. Herons, egrets, bitterns and ducks have been severely affected by habitat alteration. This is due to the urban encroachment and agriculture development and untreated discharge of industrial effluents. The general lack of natural habitats makes it highly unlikely that any endangered fauna is present in the area.

D.4.1.3 Aquatic Flora Wetland flora plays a vital role for biodiversity conservation. The wetland habitat is characterized by anaerobic conditions, which inhabits normal plant growth. The project area supports two types of wetland e.g., (a) permanent wetland and (b) seasonal wetland. The permanent wetland includes rivers and perennial water bodies. The permanent wetland provides refuge and shelter for the most of the aquatic flora. The seasonal wetland in the area is exploited as the cultivated land. Kalmilata (Ipomoea reprans), Shapla (Nymphaea lotus), Helencha (Altemathera philoxeroides) and Kuchuripana (Eihhcormia crassipes) are the main aquatic flora in the project area.

D.4.1.4 Aquatic Fauna The main aquatic fauna in this area are different types of fishes. A few ponds that remain almost dry in the summer season in this area are used for natural cultivation of seasonal fresh water fish. The fresh water fishes are carp (Rui, Katal, Mrigel, Ghania, Kalibaus etc.). The stretch of the Meghna River provides a habitat for a wide variety of fishes and shellfish species, which include carp, catfish (Boal, Pangas, Shilong, Bacha etc.) and live fish (Koi, Singh, Magur etc.). Tortoise, frogs, water snakes, etc. are other aquatic fauna found in the beels around the project area. Table D.7 presents the available fish species in the Meghna River and in the beel areas. A large number of aquatic fauna was observed in the project area. Many are totally dependent on wetlands (river, ponds) and some species are partially dependent on wetlands. There are little available aquatic habitats for aquatic species as wetlands are intensively exploited and the habitat is highly disturbed. Despite this, some species have adapted to the altered environment, and others have even flourished. Among the amphibians, the skipper frog (Rana cyanophyctis) is common, being found in most of the wetland habitats; it has been the most successful in adapting to the altered environment. The common roof turtle (Kachuga tecta) and the flat-shelled spotted turtle

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(Lissemys punctata) are the most common of the reptiles. These freshwater turtle species face problems of migration during summer when water levels are inadequate. Common aquatic snakes include the checkered keelbaek (Xenochrophis piscator) and the smooth water snake (Enhydris enhydris). The freshwater dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is seen very rarely in the Meghna River during the monsoon season.

Table D.7 Fish Species in the Meghna River and in Ponds

Local Name Scientific Name Jat puti Puntius sophore

Boal Wallago attn

Chital Macrognathus aculeatus

Shol Chpisoma garna

Ghawra Lepidocephalus guntca

Bata Labeo bata

Raik Cirrhinns reba

Tit puti Puntius ticto

Mola Amblypharngodon mola

Kakila Xenentodon cancila

Pabda Ompok pabda

Tengra Mystus tengra

Ayre Mystus aor

Baila Glosso GoB ins giuris

Kajuli Aila coila

Kachki Corica soborna

Chanda Chanda ramma

Lal chanda Chanda ranga

Foli Notopterns notopternsnotoptrns chital

Tara Baim Mastacembelus panchus

Gochi baim Mastacembleus armatus

Shal baim Chanda puncttus

Taki Channa striatus

D.4.1.5 Forests and Protected Areas

Overall, the ‗Protected Area‘ of Bangladesh covers an area of 243,435 hectares which accounts for 16% of the total area managed by the Forest Department and almost 2% of total area of Bangladesh. It includes 8 National Parks, 7 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 1 Game Reserve and 5 other conservation sites (Figure D.5). These five conservation sites are National Botanical Garden, Dhaka; Baldha Garden, Dhaka; Madhabkunda Eco-Park, Moulavibazar; Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-Park; Chittagong and Dulahazara Safari Parks and Cox‘s Bazar. No forest is located near the project influence area. There is also no designated forest or protected areas located within 50 km of the project boundary.

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Figure D.5 Protected and Proposed Protected areas locations in Bangladesh

D.5 Socioeconomic Environment The project area designated for the construction of 450 MW CCGT is part of the Ashuganj Upazila under Brahmanbaria District and part of Bhairab Upazila under Kisoreganj District. This section discusses the socioeconomic condition of the project area. Both primary and secondary data were utilized to describe the socioeconomic condition of the project area.

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D.5.1 Population and Demography Population and demographic characteristics of the Zila, 4 Upazilas and 1 Paurashavas (Bhairab) in the study area are presented in Table D.8 and D.9. Population density per km2 varies significantly among the different Pourashavas, Upazilas and Zila districts. Population and demographic profiles of the relevant Unions and Upazilas are given in Tables D.8 and Table D.9 and Table D.10, respectively.

Table D.8 Population and demographic characteristics surrounding the project area (Zila, Upazilas and Paurashavas)

Population

Characteristics B. Baria District

B. Baria Sadar

Upazila

Sarail Upazila

Ashuganj Upazila

Kishoreganj District

Bhairab Upazila

Total Area, km2 1927.11 440.55 227.22 67.59 2731.21 139.2 Total Household 429390 109369 48822 26,709 534770 46634 Total Population Male Female

2398254 1205552 1192702

625484 318579 306905

271101 136240 134861

145,828 74,191 71,637

2594954 1320117 1274837

247166 125621 121545

Household Size Rural Urban

5.58 5.59 5.52

5.7 5.7 5.7

5.5 5.6 5.3

5.5 5.5 5.3

4.9 4.8 5.0

5.3 5.3 5.3

Literacy Rate % (7 years+) Male Female

39.46 42.26 36.69

44.3 46.2 42.4

32.9 36.2 29.7

46.2 47.7 42.7

38.3 41.3 35.1

40.7 44.8 36.6

Sex Ratio 101 104 101 104 104 103 Total Mouza/ Mohallah

1024 97

320 34

76 -

30 -

953 147

32 26

Total Village 1331 375 140 38 1794 84 Total Union 98 21 9 7 105 6 Total Upazila 8 1 1 1 13 1 Pourashava Paura Ward

4 39

1 12

- -

- -

4 39

1 12

Source: Population Census 2001, Community series, Zila:B.Baria and Kishoreganj, BBS, August, 2006

Table D.9 Population and Demographic Characteristics surrounding the Project Area Unions of Ashuganj and Bhairab Upazila

Ashuganj Upazla

Population Characteristics

*Ashuganj *Araisidha Charchartala *Dakshin Panisar (Durgapur)

Lalpur Pacchim Talshahar

Sharifpur

Total Area (Acres) 2799 1469 1572 3038 1818 2813 3193

Total Household 5958 2701 4092 4550 2817 3155 3436 Total Population Male Female

30282 16054 14228

15482 7740 7742

23555 12500 11055

26831 13691 13140

14201 7069 7132

17954 8971 8983

17523 8166 9357

Total Household 5548 2690 3990 4519 2803 3117 3423 Household Size 5.46 5.76 5.90 5.94 5.07 5.76 5.12 Literacy Rate, % (7 years +)

50.06 47.18 56.35 45.64 35.45 38.25 41.99

Source: Population Census 2001, Community series, Zila: B.Baria, BBS, January, 2007 and National Series, Volume 2, UnioStatics, March 2007

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Table D.10 Population and Demographic Characteristics Surrounding the Project Area Pourashava Unions of Bhairab Upazilas

Population

Characteristics Bhairab Upazila

*Bhairab Pourashava

Aganagar Gazaria Kalika prashad

Sadekpur *Shimulkandi Shibpur

Total Area (Acres)

3784 6331 4737 3241 5903 2866 1669

Total Household 17692 4872 4510 5246 5594 4721 3999 Total Population Male Female

93254

48764 44490

27306

13964 13342

23128

11411 11717

26906

13435 13471

29914

14674 15240

25567

12973 12594

21091

10400 10691

Literacy Rate, % (7 years +)

53.57 23.54 32.85 32.23 33.75 37.14 35.26

Source: Population Census 2001, Community series, Kishoreganj, BBS, February, 2007 Population Based on Census 2001, the population and other information relevant to the project area are as follows (Table D.11).

Table D.11 Population of the Project Upazila Upazila Area,

km2 Total

Household Population Male Female Literacy, %

7 years + Population 18 years+

Ashuganj 67.59 26709 1,45.828 74,191 71,637 46.2 72,332 Bhairab 139.32 46,634 2,47,166 1,25,621 1,21,545 40.7 1,24,941

As shown in Table D.11, there are 103.5 males for every 100 females in Ashuganj similar to ratios in the rural areas. The sex ratio (BBS 2001) in Dhaka district is 109.5 and in the urban area as a whole it reaches 121.9 male for every 100 females. The average household size is 4.9 in Kishoreganj District and 5.6 in Bramanbaria District (Census, 2001). Household size in Ashuganj is 5.5 and in Bhairab it is 5.3. This compares with 5.52 and 5.39 in the urban and rural areas, respectively. Population density in Brahmanbaria district is 1,244 per km2.

D.5.2 Findings of Socio-Economic Survey Following findings have been obtained from the socioeconomic survey. Data is mainly from secondary sources but some data have been collected from focus group discussions (FGD) meeting and key informant interview (KII) based on Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA) and RRA method. The secondary sources are Union Parishad, Upazila Parishad and BBS. Some records are collected from concerned key stakeholders such as associations and public representatives.

D.5.2.1 Religion Religious orientation is presented in Table D.12 which shows that the community is predominantly Muslim.

Table D.12 Type of Religion of Sample Households in Bhairab Upazila

Upazila Total Household Muslim Hindu Buddhist Christian Tribal Others

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Upazila Total Household Muslim Hindu Buddhist Christian Tribal Others

Ashuganj 26,709 25,599 1,088 11 1 1 10 Bhairab 46,634 44,448 2,173 4 1 1 8

Source:BBS, community series, Kisoreganj and B.Baria census 2001 In Ashuganj, 95.84% are Muslims and the rest are mainly Hindu communities. In Bhairab Upazila, 95.31% are Muslims.

D.5.2.2 Land Ownership and Homestead Land In the study area, more than 30% of the households do not own any land. Majority of the people in the area are involved in professions other than agriculture (Table D.13). With urbanization and rapid development, the price of land is increasing rapidly.

Table D.13 Land Holdings and Ownership of Land at Ashuganj Upazila

Ashuganj Bhairab Upazila Agricultural Land in

decimal (%) of Total (%) of Total

0 30 30 1-50 40 15 51-100 10 20 101-150 10 20 151-250 5 5 251-500 5 10 Total 100 100 Note a decimal is equivalent to 40.46 m² or approximately 1/100 acre. Source: Upazila Statistical Department, Ashuganj and Field survey

D.5.2.3 Housing Pattern and Ownership The area is a semi-urban area and most people live on inherited land. In the project area, most people are owner occupiers but a few live in rented houses.

D.5.2.4 Access to Health Facilities There are government health complex in both the Upazilas. Two government hospitals provide services, one owned by APSCL and another is owned by Zia Fertilizer factory in Ashuganj Upazila. Two clinics are in the Ashuganj Union near the project area. One diabetes centre is rendering services for diabetic patients. In Bhairab, there is a 50 bed-government hospital and a private hospital exists in the Pourashava. Most people generally use chemists and quack doctor while richer people primarily use the private clinics. Zia Fertilizer Factory and the Ashuganj power plant hospitals are mainly for staff treatment but in emergency cases, limited service is provided for local people. For Ashuganj, the following health facilities are available - Upazila Health Complex -1, Community Health Centre-6, Hospital (non-govt.)-2, Private Clinic-2, Diabetics Centre-1, and Veterinary Hospital-1. For Bhairab, the following health facilities are available - Upazila Health Complex - 1 (50 Bed-capacity), Upazila Community Health Centre - 2 (Shemulkandi, Bhairab), Community Clinic -7, Health and Family Welfare Centre - 5, Hospital (non-government) - 6, Private Clinic - 2, EPI Vaccination Centre -170, and X-Ray Machine -1.

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Main diseases prevalent in the area are waterborne diseases, i.e. diarrhoea, dysentery and typhoid. Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is also commonly seen in the area. Sexually-transmitted disease (STD) is prevalent due to migratory people and workers in the boiler- based rice husking mills. In the area, a lot of women work in these husking mills locally known as ‗Chatal‘. Approximately, there are 250 Chatals in the project area.

D.5.2.5 Source of Drinking Water and Sanitation As per DPHE information, Ashuganj Upazila has attained 100% sanitation coverage. Total sanitary latrines are 1,722 and the total TW is 1,539. There is no water supply system in the study site. The people are dependent on tube well water for drinking purposes. On average, 17.35% of the households fetch water from a single tube well. In Ashuganj, 44.89% of the households have sanitary provisions and 39.74% in Bhairab Upazila. There has been significant improvement in this aspect. Ashuganj has nearly 100% proper sanitation facilities and under 90% in Bhairab.

D.5.2.6 Fuel Source In the study area, most of the households have natural gas connection (40%) for cooking purposes. Others depend on fuel wood but it is costly. Field survey work indicated that households using natural gas for cooking and those using wood fuel are almost the same while others depend on dung and leaves (Table D.14).

Table D.14 Cooking Fuel

Ashuganj Upazila Bhairab Upazila Type of Cooking Fuel (%) of Total

Natural Gas connection 40% 50% Leaves 5% 5% Cow dung 20% 15% Wood/Straw 35% 30% Total 100% 100% Source: Field Survey and FGD meeting

D.5.2.7 Literacy

The rate of educational enrollment is rapidly increasing in the project area. According to the Ashuganj Upazila Education Office, approximately 90% of children now enroll for school with about 20,000 students attending primary school excluding kindergarten. With 26,709 households in the upazila, there is close to one student from each family attending primary classes. Only those extremely poor do not send their children to school. Based on the BBS 2001 Census in Ashuganj Upazila, the literacy rate for both sexes is 46.2%, with 47.7% for men and 42.7% for women (see Table D.15). The literacy rate of 7 years old and above in the population is 50.06% at Ashuganj and 49.05 % in Arashida. From the FGD meeting at Dakshin Panishar, it was found that the education rate is now approximately 60% and it is assumed that the population in the immediate project area is generally better educated.

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Table D.15 Rate of Literacy for Male and Female, %

Upazila Both Male Female Ashuganj 46.2 47.7 42.7 Bhairab 40.7 44.8 36.6

Source: BBS, Census 2001

D.5.2.8 Electricity Facility Currently, the households with electricity connections in the project area are from 70% to 80%. In Ashuganj Union, it is about 80%. Dakhshin Panishar and Simulkandi Unions of Bhaiab Upazila have 80% and 70% electricity coverage, respectively. Within the immediate project site, most households have electricity connections. The area may be considered as dependent on electricity due to growing business in the area. Table D.16 indicates the level of electricity connection at the time of the 2001 Census.

Table D.16 Electricity Facility

Area (Upazila Basis) Electricity Facility Available in Household, % Ashuganj 57.75% Bhairab 51.31%

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E. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

E.1 Identification of Environmental Impacts Major activities described in Section C Description of the Project have the potential to impact on the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment at and within the project area of influence. This section discusses the potential impacts and identifies appropriate mitigation measures. The Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT will use energy conversion process in which chemical energy from gas fuel is converted to thermal energy. The process liberates both:

heat for which there is a need for cooling prior to release back to the natural environment, and,

combustion gases such as CO2, NOx, and CO which are discharged to the surrounding atmosphere.

An environmental baseline survey was conducted in the project areas by the APCSL Consultant in 2009 and the environmental parameters likely to be affected during the project implementation and operation phases were identified. The environmental parameters taken into consideration were as follows:

ecology (fisheries, aquatic species, eutrophication, wetland, forest plants, animals, species diversity and endangered species),

physico-chemical (erosion and siltation, flooding, drainage congestion, air pollution, noise pollution, solid waste and water pollution) and,

human interest-related aspects. Parameters where there is potential for long term impacts are identified as follows:

Fisheries and aquatic species from potential increase in ambient river water temperature coming from the new power plant units combined with the other existing power plant units cooling system,

Air pollution from combustion gases, and, Noise pollution and vibration from plant operations.

Other impacts which were considered include: The Ashuganj site has long been dedicated as a location for power generation and the housing of company workers and associated infrastructure. The whole landscape has been transformed and there is no bird or animal life of any significance, nor is there any forestry. No sites of archaeological or historic interest are affected by the project. There has been a tree planting programme within the Ashuganj site by the APSCL. The site development for the proposed project will cause removal of some trees. Immediately outside the power plant walls, there is agricultural land and APSCL has worked with local villagers in the past to assist in providing cooling water for irrigation. Part of the cooling water discharge from the power plant operation is currently diverted to a reservoir inside the APSCL Complex where it is retained and used by the farmers for irrigation as needed. This has a positive impact as the some cooling water is retained and not discharged directly to Meghna River, and local farmers directly benefit from it. It is intended that the existing irrigation arrangements will be continued providing water to paddy fields through a new canal link. Normal costing of irrigation water is Tk.1500/biga using diesel pumps. Plant discharge water is being supplied at the rate of Tk.200/biga to the farmers.

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E.2 Evaluation and Mitigation of Impacts

Both positive and negative environmental impacts were identified and predicted with respect to ecological, physico-chemical, and socioeconomic parameters. Evaluation of impacts and possible mitigation measures are described in this section with reference to the sources and characteristics of impacts.

E.2.1 Impact due to Project Location The proposed 450 MW CCGT will be constructed on land already owned and occupied by APSCL. The land is in the southwest section of the APSCL Complex. The site is partially vacant requiring land development and filling of some pond area. Some company housing and redundant structures will be demolished before construction. The project is contained within an existing industrial complex with power station facilities which have operated for more than 40 years and the proposed power plant will not change the existing local landscape. It will be constructed following the architectural style of existing industrial power house structures. There are no significant adverse impacts due to project location. APSCL has a tree planting programme and the same will be implemented to ensure that an adequate buffer zone can be developed around the proposed project site. This buffer zone will serve as wind-breaks, erosion control measures, sediment traps, sound insulation and visual screening. The annual tree planting programme of APSCL is implemented during the monsoon. Planting will take place in September and APSCL will plant 5 trees for every 1 tree which will be removed during the construction of the project. Local species are used in this programme.

E.2.1.1 Human Settlement No acquisition of new land is required and no private housing or settlements will be displaced. There is possibility of relocation of worker housing and this will be handled by APSCL and is described in the Resettlement Action Plan, which has been undertaken as part of the overall feasibility study for the project.

E.2.2 Adverse Impacts during Construction Various activities during construction of the proposed power plant and the transmission line to connect the power generated to the national grid may be potential sources of hazard and environmental impact. Such impacts will include air pollution, noise pollution, vibration, water quality, and health and safety issues.

E.2.2.1 Air Pollution Source of Impacts The soil in the area is predominantly fine sandy-clay soils, which can pollute the air during heavy wind events. There is potential for increased dust level from the movement of light and heavy transport vehicles, activities at the wharf during transport of construction materials, during piling work, and during the installation of the transmission towers to evacuate power from the new CCGT units. This air pollution may create some breathing problems to the workers and power station company employees if not addressed properly.

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Mitigation Measures To reduce the impacts of air pollution onsite, it is recommended that construction starts within the wet season when dust particles will be naturally suppressed. However, since construction work is generally suspended during the rainy season due to technical and environmental problems, scheduling the work during summer is the best option. Any construction work in the dry season will employ dust control measures using dedicated sprinkler trucks on all haul roads and at construction sites where fine materials are used or stored. Any material stock piles will be properly managed and covered if necessary. Workers will be provided with personnel protection equipment when working in dust prone areas.

E.2.2.2 Water Pollution Source of Impacts During construction, there may be potential for reduced water quality as a result of increased turbidity and/or sedimentation. The impact will occur during times of rainfall but because of the flat topography, it is unlikely to be severe. Also, there will be use of heavy machinery to fill land areas and the need for concreting of foundations and the assembly of plant. The construction of transmission towers may also cause temporary decrease in water quality of ponds relatively near the transmission line route. Mitigation Measures Surface water drains will be directed to the existing pond system to the north side of the site to allow settlement of runoff materials. There is no need for mitigation in the installation of transmission towers since only about 3 towers will be installed for the entire 1.2 km of transmission line. All machinery used will be properly stored and refuelled at designated approved sites and contractor activities will be monitored. If aggregate is crushed and concrete made onsite, special arrangements will be made for bunding of work areas and the provision of settlement ponds.

E.2.2.3 Potential Increase in Noise Level and Impact of Vibration Source of Impacts Generation of noise and vibration are generally associated with any construction work. Noise and vibration are generated from various construction activities such as piling of foundation, stone crushing and bricks, and installation of machines and equipment, etc. The installation of transmission towers is not expected to cause severe noise and vibration. Mitigation Measures Construction work will be restricted to the normal APSCL working hours between 8.00 am and 6.00 pm at the plant site. This work schedule will also be followed in the installation of the transmission towers. Use of personal protective equipment will be enforced. Monitoring of noise impacts will be implemented as part of the Monitoring Plan to ensure compliance with Bangladesh Environmental Quality Standard for industrial zones.

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E.2.2.4 Potential spread of diseases Source of Impacts During construction, there is potential for increase in social pressures and spread of diseases. The project will be constructed by unskilled and semi-skilled workforce over a period of 18 months. Infectious diseases are a potential problem as most workers will be semi-literate and their level of knowledge of health and hygiene may be low. There is the potential, during construction, for unhygienic condition leading to transmission of various diseases. Mitigation Measures Arrangements for good quality drinking water, hygienic sanitation and accommodation facilities for the staff and the workers shall be made available. Employees will have access to APSCL medical facilities at the site and emergency medical services, and adequate first aid facilities will be available at the site during construction period. The spread of disease in the installation of transmission towers in not likely because the workers will be onsite only during work hours and will not be accommodated in construction camps. The medical staff and clinic facilities of APSCL will be utilized to conduct awareness training on HIV/AIDS and STDs during construction when there will be additional workers on site.

E.2.2.5 Incidence of Accidents Source of Impacts Accidents may potentially occur at any time during construction and civil works and may cause loss of lives and properties. Mitigation Measures Adequate first aid facilities and emergency arrangements will be in place to the adjacent health complexes and other emergency services. To ensure occupational safety of workers, a clause covering insurance and work safety will be included in the tender documents.

E.2.2.6 Activities in the Wharf Source of Impacts Construction activity will be undertaken using the existing jetty within the APSCL complex for off loading of construction materials. This will avoid having to take construction components and materials through the existing plant but will result in potential for disruption of transportation on the river and potential for environmental impact to water quality in the Meghna River. Mitigation Measures The permanent existing jetty is provided with crane of 200-ton capacity and 50-ton auxiliary. This crane requires major rehabilitation. After rehabilitation of the crane and with the help of some other cranes of appropriate capacity, any larger unit can be unloaded. The wharf facility will be upgraded to ensure that materials can be handled safely with minimal possibility of any loss of water quality from runoff to the river. The road from the wharf will be upgraded. Any fuel storage areas will have proper containment facilities to ensure there is no contamination to Meghna River.

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In case the larger pieces of equipment are required, a jetty immediately downstream of the APSCL complex will be used. This jetty is currently under construction by BIWTA. Any machinery working in or over the Meghna River will be properly maintained and stored when not in use to avoid pollution to the river water. There will be monitoring of construction activities over the water by APSCL.

E.2.2.7 Use of Quarries and Borrow Areas Source of Impact Operations of quarries, borrow areas, hot mix plant and batching plant, crushing plants may cause negative impacts. Mitigation Measures Quarries and borrow areas are not expected to cause particular environmental problems as fill material will come from the Meghna River by dredging river sands and depositing slurry by pipeline. Any increase in dust and noise level including any potential surface water contamination from hot mix plant, batching plant and crusher plant will be mitigated by locating them away from the prevailing wind direction and Meghna River, and by adequate dust control devices and noise mufflers. The hot mix and batching plants will comply with emission limits set by ECR 1997 (Schedule 11).

