environmental baseline studies volume 3 flora and fauna

Nimba Western Area Iron Ore Deposits Liberia

Environmental Baseline Studies

Volume 3

Flora and Fauna

FEBRUARY 2010

Published in collaboration between the

Environmental Protection Agency, Government of Liberia

www.epa.gov.lr

and

ArcelorMittal Liberia Ltd. P.O. Box 1275

Tubman Blvd at 15th Street Sinkor, Monrovia

Liberia T +231 77 018 056 F +231 77 008 264

www.arcelormittal.com

Nimba Western Area Iron Ore Deposits, Liberia

Environmental Baseline Studies Volume 3 – Flora and Fauna

February 2010 of 160

Environmental Baseline Studies of the

Nimba Western Area Iron Ore Deposits

Volume 1: Terrain and Soils Volume 2: Hydrology Volume 3: Flora and Fauna Volume 4: Communities Volume 5: References and Bibliography

About this series of documents Under a Minerals Development Agreement, the Government of Liberia has granted ArcelorMittal a concession to develop iron ore mines in Northern Nimba County. This will involve the re-opening of a mine previously operated by LAMCO at Mount Tokadeh, and the initiation of new mines at Mounts Gangra and Yuelliton. It is ArcelorMittal’s policy to abide by all environmental legislation and to adopt high standards of corporate responsibility in work that may affect neighbouring communities and other stakeholders. In fulfilling this policy during the planning of mining in the Nimba Western Area Deposits, the company has commissioned major environmental studies. These have generated baseline information on the existing environmental conditions, that may be of significant value to Liberian society. Although these studies are still continuing, the company considers it valid to make the initial data available for public use. This series of volumes is therefore published in consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia. All bona fide organisations working towards the development and general betterment of Liberian society and environment are welcome to use this information. Disclaimer The environmental data presented in this document originated in baseline studies undertaken for ArcelorMittal Liberia by W. S. Atkins International Limited at different times between 2005 and 2009. The subsequent interpretation and use of the baseline information does not imply any responsibility or recommendation made by either organisation. © ArcelorMittal 2010




Contents

1. THE BIODIVERSITY CONTEXT OF THE NIMBA MOUNTAINS ............................................. 5

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5

1.2 Global context ............................................................................................................................ 5

1.3 Regional context ........................................................................................................................ 6

1.4 National context ......................................................................................................................... 8

2. STUDY SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Technical scope ......................................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Spatial scope ............................................................................................................................ 10

2.3 Temporal scope ....................................................................................................................... 11

3. METHODS OF STUDY ............................................................................................................ 12

3.1 Terrestrial baseline determination and appraisal ..................................................................... 12

3.2 Aquatic habitats baseline methodology ................................................................................... 17

4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Scientific literature, key studies and reports relating to