E.2.3 Impacts during Operation Stage

E.2.3.1 Air quality impacts The existing old units that will be replaced use natural gas at about 70.66 MMSCFD. Assuming an operation of 90% efficiency, the new 450 MW CCGT will use about 62.21 MMSCFD of natural gas. Based on this gas consumption, there will be a reduction of 0.00499 MMSCF per MWh (or 46.42%) with consequent equivalent reduction in emissions. Source of Impacts Ambient air quality may be affected due to emission of flue gases from the gas turbine stack. Incomplete burning of gases from the operation of gas turbine may also affect air quality. Burning of fossil fuels at high temperature (above 1600oC) generally produce two forms of nitrogen oxides - nitric oxide (NO) and NO2; commonly referred to as nitrogen oxides (NOx). The gas turbine takes in excess air at 127% more than the required air supply for combustion. If a fully premixed burner (dry low NOx burner) is used, formation of NOx is reduced since the combustion temperature is much less (about 1317oC). The proportion of NO and NO2 varies depending on the combustion technology, and in the case of gas turbines approximately 90 percent of NOx are present as NO with the remaining being NO2 (Atlanta Enterprise Study 2009). Once NO enters the atmosphere, it reacts with oxygen in the air and forms NO2. The health hazard due to NO2 is far greater than that of NO. Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from 450 MW CCGT CO is generated when incomplete combustion takes place. However, given that the 450 MW CCGT units are new, the occurrence of incomplete combustion may be minimal. CO2 emissions were estimated based on the quality of natural gas given in Table C.2, fuel consumption, and availability of the power plant for the year (assumed to be 90%). Based

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on these parameters, it was estimated that the contribution of the new 450 MW CCGT units to CO2 emissions will be 1,035 kiloton (kt) per year. The 154 MW steam turbine will use the heat from the exhaust gases as fuel. No additional natural gas will be consumed to run the steam turbine. The existing CO2 emissions from the APSCL Complex (724 MW) are estimated at about 2,760 kt per year. During the operation phase of the 450 MW Ashuganj CCGT, the existing old power plant units (274 MW) that contribute about 1,180 kt of CO2 emissions per year will be shut down. Thus, there will be a reduction of about 1,180 kt CO2 emissions per year from the APSCL Complex. Overall, with the operation of the new 450 MW CCGT units and shutting down of 274 MW power plant units, the CO2 emissions from the APSCL Complex are estimated to be 2,615.7 kt per year. Particulate Matter Natural gas that will be used as fuel for the new units does not contain particulate matter. Any particulates in the exhaust gases are likely to be dust drawn in through the air intakes. Mitigation Measures Proper filters and appropriate maintenance of the filters in the air intake will prevent the presence of particulates in the exhaust gas. Appropriate maintenance of filters will be carried out as part of the power plant maintenance schedule. Measurements of existing ambient air quality at and around the APSCL Complex will be conducted before construction to serve as baseline data prior to the operation of the new 450 MW CCGT units. The new units will use dry low NOx burner equipped with a premix burning system which restricts the combustion temperature to 1316oC - below the NOx formation temperature (1600oC). Thus, the possibility of NOx formation is minimal. A comparison of different burner technology shows that in the event of NOx formation, the dry low NOx burner will produce 9 ppmv of NOx equivalent to 15.38 gm/sec, water injection method of limiting NOx formation will produce about 25 ppmv equivalent to 42.72 gm/sec, while a dual-fuel burner will generate NOx at about 75 ppmvmax equivalent to 128.17 gm/sec (basis is 15 per cent dry O2). Table E.1 shows the ground level NOx concentration comparing the different design of burner combined with a stack height of 40 m.

Table E.1 Ground level NOx Concentration at Various Distances from the Plant

Downwind Distance, km

Concentration of NOx with dry low

NOx burner, mg/m3

Concentration of NOx with water

injection method mg/m3

Concentration of NOx with liquid

fuel, mg/m3

Allowable limit of NOx

as per Bangladesh

standard, mg/m3

1 2 3 4 5 0.10 41.17 41.17 41.17 100 0.20 41.17 41.17 41.17 100 0.50 41.86 43.10 46.96 100 1.0 46.00 54.75 81.17 100

1.1347 46.21 55.17 83.17 100

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Downwind Distance, km

Concentration of NOx with dry low

NOx burner, mg/m3

Concentration of NOx with water

injection method mg/m3

Concentration of NOx with liquid

fuel, mg/m3

Allowable limit of NOx

as per Bangladesh

standard, mg/m3

2.0 44.59 50.68 69.69 100 5.0 42.04 43.57 48.38 100 10.0 41.43 41.89 43.33 100 20.0 41.24 41.37 41.78 100

The proposed project will replace old units totalling 274 MW which consume natural gas at a rate of 70.66 MMSCFD. The new units at 450 MW will consume only 62.21 MMSCFD assuming an efficiency of 90%. Therefore, a reduction of 0.00499 MMSCF per MWh (or 46.42%) is achieved with consequent reduction of CO, CO2 and NOx. The design of combustion chamber and control system will ensure complete combustion thus, restricting the formation of CO.

E.2.3.2 Noise Pollution and Vibration Source of Impacts There is potential for an increase in the noise level and vibration from the gas turbine. The new plant will use advanced design to minimize vibration and generation of noise. Noise-generating equipment like gas turbine will be equipped with sound mufflers to contain the noise. The operation of the old gas turbines will be stopped once the new units are operating, thus, noise will be minimized. Mitigation Measures The noise level at the power plant will be reduced by including baffle type silencers in both inlet and exhaust ducts. This will arrest noise generated by airflow and exhaust gases, respectively. Noise due to running of the machine will be reduced by acoustic enclosures. The noise level in the boundary limit of APSCL complex is expected to be around 65 dB (A) which is within the limit of Bangladesh Standard for Industrial Zone during daytime (75 dBA) and also at nighttime (70 dBA). The foundation of the new power plant will be designed to minimize the vibration effect from equipment. Trees will also be planted at the property line to serve as long-term noise baffle. The noise limits prescribed by DoE is given below:

Table E.2 Standard Values for Noise (DoE, 1997)

Area category dB(A), Daytime dB(A) Nighttime Calm Area 45 35 Residential Area 50 40 Mixed Area 60 50 Commercial 70 60 Industrial Area 75 70

1. Day time is from 0600 hrs in the morning to 1900 hrs. in the evening 2. Night time is from 2100 hrs in the night to 0600 hrs in the morning. 3. Calm area is the 100 meter radius within hospital or school or any government designated special areas.

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E.2.3.3 Water quality impacts

E.2.3.3.1 Source of Impacts Both the construction and the operation phases of the power plant require water for various purposes. The typical water requirements for a combined cycle power plant are:

• Fuel system with operating water for fuel oil separators • Lubricating oils system require operating water for lubricating oil separators • Cooling water with make-up water for boiler and for condenser cooling in

steam turbine unit of CC power plant • Heat recovery system - make-up water for steam and for hot water circuits • Oily water treatment system - back-flushing water for treatment unit • Service water - plant washing water, toilets and showers • Air Inlet System - flushing water for air filter cleaning

Cooling water requirements Currently, the existing power plant units (a total of 724 MW) at the APSCL complex abstract water from the Meghna River at a rate of 39 m3/sec for cooling purposes. The new CCPP units will require about 6.4 m3/sec for its cooling water system also to be abstracted from the Meghna River. When the new CCGT units are commissioned, five power plant units (or 274 MW) will stop its operation resulting to a reduction of cooling water requirements to about 6.78 m3/sec. Thus, compared to the existing cooling water requirements, the operation of the new CCGT units will improve efficiency and will result to an overall reduction of cooling water requirements at a rate of 0.4 m3/sec (or 1.03% reduction). The cooling water system of the existing power plant units at APSCL complex use once-through cooling (OTC) where the spent warm water is discharged to a receiving body of water (in this case the Meghna River) or a temporary pond. Cooling water prior to discharge is designed and estimated to have a maximum temperature of 7oC above ambient. Thermal discharge from the cooling water system of all the existing units at APSCL is about 39 m3/sec. When the new CCGT units will start its operation, the old power plant units consisting of 274 MW will stop its operation, thus, thermal discharges to Meghna River will be 38.6 m3/sec or a reduction of 0.4 m3/sec. With a cooling water requirement of 6.4 m3/s, the operation of the new 450 MW CCGT units will discharge 44,770 kilocalorie (kcal) of heat at the discharge point of the cooling water discharge system. Operating the remaining power plant units in the APSCL complex (i.e., 450 MW) and the new 450 MW CCGT units will have a combined heat discharges of about 270,019 kcal. This heat will be dissipated to the atmosphere through the open discharge channel of about 2 km prior to discharge in Meghna River. Part of the cooling water discharges will retained at the holding pond for release to farmers for irrigation purposes. The existing cooling water discharge system at APSCL complex consists of a retaining pond to temporarily hold the hot water and an open discharge channel of about 2 km prior to discharge at the Meghna River. Mitigation Measures Design of the new cooling water intake structure will consider the temperature of existing discharges at APSCL complex while the discharge channel will be designed in such a way that adequate turbulence and mixing are generated for maximum heat dispersion prior to

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release at Meghna River. At present, about 80% of the cooling water discharges of the existing power plant units at APSCL complex are retained to a holding pond before release to local farmers for irrigation purposes during the dry season. The same will be adopted for the new units to have more water available for farmers to irrigate their crops during the dry season. Actual measurements of cooling water discharges in six sampling stations at and around APSCL complex (see Figure D.4) conducted on February 20-26, 2011 (sampling time from 12:30PM to 2:00PM) showed an average of 29.5oC prior to discharge outside the boundary of APSCL complex (Discharge Channels 1-3). At the time of sampling, the river water intake from Meghna River has an average temperature of 24.6oC. At Discharge Channel 4, the average temperature is 36.7oC at the discharge point within the APSCL complex premises (Station 4) while the average temperature from the same channel at Meghna River (Station 5) is 29.3oC. The length of Discharge Channel 4 from discharge point to Meghna River is 100 m. These measurements suggest that the reduction in temperature of cooling water discharges from the source to Meghna River at a distance of 100 m is 7.4oC. DoE limit is 40oC during summer and 45oC during winter for discharge to inland surface water (Schedule 10, Rule 13 Environment Conservation Rules 1997, p3132-3134 of the Bangladesh Gazette of 28 August 1997). Therefore, these results suggest that thermal discharges from APSCL complex meet the limits set by DoE.

E.2.3.4 Lubricating Oil Source of Impacts There will be a continuous make-up of lubricating oil to the gas turbine. This will be supplied by engine driven pumps through lube oil coolers. A portion of the lube oil will be cleaned by means of centrifuge oil purifier and will be put back into engine oil pump. Samples of oil from engine system will be periodically taken for laboratory analysis to ensure quality of oil to acceptable specification. In case of deteriorating oil quality, the engine oil will be replaced with a clean batch. Mitigation Measures Used oil will be separated by oil-water separator unit prior to collection in drums for reuse or recycle to approved re-users. APSCL will source appropriate re-users or recycling possibilities and ensure it is not used inappropriately in such activities as brick kilns and other secondary users.

E.2.3.5 Generation of wastewater Source of Impacts The plant will be operated with full time staff people and a small quantity of sewage and domestic wastewater will be generated. Wastewater will be treated and some of the treated wastewater will be discharged into a small pit located at the plant site and reused for cleaning purposes and garden watering purposes. A septic tank system with proper soak away pit will be installed to treat domestic sewage.

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E.2.3.6 Solid Waste Source of Impacts Solid waste will be generated by staff and power plant operation such paper, packaging materials and food wastes etc. Such solid waste would be non-toxic and do not require any special disposal arrangements. Mitigation Measures Solid waste materials will be separated at a designated point within the APSCL complex prior to disposal in approved local authority waste disposal sites.

E.2.3.7 Other Mitigation Measures

E.2.3.7.1 Disaster Management Plan APSCL will put together a disaster management plan to protect the properties from disasters such as water logging/flood, cyclone, etc. In addition, APSCL will have a full provision for fire fighting and first aid medical services.

E.2.4 Positive Impacts

E.2.4.1 During Construction Phase The project will create job opportunities for skilled and semi-skilled local labour. The area will be more developed commercially and land value will also increase. Local people will be encouraged to be involved in employment and other commercial activities. As far as practicable, APSCL will employ local people for non-skilled labours and qualified semi-skilled and skilled workers. APSCL follows the government policy and/or regulations regarding recruitment. They will provide employment to qualified local people, both male and female. Female, poor and vulnerable groups shall be encouraged for employment, with a target of at least 33% female representation of the workforce. Wage rates shall be unbiased and equal for male and female employees.

E.2.4.2 During Operation Phase The new power plant and the 1.2 km of transmission line will improve the reliability and stability of the power supply system in order to meet the power shortage particularly, in Dhaka and in adjoining areas including Ashuganj. The project will have a significant contribution to the economic development in the region. APSCL will employ more permanent staff at the site during operations benefitting the local economy by helping stimulate the local business activities. Despite the project being a power generation and fossil fuel consuming project, once in operation it will ensure that, because of modern technology, emissions will be less than those from the existing power plant units in the APSCL Complex which may result to positive health benefit.

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F. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The following presents the different alternatives considered for the proposed 450 MW Ashuganj Combined-Cycle Power Plant.

F.1 Do Nothing or Without Project Alternative A ―do nothing‖ or ‖without project‖ alternative would place further strains on Bangladesh‘s current energy supply deficiencies. APSCL complex would continue to run using old inefficient plant, which breaks down regularly and for which spare parts are not easy to obtain. Load shedding which is already a daily occurrence would continue if not become more widespread in the area. Domestic users would continue to suffer and industrial uses would have their competitiveness further eroded. The ―do nothing‖ scenario would also result in continued emission discharge from an inefficient plant compared with the chance to install the new 450 MW CCGT high technology, efficient and more environment-friendly system with fewer emissions. Allowing the present situation to continue would mean the burning of larger amounts of gas inefficiently and this would result in continued higher levels of atmospheric emissions and impacts to human health. The ―do nothing‖ alternative is, therefore, rejected as an option.

F.2 Type of Fuel Three alternatives fuels (gas, oil and coal) were considered from the point of view of environmental impacts. A comparative analysis of the proposed alternatives is indicated in Table F.1.

Table F.1 Comparison of Different Alternatives

Environmental Element

Original Proposal (Gas fired comb. Cycle)

Alternative 1 (Oil fired steam)

Alternative 2 (Coal fired steam)

Remarks

Air Pollution L M H

CO2 emission L M H

Waste Water L H H

Noise Pollution H M M

Resettlement L M H Minimum land for gas fired plant

Space for Construction L M H Minimum space for gas fired plant

Time for construction L H H

Surface water contamination

L L L

Soil contamination L M M

Terrestrial Flora L L M

Aquatic flora L L L

Fishery L L L

Overall Evaluation Good Medium Poor

Note: L – Low impact; M – Medium Impact; H – High impact In terms of the use of alternative fuel sources, natural gas is a relatively clean source of fuel. In the case of Bangladesh, the gas fuel source is particularly environment-friendly with relatively low content of sulphur (or none at all) and very low particulate matter level (mostly

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coming from air intake for combustion) and consequently, lower levels of atmospheric pollution. Gas is the chosen fuel over coal or fuel oil. Gas supply and gas allocation is currently available at the APSCL complex site.

F.3 Alternative Sites There are few feasible alternatives sites in terms of location for a gas facility. Using an existing power plant site to develop additional capacity has great advantages over a green field site, which would require large development costs for site development and connection to gas and the power networks. There would also be a long lead time. The APSCL complex site has an available and allocated supply of gas. The site is also close to existing power plant infrastructure including power transmission lines. Developing a site, when it is available, close to existing power infrastructure is, therefore, seen as a major factor in site selection. Four site locations inside the APSCL complex were assessed in the northeast and southwest extremities of the power company land. The following criteria were used: distance from the fuel supply and cooling tower, grid access, road access, land availability, and jetty and cargo access. The characteristics of the different sites are summarized in the Table F.2 below. The chosen site is the only one large enough to accommodate the 450 MW CCGT proposal. Other areas within the complex are already planned for upgrading of other power components and in particular for the proposed 150 MW combined cycle power plant which is intended to replace the existing 146 MW combined cycle plant.

Table F.2 Comparative Study of Four Sites

Factors Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 Fuel

Natural gas

available from Titas RMS & long pipe required.

Long pipe line Tanks available for

alternate fuel, within 100m.

Natural gas available 700m long pipe line

required from existing Titas RMS

Tanks available for alternate fuel, within 50m.

Natural gas available Extension of Titas

RMS and 50m long pipe required

Tanks available for alternate fuel, within 1km.

Natural gas available Extension of Titas RMS

and 600m long pipe required for connection from Titas RMS

Tanks available for alternative fuel, within 1.5km.

Cooling Water

Available within 300m

New intake required

Discharge very difficult

Routing very difficult

Available within 300m

New intake required Discharge difficult Route difficult

Available within 300m but very difficult to reach

New intake required. Discharge very

difficult Route very difficult.

Available within 750m but very difficult to reach.

New intake required. Discharge easy Route difficult and costly.

Access to grid

Possible by 230kV cable about 500m long

Bay available in 230kV switchyard, difficult

Possible by 230kV cable about 300m long

Bay available in 230kV switchyard, difficult

Possible by 230kV cable about 400m long

Bay available in 230kV switchyard, difficult

Access to existing 230kV switchyard difficult

New switchyard required

1km 4-ckt 230kV line required

Land

Available=9,600m For

(1+1+1)53000m2 (2+2+2) = 12,500m2

.Land not sufficient. Criticality with

existing CC plant

Available= 9,080m2, For (1+1+1) 53000m2 Land not sufficient for

(1:1:1) up to 450MW Critical with existing

oil tank and main entrance/road

Available 6,363m2

For (1+1+1)53000m2 Land Not sufficient Criticality with

training school.

Available 82,670m2, For (1+1+1)=53000m2

required Land more than sufficient Layout easy for one

module. Low land, development

required No access road exists for

heavy cargo Access Road

Exists Exists Exists To be constructed inside boundary

Jetty and cargo access to

Existing- 250 Tons crane not suitable

Existing- 250 Tons crane

Difficult access, to

Existing- 250 Tons crane

Difficult access to

Jetty at existing plant not sufficient

Temporary jetty at ferry

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Factors Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 site jetty. jetty. ghat required. Comment Not suitable Not suitable Not suitable Suitable

F.4 Power Plant Configuration Alternative configurations were looked at for the project; 1:1:1 (1GT+1HRSG + 1ST) and 2:2:1 configurations were examined. It was determined that the land area at Ashuganj could only accommodate a 1:1:1 configuration. At the same time, the 1:1:1 configuration was considered the suitable configuration due to the following:

Though the 2:2:1 configuration could support slightly higher capacity than the 1:1:1 arrangement, its efficiency rating is relatively lower.

The land available in Ashuganj could only accommodate the 1:1:1 plant layout (in multi shaft arrangement, with heat recovery boiler and balance of plant equipment).

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G. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION G.1 Overview of Public Consultation Process Public participation and consultation are vital components for the success of any development project, to ensure two way communications between the project sponsor and relevant stakeholders, accountability and transparency in the development process. Public consultations for the 450 MW CCGT were undertaken in 2009 during the preparation of the EIA submitted to the DoE and on 12 May 2011 together with staff from ADB. A consultation process was initiated at the commencement of the project. The overall objective was to ensure that stakeholders were kept informed about project proposals and developments, and that they were afforded the opportunity to contribute their views to project planning and the decision making processes. To involve the local community in the planning stage, the Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA) technique was used to gather information from key stakeholders of the Ashuganj Upazila during baseline survey. The PRA covers the following indicators:

Major occupations of the affected people Monthly income amounts of poor, middle and large income group of current uses of

water resources Opinion about technology options Opinion about atmospheric emissions and water quality Problems encountered such as conflict in the use, protection and conservation and

management of fisheries resources Participation and conflict resolution mechanism Perception of the community towards proposed development Suggestions on how Government may assist the community with program of

development, such as the use of coolant water for irrigation. During the baseline study in 2009, the following PRA tools have been used:

Focused Group Discussion (FGD) Key Informant Interviews (KII) Stakeholder Consultation

In May 2011, only stakeholders‘ consultation was used. G.2 Information Dissemination Process On behalf of APSCL, Atlanta Enterprises, the Consultants for the EIA study, arranged several consultation meetings with local stakeholders for information dissemination and community participation. Such meetings were with the concerned NGOs, and other relevant persons. The consultant and their team investigated all the relevant matters regarding the project by arranging meetings, and group discussions for people‘s awareness. Information campaigns were carried out in association with APSCL. The consultant worked with Focus Group Meeting in the community. In these meetings all classes of public including businessmen, farmers, school teachers, religious leaders, NGOs and Members and Chairman of the Union Council were present.

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The project was explained and those present were informed that the project will be constructed in the existing APSCL land. No acquisition of land is needed for the proposed project. 4 to 6 new tower is needed to be installed for transmission of the power to the national grid line. No permanent acquisition of land and consequent resettlement will be required for the project. Some noise, air pollution may occur, but it will be minimized using proper methods. The consultant has carefully studied all types of impacts in the locality likely to be caused by the proposed plant and informed the meetings of the impacts. Information dissemination and consultation will continue throughout the project implementation period. G.3 Key Stakeholders’ View Consultation with the key stakeholders was held at Upazila Conference hall on August 11, 2009. It will be a continuous process until the completion of the project. During the survey period, school teachers, village leaders and Members and Chairman of the local bodies and others were consulted in groups and individually with particular importance to female headed households. The concerns and suggestions are given below. Local people at Ashuganj raised the following issues:

1. Sound pollution should be restricted; 2. The plant authority should arrange meeting between local public representatives and

the concerned person of power plant before finalization the detailed lay out plan. 3. Height of the chimney should be 50 meter. 4. Water temperature is to be maintained at minimum but the plant authority repeatedly

confirmed that it should not exceed DoE (Department of Environment) regulations and in not a threat to the environment.

Mr. .MD. Rezaul Maksud Jahidi, UNO, Ashuganj Upazila suggested that

1. Proposed plant will have positive impact on the over-all socio-economic condition. No impact on environment. Precautionary Safety measures should be taken in the flow of artificial outfall into the cooling water canal.

2. to ensure social welfare from the plant by providing job and technical education etc 3. to develop the area as tourist site by creating recreational facilities and beautification.

Another stakeholders‘ consultation was held on 12 May 2011 together with ADB staff to provide an update on the status of the project. The ADB team discussed the issues raised during the 2009 stakeholders‘ consultation to obtain feedback if there are any new issues. The stakeholders are in favour of establishing the new plant and ready to support its implementation. Compared to public consultations conducted in 2009, there were no new issues raised and they suggested that APSCL comply with the following:

noise level and vibration should be at acceptable level by implementing appropriate measures;

water temperature should be maintained at tolerable level for the survival of fisheries resources and other aquatic life along with protection of their breeding ground;

health and safety measure should be in place and proper compensation for the injured and affected person(s);

all solid and hazardous waste should be disposed in proper way and liquid hazardous waste should not be dumped directly to the river without treatment; and,

employment of local people in the project should be considered as far as practicable. Public consultation is a continuing process and thus, it was recommended to conduct similar consultations twice a year during implementation of the EMP. Future consultations during

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project implementation will ensure the representation and participation of women. This will be monitored and its status will be part of the progress report, as needed. List of participants during the consultation is given in Annex 2. G.4 Details of Consultation Meeting and Discussion

G.4.1 Focus Group Discussion At union level, five Focus Group Meetings were held in the project site. These are Ashuganj, Araishida, Durgapur of Ashuganj Upazila and Bhirab Pourashava and Simulkandi of Bhairab Upazila. In the meetings all classes of stakeholders including businessmen, farmers, schoolteachers, religious leaders, NGO and public representatives as well as Members and Chairman of the Union Council were present. The list of participants is given in Annex 2 while the Minutes of Focus Group Discussion Meeting held at Upazila level in local language are presented in Annex 3. A summary of the discussion from Focus Groups is given below:

Project affected people appeal that they/their dependents should be given employment opportunity during construction of the project.

Due compensation for affected persons for any unforeseen loss due to the project should be given

Community and religious sites are to be protected if acquisition of land in course of time is necessary

Electricity facilities are to be extended to the villagers including community places like school, mosque, temple etc.

Local unemployed youths are to be given training and employment opportunity as far as practicable.

Under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) department the local people expect scholarship facility to be provided for the poor students at constructing school, college and vocational institute, health centre in the Upazila.

Sound and vibration should be contained under accepted level by installing good and of best quality equipment

Temperature should be at minimum level during discharging water from cooling system.

Fish breeding and the flora and fauna of the area should be saved. Questionnaire and Checklist used for the FGD are provided in Annex 4.

G.4.2 Key Informant Interviews Key Informant Interviews was carried out among the knowledgeable and elderly people of the project site to incorporate their views and suggestions from their long experiences and knowledge. Semi-structured interviews (SSI) was undertaken with officials of APSCL, Pourashava and other line service agencies, institutional users, local leaders and elected representatives, and NGO representatives. A gender balanced approach was followed while selecting participants for semi-structured interviews and stakeholders meetings. The objective was to share information about the project and obtain feedback on important existing issues that should be considered in the planning process. Summary of Key Informant Interview (KII):

To take care of the public safety as well as to provide security in critical locations. In order to remove any fear of explosion, the authority should exercise adequate care in construction & maintenance work, particularly of gas pipe line.

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Works should be completed as quickly as possible in order to reduce construction impacts.

The electricity should be made available to the people at the earliest possible opportunity.

To ensure quality of material & best workmanship for a safe and durable power plant and to provide uninterrupted supply to the consumers.

Prompt placement of fund by the authority for quick completion of the plant. The executing agency should follow all rules, regulations and standards in the

construction of the project. Care should be taken for ensuring the least possible damage to local infrastructure

viz. roads & structures during construction of the project including gas pipe line. Contingency plan should be taken to meet any eventual accident.

G.4.3 Suggestions from the Local People

Local people urged to be involved in all sorts of employment opportunity both

temporary and permanent. Ensure stable electricity connection for the local area Noise pollution should be avoided.

Pictures of an FGD Meeting during EIA preparation by Atlanta are shown below:

Photograph 1 FGD at Ashuganj Upazila Complex

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Photograph 2 KII with Member, Arishida Union, Ashuganj Upazila

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H. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM Great care will be taken to prevent grievances. This can be done through careful implementation of the EMP, by ensuring full consultation, and by establishing extensive communication and coordination between the community, the PMU and APSCL, and the local government authorities in general. Local people will be fully informed of their rights and of the procedures for addressing complaints whether verbally or in writing during consultation. The following process is consistent with the grievance redress mechanism for social issues such as resettlement. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established soon after project commencement. The first level and most accessible and immediate venue for the fastest resolve of grievances is the PMU, chiefly through the Project Manager of the APSCL, with assistance from the Manager (HSE). A contact phone number for complaints will be posted in the project areas. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with affected persons and the PMU will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various issues. Corrective measures will be undertaken at the field-level itself within seven days. All grievances will be documented with full information of the person and issue. Should the grievance remain unresolved, the PMU's Project Manager, will activate the second level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to the local Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) of the Upazila, who will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the PMU and the affected persons. Affected persons also will have the right to submit grievance at this level if they are not satisfied with the ―first level‖ decision. A hearing will be called, if necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern/issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The local GRC will consist of the following persons: (i) Upazila Nirbahi Officer (GRC Chair); (ii) representative of the head of the Upazila; (iii) representative of the affected persons; (iv) official of the land registry department, where a land issue is involved; (v) official of the DoE‘s divisional office; (vi) town planner of the Upazila; (vii) Environmental Specialist of the PMU, and (viii) an NGO or PO. The local GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign responsibilities for implementing its decisions. The GRC will record grievances, categorize and prioritize them and provide solutions within a month; and will report to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and the decisions of the GRC. In the event that a grievance is not addressed, the aggrieved person can seek legal redress of the grievance in the appropriate Courts.

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I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN I.1 Objective The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) aims to ensure the compliance to the safeguard requirements of ADB and GoB of all activities undertaken during the implementation and operation of the proposed 450 MW CCGT. Furthermore, it aims at integrating the environmental components of the project with existing initiatives and programs in these fields. The plan consists of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. I.2 Mitigation Measures This section includes the principles, procedures and mitigation measures that are necessary for ensuring the most appropriate environmental mitigation and enhancement plans applicable during different stages of project implementation. To avoid and minimize the impacts resulting from the activities of the project, measures/management plans are based on appropriate technological design, improvements or adjustments, good site operational practices etc. The overall strategy has the following sequence:

IMPACT AVOIDANCE: Changing project location, design and construction methods to avoid impacts;

IMPACT MINIMIZATION: Where impacts cannot be avoided, implementing mitigation

measures to reduce the impact to acceptable levels;

COMPENSATION: Arranging compensation where impacts cannot be avoided or sufficiently mitigated.

ENHANCEMENT: Measures, which, at insignificant cost to the project, give

appreciable social or developmental benefits. The mitigation plan has been recommended to highlight the action to avoid/minimize/ control the impacts arising out of different project phases i.e. pre-construction, construction and operation, for each of the anticipated impact as described in Section E. The EMP has been fully discussed and agreed in detail with APSCL Senior Management Team. Table I.1 summarizes the potential impacts, the mitigation measures, the indicated time frame for implementation, and the responsibility for ensuring the management plans are efficiently implemented.

Table I.1 Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision A. Pre-Construction Phase A1 Demolition of buildings and structures (2x3 storied buildings, 2-CI temporary structures) on the south east of the

According to the Resettlement report for the project 134 people (20 families and 42 individuals who are currently housed by APSCL will be provided with new houses within

Before construction activity starts

APSCL Authority EMU- APSCL

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision proposed site) the APSCL. A2 Temporary land acquisition and income disruption due to transmission tower

Cash compensation for temporary loss of land

Prior to commence construction work

APSCL Authority EMU- APSCL

A3 Removal of trees Minimized tree cutting. Identified trees will be removed from the site before the commencement of construction with prior approval of APSCL. No government approval is required on private land for removal trees.

APSCL will replant the uprooted trees in 1:5 ratio as per DoE‘s norms.

Before construction activity starts After construction

APSCL

EMU-APSCL

B. Construction Phase B1. Land clearance Any debris generated will

be disposed of only at designated sites Adequate protection will be provided to prevent the dispersed of loose material

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.2 Transport of construction material to site

All vehicles delivering material to the site will be covered to avoid spillage of material All haul roads will be kept clean and clear of all dust / mud or other extraneous material dropped by such vehicles. All vehicles used on site for this purpose will carry currently valid fitness certificates issued by the BRTA at all times copies of the same should be submitted to the Project Director.

All vehicles used on site for this purpose should comply with the pollution norms of ECR 1997

In dry weather conditions any haul roads or roads used through the company residential area will be sprayed as necessary to suppress dust.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.3 Storage of Construction

Stockpiles of all construction material will

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision Material On site be at least 100 m from

watercourses along the project area.

owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.4 Slope Protection All slope protection measures will be carried out as detailed in the engineering design with prior approval of the Project Director.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.5 Erosion Control Measures

Suitable erosion protection measures will be carried out as detailed in the engineering design with prior approval of the Project Director.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.6 Hot-mix Plants and Batching Plants

All hot-mix plants and batching plants will comply with requirements of ECR emission control norms (Schedule –11, ECR).

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.7 Contamination of Soils by fuel and lubricants

Vehicle/ machinery and equipment for operation, maintenance and refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants do not contaminate the ground. Fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 300 m from all cross drainage structures and water bodies or as directed by the site engineer.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.8 Contamination from Fuel and Lubricants

The work will be carried out in such a manner that pollution of natural watercourses, ponds and tanks is avoided.

Vehicles, machinery & maintenance equipment and refueling will be done in a manner as specified to prevent pollution of water.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.9 Use of bricks material

Give preference to local brickworks that have

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision DoE‘s approval. Procure bricks only from brick kiln using natural gas as fuel. All bricks delivered to site to be accompanied by a certificate showing that the kiln concerned has not used fuel wood in their production. Contractor to use kerosene, gas or other non fuel wood materials for heating bitumen and for domestic purposes.

Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.10 Construction Camp

All construction camps will be inside the APSCL complex Sufficient measures will be taken in the construction camps, i.e. provision of garbage tanks and sanitary facilities. Waste in septic tanks will be cleared periodically. Drinking water will meet Environment Quality Standards. Garbage will be collected in a tank and disposed of periodically. Special attention will be paid to the sanitary condition of camps. Location of temporary sanitation facilities must avoid settlements which are adjacent to the APSCL boundary. Collecting kitchen waste in separate bins and disposing of in a pit at designated areas. Collecting plastics in separate bins and disposing as specified Sufficient water and sanitation facility for

work force

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.11 Dust/Air Pollution

Locating Hot Mix Plants (HMP) away from habitat. Locating Concrete batching plant (CBP) away from human habitation and water bodies. Locating HMP and CBP away from the downwind direction.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision Adequate dust control devices for HMP and CBP. Carrying out routine maintenance and/ or replacement of dust control devices. Carrying out regular maintenance of plant, equipment and vehicles. Maintaining adequate moisture in aggregates before loading and unloading to feeder bins of HMP to prevent dust emission. Defining vehicle movement path inside plant site and maintaining the movement path for control of dust emission.

B.12 Noise Pollution All vehicles, equipment and machinery used for the project will comply with the relevant ECR norms and the relevant BRTA rules.

Using enclosure for all diesel generator sets.

Source control through proper maintenance of all equipment.

Use of properly designed engine enclosures and intake silencers.

Construction workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with noise protection. It is recommended that workers operating equipment generating noise of ≥80 dB (A) continuously for 8 hours or more should use ear muffs. Workers experiencing prolonged noise level 70 -80 dB (A) should wear ear plugs.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.13 Water Pollution Storage of construction material and excavated soil above high flood level. Strictly avoiding cleaning/washing of construction vehicle in any water body

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision Work at the wharf area with machinery unloading over water to be controlled strict inspection of cranes for any leakages. Proper storage of equipment on concrete hardstand when not in use. Proper refueling facilities for equipment operating close to water.

contractor

B.14 Loss of Vegetation

All work will be carried out in such a fashion that the damage or disruption to the flora is minimal. Only the trees or shrubs that impinge directly on the permanent works or necessary temporary works will be removed with prior approval from the APSCL.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B.15 Occupational health and safety of workers

Water supply, sanitation, drainage and medical health facilities at campsite.

Providing and using PPEs Using working reverse horn for all construction equipment and construction vehicles i.e. tippers, dumpers, roller, etc.

Providing earth link circuit breaker (ELCB) for all electrical connections.

Maintaining first aid at construction sites.

Maintaining emergency response system.

Conducting induction and periodic training for all workers and supervisors.

Conducting periodic training for all personnel working at plant site.

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

B16 Employment opportunity (Beneficial impact)

Employment of local people as far as practicable including vulnerable groups

Provide sufficient notification to the surrounding people about the intended onset of project activities

During Construction

Contractor EMU-APSCL including owner‘s Engineer and concern officer of EPC contractor

C. Operation Stage C1. Air Emission The proposed power plant Throughout Contractor will be Contractor

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision would be of latest design with an optimum efficiency of combined cycle. Hence there will be less CO2 emission per unit of energy (kWh) generated. Formation of NOx will be limited with the use of dry low NOx burner The natural gas of Bangladesh contains fewer impurities. Generated heat will be dispersed through chimney of at least 50 meters/ reasonable height as per design so that the emission will not have any adverse impact in the surrounding atmosphere.

Operation Period

responsible during contract period and APSCL. will take necessary measures after ends of contract period

will be responsible during contract period and Instrument section of APSCL, including owner‘s engineers will fix any problem after contract period. EMU-APSCL will monitor

C2. Noise The noise level at the power plant will be reduced by putting baffle type silencers in both inlet duct and exhaust duct to arrest noise due to flow of air and exhaust gases respectively. The noise due to running of the machine will be arrested by acoustic enclosures.

Noise reduction is to be integrated in the plant building design to meet the regulatory standards during operation.

All vehicles will be maintained properly and scheduled during day activities.

Provision of silencers for generators

Routine maintenance of plant

Regular noise monitoring, especially at the school and residential quarters located close by

The workers of the APSCL 450 MW CCPP will use safety device for protection of ears (ear-muffs and ear-plugs etc.) following DoE and EHS guidelines of WB.

Plant foundation shall be designed to minimize

Throughout Operation Period

APSCL will ensure that EPC contractor takes measures for protection of noise pollution during contract period and after contract period EMU of APSCL will take necessary measures against noise pollution

Contractor will be responsible during contract period and Instrument section of APSCL including owner‘s engineers will fix any problem after contract period. EMU-APSCL will monitor.

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision vibration effect.

Planting of indigenous trees and shrubs around the project sties and in addition there will be concrete wall around the campus of Ashuganj power complex and therefore, there will be no chance of any noise pollution to the school and residents in and out side campus.

C3.Thermal load Discharge

Use of a holding pond before discharge for irrigation purpose. There is 2 km channel between outlet and discharge point.

Throughout Operation Period

APSCL ensures that EPC contractor discharges thermal load within GoB/WB standards during their tenure and after contract period. APSCL will take necessary measures to keep thermal load within GoB/WB standards

Concern unit of EPC contractor will be responsible during construction period and after commercial hand over HRSG or boiler section of APSCL will fix and EMU unit of APSCL will monitor.

C4.Wastewater Discharge

Regular routine monitoring of treated discharged effluent of the ETP of 450 MW CCPP

Any deviation from the acceptable limit of any parameter of discharged effluent from 450 MW CCPP shall be addressed immediately

Part of the withdrawn water will undergo chemical treatment to provide boiler make-up and other close cycle cooling in ancillary equipment. The wastewater will be treated to meet GoB/WB guidelines prior to discharge to the river.

Throughout Operation Period

APSCL will monitor that EPC contractor complies ETP discharge limit of WB and GoB and after contract period APSCL will take similar measures for compliance of ETP discharges limit of WB and GoB

Contractor will be responsible during contract period and after contract period Civil engineering unit of APSCL will fix and EMU of APSCL will monitor

C5. Oily waste Discharge

Dirty oil from the engine will be passed through an oil-water separator before collected in drums for reuse or sale to approved

Throughout Operation Stage

EPC contractor will comply discharge limit of GoB and WB during their contract period and after contract period

Contractor will be responsible during contract

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Environmental Impact/Issue Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility

Implementation Supervision re-users APSCL will regularly

monitor and report to the higher authority to take proper mitigation measures

period and after contract period Civil engineering unit of APSCL will fix and EMU of APSCL will monitor

C6. Sanitary and domestic waste

The sewage will be kept in septic tank and soak pit system

Solid waste will be segregated according to the category and will be sent to the designated dumping ground and/or recycling

Throughout Operation Stage

EPC contractor will comply with the discharge limit of GoB and WB during their contract period and after contract period APSCL will regularly monitor and report to the DoE as per their requirement.

Contractor will be responsible during contract period and after contract period. Civil engineering unit of APSCL will fix and EMU of APSCL will monitor

C7.Socioeconomic improvement (Beneficial impact)

APSCL will ensure that the EPC contractor takes step to employ local people during 450 MW CCPP operation

Throughout Operation Stage

APSCL ensures that EPC contractor appoint local people during their tenure and after contract period. APSCL will appoint local employees

Contractor during contract period and after contract period. Managing Director APSCL will supervise

I.3 Specific Management Plan Certain important and specific management plans with their respective action procedures for carrying out the overall EMP effectively are enumerated as follows:

I.3.1 Waste Management Plan The schematic flow chart (Figure I.1) is shown below. This flow chart will also be used during the operation phase with few changes whenever necessary. Project activities will involve establishment of camps, transport, site development and construction, and operation of power plant. For each activity, various types and quantity of wastes will be generated. The Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor and owners engineer will prepare a comprehensive list of waste types, sources and plans to manage all of these wastes in an environmentally friendly manner. The major sources are identified as:

Camp waste Construction and Operation waste Emission

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The EPC contractors will implement wastes segregation strategy as a first step of their waste management program where the hazardous and non-hazardous materials will be separated out following the waste management flow diagram as shown in Figure I.1. The non-hazardous materials will then be further sorted out into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable groups. Among the bio-degradable materials, EPC contractor and APSCL will recycle the recyclable materials and rest will send to designated waste dumping site. Camp Waste Management The EPC contractor will prepare a list of all identified source and type of wastes that would be generated in their campsite (Table I.2) and is committed to minimize waste generation as much as possible. The EPC contractor will facilitate the local authority to collect, manage, treat and dispose of the wastes on its own initiative.

Figure I.1 Waste Management Flow Diagram for the EPC Contractor The EPC contractor will setup selective waste collection facilities at the site. Special areas for short-term waste storage will be designated to facilitate the program. The EPC is committed to comply with the applicable environmental and sanitary norms and have been

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equipped in due manner at the proposed facilities, including arrangement for disposal of hazardous wastes (if any) and the environmental impact of waste generated at the Company‘s facilities will be minimized. The EPC contractor will follow regulations and guidelines for camp wastewater discharges into surrounding waterways. Liquid wastes including sewage that could damage the environment will never be released or allowed to drain directly into a watercourse. The campsite is provided with septic tank with closed sewage systems.

Table I.2 Types and Sources of Domestic Wastes

Type of wastes Main components Potential constituents of the released wastes

Drainage

Bathing water, Rainwater Trace amount of oil and grease, soap

Emission Construction equipments, vehicles, cranes etc.

Emission of smokes, CO, CO2 etc

Domestic sewage Biodegradable organic matter Semi-solids, used detergent, Coli form bacteria

Domestic refuse Garbage, packing materials, paper, batteries, paper bags, cartoon, plastic, plastic bottles, cans, wrappers, organic waste, waste, glass bottles etc.

Plastic, organic waste, batteries, Glasses

Kitchen waste Waste vegetable, wastes during processing of vegetables, waste food, soap and detergent, fishes scales, meat's scales and wastes etc produced in kitchen

Protein, bio-degradable organic Matters

Washroom Bathing and water Soap, detergent, trace amount of oil and grease

Construction and Operation Waste Management During construction, there may be debris and other wastes such as filter cartridges, various discarded chemical products, empty drums, pipe dope buckets, household types trash, discarded chemicals, wood pallets, lime, cement and mud sacks etc. During operation, CO, NOx, CO2, excess oxygen from combustion will be released through a 50-m stack and there will be generation of wastewater. A continuous emissions monitoring system will be installed to determine the level of gaseous emissions. APSCL will ensure that EPC contractor follows international maintenance and product vendor recommended practices including the APSCL‘s corporate operations and maintenance guidelines (if any), the GoB and the WB‘s guidelines to minimize the generation of waste. The EPC contractor will reduce the generation of waste during construction while APSCL will implement waste-reduction initiatives during operation. The proposed approaches of EPC contractor during contract period and APSCL afterwards are:

Use of best-available technologies to minimize environmental degradation; Reuse of recyclable materials Proper disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous solid and liquids waste; Minimization of water use in kitchen and worker camp;

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Monitoring and maintaining chain of custody for the disposal of wastes and construction debris;

Monthly environmental reporting to the concern authorities; Involvement of DoE regarding any disposal of wastes, which are not specified in the

environmental guidelines (ECR 1997)

I.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan In the work place good industrial practice will be maintained during construction and operation by the contractor, EMU, and APSCL. During construction phase, the contractor will follow their own corporate Occupation Health and Safety (OHS) procedures including specific GoB (Labor-Laws-2006) and WB guidelines. Presently the APSCL does not have OHS guidelines but still follows BPDB‘s general regulation and standard operation code. HSE committee of APSCL will monitor and train the workers. Weekly and/or fortnightly training will be conducted to create awareness of workers to the Contractors‘ obligation on environmental aspects. The cost of training for workers will be part of the Contractor‘s package. Health Hazard Management The construction phase includes site preparation, plant construction and access road construction etc. The health hazards associated with these activities are mainly due to dust and noise pollution. Excessive noise can cause loss of hearing and psychological changes. Dust pollution can cause eye and respiratory irritation and in some cases allergic reactions. The inhalation of exhaust gases from construction vehicles and machinery can also cause harmful effect to the health. Stress can also be caused by working in shifts, high work load, poor living condition of workers etc. To minimize the hazards arising from the activities at different phases of plant construction and operation, the following measures will be taken:

Workers/staff will submit a pre-employment medical report (if possible to EPC Contractor and/or APSCL;

Any work on volatile toxic chemicals will be undertaken in a well ventilated place and as per the corporate OHS guideline.

Workers handling toxic chemicals will be provided with protective gear and will be relieved frequently from their posting to minimize exposure.

Workers exposed to excessive noise will be provided with protective gear and will be relieved frequently from their post to limit exposure.

Workers exposed to dust will be provided with appropriate mask and other protective gear;

Frequent spraying of water will be undertaken to minimize dispersion of dust during construction

Construction workers will be provided with sanitary toilets, potable drinking water, washing facilities, shelter sheds etc

Proper disposal of waste and sewage will be observed. Health education and information on hygiene will be provided to the workers regularly

as well as inspection of drinking water quality (if the water supplied by the contractors/ company).

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Precaution during work in Confined Space Supervisors, inspectors and related personnel who work in this area will be provided ear plugs or ear muffs. Areas with excessive noise will have proper signs such as ―Hearing Protection Areas‖ and their boundaries will be defined with red line. No person will be allowed to enter this area unless wearing personal hearing protectors. The confined work spaces will be provided with sufficient air to avoid any health risk. Adequate care will be taken to minimize stress and ergonomic designs will be used, whenever necessary to prevent health hazards. First aid facilities will be kept in place and evacuation plans for emergency situations will be facilitated with adequate drills, instructions and signs. Adequate fire fighting arrangements will be installed and maintained in workable condition on a regular basis. In case of emergency, firefighters from district level will be called on. OHS Record Keeping and Reporting There shall be a record-keeping system during construction and operation phases. The records shall include OHS training provided to the workers, health records of workers during operation phase including audiometric tests records of workers (as they may provide a useful reference for workers' compensation) and make those records available to any employee or relevant health and safety representative.10 Records related to hazardous materials used during construction and operation phases of the proposed power plant will be maintained and shall be kept on file for at least 30 years because some health effects, e.g. cancers many take a long period to become evident. Thus the information kept will be valuable in epidemiological studies and for developing effective control strategies. Reporting will be maintained as per GoB and WB guidelines and will be regularly communicated to the higher authority as a routine work. Community Health and Safety The contractors will implement risk management strategies to protect the community from physical, chemical, or other hazards associated with sites under construction. Risks may arise from inadvertent or intentional trespassing, including potential contact with hazardous materials, or excavations and structures which may pose falling and entrapment hazards. Risk management strategies should include:

Restricting access to the site, through a combination of institutional and administrative controls, with a focus on high risk structures and areas depending on site specific situations, including fencing, signage, and communication of risks to the local community;

Removing hazardous conditions on construction sites that cannot be controlled effectively with site access restrictions, such as covering openings to small confined spaces, ensuring means of escape for larger openings such as trenches or excavations, or locked storage of hazardous materials.

10 Occupational Health Safety Guidelines, WB, December 2007

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I.3.3 Storage Facilities for Chemicals, Fuel, Oil and Grease Oil Storage Facilities During construction and operation, fuel, lubricants and other chemicals will be required for heavy equipment, vehicles etc., small portion of which will be stored on site. The schematic diagram of chemical storage facility (Figure I.2) may be used by the EPC contractor and O&M contractor. The EPC contractor will design a catchment system to minimize spill damage. There is always a risk of fuel leakage either as the result of an accident, failure to close valves or failure of equipment or materials. Leaks caused by corrosion in oil storage tanks will be prevented to the maximum extent possible with coatings and cathode protection (both interior and exterior). The EPC contractor will employ early leak detection monitoring system where personnel will be aware and trained on oil spill prevention, mitigation and management of the situation such as how to stop further loss, isolate the source, contain the spread of contamination, clean up spills, and file an incident report. During construction and operation, EPC and APCSL will maintain an updated inventory of hydrocarbon and chemicals used and stored including fuel tankers, fixed fuel dumps and their locations. The EPC and APSCL (or an O&M Contractor if needed) will maintain this practice and develop a contingency plan during project implementation. Contingency plans will be based on the location and volume of potential spills.

Figure I.2 Conceptual Drawing for the Separation of Spillage Oil Leaks and Drainage Systems The EPC contractor will construct separate storm water drainage systems for rainwater so that oil and chemicals will not contaminate the natural stream. Suitable absorbent material will be available onsite for immediate prevention.

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I.3.4 Housekeeping The EPC contractor will maintain housekeeping practice to ensure safe working environment for the workers where waste generation will be minimized. The housekeeping will include the following:

Chemical usage Erosion minimization Emission reduction Segregated waste handling Periodic chain of custody inspection

I.3.5 Emergency Response Plan

During pre-operational mobilization, APSCL will develop an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) for the operational activities. The manual will be based upon existing manuals that have been developed for existing power plants owned and operated by APSCL. The following emergency action procedures should be addressed as precautionary measures to minimize/prevent the possibility of occurrences of fire, explosion or high voltage electrical power stress/shock.

All fire fighting and protection equipment and material as well as detection system should be designated, fabricated, and examined in accordance with NFPA codes and standards

Workers/Employees/Personnel should be trained in the operational procedures and proper maintenance of fire fighting/extinguishing equipment and detection system to face/handle the hazards at the time of emergency

Installation of relevant equipment and system should be undertaken at identified locations, should major hazards occur at any time

Regular fire-fighting emergency drill should be performed by the ‗emergency team members‘ on a quarterly basis

Monthly inspection of all fire fighting and related equipment and material should be undertaken by the Disaster Management Team

Annual testing of all fire prevention, suppression and detection system should be performed.

I.3.6 Chance-Find Procedures for Physical Cultural Property

The Contractor(s) will be responsible for familiarizing himself/themselves with the following ―Chance Finds Procedures‖ in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation or any project activities:

Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archaeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value. Announce findings to project manager and notify to the Department of Archeology under the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, GoB

Protect artifacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artifacts

Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artifacts Restart construction works only upon the authorization of the relevant authorities.

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I.4 Institutional Arrangement and Environmental Monitoring Plan

I.4.1 Institutional Framework The APSCL, an enterprise of Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), will be the executing agency (EA) responsible for the overall technical supervision and execution of the proposed project. The Managing Director (MD) of APSCL is the overall supervisor of the project and there will be a dedicated Project Director (PD) and necessary staff having expertise for development of the proposed project. The APSCL will also incorporate all consulting services under the project and will oversee the compliance to relevant government regulations, EHS Guidelines of WB, and ADB‘s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS 2009), and will monitor their performance. Thus, the responsibility of fulfilling environmental requirements of GoB for the proposed additional Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT and conducting required level of environmental assessment consistent with ADB‘ SPS 2009 lie with the APSCL. The project consultants will assist Environmental Management Unit (EMU) of APSCL in this regard. The mitigation measures that are incorporated into the design will be verified by the APSCL before providing technical approvals. The mitigation measures that form part of the contract document will also be verified by APSCL. The mitigation measures identified in the EIA will be incorporated into the project cycle. Environmental controls pertaining to design and location will be incorporated into the detailed design by the project consultant. Mitigation measures during construction stage shall form part of the contract documents and will be implemented by the EPC contractor during contract period. The EPC contractor shall prepare and submit an environmental health safety action plan (EHSAP) to APSCL, prior to the implementation of the project. The EHSAP shall adhere to the environmental management plan (EMP) as suggested in this EIA. The EMP complies with both the GoB and ADB requirements in all aspects of the project implementation. The EHSAP shall focus on project mitigation, management, monitoring and ongoing consultation activities for the project. The EPC contractor shall implement and provide manpower to ensure compliance during the contract period and shall comply to environmental, social, health and safety standards following GoB, ADB and WB guidelines, whichever is applicable. The EPC contractor will provide the APSCL (through EMU) with monthly reports on the implementation of mitigation measures. The reports prepared by the EPC contractor (both monthly and quarterly) will be consolidated and submitted to APSCL for review. The Project Director and Environment Manager (Environment Management Specialist) APSCL, proposed for the entire plant will supervise the implementation of the specified environmental monitoring parameters through APSCL‘s engineers. The Manager Environment of the APSCL authority will have the required manpower, expertise and funding to ensure proper monitoring of the occupation health and safety of all staff. Manager of Environment and PD will report to the Director (Technical) and they will examine the contractual obligations and other national and international regulations (where applicable) regarding the environmental issues need to be fulfilled by the EPC contractor.

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The EPC contractor will follow GoB, WB guidelines and also their corporate Health Safety and Environment (HSE) policies, if any. Consistent with their mandate, the DoE will undertake routine and random monitoring of specific environmental plans addressed in this EIA. A qualified and experienced external expert or a qualified NGO will be retained to verify environmental monitoring information and to provide third party evaluation. Overall, organizational chart for APSCL and proposed EMU is presented in Figure I.3 and Figure I.4, respectively.

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Figure I.3 Organizational chart for APSCL

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Figure I.4 Proposed EMU Table I.3 summarizes the role and responsibilities of the institution in conducting environmental assessment and implementing the environmental management plan of the proposed 450 MW CCGT.

Table I.3 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities

Project Stage Responsible Organization Responsibilities

Preconstruction APSCL (with the assistance from project Consultant)

Prepare EIA consistent with GoB and ADB requirements Conduct public consultation during EIA Fulfill GoB requirements Make EIA reports available to the web site Incorporate mitigation measures into engineering design and technical specification Incorporate environmental mitigation and monitoring measures into contract document Update the EMP (mitigation measures, monitoring program, institutional responsibilities, costs, etc.) during the detailed design stage.

Construction

APSCL With the assistance of project consultants, ensure implementation of environmental management measures at each stage of the construction and update the EMP as necessary. Complaint Redress Committee will attend to any kind of environmental and social complaint arising from residents and workers during construction and operation phases of the proposed project

Project Consultant

Review of construction site management plan to be prepared by the contractor. Provide support to APSCL in conducting routine monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures by contractor

Contractor Employ an EHS officer who will ensure implementation of environmental measures during the construction stage Prepare EHSAP and submit to APSCL for review Prepare a construction site management plan prior to any site works and submit to APSCL for review.

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Project Stage Responsible Organization Responsibilities

Prepare emergency response plan and submit to APSCL prior to construction phase for review Implement mitigation measures and submit monthly reports to APSCL

Operation APSCL Review and consolidate semiannual reports and submit to ADB Address complaint if any related to environmental and social issue Implementing and/or monitoring measures

DoE Review monitoring reports and conduct periodic monitoring

I.4.2 Monitoring Plan Monitoring is a critical activity with respect to the implementation of EMP for the proposed 450 MW CCGT. The primary purpose of monitoring plan is to ensure that the environmental objectives set during project preparation will be consistently achieved during project implementation. The results of the monitoring plan will provide critical information to influence decision-making during the construction and operation stages. It is expected to provide information regarding the effectiveness of the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed within the EMP and suggest further actions that need to be taken to achieve the desired results. The primary objectives of monitoring are:

To check whether mitigation and enhancement measures are actually being adopted, and are proving effective in practice.

To provide a method whereby impacts which were subjected to uncertainty at the time of preparation of the EMP, or which are unforeseen, can be identified and steps can be taken to adopt appropriate control measures

To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation and enhancement measures used on the project

To satisfy legal, safeguard and community obligations The EPC contractor will be responsible for implementing the EMP and the preparation of monthly progress reports regarding implementation of the program during contract period. The EMU of APSCL including owner's engineer will oversee the environmental monitoring program during the construction and operation stages and will also monitor compliance of the EPC contractor (during contract period) with the implementation of required mitigation measures, EIA and contract provisions pertaining to environmental aspects. Compliance of EPC contractor to protocols specified in the GoB, ADB‘s SPS 2009, WB General EHS 2007 (whenever applicable) and the EMP will also be closely monitored by the EMU and owner's engineer. After contract period, APSCL will implement the monitoring plan. The EMU of APSCL in cooperation with the owner's engineer, during project implementation will be required to:

develop an environmental auditing protocol/checklist for the construction and operation period; and,

monitor the EPC contractor‘s performance regarding implementation of mitigation measures and submit quarterly reports based on the monitoring data/findings.

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The EPC contractor will undertake monitoring of various parameters consistent with the schedule indicated in Table I.5 and will prepare monthly and quarterly reports as required. Should there be any complaints arising from the operation of the proposed power plant and associated facilities as well as the sanitation facilities, the APSCL will conduct site inspections and appropriate sampling to validate claims. Based on the findings, mitigation measures will be implemented by the EPC contractor during contract period. After contract period, APSCL will take responsibilities. The details of environmental monitoring parameters for construction and operation phases are as follows: Monitoring Schedule The following table provides the monitoring schedule for the construction and operational phases of the proposed power plant. Monitoring should start one year in advance of construction to characterize the resources potentially affected by the project.

Table I.4 Monitoring Activities during Project Cycle

Issue Parameter Monitoring Frequency Resource Required and Responsibility

Construction Phase Ambient Air quality NOX, CO, Temperature,

PM10 (as per DoE requirement)

Once in every month (or as per DoE's reporting obligation) Results included in the quarterly reports should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of semiannual environmental monitoring report

This monitoring activities will be done by the EPC contractor during contract period when EMU in APSCL will supervise

River water Water temp., DO, BOD5, COD, Oil and Grease , and heavy metals (as per DoE‘s requirements)

Once in every month (or as per DoE's reporting obligation) Results included in the quarterly report should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of semiannual environmental monitoring report

Monitoring at this stage is the obligation of the EPC contractor and EMU in APSCL will Supervise

Drinking Water Physical parameter: - color, turbidity, Chemical parameters: - pH, nitrate, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, arsenic, Iron (Fe), Cl, Mn, arsenic, Biological parameters: - total coliform, fecal coliform,

Once in every month (If the workers use drinking water from the contractors supply source) Results included in the quarterly report should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of semiannual environmental

The EPC contractor will monitor the drinking water parameter

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Issue Parameter Monitoring Frequency Resource Required and Responsibility

monitoring report Noise level Noise at different

locations Once in every month, as and when required. Results included in the quarterly report should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of semiannual environmental monitoring report

The contractor will be responsible for the monitoring activities and EMU in APSCL will supervise.

Process Waste Solid/liquid wastes Wastes will be collected and disposed on daily basis, as and when required

The contractor will be responsible for waste management. APSCL will supervise and advise as and when is required

Operation Stage Meteorological Measurements

Wind direction and speed, temperature, humidity and precipitation.

Monitoring data can be taken from the Meteorological Department of Dhaka Office

APSCL will collect and record this information

Atmospheric Emissions Stack emission (CO, CO2, NOx, excess oxygen content and temperature)

Once a month Results should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of annual environmental monitoring report

EPC contractor shall install continuous stack emission monitoring devices to monitor and take mitigation measures to comply DoE regulations including WB guidelines (EHS guidelines for Thermal power plant- 2008) and EMU in APSCL will supervise during that period. After end of contract period, EMU and APSCL will take over the monitoring activities.

Ambient air quality NOX, PM2.5 (if required) and temperature (DoE‘s requirement)

Quarterly Results should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of annual environmental monitoring report

EPC contractor will carry out monitoring activities up to contract period and comply with DoE regulations including WB EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plant (December 2008) during that period EMU in APSCL will supervise but afterwards EMU in APSCL will conduct

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Issue Parameter Monitoring Frequency Resource Required and Responsibility

monitoring of those parameters

River water Water temp., DO, BOD5, COD, Oil and Grease and heavy metals

Semi annually Results should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of annual environmental monitoring report

EPC contractor will continue monitoring up to contract period during that period EMU in APSCL will supervise but after ends of contract, EMU in APSCL will take monitoring responsibilities.

Drinking water Physical parameter: - color, turbidity, Chemical parameters: - pH, nitrate, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, arsenic, Iron (Fe), Cl, Mn, Arsenic Biological parameters: - total coliform, faceal coliform,

Once in every month Results should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of annual environmental monitoring report

EPC contractor will ensure supply of good quality of water to workers and conduct monitoring of water quality up to contract period during that period EMU in APSCL will supervise but after contract period EMU in APSCL will monitor the drinking water parameter

Noise level Noise at different locations

Once in every month, as and when required. Results should be summarized and sent to ADB for review as part of annual environmental monitoring report

EPC contractor will carry out noise level monitoring and comply DoE regulations including WB EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plant (December 2008) during that period EMU in APSCL will supervise but after contract periods, EMU in APSCL will be responsible for the monitoring activities

Process Waste Solid/liquid wastes Wastes will be collected and disposed on daily basis, as and when is required

EPC contractor will be responsible for waste management during their tenure, maintain chain of custody and to comply with DoE regulations including Guidelines for Thermal Power Plant (December 2008). During this period EMU in APSCL will supervise but after ends of contract period APSCL will take the responsibilities of waste

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Issue Parameter Monitoring Frequency Resource Required and Responsibility

management Note: Actual monitoring time and location will be decided by the proposed Environmental Management Unit during the construction and operation phase. Report Implementation Schedule In accordance with the provision of the institutional framework, monitoring plan, EIA, DoE compliance regulations and Contract document, the Contractor shall prepare an ―Implementation Schedule‖ for the measures to be carried out as part of the environmental management and monitoring program. Table I.5 shows a tentative plan for environmental reporting.

Table I.5 Schedule of Environmental Monitoring Reports

Particular Frequency/Stage Responsible Agency Construction Stage Initial Review Before start of Work Contractors and owners

engineer will prepare, APSCL will review the report

Environmental Monitoring Report

The monthly environmental monitoring report should be summarized as semiannual report.

Contractor will produce and will forward to the PD/Manager Environment (EMU). This report will be forwarded to the DoE and ADB

Incident Report

As and when required Project Director/ Project Manager/ Manager environment may raise, that need to be resolved by the contractor

Mid-term Review: review of activities possible modification to

procedure and/or overall plan

Approximate midway of the project

Owners engineer will review and prepare a report, which will be reviewed by APSCL

Final Review : review of program recommendation for

similar future program

Completion Report

Towards the end of the project At the time of commission

Owners engineer will review and prepare a report, which will be reviewed by APSCL The turnkey contractor will prepare monthly environmental monitoring report and will forwarded to EMS, APSCL, which will also be forwarded to the DoE, ADB.

Operation Stage Environmental Monitoring The monthly environmental

monitoring report should be summarized and submitted to ADB for review as an annual report

Owner's Engineer with the help of other chemists working at the APSCL will prepare monthly monitoring report which will be forwarded to the DoE, ADB. The EMS, APSCL will overall

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Particular Frequency/Stage Responsible Agency supervise and help to implement their reporting obligation

Training Training is an integral part of a preventive strategy. The training will be provided .to manager (HSE), environmental engineer, chemist, supervisors and technicians and related staff who are responsible for environmental monitoring activities. The following issues will be addressed in training of the managers, staff and workers:

Workers will be trained to understand the environmental monitoring issues and parameters,

Concern officers and staff will be trained how to monitor and operation of the environmental monitoring equipments;

Arrange workplace consultation on noise control; Workers will participate in training and contribute to the noise management strategy; Persons likely to be exposed to risks will be provided with information and instruction in

safety procedures associated with the plant at the work place; Relevant health and safety information will be provided to persons involved in installation

and commissioning, use and testing of the plant. Information on emergency procedures relating to the plant will be displayed in a manner

that can be readily observed by persons who may be affected by the operation of the plant.

Training will be provided to use firefighting equipment as and when is necessary. Facility staff will be trained in the safety procedures those are to be implemented during

unloading, transfer and storage of hazardous materials. The overseas training in other Asian Countries (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka etc. to be decided later) will help to learn good practices and how to set-up and maintain the environmental management cell/unit. Cost Estimates The summary of environmental monitoring and mitigation cost for the proposed 450 MW CCGT is summarized in Table-I.6.

Table I.6 Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Cost Per Month

Item Unit Cost (BdTk.) Total Cost (BdTk.) Monitoring cost during construction phase and part of operation phase is included in the EPC contractor‘s package during contract period A, Environmental monitoring

i. In-house laboratory

i. 100,000.00 per month

i. 100,000.00

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Item Unit Cost (BdTk.) Total Cost (BdTk.) equipment procurement initial cost*

B. Manpower arrangements for EMU in APSCL i. Manager (Health, Safety,

Environment)- already exists ii. Environmental Engineer -(1-

person, proposed))-Remuneration-from project

iii. Junior Chemist- (1-person) –

remuneration from project iv. EPC contractor shall appoint an Environment, Health and safety Officer (included in the EPC contractor's package v. Local laboratory expert (1-

person for 1.5 months)-remuneration from the project

i. - ii 50,000.00 per month iii. 25,000.00 per month

iv. N/A

v. 22,000.00 per month

i. -

ii. 50,000.00

iii. 25,000.00

iv. N/A

C. Training Cost i. Overseas Training (one time

cost-from project) ii. Local Environmental Training

Specialist- (1 person for 3 months)-remuneration

i. 20,000,00

ii. 1,30,000.00/ per month

Total cost (Cost for overseas training, local environment training specialist and laboratory expert is not included)

125,000.00

Total (in million Taka) per month 0.25 * The indicative cost for laboratory equipment procurement is obtained from quotation (BUET Laboratory, 2010)

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J. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The proposed Ashuganj 450 MW CCGT will be constructed within the 311 acre existing APSCL complex where land has been set aside in the past for future expansion of power facilities. If the project is constructed at this site, it will incur only the loss of a small amount of agricultural land which will be required for the new 1.2 km transmission line which will connect the project to the national grid system. Compensation for the land on which about three to four new transmission towers are required is detailed in the Resettlement Plan. There is no resettlement of people as a consequence of the project. There are also no sites of historic, cultural or biodiversity interest at the site or in the vicinity of the site. This EIA identifies various potential impacts and recommends appropriate mitigation measures together with a management and monitoring program. Potential negative environmental impacts have been identified during construction, but these are temporary in nature and can be managed with the proposed Environment Management Plan and monitoring program. The main impacts from the operation phase of the power station relate to air emissions, noise, and water quality particularly the potential increase in ambient temperature at Meghna River within the vicinity of APSCL complex. The new 450 MW CCGT units will replace the existing old and inefficient power plant units totaling 274 MW which use natural gas at a rate of 70.66 MMSCFD. With the new units, fuel consumption will be reduced by 46.4%, thus, more energy efficient with consequent reduction in emissions. At the same time, the new units will use dry low NOx burner with premix burning system restricting combustion temperature to a level that limits formation of NOx. The possibility of NOx formation, therefore, is minimal. Since the new plant will be a single gas turbine of advanced design, noise and vibration will also be significantly less than that from the existing equipment operating at Ashuganj. Operating the new units will also result to a slight reduction of cooling water abstracted from the Meghna River with consequent reduction in thermal discharges. Measurements of ambient temperature within the vicinity of APSCL complex in February 2011 show that it is within the prescribed limits of DoE. To ensure compliance of EPC contractor, APSCL will monitor their performance. APSCL will need to increase its capacity and will use consultants, as necessary, to assist the preparation of contractual documents which will clearly identify environmental responsibilities and describing penalties for non-compliance. The Project will result in significant positive economic beneficial impacts for Ashuganj area and the country as a whole with the provision of improved and more reliable power supply.

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K. PART B PROJECT COMPONENTS - INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION Part B: Increased Renewable Energy Use The following section presents the initial environmental examination (IEE) of the subcomponents for Part B and these are: (i) 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV; (ii) off-grid wind-solar hybrid system at Hatiya Island, and (iii) installation (and retrofitting) about 1,000 km of street lighting with solar PV and LED-based technology covering the cities of Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, Borishal, and Rajshahi. I. Kaptai 5 MW Solar Power Sub Project 1.0 Introduction This IEE has been prepared as part of ADB TA 7242-BAN: Preparing the Power System Efficiency Improvement Project. The IEE is designed to comply with the ADB‘s Safeguard Policy (2009) and the ADB‘s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). The Kaptai 5 MW Solar power project, proposed for construction at Kaptai on land owned by the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), is one of the priority subprojects within the ADB TA 7242. The BPDB of the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources is the owner of the project and thus, the project proponent. The Project aims to improve power supply by photovoltaic cells to add 5 MWs of power to the national grid. Site visits were made to Kaptai on 5th October 2010 for discussions with the BPDB staff at the Karnafuli Plant and to investigate possible sites for the 5 MW PV Plant. A further visit took place on 22nd January 2011 when a more detailed survey of the proposed site was undertaken and meetings were also arranged with local government representatives, local elite, businessmen, farmers and labors. 2.0 Description of the Project 2.1 Background Bangladesh Power Development Board currently generates power though various thermal power stations in Bangladesh; it is also responsible for operating the Kaptai 230 MW capacity hydropower project at Kaptai. The latter is the only operational hydropower plant in the country and the first units were constructed in 1962.The power company has a current staff of 447 with 871 sanctioned posts at Kaptai and owns 849 acres of land for the hydropower plant operation. Countrywide, BPDB is now eager to diversify into other sources of power generation and is at present, looking at 4 sites for grid-connected solar PV projects with total installed capacity of 14 MW and 1 site for100 MW wind power projects. The projects under consideration are the following:

• 4 MW Rajshahi-1 Solar PV Park • 1 MW Rajshahi-2 Solar PV Park • 4 MW Sarishabari Solar PV Park • 5 MW Kaptai Solar PV Park • 100 MW Anwara Wind Power Park

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For the wind power project, private sector sponsors had been identified by the Government to provide financing and to develop the project. Out of the four solar PV projects, the 5 MW Kaptai solar PV plant is the most attractive since global horizontal irradiation in the Chittagong area is relatively higher than at other identified sites (see Figure 2.1). Figure .2.1 indicates that Kaptai lies in the zone of greatest solar radiation, receiving between 4 kWh/m2/day and 4.5 kWh/m2/day during the winter month of December.

Figure 2.1 Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation Map

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Source: PPTA Consultant, February 2011

Figure 2.2 Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation Chart for Kaptai Figure 2.2 indicates that the annual sum for global horizontal irradiation (GHI) at the Kaptai site is a substantial 1,872.7 kWh/m². The seasonal pattern for irradiation shown indicates highest GHI values in spring with a low during summer even though this is the period with longest solar days. The latter is because this is also the monsoon season with high degrees of cloud cover, which affect direct irradiation. GHI intensifies from autumn towards winter with the onset of the dry season. 2.2 Site Selection and Location Site visits were undertaken to determine a suitable site for 5 MW station taking into consideration technical, environmental and social and possible resettlement issues. The site selected is at N22°29'31.69" and E92°13'36.89". The map below indicates the selected project site in relation to the Karnafuli dam and reservoir and the existing substation to which the project needs to be connected by a new 11KV. The proposed power line is shown as a yellow line (see Figure 2.3).

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Figure 2.3 Kaptai proposed site and 11KV evacuation line The proposed site is located at the apron on the immediate downstream, side of the dam at an elevation of around 20 meters above Mean Sea Level (MSL).This compares with the height of the dam wall at 118 m above MSL. The height of dam water behind the dam is around 106 m above MSL depending on seasonal variations. Approximately 7- 8 hectares of the area identified (see Maps) could be used for solar PV. The site is less than 500 meters to the south of the local road which follows the top of the dam and provides access to company residential and recreational areas to the east. The chosen area was used for construction of the dam in 1962 and there are the remains of temporary buildings on the site. There is road access still available into the site area. The area is now unused with grass, bushes and some trees growing (clearly seen in the aerial photograph in Figure 2.4). To the east of the site is an old warehouse with a concrete vehicle service ramp, while in the south east there is an army barracks with various sheds and buildings. The western boundary of the site is the old downstream channel of the Karnufuli River. In the middle of the site are the old concrete platform foundations which were used during the dam construction in 1962 for stone crushing and a batching plant. It may not be necessary to demolish these structures. The ground is gently sloping on the western slopes more abruptly at the southernmost tip of the site. The soil was determined as compacted and suitable to support the necessary foundations for the PV panels and other infrastructure.

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Figure 2.4 Site for proposed Solar Plant 2.3 Scope and Layout The project will involve minor civil works, the installation of about 22,728 solar photovoltaic panels and associated power equipment, and the construction of a control building. Figure 2.5 shows a typical flow diagram of solar power generation.

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Source: IEE Report, Bangchak Solar Power Project, ADB, November 2010)

Figure 2.5 Typical solar generation diagram The shape of the PV plant layout is designed to be best suited to the shape of land available for development. The following design is proposed:

• Definition of the tilt. This was optimized using a design program and was set at 15°. • Space between the rows. The edge to edge distance between single rows was

defined to be 3m after considering different spacing options and revenue losses due to shading vs. increase in land cost.

• A safety distance of 5m from the access road is proposed. And the plant and PV modules themselves will be located 5 m from the plant perimeter fence.

• A cross-section of the sheds is shown below. The modules are located in one row per shed and placed in upright position. They are then clamped onto amounting structure which can be manufactured locally.

About 2 km of 11 KV transmission line is needed to connect the power generated by the solar panels to the nearest existing substation within the premises of Kaptai Hydropower Plant (KHP) (see Figure 2.3 above). Aside from the installation of the transmission lines, a control room structure with panel, circuit breaker and protection device will be constructed near the existing substation. The area that will be traversed by the transmission line is also within KHP and owned by BPDB. The 2 km is the shortest route available to evacuate the power to nearest existing substation.

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Figure 2.6 Module orientation and shed parameters 2.4 Technical design Solar PV cells fall into two categories:

• Thin film technologies. • Crystalline silicon technologies.

Thin film technologies Thin film technologies include amorphous silicon (aSi), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium diselenide. These technologies are less efficient but cheaper to manufacture than Crystalline silicon technologies. Crystalline silicon technologies

• Mono-crystalline silicon (cSi) is so far the most efficient PV technology available in the market. Commercial modules have efficiency ratings of more than 18% while research studies show efficiency of around 28%.

• Poly-crystalline silicon (pSi) is manufactured more cheaply and less efficient than mono-crystalline. Efficiency ratings of commercial modules reach around 16% though research Figures for this technology could reach as high as 24%.

Thin film technologies will not be used in the project. For the conceptual design the widely available mid-price range poly-crystal line modules were chosen in the analysis. With a module capacity of 220 Wp, a total of 22,728 modules will be employed to make up an aggregate capacity of 5000 kWp. The 22,728 individual Solar PV modules to be installed in the project work, on the photovoltaic

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principle. Spectrums of light excite electrons in the solar cell (usually silicon) creating DC electricity. Solar modules are one of the most reliable energy conversion systems in the world, which is why they are often used for remote applications as they are also very low maintenance. The modules will be manufactured to a high quality level and there will be no need for maintenance for many years. Cells have a life expectancy of at least 25 years. Warranties of between 5 or 10 years, performance guarantee at 85% of rated output after 25 years are testimony to the reliability of such cells. Due to the large size of the Kaptai plant, a central inverter concept is adopted. A typical inverter, widely available, was chosen in the analysis with 1000 kW AC nominal power. So five central inverters are required for the Kaptai site and it will be necessary to maintain a necessary stock of spare parts at site. In order to meet the voltage and current constraints of the inverters, the module string concepts are the following:

• 24 Modules are connected in series to make up a string and • 947 strings are connected to 5 inverters.

In this way, the electrical design is kept simple and modular. The nominal AC capacity of the plant is 5000 kWp. The arrangement of PV Solar infrastructure is indicated at site in Figure 2.7 below.

Figure 2.7 Proposed layout of PV solar panels

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2.5 Project Schedule From the start of the civil works to the completion of the works a timeframe of 4 to 6 months is expected. A typical schedule for the work is as follows:

• preparation of the terrain - leveling, access and internal roads - 2 to 6 weeks • civil works - opening of trenches for the cables, concrete slab for housing and

substation, if applicable concrete foundations for the mounting system - 4 to 10 weeks

• mechanical works - installation of the mounting system, followed by the modules - 2 to 4 months

• electrical works - laying of cables, installation of inverters. This can run parallel to mechanical works- 2 to 4 months

• High voltage works, and connection of low voltage and high voltage cables- 4 to 8 weeks

• Grid connection, commissioning, operation tests (done in parallel to construction and per 1,000 MW section) - completed in 2 to 4 weeks after finalization of construction

2.6 Category of Project Under Bangladesh regulations, the Department of the Environment is the reviewing agency for environmental reports and Kaptai requires an IEE to be approved. For ADB, the project was screened using the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and it requires an IEE. 3.0 Description of the Environment 3.1 Site Condition The site is on almost flat land becoming a little steeper to the south and is immediately below the main dam wall of the Kaptai dam. It is about 500 m to the south of the road which follows the dam wall and in the west it overlooks the old channel of the river below the dam. The project site is adjacent to an existing 11 kV power distribution line (approximately 2 km long) running east-west from an existing substation, the line supplies users to the east of the project site. Table 3.1 shows the salient features at the site.

Table 3.1 Salient features of solar PV site

Feature Details

Altitude 20 m above msl Longitude 92°13'36.89"East longitude

Latitude 22°29'31.69" North latitude

Max. Mean Temperature, oC 33

Min. Mean Temperature, oC 13

Relative Humidity, % 80, during rainy season

Annual rainfall, mm 2200- 3600

Avg. Annual Evaporation 500 mm

Wind Generally mild

Land availability, Ha 17.82 acre

Topography Hilly

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Feature Details

Soil Type Loams to clay

Nearest River Karnafuli runs east west direction from the dam

Nearest Highway Chittagong-Kaptai Nearest Village Chitmerong- 7 km away

Nearest Forest Kaptai National Park- 7 km away, Shitapahar Reserve Forest- 10 km away

Sensitive places Kaptai National Park is 7 km away of the site Source: Field Visit, October 2010

3.2 Physical Environment 3.2.1 Climate The project area has a sub-tropical monsoon climate. The monsoon proper lasts from June to September. The cool dry season lasts from November to February. Rainfall The rainy season extends from June through November and about 80% of the annual rainfall is concentrated in this season. The annual rainfall in the area is estimated at 2200 mm to 3600 mm. Temperature Maximum temperature of the area is 330 C in the month of July and the minimum is 130 C in the month of December. With clear skies in the dry season, there may be differences of 170 C between day and night temperature, but diurnal differences are much less during the rainy season. Humidity Although the humidity is 35-45% from November through March, it reaches 80% or even higher during the rainy season.

Wind Wind is generally considered to be mild except during strong thunderstorms and cyclones. The maximum wind velocity recorded is 96 km/h Cyclones Cyclones are a common phenomenon in the coastal areas. The cyclones are associated with storm surges, which penetrate deep inside the Karnafuli-Halda Basin. Air Quality The Department of Environment (Chittagong Division) does not have any record on regular air quality monitoring program for ambient condition or emission for the project area. During field surveys, no particular problem with air quality was noticed. The apparently good air quality is probably due to the fact that the area is rural and no big industrial installations are located near the project site that could serve as a major source of air pollutants. Figure 2.8 shows the existing land use within the project site.

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Figure 2.8 Photo of general land use for the site showing grass and tree cover

3.2.2 Water Resources The area upstream of the Kaptai dam is the watershed of the Karnafuli reservoir or Lake, which is artificially formed by the pounding of water by the dam on the Karnafuli River. The Lake is stretches in a north – south direction formed within Karnafuli valley between parallel hilly ridges. The reservoir covers an area of approximately 777 sq. km at a maximum water level of 33.23 m, MSL. Downstream of the Kaptai dam the land gradually flattens towards the west until it reaches the tidal flats of the Bay of Bengal. The main rivers in the area are the Karnafuli, Ichamati and Halda. The influence of the tide is observed as far upstream as the dam site.

Water Quality There is very little monitoring of the quality of water in the lake and BPDB has no water quality monitoring programme. After rainfall water flows from upstream carrying heavy silt and mud leading to turbidity. Water quality is sometimes affected by the rotting of water hyacinth and during dry season, fungus is formed in stagnant water changing the color and taste of water. Much detritus (bamboo pieces, tree branches, leaves etc) is derived from upstream. Engine boats, launches etc. using the lake spill oil/fuel in the water adding to pollution. The water is clean enough, however, for BPDB to use the water from the lake as its main source of water at the power site. 3.2.3 Geology and Soil

Geologically, the landmass of Bangladesh can be divided into three brand categories of physiographic regions (Miah, 1981). These are: (i) The Tertiary Hills, (ii) The Pleistocene Uplands, and (iii) The Recent Plains. The project area is in the Tertiary Hills region and falls in the Northern and Eastern Hills region according to Agro Ecological Regions of Bangladesh. The relief is complex; slopes are very steep and some low hills have flat summits. The major hill soils are yellow – brown to strong brown; they are permeable, friable, loamy and are low in moisture holding capacity. However,

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soil patterns generally are complex due to local differences in sand, silt and clay contents of the underlying sedimentary rocks and the amount of erosion that has occurred. Brown Hill Soil is the predominant general soil type of the immediate Kaptai area. 3.3 Biological Environment 3.3.1 Regional Setting The ecology of the project area within Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) is different from the other parts of the country because of its geophysical setting. The project site is located in a hilly terrain, which is composed of many small and medium hills, valleys, terraces and foothills. Plain land between hills and ranges are seldom seen. The hills in the CHT area are extensions of the Himalayan mountain systems, which runs almost north to south. The area of Rangamati district in which the project falls has an area of 6,116.13 sq km of which about 78% (4,824.63 sq km) is covered by tropical-evergreen mixed forest. Most of the forest is privately owned unclassified forest, but there are few reserved forest areas controlled by the district. Kaptai National Park is about 7 km and Shita pahar Reserve Forest is about 10 km away of the project area. 3.3.2 Flora The major flora of the surrounding site is grass, bushes, nursery and limited fruit bearing trees and plants and crops. In the eastern side of the site, there are various types of trees like teak, korai, jack fruit, jam, a nursery of tree and plants, banana plants, green vegetation with sun grass and bushes. 3.3.3 Fauna The development of Kaptai Lake has tremendously contributed to the development of fisheries in the area. When Kaptai project started about 58,300 ha of the lake area was under fish cultivation. At present the area has been reduced by about 5000 hectares because of siltation. The seasonal fluctuation of water level in the lake is about 10.06 m. Before commissioning of the project annual production of the fish was around 150 tons. Lake has created a natural spawning ground for carp species. The mammals like chika, rat, mouse, bezi, etc are common and badur, kathbirali are fairly common. Among terrestrial fauna reptiles Tiktiki and Anjan are common; Turtles are fairly common in ponds. Dora Shap and Daraisshap, Mete shap are also fairly common. Gokhra and Guishap are rare. Among amphibians Kuno bang and kotkoti bang are common. Gecho bang and Jhijhi bang are reasonably common. Sona bang and Pana bang are rare and threatened. Among birds Choroi, Babui, BhatShalik, Go Shalik, PatiKak, Doel, Bulbuli etc. are common. 3.4 Socioeconomic Environment The project area falls under Kaptai upazila of Rangamati District. The town has a population of approximately 100,000; male 57%, female 43%. Literacy rate among the town people is 25.5%. The household size in the town is 4.53 which do not show any significant difference from that of Rangamati district which is 4.8. A majority of the households depend on river, canal, and wells for their drinking water in the

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project area. More than 50% households are provided with Tap water in Kaptai. Only a small portion of the households in the project area have sanitary toilet facilities. More than 50% of the population in Kaptai upazila has electricity connection. The distribution of households by main source of household income in the Kaptai area is as follows: Agriculture 14.89%, agricultural labour 5.82%, wage labour 3.12%, commerce 7.62%, service 26.08%, forestry 2.4%, industry 26.24% and others 13.83%. Main crops are paddy, hilly potato, cotton, ginger, and vegetables. Main fruits are jackfruit, banana, pineapple, coconut and lemon. There is an Upazila Health Complex, Kaptai Project Hospital and one Christian missionary hospital about 5 km from the project site. 4.0 Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4.1 Impacts during construction phase Considering the nature of the construction works and the ecological insensitivity of the project site, construction activity will only create minor and manageable environmental disturbances such as noise from trucks and excavation equipment, which will small impacts on the nearby army barracks. No toxic and hazardous materials will be used in the construction apart from diesel oils for vehicles, which will be properly stored. The site will be properly fenced to keep people and animals from straying onto the site during construction and operations. Machinery employed during construction will be properly stored at a concrete platform and bundling containment provided. Machinery will be properly, maintained and fuelled at designated areas. The 2 km transmission route is in part parallel to a distribution network as it crosses the main dam which is a grassed area. The alignment also follows existing roads over company land and it is not anticipated that many trees will be affected. Installation of 11 kV transmission line is not expected to cause significant environmental impacts. 4.2 Impacts during operation phase Soil erosion and run off from site during rain events and from daily washing and cleaning of solar panels. It will be necessary to create proper drainage during construction and provide storm water basin for water retention at the south of the site to avoid surface water pollution. The PV poly-crystalline modules to be used in the project are emissions free once they are manufactured and have no emission impacts during operations. The only requirement during operation is daily maintenance to keep cell surfaces clean to maintain maximum performance. Vegetation will be removed and there will be the required cutting of some trees. A tree planting programme outside the project boundary will be undertaken generally around the site, but specifically:

• in the east for screening from the existing activities – an old warehouse and army

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barracks which are situated on the east and south side of the proposed location. • in the west for screening and slope protection adjoining the river Karnafuli.

Proper arrangements will be made for solid waste and sanitation facilities. 4.3 Decommissioning It is possible to landfill the type of PV module being used at Kaptai. But such modules also contain substances such as glass, aluminum and semiconductor materials that can be successfully recovered and reused, either in new photovoltaic modules or other products. Arrangements can be made with manufacturers to take back panels either at the end of the project or as they are replaced. 4.5 Social & Resettlement Impacts All the land for the project, including the transmission lines is owned by the Bangladesh Water Development Board, and free from any occupants or establishments. Development of the site for this project will have no impact on livelihoods or income of any households or people. No issues are triggered under ADB safeguard policy and no indigenous population will be impacted by the project at this site.

4.6 Positive Impacts The project will add 5 MW of power to the national grid system contributing to improved and more regular supply of power to the country as a whole. Project benefits also include savings from the non-use of alternative sources of conventional fossil fuels. There is a significant reduction in emissions (e.g. gases and particulate matter) over the project life and a resultant net positive impact. Table 4.1 indicates that, over 20 years, the project avoids the potential discharge of nearly 110,000 tons of CO2 to the atmosphere.

Table 4.1 Estimated Electricity Savings and CO2 Emissions Reduction

Emissions Factor (tons CO2/MWh)1

Net Annual Generation

(20 year average)

Total Generation

20 years

Annual emissions reductions

Total emissions reductions (20 years)

Operating Margin

Build Margin

Combined Margin

MWh

MWh Tons CO2 Tons CO2

0.7231 0.7502 0.7366 7,412.73 148,255 5,460 109,204

1CDM SSC-POA Efficient Lighting Initiative of Bangladesh There will also be benefits in terms of local employment for construction and during the operations phase when approximately 10 new staff will be needed for operation of the plant and for cleaning of the PV modules. 5.0 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan and Institutional Requirements Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) will employ an environmental engineer who will be responsible to the Manager, Karnafuli Hydropower plant for implementation of the measures

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in the EMP indicated in Table 5.1. The issues of health, safety and environment will be incorporated in the BPDB system which is in place for the existing hydropower operation. The construction contracts will incorporate requirements for the EPC contractors to be responsible for undertaking effective measures for environmental impact mitigation and the EPC contractor will have to commit to the EMP. Environmental performance of the EPC contractors will be monitored by the BPDB project manager.

Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Program

Environmental Aspect &

Potential Impact Remedial Measure

Means of Implementation

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

Construction stage

Removal of trees and vegetation and loss for site clearance work in the solar panel site and the transmission line route (if any)

Identified trees to be removed from the site before the commencement of construction with prior approval BPDB Tree planting programme around perimeter of site at completion of work.

Include conditions in contract. BPDB responsible for tree planting and landscaping at completion of construction work and for costs

Contractor‘s Environment Engineer Tree programme to be responsibility of BPDB

Bangladesh Power Development Board,

Noise to adjacent barracks, and other uses from land clearance and preparation & erection of solar panels using plant & machinery.

Noise levels to be kept within Bangladesh noise emission standards

Monitoring monthly during the construction period

Contractor‘s Environment Engineer

Bangladesh Power Development Board,

Occupational Health & Safety Issues Working with Machinery & cranes Working with electrical risks.

Develop Safety Plan Provide Safety Manual Use of Personal Protection Equipment

Supervision and Inspection on a daily basis during construction period according to the OHS Plan

EPC contractor Bangladesh Power Development Board

Safety at site from human and animal incursion.

Construct perimeter wall around site at the beginning of work to avoid people and domestic animals entering the site during construction and operations.

Part of construction contract

EPC contractor and later maintenance by BPDB

Bangladesh Power Development Board

Contamination of land and surface water from machinery activity and from use of oil and fuel

Machinery to be properly stored at a concrete platform and bundling containment provided. Machinery to be properly, maintained and fuelled at designated areas

Conditions included in construction contracts

EPC contractor and later maintenance by BPDB

Bangladesh Power Development Board

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Environmental Aspect &

Potential Impact Remedial Measure

Means of Implementation

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

Operational Stage

Runoff from land from rain events on cleared land and from washing of solar panels resulting in erosion & sedimentation in the river.

Create proper drainage during construction and provide storm water basin for water retention

Include in contracts EPC contractor during construction and BPDB in construction

Bangladesh Power Development Board Environmental Engineer

Glint and glare from solar panels

This is not expected to be an issue but will be monitored with a view changing panel orientation

Regular monitoring by the Environmental Engineer

BPDB to monitor and discuss with local leaders and village groups as required

BPDB

Occupational Health & Safety

Implement safety measures as per the OHS manual

Weekly monitoring BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

Sanitation arrangements for workers at site

Toilet facilities to be provided for approximately 10 operation and maintenance workers at site with septic tank facilities

Monitor septic tank arrangements

BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

Solid Waste Disposal

Any solid waste generated at site will be collected in defined areas. Any broken or deficient PV cells will be stored and arrangements made to recycle or send to appropriate landfill sites

Regular monitoring of waste disposal arrangements. Monitoring of PV cells during regular cleaning activity

BPDB environment engineer

BPDB

Decommissioning Phase

Removal of PV panels at the end of the project life

Ensure a plan is developed well in advance of plant decommissioning identifying recycling options and make necessary arrangements to recycle or dispose of panels in appropriate land fill sites

Monitor situation and make decommissioning plan for recycling through manufacturer or determine landfill options

BPDB environment engineer

BPDB

6.0 Grievance Redress Mechanism For Kaptai, the people impacted by the project will be its own employees who live and work inside the Company land at Kaptai Hydropower Plant (KHP). There is a presence of an army within the premises of KHP and have a barracks adjoining the project site. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established soon after project commencement.

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The first level and most accessible and immediate venue for the fastest resolve of grievances is the PMU, chiefly through the Project Manager of the BPDB, with assistance from the Environmental Engineer. A contact phone number for complaints will be posted in the project areas. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with affected persons and the PMU will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various issues. Corrective measures will be undertaken at the field-level itself within seven days. All grievances will be documented with full information of the person and issue. Should the grievance remain unresolved, the PMU's Project Manager, will activate the second level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to the local Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) of the Upazila, who will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the PMU and the affected persons. Affected persons also will have the right to submit grievance at this level if they are not satisfied with the ―first level‖ decision. A hearing will be called, if necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern/issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The local GRC will consist of the following persons: (i) Upazila Nirbahi Officer (GRC Chair); (ii) representative of the head of the Upazila; (iii) representative of the affected persons; (iv) official of the Department of Environment (DoE)‘s divisional office; and (v) Environmental Specialist of the PMU. The local GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign responsibilities for implementing its decisions. The GRC will record any grievances, categorize and prioritize them and provide solutions within a month; and will report to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and the decisions of the GRC. In the event that a grievance is not addressed, the aggrieved person can seek legal redress of the grievance in the appropriate Courts. 7.0 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 7.1 General BPDB has a system in place to ensure that local people have a say and a chance to raise issues of concern. There are two standing committees on which the company has representation. One is with local heads and concerned persons in the area and the other is with local villager representatives. Environment related issues are discussed in these meetings e.g. forest activities, recycling of water, siltation problems and navigation issues. These committees will be the forum at which any problems or grievances can be raised in regard to the Kaptai project. 7.2 Consultation Meeting A consultation meeting was held on 22/01/2011 with local government representatives, local elite, businessmen, farmers and local workers. Major issues discussed were as follows:

• Problems faced by present electricity supply system • Prospects of establishment and operations of solar system • Affordability for supporting solar electricity • Merits and demerits of solar system

7.2.1 Summary of consultation The community people were fully in favor of establishment of this solar plant and they are ready

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support its implementation in all respect. The people recognized that solar will be an environmentally friendly source of power and they saw the following benefits of additional and reliable power supply to:

• support the 35% of local households and business enterprises which are not supplied with power at present

• support the establishment and operation of new industrial and commercial enterprises

• contribute in generation of local based employment and income opportunities • develop market network and improve access to markets • improve access to health services • improve access to education and skilled development training

The people also said that they were ready and willing to pay the additional charges for electricity consumption for commercial and industrial use. 8.0 Findings and Recommendation and Conclusions The project site has been vacant land since the construction of the main Kaptai dam in 1962. There is no loss of livelihood or resettlement problems arising from the implementation of the project. The site is not located in a sensitive ecosystem, and has no historical and cultural value. The site is in a hollow, on low lying land immediately behind the main hydropower dam wall. The nature of the project site coupled with the clean nature of solar power generation means that the project will not cause any significant lasting environmental and social impacts during construction, operation and decommissioning. Only minor and transient environmental disturbances will be experienced at the project site and the transmission line route during construction and operation, and they will be minimized through implementation of the EMP attached to this IEE. It is recommended that this IEE is adequate to justify the environmental and social feasibility of the Project. There is no need for further analysis and the environmental assessment of the Project is considered complete. BPDB is committed to its environmental and social responsibility and discharges this responsibility in adherence to principles of good corporate governance. In its daily business operations, BPDB will meet its environmental and occupational health commitments, and is committed to the EMP measures. The Company will employ and environment manager to oversee the project construction and implementation.

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II. Hatiya Solar PV-Wind-Diesel Hybrid System 1.0 Introduction Bangladesh‘s Renewable Energy Policy issued in 2008 aims to increase the share of renewable energy generated to 5% of total power generation by 2015 and to 10% by 2020. Among renewable energies, solar, biomass and wind are the most abundant resources that can play an important role in meeting these targets. At present, grid-connected and off-grid renewable energy projects play an equally important role in meeting sustainable energy supply demand in Bangladesh. The Hatiya Solar PV-Wind-Diesel Hybrid System project incorporates renewable energies and will reinforce the isolated grid network on the island of Hatiya. The proposed project integrates a 1 MW solar PV and a 1 MW wind power project with the existing oil-based power generation already in operation on the island. The project aims to show the technical feasibility of island grid connected solar PV and wind power systems. It is also intended to serve as a case study which can be used as a capacity building tool to encourage the development of further hybrid power systems in Bangladesh. The Hatiya Solar PV-Wind-Diesel Hybrid System is also one of the priority subprojects within the ADB TA ‗Preparing the Power System Efficiency Improvement Project in Bangladesh‖. The BPDB of the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources will be the owner of the project and thus, the project proponent. This IEE has been prepared as part of the ADB TA referred to above. The IEE is designed to comply with the ADB‘s Safeguard Policy (2009) and the ADB‘s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). Site visits were made to Hatiya and meetings were convened with local government representatives, businessmen, fishermen, farmers and workers. 2.0 Description of the Project 2.1 Background Bangladesh Power Development Board currently generates power though various thermal power stations and the Karnafuli 230 MW capacity hydropower project serving the Chittagong area. Countrywide, BPDB is now eager to diversify into other sources of power generation and is at present, looking at grid-connected solar PV projects and at wind power projects. Projects under consideration include the 4 MW Rajshahi-1 Solar PV project, the 1 MW Rajshahi-2 Solar PV project, the 4 MW Sarishabari Solar PV project, the 5 MW Kaptai Solar project and a 100 MW Wind Power Park at Anwara. BPDB also wants to investigate the opportunity to develop off grid systems for remote areas such as the Hatiya Island location and would 2.2 Site Selection and Location There are number of coastal locations in the Bay of Bengal which are in need of power and also experience both high levels of irradiation (see Figure 2.1) and regular wind regimes which might be exploited for wind power. Such islands have no access to the Bangladesh power grid system and must be supplied using expensive diesel generation. Hatiya is one such location where diesel power is in use. A diesel power plant on the island generates 280 kW. It falls within the coastal belt area of high solar irradiation.

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Figure 2.1 indicates the location of Hatiya in relation to the relative intensity of solar radiation in Bangladesh and Hatiya Island still experiences between 4 and 4.5 kWh/m2/day in the winter month of December. As regards the availability of wind energy, there is no specific data for Hatiya, but preliminary wind measurement surveys and studies sponsored by international agencies, like GTZ and ODA have indicated the potent of setting up wind turbines in the coastal belts and the offshore islands. The critical months with lower wind velocities, as analyzed through these studies, are the winter months (November - February). Good wind speeds (4m to 7m/s) are available during the summer and especially during the monsoons, when the solar energy insolation generally remains low.

Figure 2.1 Global Horizontal Solar Irradiation Map Site visits were undertaken to determine a suitable site for the different elements of a hybrid system at Hatiya. Hatiya Island is situated at the mouth of Meghna River in the northern Bay of Bengal. The proposed site (see Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3) was identified initially by the resident engineer of BPDB based on load demand proximity, land availability and willingness of land owners to sell their land for power plant site development and possible resettlement issues. The existing power station was visited in collaboration with the BPDB engineer on the island

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and the surrounding land was examined from the point of view of technical, environmental and social issues and any possible resettlement requirements.

Figure 2.2 Map showing the sites in relation to Hatiya Island

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Figure 2.3 Hatiya proposed solar PV and wind farm The solar PV project site is proposed at a location at the central part of the island at N22°16.147' and E91°08.377' (see Figure 2.4). The site has an elevation of more than 13 meters above mean sea level. The site is close to a village which is 8 kilometers south of Hatiya town, which is in turn the load centre for the project. 3.5 hectares of land needs to be acquired from private landowners at the proposed location. Discussions with landowners indicate that they are willing to sell their land for power plant development. The site is flat and no major preparations are needed. Currently, the land is cultivated with rice during autumn and legumes during winter, as is the usual agricultural pattern in Hatiya (see photograph at Figure 4.1). The soil type is alluvial which is compacted during dry season. The site is at the intersection of the main road on Hatiya with a feeder road linking to the east of the island. In front of the site are the Banglalink telecommunications tower and an existing 11 kV power line of BPDB. Power will be evacuated through this medium voltage line. The existing island supply grid network will be rehabilitated and/or upgraded to accommodate the increase in the generating capacity.

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Figure 2.4 Site for proposed Solar Plant The wind power site is proposed at a location four kilometers east of the proposed solar PV site (see Figure 2.3). It is immediately to the west of the greenbelt area on the eastern side of the island). The proposed wind power site is also cultivated with rice. A 4 kilometer 11 kV line will be required to connect the wind power site to the solar PV site. Figure 2.5 shows the location of the four wind turbines.

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Figure 2.5 Site for proposed 1 MW wind power site 2.3 Electricity Demand The island has a population estimated to be more than 450,000 with around 80,000 households. At present, an isolated grid network exists; it providing electricity to less than 4.0 percent of the population for just 4 hours each day. Many customers have been disconnected because of the completely inadequate supply network. Table 2.1 shows the existing information regarding the existing system and shows the existing consumers, consumer demand and the details of the distribution system.

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Table 2.1 Hatiya Electricity Supply

Table 2.2 Connections and Potential Electricity Connections

According to survey of existing and potential users undertaken as part of the feasibility study, (see Table 2.2 above) more than 3000 consumers were identified. The estimated demand of those in the existing grid catchment is around 1.5 MW while the operating diesel generation capacity is only 280 kW. 2.4 Proposed System Configuration The feasibility study takes into account the total demand from consumers currently covered (both connected and disconnected). The hybrid option chosen for the project consists of diesel generation set, solar PV array, wind turbine generators, battery banks and inverters. The capacities of solar PV and wind turbine generators were predetermined to be 1,000 kW each. The optimization model determines the capacity of diesel generator required in meeting

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the total electricity demand. The optimization results show that the least-cost option for the project is the combination of the following:

• 1000 kW solar PV (DC generation) using 220 Wp solar PV panels, with a total of 4,546 modules

• 1000 kW wind turbine generator (AC generation) using 250 kW wind turbine generators - 4 units

• 5500 kW diesel generation (AC generation) 2.5 Scope and Layout 2.5.1 Solar PV The shape of the PV plant layout (see Figure 2.6) is designed to best suite the shape of land available for development and the following design is proposed:

• Definition of the tilt to be optimized using a design program and was set at 15°. • The edge to edge distance between single rows is proposed to be 3m. • There will be a safety distance of 5m from the proposed access road and the plant

and PV modules themselves will be located 5 m from the plant perimeter fence. • A cross-section of the sheds is shown below. The modules are located in one row

per shed and placed in upright position. They are then clamped onto a mounting structure which can be manufactured locally.

Figure 2.6 Module Orientation and Shed Parameters For the solar PV modules, crystalline silicon technology will be used. Thin film technologies will not be used for the PV modules in the project. For the conceptual design the widely available mid-price range poly-crystalline modules were chosen in the analysis. With a module capacity of 220 Wp, a total of 4,546 modules are required.

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The 4,546 individual Solar PV modules to be installed in the project work, on the photovoltaic principle. Spectrums of light excite electrons in the solar cell (usually silicon) creating DC electricity. Solar modules are one of the most reliable energy conversion systems in the world, which is why they are often used for remote applications as they are also very low maintenance. The modules will be manufactured to a high quality level and there will be no need for maintenance for many years. Cells have a life expectancy of at least 25 years. Warranties of between 5 or 10 years, performance guarantee at 85% of rated output after 25 years are testimony to the reliability of such cells. 2.5.2 Wind Power The wind power site consists of 4 wind turbines which will be assembled in a row along the existing road (see Figure 2.5). 2.5.3 Diesel Generator Set The configuration of 1 MW solar-1 MW wind and 5.5 MW diesel generator is the best available technology that could meet the power demand of Hatiya (about 450,000 people) given its location. The existing power capacity of 280 kW is only supplying about 4% of the households for a maximum of 14 hrs per day. The estimated energy peak demand is 4 MW. The bid documents will include that guaranteed emissions will meet the limits set for by ECR 1997 of DoE and relevant government regulations. 2.6 Project Schedule Construction of the project is planned to take place over approximately 26 months. The time schedule for the various elements is as below:

• Renovation and Rehabilitation of Local Grid 3 months • Diesel Generator Installation 10 months • Solar PV Installation 18 months • Wind Turbine Installation 5 months

Diesel Generator Installation consists of the following elements:

• Construction of Buildings, Water Supply and Drainage 6 months • Installation of Generating Unit 2 months • Electrical Wiring, Safety Equip., Control Panel, Breakers 3 months • Testing and Commissioning 1 month

Some of the above diesel installation work above will take place in parallel and will require 10 months in all to complete. The Solar PV Installation requires the following:

• Site Preparation, Foundation Works and Fencing 2 months • Construction of Mounting Structures 3 months • Construction of Inspection Roads and Drainage 2.5 months • Construction of Buildings 2.5 months • Installation of PV modules 3 months • DC Cabling and Control Systems 2 months • Inverter Installation 2.5 months • PV Plant AC Cabling and Grid Connection 2 months

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• Final Testing and Commissioning 2 months The work will require 18 months and the solar part of the project will be in operation before any work can begin on the wind turbine installation. For the wind turbine Installation work can start for 20 months into the project as there will be a requirement for setting up the necessary wind measurement preparation and for at least 12 months wind analysis data before design of the turbines can take place. Once the turbines have been designed physical work consisting of the following can begin and construction will take 5 months:

• Civil Works and Electrical Works 2 months • Construction of Foundation and Drying 1 month • Wind Turbine Generator Construction Assembly (WTG) 1 month • WTG Testing and Commissioning 1 month

2.7 Category of Project Under Bangladesh regulations the Department of the Environment is the reviewing agency for environmental reports and Hatiya requires an IEE approval. For ADB, the project was screened using the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and requires an IEE. 3.0 Description of the Environment 3.1 Site Condition The proposed solar PV site is situated in a village called Rehani under Surza Mukhi Mouza of Burirchar Union of 8 kilometers south of Hatiya centre and relatively close to the load centre. In front of the site is the Banglalink telecommunications tower and a 11 kV line of BPDB. Four kilometers east of the site could be developed for wind power (before the greenbelt of the eastern side of the island. The site is flat and no major preparations are needed. The soil type is alluvial and compacted during dry season. The site is at the intersection of the main road of Hatiya and feeder road to the east of the island. Currently, the land is cultivated with rice during autumn and legumes during winter, as in most cases in Hatiya. Table 3.1 shows the salient features at the site.

Table 3.1 Salient features of solar PV – wind hybrid site

FEATURE DETAILS Altitude 13 m above msl Longitude 91°08.377'East longitude Latitude 22°16.147' North latitude Max. Mean Temperature, 0C 33 Min. Mean Temperature, 0C 14 Relative Humidity, % 90, during rainy season Annual rainfall, mm 4005 Wind Wind direction is generally south/southeast Land availability, Ha 5 hector Topography Flat

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FEATURE DETAILS Soil Type Alluvial and compacted during dry season Nearest River Meghna coast, about 8 km away from the site Nearest Highway Hatiya- Jhahajmara Nearest Village Rehani- 8 km away from south of Hatiya

Centre Nearest Forest No Sensitive places

The nearest protected area (Nijum Dwip) is about 50 km away from the plant site

Source: Field Visit, January 2011 The site condition can be visualized from the photographs shown below:

Photograph 1 East site of the proposed Solar PV plant Photograph 2 Southeast site of the proposed Solar PV plant

3.2 Physical Environment 3.2.1 Climate The project area experiences the sub-tropical monsoon climate typical of Bangladesh. The SW monsoon dominates the rainy/summer season and NE monsoon the dry/winter season. There are four major seasons in the project area relative to the annual hydrological cycle that reflects the seasonal distribution of annual rainfall. There is about 2,320 mm rainfall during the five-month rainy season from May to September. The post-monsoon, October to November (Fall/Autumn), is warm and humid with unstable atmospheric conditions that induce local thunderstorm and cyclones from the Bay of Bengal. The cool dry season, December-March (winter), is sunny with infrequent rainfall that seldom exceeds five per cent of the total annual rainfall. The pre-monsoon season, April-May (spring), is hot and is characterized by thunderstorms called Nor'westers, with heavy local rainfall and hail. Severe cyclones may affect these islands during the pre- and post-monsoon transitional periods. The nearest meteorological station located at Hatiya, is about 10 km distance from the nearest boundary of the project area. The data on surface meteorological parameters like wind speed, wind direction, temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, etc. were procured from this station for the year 2008 period to understand the meteorology of the project area. The summary of the meteorological information for Hatiya station is given in Table 3.2.

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Table 3.2 Meteorological data for Hatiya, 2009

Month Avg. Temp. oC

Relative Humidity %

Rainfall total (mm)

Mean Wind Speed (knot)

Prevailing Wind Direction Max. Min.

January 24.6 14.1 80 0 3.4 North (N) February 27.8 15.4 72 0 4.0 North (N) March 30.8 21.6 77 7 8.0 South (S) April 30.4 23.7 83 207 7.6 South (S) May 32.9 25.6 81 150 5.7 South (S) June 30.9 25.1 88 828 4.7 South (S) July 30.0 25.4 90 839 5.7 South (S) August 29.8 25.3 88 515 5.2 South (S) September 30.5 24.9 86 1039 5.8 South-east (SE) October 31.1 23.4 82 429 10.0 South-south- east

(SSE) November 29.3 17.7 80 0 5.5 North-north-west

(NNW) December 27.3 15.4 78 0 4.6 North Annual 29.6 21.5 82 4005 Source: BMD, March 2009 Cyclones Due to the funnel shaped coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh very often becomes the landing ground of cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal. Approximately 45 damaging cyclones were reported in the coastal area of Bangladesh from 1793 through May 1997. Thus cyclone frequency during this period averaged about once in every 4.5 years. These cyclones cause enormous damage to the nation's lands, crops, infrastructure and lives of coastal people. However, some examples of the most destructive tropical cyclones are presented in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Chronology of Major Cyclones and Storm Surges that occurred Primarily in Noakhali Coast

Year Month and

Date Affected Area Nature Of Phenomena

Approximate Damage

1876 October 31 Noakhali, Hatiya, Patuakhali, Chittagong

Severe storm surges Surge height 14m

400,000 lives and enormous property lost

1960 October 10-11 Noakhali, Hatiya, Char Jabbar

Cyclonic storm Max. speed 129 km/hr Surge height 3m

6,000 people killed

1963 May 28-29 Noakhali, Chittagong, Cox‘s Bazar

Cyclonic storm Max. speed 201 km/hr Surge height 6m

11,520 people killed

1965 May 11-12 Noakhali, Kutubdia Island, Barisal, Chittagong

Cyclonic storm Max. speed 161 km/hr Surge height 4m

19,270 lives lost

1985 May 24-25 Noakhali, Hatiya, Char Jabbar, Sandwip, Cox‘s Bazar, Chittagong

Cyclonic storm Max. speed 154 km/hr Surge height 4m

11,069 lives lost 135,033 livestock lost

1991 April 29 Noakhali, Patuakhali, Cyclonic storm 150,000 people and

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Year Month and Date Affected Area Nature Of

Phenomena Approximate

Damage Barisal, Chittagong, Cox‘s Bazar, Kutubdia Island

Max. speed 193 km/hr Surge height 6m

innumerable animals killed

Source: District Water Resource Assessment, May 2006

Air Quality The Department of Environment (Chittagong Division) does not have any record on regular air quality monitoring program for ambient condition or emission for the Project area. During field survey, no particular problem with air quality could be noticed. The apparently good air quality is probably due to the fact that there are no big industrial installations or brick fields near the project area that could serve as a major source of air pollutants (see photographs). The existing power supply is provided by a 280 kW diesel generator which operates for only four hours daily. 3.2.2 Water Resources Hatiya Island is exposed to the sea and Meghna estuary is about 8 km away from the site. Tidal behavior varies along the coast in terms of magnitude but not of pattern. The variation in such a short coastline might be attributed to the shallowness of the Bay and varying topography of coastal waters. The tidal range at the Noakhali coast is strong, ranging from 0.48 m at neap tide to 3.79 m at spring tide (Table 3.4).

Table 3.4 Monthly extreme tidal level at Meghna River near Noakhali Coast in 2007

Month Highest (m) Lowest (m) January 2.12 0.60 February 2.10 0.51 March 2.41 0.48 April 2.54 0.76 May 2.97 1.17 June 3.41 1.74 July 3.78 2.16 August 3.79 2.17 September 3.46 1.75 October 2.91 1.47 November 2.50 0.89 December 2.18 0.69

Source: Bangladesh Tide Tables, 2007)

Water Quality Water quality in the coastal environment of the Bay of Bengal is affected by pollution originating from land-based sources including industry and agricultural discharges directly into the Bay. Industrial pollution from land-based sources is known to occur but monitoring data have not been identified. Marine oil tankers operations including shipping vessels activities are also a source of pollution. Scrapping of vessels on the beaches north of Chittagong is the source of many types of air, water and ground pollution. Ground water samples were collected from the tube wells of CDSP Bazar and Jahajmara Bazar of Jahajmara union (Figure 3.1)), which are about 2 km and 4 km distance, respectively from the nearest boundary of the project area. Water of these tube wells has been used mainly for drinking purpose. The ground water depths were 860 feet in CDSP Bazar and 1150 feet in

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Jahajmara Bazar (Table 3.5). Iron concentration ranges between 3.68 and 4.78 mg/l, levels that are not hazardous for human health, which was also confirmed by the local community. They also mentioned that there was no problem of iron-related-spot in the cloth, household materials and others till now. Chloride concentration varies 7.09 to 10.64, which is also favorable for drinking water quality. The arsenic concentration is much lower than the WHO standard (0.05 mg/l) in drinking water and the team found no case evidence of arsenic poisoning among the local community.

Table 3.5 Groundwater quality of tube well near the Project area

Station Location Tube Well depth (feet)

Ground water quality (mg/L) Fe Cl- As

GW1 CDSP Bazar (GW1) 860 4.78 7.09 0.009 GW2 Jahajmara Bazar 1150 3.68 10.64 0.010

Source: EIA Report for offshore drilling over Hatiya Prospect, Cairn Energy Sangu Field Ltd., October 2007

3.2.3 Geology and Soil Geomorphologically, the proposed area falls under the Meghna Deltaic Plain. The Meghna Deltaic Plain lies between the Tetulia and Sandwip Channels at the head of the Bay of Bengal. It represents the present-day active deltaic region that draws nearly the entire water/sediment influx of the GBM river system. The major soils are grey to olive, deep, calcareous silt loam and silty clay loams and are stratified either throughout or at shallow depth. Calcareous Alluvium and Non calcareous Grey Floodplain soils are the dominant general soil types. Top soils and sub soils of the area are mildly alkaline. General fertility is medium but low in Nitrogen and organic matter.

3.3 Biological Environment

3.3.1 Fisheries The Hatiya Island is located at the downstream of the Meghna estuary and subjected to massive erosion in the north-eastern side. The geographical and physical setting of Hatiya Island provides a unique ecological characteristic that supports the abundance of different aquatic organisms. The Hatiya coast is free from industrial or other pollutants; thus it has become an ideal feeding, breeding, nursing and spawning ground for many aquatic organisms, including some commercially important fisheries. Table 3.6 presents the available fish species in Hatiya coast.

Table 3.6 Fish species around Hatiya Island of the Bay of Bengal

Fish Species Composition Local Name English Name Scientific Name Pitambari Skate (Guitar fid) Rhynchobatus diidinensis

Ilish (jatka) Shad (river shad) Hilsa Ilisha

Loittya Bombay duck Harpodon nehereus

Gongra Cat fish Tachysuus Thalassinus

Kamila Eel Muraenesox Talabonoides

Koral Sea Bass Lates Calcarifer

Kauwa Hard Tail Megalaspis Cordyla

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Fish Species Composition Local Name English Name Scientific Name Ranga choukya Red snapper Lutianus Johnii

Samudra koi Triple tail Lobotes surinamensis

Sadha Datina White Grunter Pomadasys hasta

Guti poa Jew fish otolithes maculates

Rupa poa Silver jew fish Otolithes argenteus

Bole koral Grouper Epineplelus Lanceotatus

Hundra Lady fish Sillago domina

Guti poa Jew fish otolithes maculates

Lambu poa Long Jew fish Otolithes brunneus

Kala datina Black Jew fish Johnius diacanthus

Lal poa Silver Jew fish Johnius argentatus

Chhuri Ribbon fish Trichiurus haumela

Nailla Spral Dussumieria acuta

Koiputi Gizzard Shad Anodontostoma Chacunda

Acfhila Lizard Fish Anodontostoma tumbil

Bata Mullets Mugil spp.

Barguni Therapon perch Therapon spp

Riksha Long thread Tassel fish Polynemus paradiseus

Taka chanda Silvar belly Leiognathidae spp

Kukur jib Tongue sole Cynoglossus spp

Potka Blow fish Lagocephagus spp

Chiring Gobiod Boleophthalmus boddacnti

Pangas Pangas Pangasius pangasius

Loilla icha Small prawn Metapenaeus bruicornis

Kurkuirra icha Small prawn Metapenaeus affinis

Lalche icha Small prawn Penaeus japonicas

Godda icha Small prawn Parapenaeopsis

Chamma icha Small prawn Solenocera crassicornis

Loitta icha Small prawn Metapenaeus mirabile

Gura icha Small prawn Exopalaemon styliferus

Guda chingri Small prawn Alphus euphrosyne Source: EIA Report for offshore drilling over Hatiya Prospect, Cairn Energy Sangu Field Ltd.

About 30% people of the Hatiya Island directly or indirectly earns mainly from the Open Water Capture Fisheries. The Closed Water Culture Fisheries is not significant in the study area. The capture fisheries is dominated by the rich and influential persons since the business needs a high capital investment for hiring fishermen, mechanized boats, nets etc. In addition to their daily activities as full-time, part-time and subsistence fishermen, some of the communities engage daily laborers to help catch fish in the large mechanized boats. Most of the fishermen live on other‘s land or government Khash lands. In general, their economic condition is poor. In south of Hatiya Island, fishermen go about 50-100 nautical miles out into the Bay of Bengal for fishing but in north, north-east and west side they use only the zone 2-5 km from the island for fishing.

3.3.2 Flora The Project area is within the Meghna floodplain, dominated by freshwater environment, inhabited by freshwater plants and animal species and that of the Meghna Estuary floodplain,

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influenced by saline to brackish water environment and inhabited mostly by salt tolerant species. The floristic composition of the district is characterized by the luxurious growth of different species of Supari, Taal, khejur, Narkel are to be seen in the Pourashava. Planted tree species like Segun, Babla, (Mehogoni, Raintree, Arjun etc. can also be seen along the roadside. Among terrestrial herbal/medicinal flora includes Shajon, Latkon, Nageshor etc. Some aquatic plant species are distributed in the wetlands and marshy lands area. Shapla (water Lily),Kalmi lata, Halencha, Kochuripana, Shola etc.

3.3.3 Fauna Among terrestrial fauna mammals Bege, Indur, Chika, Katbiral etc. are common; Shial, Bagdasha are uncommon. Among terrestrial fauna reptiles Tiktiki, Kalo gui, Gokhra sap, Kasim, Dora sap, etc. are common. Among terrestrial fauna amphibian Sona bang and Kuno bang are common; Among terrestrial fauna birds, Doyel, Moyna, Tia, Bulbul, Tuntune, Charai, Sada bok, bali hans. etc. are common; Sojaru, Ban Biral, Khaksial, etc. are rare. There is no marine turtle breeding ground in Hatiya Island as reported by the local community. There is no indication of any vulnerable, threatened or endangered wildlife on or in the vicinity of the Pourashava area. 3.4. Socioeconomic Environment Hatiya Island is an Upazila under the Noakhali District. It is comprised of 11 Unions of which the nearest human settlement from the proposed project area is Burirchar Union (see Figure 2.7). For conducting a meaningful socio-economic impact study of the proposed activities of the PV-Wind-Diesel Hybrid project, Burirchar union was taken as reference zone for collecting relevant baseline information on socio-economic profile. Area Total area of Burirchar union is 77.63 sq. kilometer (Personal communication): Hatiya Upazila Health Officer, July 2005; Satellite Image Mosaic 2001 Landsat TM, EGIS).

Demography The Population is 76, 469 having a households (HHs) number of 13,520: The average HH size is with 5.66 persons. The male to female ratio is 1.04. There are around 30 floating households in this area. Resources There is a good opportunity of open fishing from surrounding Shahabazpur River, Burir Chara khal and Bay of Bengal. The larger part of the land is habitable and arable and residual is sandy and mudflat. Agriculture –All Kharif and Rabi (seasonal) crops including HYV Paddy, Pulse, Mustard Seed, Groundnut, Wheat, Green Chili, Sweet Potato, Onion, Garlic, vegetables etc. are produced.

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Fishery -Total Ponds: 200, Marine Fishing HH: 853, Marine Fishing Population: 5204, Marine Fisherman HH with Boat: 10, Fisheries Labourer‘ HH: 15. Huge amount of Fish catches from adjacent rivers, local ponds, canal, khals and Bay of Bengal. No prevention of migratory species of fish into any seasonally flooded interior areas of Mainland. Forest: Mangrove plantation covers around 2000 ha (southeast). Fruit and timber trees are present in almost all homesteads.

Figure 2.7 Location of Burirchar Union

Occupation Major sources of income come from crop production/sharecropping, followed by fishing, agricultural daily labour, business and employment. But, main source of income for poor vulnerable household is rickshaw / van pulling and informal employment (daily wage labour) at urban centre. Education Literacy Rate (Average): 17.0% School - 14; College -1 Other Infrastructures Godown (No):1 Market Centre (No): 6; Road-cum- Embankment: 25 (km) Mill/ Factory: 5; Family Planning Centre (No):1 Post Office: 1 Boat Ghat: 2 Launch Ghat: 1 Comm. Bank: 1 Drinking Water & Sanitation Access to Sanitary Latrine: 317 HHs; TWs: 3234 HHs NGO 2 (ASA and DUS). Other Information It has internal road communication by baby-Taxi, van and rickshaw. Sea truck and launch services are there. Country boat and trawlers are also the sources of

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communications. Sources: (i) Personal communication: Hatiya Upazila Health Officer, July 2005, (ii) Satellite Image Mosaic 1999-2001 Landsat TM, EGIS, (iii) LGED Base Map- Thana Hatiya, UNDP/ILO Project BGD/ 89/ 041.1993, (iv) Bangladesh Population Census, 1991, Zila- Noakhali, BBS, Published October 1993, (v) Name of Islands with District & Thana for MES Project Area, 1997, (vi) Household Agri. Survey, MES, March, 1997, and (vii) List of Marine Fishing Village in Patuakhali, DoF, 1998

4.0 Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4.1 Impacts during Construction Phase The construction work will consist of site preparation and the assembly of solar panels and EWG for the four units at the wind farm. Additional construction works will be required for the 4 km transmission line to connect the solar and wind component of the project. Considering the nature of the construction works, construction activity will only create minor and manageable environmental disturbances such as noise from trucks and excavation equipment, which will have small impacts on farm workers and adjacent residential areas. No toxic and hazardous materials will be used in the construction apart from diesel oils for vehicles, which will be properly stored. Both the new solar and wind sites will be properly fenced prior to the commencement of any work activity to keep people and animals from straying onto the site during construction and operations. Machinery employed during construction will be properly stored at a concrete platforms and bunding containment provided. Machinery will be properly, maintained and fuelled at designated areas including the diesel generator site to be upgraded in the BPDC site in Hatiya town. The present agricultural land required for development of the project will be compacted and some trees will need to be removed. The existing 11kV transmission route will be used to upload power to Hatiya town. A 4 km power line is required to connect the solar and wind components of the project and will follow the existing road alignment and the existing right of way (see Photograph 4.1). Any loss of trees and any loss of private land required for power poles or site development will be compensated for as per the measures in the Hatiya Resettlement Plan. The project costs will accommodate and include the renovations of the existing grid and rehabilitation work needed to accommodate the increased capacity resulting from the project. The project also includes the installation of a new generator with associated equipment including safety equipment. Given the scale and capacity of the transmission line, the rehabilitation works are not expected to cause significant environmental impacts but may cause minor disturbance of short duration during construction. 4.2 Impacts during Operation Phase To ensure that the emissions from the new diesel generator will meet the environmental requirements of DoE, the bid documents will include that guaranteed emissions will meet the limits set for by ECR 1997 of DoE and relevant government regulations. Ambient air quality and emissions monitoring will conducted to determine if emission limits are guaranteed. Consumption rate of fuel will be part of the environmental monitoring to ensure the efficiency of the generator. Soil erosion and run off will occur at the sites during rain events and, at the solar PV site from

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daily washing and cleaning of solar panels. It will be necessary to create proper drainage during construction and provide storm water basins for water collection and sediment retention at sites to avoid surface water pollution. The PV poly-crystalline modules to be used in the project are emissions free once they are manufactured and have no emission impacts during operations. The only requirement during construction is daily maintenance to keep cell surfaces clean to maintain maximum performance. Proper arrangements will be made for solid waste and sanitation facilities. Vegetation will be removed and there will be the required cutting of some trees. A tree planting programme outside the project boundary will be undertaken generally around the site, but specifically:

• in the east for screening from the existing activities – an old warehouse and army barracks which are situated on the east and south side of the proposed location.

• in the west for screening and slope protection adjoining the river Kanafuli. 4.3 Decommissioning It is possible to landfill the type of PV module being used at Kaptai. But such modules also contain substances such as glass, aluminum and semiconductor materials that can be successfully recovered and reused, either in new photovoltaic modules or other products. Arrangements can be made with manufacturers to take back panels either at the end of the project or as they are replaced. 4.4 Social and Resettlement Impacts The land for the project is all privately owned farm land. 18 Households or 107 people will be affected with loss of 35,086 m2 of land. One of the mentioned household will lose 10% of their land, while seventeen of the eighteen households identified will lose less than 10% of their land. The land is all cropped land so there will be loss of crops and permanent loss of a small amount of land for the affected land owners. See photographs of land for the PV solar plant in Section 3.1 (Site Condition) of this report. 4.5 Positive Impacts The project will bring reliable supply to Hatiya Island and provide a regular source of power. The present service runs for only 4 hours. Business, education services and all forms of services will benefit. Project benefit also includes savings in the absence of the use of alternative sources of conventional fossil fuels. There will be reduction in emissions from reduction in the use of diesel fuel. Households currently meeting their lighting needs with kerosene, will switch over to electricity, which will also contribute to air quality improvements and reduce fire-hazards. Estimated CO2 emission reduction is about 1,900 tons per year for the power generated by the solar PV-wind hybrid system equivalent to 3,040 MWh. There will also be benefits in terms of local employment for construction and during the operations phase when approximately 25-30 new staff will be needed for operation of the plant and for cleaning of the PV modules.

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5.0 Institutional Requirements and Environmental Monitoring Plan BPDB currently operates the existing small diesel power plant with as small staff. BPDB will set up a separate management structure to run the new system with three engineers and four support staff. Environmental environment training will be provided to The construction contracts will incorporate requirements for the EPC contractors to be responsible for undertaking effective measures for environmental impact mitigation and the EPC contractor will have to commit to the EMP (see Table 5.1). Environmental performance of the EPC contractors will be monitored by the BPDB senior engineer.

Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Program

Environmental Aspect &

Potential Impact Remedial Measure

Means of Implementation

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

Construction stage

Removal of trees and vegetation at the solar and wind power sites including the 4-km transmission line route (if any). Loss of agricultural land.

Identified trees to be removed from the site before the commencement of construction with prior approval BPDB Compensate for loss of crops and permanent loss of land trees and livelihoods according to the Resettlement plan

Include conditions in contract. BPDB responsible for tree planting and landscaping at completion of construction work and for costs of this

Contractor‘s Environment Engineer Tree programme to be responsibility of BPDB

Bangladesh Power Development Board,

Noise to adjacent residential and farming activity during & erection of solar panels and wind using plant & machinery.

Noise levels to be kept within Bangladesh noise emission standards

Monitoring monthly during the construction period

Contractor‘s Environment Engineer

Bangladesh Power Development Board,

Occupational Health & Safety Issues Working with Machinery & cranes Working with electrical risks.

Develop Safety Plan Provide Safety Manual Use of Personal Protection Equipment

Supervision and Inspection on a daily basis during construction period according to the OHS Plan

EPC contractor Bangladesh Power Development Board

Safety at site from human and animal incursion.

Construct perimeter fence around sites at the beginning of work to avoid people and domestic animals entering the site during construction and operations.

Part of construction contract

EPC contractor and later maintenance by BPDB

Bangladesh Power Development Board

Contamination of land and surface water from

Machinery to be properly stored at a concrete platform and bunding

Conditions included in construction contracts

EPC contractor and later maintenance by

Bangladesh Power Development

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Environmental Aspect &

Potential Impact Remedial Measure

Means of Implementation

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

machinery activity and from use of oil and fuel

containment provided. Machinery to be properly, maintained and fuelled at designated areas

BPDB Board

Operational Stage

Runoff from land from rain events on cleared land and from washing of solar panels resulting in erosion & sedimentation in the river.

Create proper drainage during construction and provide storm water basin for water retention

Include in contracts EPC contractor during construction and BPDB in construction

Bangladesh Power Development Board Environmental Engineer

Glint and glare from solar panels

This is not expected to be an issue but will be monitored with a view changing panel orientation

Regular monitoring by the Environmental Engineer

BPDB to monitor and discuss with local leaders and village groups as required

BPDB

Occupational Health& Safety

Implement safety measures as per the OHS manual

Weekly monitoring BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

Sanitation arrangements for workers at site

Toilet facilities to be provided for approximately 10 operation and maintenance workers at site with septic tank facilities

Monitor septic tank arrangements

BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

Solid Waste Disposal

Any solid waste generated at site will be collected in defined areas. Any broken or deficient PV cells will be stored and arrangements made to recycle or send to appropriate landfill sites

Regular monitoring of waste disposal arrangements. Monitoring of PV cells during regular cleaning activity

BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

Air quality impacts Ambient and emissions monitoring

Semiannual monitoring of ambient air quality and emissions from the diesel generator

BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

Noise from wind operation

The best technology will be employed for equipment and sound impacts will be reduced to a minimum

Regular monitoring to ensure noise levels are within acceptable limits

Impact to bird and bat life from WTG

The sites chosen are not on flight paths of migrant birds. There will be only 4 turbine units in operation.

Monitor operations for any impacts to wildlife

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Environmental Aspect &

Potential Impact Remedial Measure

Means of Implementation

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision

Impact is assessed as insignificant

If batteries are used there may be soil and surface water contamination from batteries

Develop arrangements with suppliers to return batteries or waste disposal arrangements made

Monitor battery use and ensure that arrangements made. Records of disposal arrangements to be kept

BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

Decommissioning Phase

Removal of PV panels at the end of the project life

Ensure a plan is developed well in advance of plant decommissioning identifying recycling options and make necessary arrangements to recycle or dispose of panels and wind turbine generator components (turbines and blades) in appropriate land fill sites

Monitor situation and make decommissioning plan for recycling through manufacturer or determine landfill options

BPDB environmental engineer

BPDB

6.0 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 6.1 Consultation Meeting A consultation meeting was held on January 26, 2011 with local government representatives, businessmen, fishermen, farmers, teachers, and local workers. Major issues discussed by the group were constraints faced by the community as a result of poor power supply and community services. Local development is adversely affected, the people feel vulnerable because of the lack of social infrastructure and public utility services. Community opinions in regard to the proposed solar and wind plant establishment were as follows:

• the community as a whole agreed to the establishment and operation of the solar and wind plant at the identified site

• the people are ready to provide full support to assist the implementation of the proposed plant

• The land owners and community people were ready to surrender their land for the project implementation

• The people believe that the new system will provide them with electricity that will improve their socio-economic development

• The people are ready to pay for the electricity service • They think that the plant will be environmentally friendly.

7.0 Grievance Redress Mechanism Similar to Kaptai solar PV, Hatiya solar PV-wind hybrid system will be implemented by BPDB, thus, the grievance redress mechanism will be essentially the same as discussed below.

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A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established soon after project commencement. The first level and most accessible and immediate venue for the fastest resolve of grievances is the PMU, chiefly through the Project Manager of the BPDB, with assistance from the Environmental Engineer. A contact phone number for complaints will be posted in the project areas. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with affected persons and the PMU will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various issues. Corrective measures will be undertaken at the field-level itself within seven days. All grievances will be documented with full information of the person and issue. Should the grievance remain unresolved, the PMU's Project Manager, will activate the second level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to the local Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) of the Upazila, who will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the PMU and the affected persons. Affected persons also will have the right to submit grievance at this level if they are not satisfied with the ―first level‖ decision. A hearing will be called, if necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern/issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The local GRC will consist of the following persons: (i) Upazila Nirbahi Officer (GRC Chair); (ii) representative of the head of the Upazila; (iii) representative of the affected persons; (iv) official of the Department of Environment (DoE)‘s divisional office; and (v) Environmental Specialist of the PMU. The local GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign responsibilities for implementing its decisions. The GRC will record any grievances, categorize and prioritize them and provide solutions within a month; and will report to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and the decisions of the GRC. In the event that a grievance is not addressed, the aggrieved person can seek legal redress of the grievance in the appropriate Courts. 8.0 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation The project sites for the solar and wind plant are on flat agricultural land; the diesel site is on existing BPDB land in Hatiya. Some private land will be lost as a result of the project, no single land owner loses more than 10% of his farm land and the people affected will be compensated for loss of land and crops. The people in the area are eager for the project which they see as a means of more secure power supply and associated benefits for business and work opportunities. The site is not located in a sensitive ecosystem, and has no historical and cultural value. The nature of project and the clean nature of solar power and wind power generation mean that there will be few significant lasting environmental and social impacts. Minor and transient environmental disturbances will be experienced at the project site during construction and operation, and they will be minimized through implementation of the EMP attached to this IEE. It is recommended that this IEE is adequate to justify the environmental and social feasibility of the Project. There is no need for further analysis and the environmental assessment of the Project is considered complete. BPDB is committed to its environmental and social responsibility and discharges this responsibility in adherence to principles of good corporate governance. In its daily business operations, BPDB will meet its environmental and occupational health commitments, and is committed to the EMP measures. The project engineer responsible for project and the construction and operations phase of the project will be provided with environmental training.

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III. 1,000 km Solar PV and LED System of Streetlighting for Cities 1.0 Introduction Energy shortages pose perhaps the biggest threat to Bangladesh‘s future economic growth. The present maximum demand for electricity varies between 4,500 MW and 5,600 MW and it is expected to rise to 7,000 MW within the next two years. Maximum generation available is between 3,800 MW and 4,600 MW. The estimated demand supply gap currently is 2,000 MW. The National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (FY 2010-11) indicates that by 2021, all citizens of Bangladesh will have access to electricity. Bangladesh also has a policy which aims to increase the share of renewable energies to 5% of the total power generation in 2015 and to 10% by 2020. The Government of Bangladesh has requested the Asian Development Bank and the Islamic Development Bank for co-financing of up to $300 Million for the implementation of the Bangladesh Power Systems Efficiency Improvement Project (the Project). The project aim is to assist the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) in combating this energy crisis through appropriate candidate subprojects both grid and off-grid under a loan program. Four subprojects were selected to be financed under this Loan. Three of the projects focus on generation of clean energy and improving power supply to the national power grid network in Bangladesh and one sub-project providing ―off-grid‖ or direct sources or providing power to specific communities. The 1000 km Solar PV LED Street Lighting subproject is one of the sub-projects being considered and it focuses on energy efficiency with the replacement of existing street lights with solar power as the source of energy. It is proposed to replace lighting along 1000 km of city roads in Bangladesh with more efficient light sources and solar PV modules for energy generation. The proposed project‘s executing agency is the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) but project implementation will be done through the country‘s 6 city corporations. This Initial Environmental Assessment (IEE) has been prepared as part of the ADB TA ‗Preparing the Power System Efficiency Improvement Project in Bangladesh‖. The IEE is designed to comply with the ADB‘s Safeguard Policy (2009) and the ADB‘s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). 2.0 Description of the Project 2.1 Background The main benefits of city street lighting include provision of security to communities and improvement of driving visibility contributing to safe vehicular movement. The costs of providing street lighting (installing, energizing and maintaining street lights), however, becomes a huge burden to almost all city governments in the world. Of these costs, energizing the street lights represents the single biggest component. The utilization of LED (light emitting diode) lamps reduce lighting intensity and improves energy efficiency, thus reducing overall electricity consumption for street lighting and helping to lower electricity costs significantly. The combined use of LED lamps and solar PV for street lighting further reduces the annual costs in the provision of street lighting services. Solar PV in tandem with LED lamps for street

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lighting improves electricity services (by freeing up electricity consumption of street lights and making it available to other consumer segments). This will in turn contribute to energy sector goals of improving energy security (energy efficiency improvement and use of renewable energy resources), environmental protection, etc and to global objectives by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed project will demonstrate the technical feasibility of solar PV and LED lamps for street lighting in Bangladesh and will serve as capacity building tool for the use of energy efficient lighting technology and renewable energies for street lighting services in Bangladesh and the region. Street lighting impacts on safety of road users as well as communities through improved road visibility and prevention of criminal activities. In view of the importance of street lights and the cost involved in providing this necessary service, it is essential that city governments must take advantage on the combined use of technological advancement in lighting technologies and renewable energies. The costs of providing street lighting services can be reduced through the following:

Replacing inefficient lights Reducing the number of lamps Installing efficient switching equipment Reducing operating hours Improving maintenance and data management Improving input voltage quality/optimizing power factor

Of the above options, efforts to reduce lighting intensity are the easiest to implement and cost the least. LED technology offers several advantages over other lighting options.

Energy efficiency - LED lamps are 7 times more energy efficient than incandescent and twice as efficient as fluorescent lamps.

Low light pollution – LEDs produce directional light. Almost all the light form street lights

using LED is directed downwards and there is a reduction in light pollution.

Directional light improves efficiency, as the 20-50% light that was being wasted by being directed upwards is now used to illuminate the road.

Low carbon footprint of manufacture – LEDs last 4 to 10 times longer than any other

bulbs, further reducing the carbon footprint of manufacture over their life time. LEDs also consist of plastic and electric wires – alternative options often have heavy metal bases that use much more energy in their manufacture.

Low replacement costs – Long lifespan ensures that maintenance costs are very low. A

LED based light system can last 10 – 17 years as against 12 months for high pressure sodium vapour (HPSV) lamps.

Intelligent lighting controls – Intelligent systems use computers to optimize lighting. It is

possible to dim or switch off lights during hours of low traffic, brighten individual lights or light clusters selectively as traffic approaches and reduce light intensity during twilight

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hours. It is also possible to selectively change light color to ensure best visibility under different conditions. All these possibilities are available with LED lighting systems.

Excellent color rendering index – High pressure sodium vapour (HPSV) lamps may

produce more lumens but since they produce mostly yellow light, the contrast is poor as well as the visibility. Far fewer, well directed lumens from a LED lamp can provide the same service as that from a bigger HPSV light.

2.2 Location The six cities for the project are Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshali, Sylhet and Borishal (see Figure 2.1 for locations).

Figure 2.1 Location of the Six City Corporations

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Specific streets to be replaced with solar PV LED street lamp have not been identified yet but a tentative allocation by city could be based on their shares of the total length of streets in the six respective city corporations. This allocation is shown in Table 2.1 with Dhaka and Chittagong receiving more than 77% of the funding on the basis of the relative size of the street system in the respective cities.

Table 2.1 Tentative allocations of solar PV LED street lighting project

2.3 Project Technical Details and Components

2.3.1 Scope and Layout The Solar PV LED street lamp proposed for the project consist of the following elements:

LED luminaire Street light mounting pole Solar PV module Battery Solar charge controller Timer and automatic controller Cables

It is assumed that new pole mountings will be erected. Figure 2.2 shows the arrangements for the solar module, the LED luminaire and the storage battery and pole mounting.

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Figure 2.2 Solar PV LED solar street light system

LED lamps have rectangular beam pattern and generate uniform illuminance. Typical lighting areas that will be covered by a LED lamp based on various street pole heights are shown in Figure 2.3 below. These parameters will be used as the basis for determining pole height and spacing for this LED street lighting project. Presently, the number of street lights in major cities of the country ranges from 33 to 38 poles per kilometre. This gives between 26 – 30 meters street light pole spacing. Street lamp pole heights vary according to road type. In Dhaka, street lamps along the airport road have height of around 15 meters, while those along the city centre range from 8 to 12 meters.

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Figure 2.3 Lighting area and pole height relationship of typical LED street lamp

2.3.2 Solar PV and Battery Specifications For the feasibility study an international climatological database was used to derive the relevant radiation data. The database uses long time data sets from local stations in Bangladesh to calculate hourly values, monthly average values and yearly sums for various climate parameters such as radiation, temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration. For locations where there were no data available from measurement stations, the data were calculated by means of an interpolation of the available stations based on a 3-D inverse distance model. The global horizontal irradiation consists of direct and diffuse radiation while the irradiation on the tilted surface, in addition includes ground reflected radiation (albedo). The annual sum for global horizontal irradiation (GHI) in Dhaka is 1,842.1 kWh/m². The seasonal pattern for irradiation shown in the table below indicates highest GHI values in spring and low during summer though this is the period with longest solar days. But summer is also the monsoon season with high degree of cloud cover, affecting negatively the direct irradiation. The GHI also appears to intensify from winter to spring which is explained by the onset of the dry season.

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Figure 2.4 Monthly Solar Irradiation for Dhaka The solar irradiation for both horizontal and inclined plane (15°) are the following:

• Solar Radiation per m² (0°): 1,842.1 kWh/m² • Solar Radiation per m² (15°): 1,911.8 kWh/m²

LED Lighting Output Requirement The project feasibility study adopts Standards for from the Integrated for Street Lighting Project for Delhi, India. Three different road classifications are identified and the illuminance criteria for the different road types are as indicated in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Categories of Road and Lighting Requirement

Road Category Type of Road Lighting Output Requirement

A1 Dual/single carriageway, width > 10.5, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30 meters

35 Lux (lumens/m2)

A2 Single carriageway, width > 7 m up to 10 m

25 Lux (lumens/m2)

A3 Single carriageway, width < 7 m Colony Roads

20 Lux (lumens/m2

PV and Battery Sizing To determine solar PV panel size and battery size, the following is assumed:

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• Hours of operations per day: 12 hours from 1800 – 0600 hours daily • Days of autonomy: 3 days • Battery voltage level: 12 V • Array inclination: 15 degrees

With the above assumptions, the 40-watt LED lamp system‘s average daily energy requirement is 0.480 kWh per day. To satisfy the illuminance requirements for the three different luminaire sizes, the following module size and battery size is determined as in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 Panel and Battery Sizes

Luminaire size PV Polycrystalline Solar Module Size

Battery Size

15 Watt LED 40 Wp PV panel 50 Ah, 12 volts 30 Watt LED 75 Wp solar PV panel 100 Ah, 12 volts 40 Watt LED 100 Wp solar PV panel 150 Ah, 12 volts

2.3.4 Summary of Technical Specifications Using an average street light pole spacing of 30 meters, the 1000-kilometer of streets covered by the project will require about 33,000 lighting units. A summary of the project technical parameters are indicated in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Solar PV LED lamp technical parameters

The total project cost amounts to USD 66 million with more than USD 54 million in foreign currency. This is shown in Table 2.5.

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Table 2.5 Estimated solar PV LED costs per luminaire size

2.4 Project Schedule The physical works for the project – site preparation, foundation work, installation of poles and fixture assembly are expected to take 13 months. 2.5 Category of Project Under Bangladesh regulations the Department of the Environment does not requires an IEE to be approved for street lighting. For ADB an Initial Environmental Examination is required. 3.0 Socioeconomic Profile of the Cities 3.1 Dhaka

3.1.1 Administration Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E/23.7°N 90.375°E, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city covers a total area of 153.84 square kilometres (59.40 sq mi). It consists of eight principal thanas –Lalbagh, Kotwali, Sutrapur, Ramna, Motijheel, Paltan, Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, Tejgaon – and 16 auxiliary thanas – Gulshan, Mirpur, Pallabi, Shah Ali, Turaag, Sabujbagh, Dhaka Cantonment, Demra, Hazaribagh, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char, Khilgaon and Uttara. In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas. The Dhaka City Corporation is a self-governing corporation which runs the affairs of the city. The incorporated, area is divided into several wards, which have elected commissioners. The mayor of the city is elected by popular vote every five years. 3.1.2 Population and Households The population of Dhaka City Corporation stands at approximately 7.0 million. The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 12.8 million as of 2008. The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per year, one of the

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highest rates amongst Asian cities. Following table reflects the population status of Savar Upazila and Dhamsona Unions, under which the study area is located.

Table 3.1 Population Status of Savar Upazila and Dhamsona Union, Dhaka

Area Total Population Male (%) Female (%) Bangladesh 156,050,883 53 47 Dhaka City Corporation 7,996,000 55.15 44.85

Source: Population Census, 2001

3.1.3 Literacy and Educational Institutions The literacy rate is estimated at 62.3%. The city population is composed of peoples from virtually every region of Bangladesh. Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 4 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Secondary (from grades 6 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary. There are 52 universities in Dhaka.

3.1.4 Occupational Details The city has a growing middle class population, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods. The city has historically attracted a large number of migrant workers. Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaw transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population— rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000. Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganized labour, while about 800,000 work are in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 23%. As of 2009, Dhaka's Gross Municipal Product (GMP) is registered at $81 billion. With an annual growth rate of 6.2%, the GMP is projected to rise to $215 billion by 2025. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $500, with 48% of households living below the poverty line, including a large segment of the population coming from the villages in search of employment, with many surviving on less than $10 a day.

Table 3.2: Occupational Status of Dhaka City Corporation

Groups by Occupation Dhaka City Corporation

Agriculture 1.62% Agricultural laborer 0.41% Wage laborer 2.71% Industrial laborer 1.87% Business 29.08% Service 35.49% Transport 8.53% house renting out 2.23% Construction 2.76% and others 15.3%

Source: Population Census, 2001

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3.1.5 Religion Islam is the dominant religion of Dhaka's people. About 92.72% of the city practicing the religion; with a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There is also a small Shia sect, and an Ahmadiya community. Hinduism is the second-largest religion, with about 6.5%, and smaller communities practice Buddhism and Christianity, with each constituting about 0.78% of the total population.

3.1.6 Public Health Dhaka has a water-borne sewage system, but this serves only 25% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks. Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million tonnes of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. While private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting garbage city-wide and using it as manure, most solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies.

3.1.7 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites/Resources Archaeological heritage and relics in the city are LALBAGH FORT and the tomb of Bibi Pari (1668), BARA KATRA (1641), CHHOTA KATRA and the tomb of Bibi Champa (1663), Ancient Fort and the palace of the Nawab (Jail Hospital, 1638), AHSAN MANZIL (1872), HUSAINI DALAN (1642), Binod Bibi Mosque (1456 AD), Seven Domed Mosque (1676), Chawk Mosque (1676), Bibi Meher Mosque (1814), Armanitola Mosque (1716), Khawja Shahbaj Mosque (1679), Shayesta Khan Mosque (1664-78), Khawja Ambar Mosque (1677-78), Moriam Saleh Mosque (1706), Sitara Begum Mosque (1815), Farruk Shayer Mosque (1703-1704), Tara Mosque, Azimpur Mosque (1746), Kartalab Khan Mosque (1700-1704), Holy Rosary Church (1678), Setara Begum Mosque (1819), Bagmara Math (Nawabganj), Home stead of Raja Harish Chandra (eighteenth century, Savar), Shree Shree Sani Ashram and Math (1199 AD), Dhakeshwari Mandir (eventeenth century), Jaykali Mondir, Bahadur Shah Park, Nimtali Deuri (Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1765).

3.1.8 Transport Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day – the largest number for any city in the world. However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government. Relatively low-cost and non-polluting cycle rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately owned automobiles are increasingly becoming popular with the city's growing middle class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis" locally called CNG, which run on compressed natural gas. Dhaka has 1,868 kilometres (1,161 mi) of paved roads. It is connected to the other parts of the country through strong highway and railway links. 3.2 Chittagong

3.2.1 Administration

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Chittagong City Corporation (under Chittagong Development Authority) is a city in southeastern Bangladesh built on banks of the Karnaphuli River. The city is home to Bangladesh's busiest seaport and has a population of over 2.5 million, making it the second largest city in the country. Chittagong is located at 22°22′0″N 91°48′0″E/ 22.366667°N 91.8°E/ 22.366667. It has a total area of 157 square kilometers (61 sq mi). The city is divided into several wards and mahallas, under the jurisdiction of the Chittagong City Corporation. Chittagong City Corporation is governed by the city mayor, who is an elected representative for a 5 years term. Chittagong City Corporation has 41 wards.

3.2.2 Population and Households. Chittagong city has a population of 4 million, male 54.36% and female 45.64%. Population density per square km is 15276. Islam is the most common religion among the people. Total population of CCC is 2,579,107 (2008) and population density15,351/km2. Total area is 168 km2 (64.9 sq mi)

Table 3.3 Population Status of Chittagong City Corporation

Area Total Population Male (%) Female (%) Bangladesh 156,050,883 53 47 Chittagong City Council 4 million 54.36 45.64

Source: Population Census, 2001

3.2.3 Literacy and Educational Institutions Average literacy is 43.2%; male 50.3%, female 35%. Educational institutions consist of university 3, medical college 2, Bangladesh institute of technology 1, college of physical education 1, teachers training college 1, regional public administration institute 1, polytechnic institute 1, homeopathy college 2, nursing institute 1, forest research institute 1, veterinary college 1, home economics college 1, Bangladesh military academy 1, vocational institute 1, law college 2, art college 1, marine academy 1, marine fisheries academy 1, cadet college 1, madrasa 217, college 103, high school 574, junior school 4 and primary schools 2,240.

3.2.4 Occupational Details The breakdown of employment in Chittagonb is shown below

Table 3.4 Occupational Status of Chittagong City Corporation

Groups by Occupation Chittagong City Council Agriculture 18.71% Fishing 1.16% Agricultural labourer 12.13% Wage labourer 3.54% Business 16.58% Service 24.09% Transport 4.52% Industry 1.72%

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Groups by Occupation Chittagong City Council Construction 1.43% Others 16.12%

Source: Population Census, 2001

3.2.5 Religion Muslims form 83.92% of the population. Other major religions are Hinduism (13.76%); Buddhism (2.01%), Christianity (0.11%) and others 0.2%.

3.2.6 Public Health The following are the facilities available in Chittagong - Health centres Government Hospital 20, Upazila Health Complex 5, Private Hospital and Clinic 225, Child and Maternity Welfare Centre 75, Satellite Clinic 127, Family Planning Centre 361 and Veterinary Hospital 8.

3.2.7 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites/Resources Archaeological heritage and relics to be found in the City are Bronze statues (8th and 9th centuries, in Anwara upazila), Fakira Mosque (Hathazari), Musa Khan Mosque (1658), Kura Katni Mosque (1806), Kala Mosque (16th century), Chhuti Khan Mosque (Mirsharai), Kadam Mobarak Mosque (1719), Andar Killah Mosque, Wali Khan Mosque (1790), Badar Awlia Dargah, Bakshi Hamid Mosque of Banshkhali (1568), Chittagong Court Building (1893), Collegiate School, Ethnological Museum (1974).

3.2.8 Transport Roads available in the City consist of Pucca roads 985.32 km, semi pucca roads 912.87 km, mud road 6534 km. There are also 146 km of railways; 67 nautical miles of waterways and one airport. Traditional transport - palanquin, horse carriage and bullock cart are also available, but are much reduced in use. 3.3 Sylhet

3.3.1 Administration Sylhet City Corporation (SCC) is located at 24°53′30″N 91°53′00″E / 24.8917°N 91.8833°E / 24.8917; 91.8833, in the north eastern region of Bangladesh in the Sylhet Division of the Sylhet District and Sylhet Sadar Upazila. The area of SCC is 26.50 km2 (10.2 sq mi). SCC consists of 27 wards and 210 mahallas.

3.3.2 Population and Households The population of SCC within the city corporation, is approximately 463,198 in 2008 (density population is 17,479 per km²).

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Table 3.5 Population Status of Sylhet City Corporation

Area Total Population Male (%) Female (%) Bangladesh 156,050,883 53 47 Sylhet City Corporation 427,265 54.68, 45.32; Source: Population Census, 2001

3.3.3 Literacy and Educational Institutions

Average literacy is 44.5%; male 50.6%, female 38.4%. Educational institutions are as follows: university 1, medical college 3, polytechnic institute 1, PTI 1, college 35, vocational training institute 1, high school 218, primary school 1320, madrasa 148.

3.3.4 Occupational Details Occupational involvement of Sylhet‘s population is as indicated in Table 3.6.Nearly half 46.6% of the population are involved in agriculture.

Table 3.6 Occupational Status of Sylhet City Corporation

Groups by Occupation Sylhet City Corporation Agriculture 30.82% Agricultural labourer 15.59% non agricultural labourer 7.33% Fishing 3.6% Business 12.2% Transport 2.21% Construction 1.66% house renting out 3.11% Others 23.48%.

Source: Population Census, 2001

3.3.5 Religion The breakdown of religious affiliation is Muslim 91.96%, Hindu 7.80%, Christian 0.09%, and others 0.15%; ethnic nationals: Khasi (Khasia), Manipuri and Patra (Pathar).

3.3.6 Public Health Health facilities consist of Hospitals 3, upazila health complex 10, union health and family planning centre 68 and satellite clinic 17

3.3.7 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites/Resources Archaeological heritage Stone monument in Sylhet area are Jaintapur, Mound of Gharduara, Gaiyabi Mosque, tombs of Hazrat shah jalal (r) and shah paran (r), Abu Torab Mosque, Nawabi Masque, Mughal Mosque at Akhalia, Dhaka Dakshmin Temple, Tin Mandir (trio temple).

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3.3.8 Transport Sylhet has 794 km of pucca roads, 275 km of railways with airway connections to Dhaka and abroad. Palanquin and horse carriage are no longer in use. The main transport systems used in the city are Cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws (mainly known as baby-taxis or CNGs), buses, mini-buses and cars. There are about 80,000 rickshaws running each day. Sylhet is well connected by highways and railway links to Chittagong and Dhaka, as well as other parts of Sylhet. Highway links to India have been established through the Asian highway. The Sylhet Railway Station is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway. 3.4 Rajshahi

3.4.1 Administration Rajshahi City Council (RCC) is administered through a mayor and 30 ward commissioners who are elected for a five year period by direct votes. Rajshahi is located in the north-west of the country and has an estimated population of around 475,000 people. Its total area is 96.69 km2 (37.33 sq mi) and it is situated on the northern banks of the river Padma (or Ganges which is one of the major rivers of the Indian subcontinent). Rajshahi consists of 4 Thanas, 35 Wards and 175 Mahallahs.

3.4.2 Population and Households The area of the Rajshahi Town is 96.69 sq km. It consists of four thanas, 39 wards and 169 mahallas. The town has a population 646716. Density of population is 6689 per sq km (Population Census 2001, Preliminary Report).

Table 3.7 Population Status of Rajshahi City Corporation

Area Total Population Male (%) Female (%) Bangladesh 156,050,883 53 47 RCC 646,716 52.42 47.58 Source: Population Census, 2001

3.4.3 Literacy and Educational Institutions

Average literacy is 30.61%; male 37.6% and female 23.2%. Educational institutions consist of the following: university 1, medical college 1, engineering college 2, college 110, teacher's training college 2, law college 1, agriculture college 1, physical training college 1, survey institute 1, para medical institute 1, silk research institute 1, homeopath college 1, primary teacher's training institute 1, nursing institute 1, police academy (sardah) 1, cadet college 1, madrasa 267, high school 393, junior high school 10, government primary school 559, non-government primary school 430, community school 4, KG school 8. Noted educational institutions include : Rajshahi College (1873), Rajshahi BB Academy (1898), Rajshahi Medical College (1949), Rajshahi Collegiate School (1928), PN Girl's High School (1886), Rajshahi Government Madrasa (1874), Diamond Jubilee Industrial School (1898), Sardaha Police Academy (1912), Putia PN Technical High School (1865), Birkudsha Abinash High School (1917, Bagmara upazila), Sreedhar Government Primary School (1857, Durgapur upazila), Godagari High School (1948), Mohanpur Pilot High School (1948), Shitlai, Kharkhari and

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Naohata Primary School (1885, Paba upazila), Talonda Ananda Mohan High School (1882, Tanore upazila).

3.4.4 Occupational Details More than 60% of the population are reliant on agriculture for work; the full breakdown of occupations is shown in Table 3.8.

Table 3.8 Occupational Status of Rajshahi City Corporation

Groups by Occupation RCC Agriculture 38.73% Agricultural labourer 23.64% Wage labourer 3.50% Service 8.81% Business 12.44% Transport 2.36% Others 10.52% Source: Population Census, 2001

3.4.5 Religion

The breakdown of religious affiliation is as follows: Muslim 93%; Hindu 5%, Christian 1.5% and others 0.5%; ethnic nationals: Santal represents 2.34% of the total population.

3.4.6 Public Health The breakdown of health facilities is as follow. Health centres Medical college hospital 1, zila sadar hospital, diabetic hospital 1, heart foundation hospital 1, police hospital 1, railway hospital 1, leprosy hospital 1, prison hospital 1, TB hospital 1, TB clinic 1, triteness hospital 1, eye hospital 1, upazila health complex 9, health & family welfare centre 77, maternity and child welfare centre 1, veterinary hospital 1, and satellite clinic 88.

3.4.7 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites/Resources Archaeological heritage and relics in the city consist of two domed Kismat Madia Mosque (eighteenth century), one domed Ruipara (Durgapur) Jami Mosque (sixteenth century), Bagdhani Mosque at Paba upazila, three domed Bhagna Jami Mosque at Tanore upazila (1223 AH), tomb of Hazrat Shah Makhdum (R), tomb of Hazrat Shah Sultan at Godagari upazila (fourteenth century), Bara Kuthi (eighteenth century), Talando Shiva Mandir (1860), Rajbari, Govinda Mandir, Shiva Mandir, Gopal Mandir, and Dolmancha (Putia).

3.4.8 Transport The city has 896 km of pucca roads, 686 km of semi pucca roads and 4726 km of mud road. There are 70 km of railways, 13 rail station; 91 nautical miles of waterways and one airport. Traditional transport was by palanquin, horse carriage and bullock cart but these means of transport are either extinct or nearly extinct.

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3.5 Barishal

3.5.1 Administration Barisal City Corporation (BCC) is situated on the northern shore of the Bay of Bengal in southern Bangladesh. Barisal city corporation consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas. The area of the town is 16.37 sq km. Barisal municipality was established in 1957 and was turned into a city corporation in 2000.

3.5.2 Population and Households According to an estimate of 2008 Barisal has a population of 210,374, in which males constitute 53.28% and females 46.72%.

Table 3.9 Population Status of Barishal City Corporation

Area Total Population Male (%) Female (%) Bangladesh 156,050,883 53 47 BCC 646,716 52.42 47.58 Source: Population Census, 2001

3.5.3 Literacy and Educational Institutions

Average literacy rate in the city is 42.9%; male 47.9%, female 37.9%. The following educational institutions exist: university college 1, polytechnic institute 1, medical college 1, physical education college 1, teacher's training college 2, nursing institute 1, cadet college 1, government college 7, non-government college 39, government high school 4, non-government high school 312, junior school 33, government primary school 1204, non-government primary school 412, madrasa 698, cadet school 5, kindergarten 11, music school 2. Noted educational institutions: sher-e-bangla medical college and Hospital, b m college (1889), Oxford Mission High School, Barisal Zila School, Banaripara Union Institution (1889), Pinglakathi Government Model Primary School (1882), Bheduriarchar Government Primary School (1892).

3.5.4 Occupational Details Although a city, more than 54% of the population work in agriculture (see Table 3.10).

Table 3.10 Occupational Status of Barisal City Corporation

Groups by Occupation BCC

Agriculture 35.28% Agricultural labourer 18.76% Wage labourer 4.16% Fishing 3.45% Service 10.64% Business 13.89%, Construction 1.25% Transport 1.72% Others 10.85%.

Source: Population Census, 2001

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3.5.5 Religion

Barishal has the following break down of religious affiliation. Muslim 86.19%; Hindu 13.10%, Christian 0.63% and others 0.08%.

3.5.6 Public Health Barishal has the following health facilities; health centres Medical college hospital 1, private hospital 7, upazila health complex 11, private clinic 6, union health and family planning centre 75, family welfare centre 37, satellite clinic 32.

3.5.7 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites/Resources Sites of archaeological heritage and relics in Barishal are Rammohan Samadhi Mandir, Sujabad Kella, Sangram Kella, Sharkal Fort, Girja Mahalla, Bell's Park, Ebadullah Mosque, Kasai Mosque, Oxford Church, Shankar Math, Kali Bari of Mukunda Das, Joint Mosque at Bhatikhana, aswini kumar town hall, Charkella, durgasagar Dighi, one domed Mosque (Kasba), brass image of Manasa weighing three maunds (Char Bania Bari).

3.5.8 Transport Barishal has 362.5 km of pucca roads, 378 km of semi pucca roads, 3133 km of mud road. It also has the following; waterways 355 nautical miles; airport 1. Traditional transport- Palanquin, horse carriage, bullock cart and Gaina boat are nolonger used or are declining in use in the city. 3.6 Khulna

3.6.1 Administration Khulna City Corporation (KCC) is the third largest city in Bangladesh. It is located on the banks of the Rupsha and Bhairab rivers in Khulna District. Khulna (Town) consists of 38 wards and 183 mahallas. The area of the town is 59.57 km2 (23 sq mi).

3.6.2 Population and Households The city has a population of 1227239 with a density of people of 59574 per sq km.

Table 3.11 Population Status of Khulna City Corporation

Area Total Population Male (%) Female (%) Bangladesh 156,050,883 53 47 KCC 122,7239 52.79 47.21 Source: Population Census, 2001

3.6.3 Literacy and Educational Institutions Average literacy in the city is 43.9%; with 52.2% for male and 34.6% for female. Educational institutions consist of the following: university 1, university college 1, medical college 1, Bangladesh Institute of Technology 1, teacher's training college 1, regional public administration training institute 1, polytechnic institute 1, vocational institute 1, homeopathic college 1, social

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welfare training centre 1, madrasa 205, government college 5, non-government college 42, government. secondary school 9, non-government secondary school 248, lower secondary school 107, government primary school 625, non-government primary school 79, community primary school 34, satellite primary school 63, NGO operated school 199, primary teacher's institution 1.

3.6.4 Occupational Details

Table 3.12 Occupational Status of Khulna City Corporation

Groups by Occupation KCC Agriculture 25.11%, Agricultural labourer 11.3%, Wage labourer 7.15%, Fishing 1.66%, Service 18.93%, Industry 16.38%, Transport 4.09%, Construction 1.53%, Others 12.22%. Source: Population Census, 2001

3.6.5 Religion

Religious affiliation in the city is as follows; Muslim 73.49%, Hindu 25.74%, Christian 0.67%, Buddhist 0.04%, and Others 0.06%.

3.6.6 Public Health There are the following health facilities: Health centres Medical college hospital 1, district sadar hospital 1, upazila health complex 9, TB hospital 1, infectious disease hospital 1, christian missionary hospital 1, salvation army (NGO) hospital 1, chest disease niramoy centre 1, railway hospital at kopilmuni 1, jail hospital 1, police hospital 1.

3.6.7 Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Sites/Resources There are few archaeological resources in KCC with the Masjeed Kur Mosque and a House of Sir Prafulla Chandra Roy the main sites of interest.

3.6.8 Transport In the city there are 400 km of pucca road, 350km of semi pucca road, with 3575 km of mud roads. There are 36 km of railway and 470 nautical miles of waterways. The Palanquin traditional transport is no longer used, and horse carriage and bullock cart are hardly used. 4.0 Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 4.1 Construction Impacts

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The project is for the replacement of existing street lamps and costing for the project includes the price of new poles. If new poles are used it will also be necessary to remove existing power poles; this should be done in conjunction with the installation of the new poles. Erection of the lighting poles will involve site preparation, foundation installation and fixtures assembly and these activities are likely to have minor environmental impacts. The removal of existing poles will have some added impacts. There is likely to be a local small increase in traffic and noise, dust, and sediment. There will be short term disruption of vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Any grass verges or landscaping affected or destroyed will need to be repaired and replaced by the City Councils. There will be some impact from noise and if existing light poles and associated infrastructure such as wiring are removed. For traffic control and safety, workers will be used to direct vehicles and pedestrians to facilitate the movement of construction vehicles. Construction barriers will be erected for safety and to direct pedestrian traffic safely around the construction activities. Traffic flow through the site will be coordinate and properly controlled. To avoid noise site work activities will be restricted to daytime operations. Measures to combat dust emissions will be employed by spraying with water as necessary. Workers will be required to use appropriate personal protection equipment while working in areas susceptible to noise and dust. Generated wastes from any demolition and erection activities will be disposed of off-site in an appropriate, legal, and safe manner. In the event that hazardous wastes are generated during construction, the contractor will properly dispose of them off site in accordance with appropriate waste regulations. All other wastes generated on site will be disposed in accordance with appropriate waste disposal regulations. Part of the project will be retrofit and part will be new installation. Bulbs that will be replaced by new solar PV LED may be re-used in other areas without street lighting to minimize disposal. Proper disposal will be ensured for those existing bulbs that will not be re-used. The same existing poles will be used for the installation of the new solar PV LED lights so there will be no disposal. 4.2 Operation Impacts As this is a replacement project on existing city streets where there are existing lighting poles and systems, there are likely to be no additional negative impacts from this project. The project takes place along well established urban streets with existing street lighting. The sites will consist of streets with paved roads, walkways and some lawn and landscaped areas. There will be no generation of waste and no increase in water consumption. There will be no impacts on historic sites or recreational and park areas. The operation of these replacement lighting fixtures will not generate any noise and no long term impacts are anticipated to local traffic. There will be no vegetation or habitat loss and no impacts on any wildlife. 4.3 Decommissioning and Replacement The PV solar module being to be used contain substances such as glass, aluminum and semiconductor materials that can be successfully recovered and reused, either in new

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photovoltaic modules or other products. The modules have long lives but arrangement will be made with manufacturers to take back panels either at the end of the project or as they are replaced and appropriated recycled or disposed of. Similarly batteries used in the system will need to be properly recycled or disposed of by the six city corporations. The Corporation will identify recycling options and ensure that any lead-acid batteries are collected and either dispose of as hazardous waste according to the requirement of GoB regulations or are recycled using recognized and reputable agencies and procedures. 4.4 Social & Resettlement Impacts All the land for the replacement project is publicly owned land inside existing right of ways. No Issues are triggered under ADB safeguard policy and no indigenous Population will be impacted by the project at this site. 4.5 Positive Impacts The project is basically designed as an energy efficiency project which will reduce demand on existing conventional sources of power generation by using a LED lighting system and switching street lighting to a solar source of power. LED lamps are significantly more efficient than incandescent and fluorescent lamps and are low light polluting. LEDs have a low carbon footprint lasting 4 to 10 times longer than any other bulbs and there is a low replacement & maintenance cost as a LED based light system can last 10 – 17 years. Assuming that the existing streetlight system is using 150 Watt (W) high pressure sodium vapor lamps11, replacing the same with 15 W LED solar PV system at 33,000 units (for the entire 1,000 km), the CO2 emission reduction per year is estimated at about 18,100 tons. This reduction represents 24,571.8 MWh of electricity saved from conventional power source. Over a 20-year period, the project will generate 491,436 MWh of power. The use of solar generation means that there will be significant savings of 361,992 tons of CO2 over a 20 year period (see Table 4.1).

Table 4.1 Estimated Electricity Savings and CO2 Emissions Reduction

Emissions Factor (tons CO2/MWh)1

Net Annual Generation

Total Generation

Over 20 years

Annual emissions reductions

Total emissions reductions (20 years)

Operating Margin

Build Margin

Combined Margin

MWh

MWh Tons CO2 Tons CO2

0.7231 0.7502 0.7366 24,571.8 491,436 18,099.6 361,992 1CDM SSC-POA Efficient Lighting Initiative of Bangladesh

11 Baseline technology

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5.0 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan and Institutional Requirements The six city corporations will follow the Guidelines indicated in the attached general Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (see Table 5.1) and will ensure there is proper supervision of the safety and environmental impacts and suggested mitigation measures below. The BPDB will be the executing agency responsible for overall guidance and project implementation. A PMU headed by a Project Director, will implement the project. This sub project is part of the larger Project investment, including other Subprojects for which BPDB is responsible; to ensure effective implementation of the EMP aspects, at least one environmental safeguard specialist will be recruited to assist the PMU in this regard. The PMU will submit reports on a semi-annual basis to ADB. Corrective actions will be taken when necessary based on close monitoring and results of grievance redress process.

Table 5.1 Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Program

Environmental Aspect &

Potential Impact Remedial Measure Means of

Implementation Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision Construction stage Removal of landscaping and vegetation during erection of poles.

Vegetation program for any replanting of verges and central reservation.

Regular monitoring City council or EPC contractor to

City Council or EPC contractor

City Council

Noise to residential and commercial area during erection & removal of old lamp poles

Work to be restricted to day time – between 8 and 6 p.m.

Regular monitoring City Council or EPC contractor

City Council

Occupational Health & Safety Issues Working with Machinery & cranes Working with electrical risks.

Develop Safety Plan Provide Safety Manual Use of Personal Protection Equipment

Supervision and Inspection on a daily basis during construction period according to the City Council OHS Plan

Any EPC contractor and the City Council

City Council

Disruption to traffic and pedestrians during erection and any demolition work

Sites to be properly cordoned off alternative pedestrian access provided. Traffic direction and diversion plans to be implemented

Proper monitoring by EPC contractor and City Council

Any EPC contractor and the City Council

City Council

Solid Waste Disposal

Any solid waste generated at site or waste and rubble from removal of poles will be collected in defined areas and properly disposed of. Any broken or deficient PV cells or batteries will be stored and

Regular monitoring of waste disposal arrangements. Monitoring of PV cells during regular cleaning activity

BPDB environment engineer

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Environmental Aspect &

Potential Impact Remedial Measure Means of

Implementation Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Supervision arrangements made to recycle or send to appropriate landfill sites

Operation & Decommissioning Broken or deficient PV cells and batteries

Any PV cells will be stored at special sites and arrangements made to recycle or send to appropriate landfill sites. Used batteries will be properly stored and either recycle or disposed of according to the requirements of GoB

Monitoring during routine cleaning and maintenance of PV cells.

City Council workers

City Council and BPDB of all 6 Councils

6.0 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure During project implementation, consultation of local people and awareness will be ensured through meetings organised by the Project Environmental Engineer in each of the affected areas in the six City corporations. These meetings will be used to ensure that the community is aware of the construction implementation plans, detailed design and EMP. The meetings will also identify any implementation problems and timely remedial actions that will be undertaken. Given the small magnitude of likely impact, only internal monitoring will be necessary. 7.0 Grievance Redress Mechanism The streetlighting component will follow the same grievance process as the Hatiya solar PV-wind hybrid system given that BPDB is also the Executing Agency. The process is described below. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established soon after project commencement. The first level and most accessible and immediate venue for the fastest resolve of grievances is the PMU, chiefly through the Project Manager of the BPDB, with assistance from the Environmental Engineer. A contact phone number for complaints will be posted in the project areas. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with affected persons and the PMU will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various issues. Corrective measures will be undertaken at the field-level itself within seven days. All grievances will be documented with full information of the person and issue. Should the grievance remain unresolved, the PMU's Project Manager, will activate the second level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to the local Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) of the Upazila, who will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the PMU and the affected persons. Affected persons also will have the right to submit grievance at this level if they are not satisfied with the ―first level‖ decision. A hearing will be called, if necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern/issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The local GRC will consist of the following persons: (i) Upazila Nirbahi Officer (GRC Chair); (ii) representative of the head of the Upazila; (iii) representative of the affected persons; (iv) official of the

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Department of Environment (DoE)‘s divisional office; and (v) Environmental Specialist of the PMU. The local GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign responsibilities for implementing its decisions. The GRC will record any grievances, categorize and prioritize them and provide solutions within a month; and will report to the aggrieved parties about developments regarding their grievances and the decisions of the GRC. In the event that a grievance is not addressed, the aggrieved person can seek legal redress of the grievance in the appropriate Courts. 8.0 Findings and Recommendation The project is designed as a programme to reduce reliance on conventional sources of electricity supply. The project involves replacement of existing lighting infrastructure so there are no issues with respect to loss of livelihood or resettlement. There are no impacts on any sensitive environmental receptors or historical and cultural values. Only minor and transient environmental disturbances will be experienced at the project site during construction, and they can be minimized through implementation of the EMP measures attached to this IEE. The eventual disposal and/or recycling of solar PV modules will need to be handled to ensure recycling and/or sending of the materials to land approved land fill. Used batteries will need to be properly disposed of. It is recommended that this IEE is adequate to justify the environmental and social feasibility of the Project. There is no need for further analysis and the environmental assessment of the Project is considered complete. BPDB is committed to its environmental and social responsibilities and will supervise the City Corporations in the implementation of this project and ensure that the measures included in the EMP attached to this IEE are complied with.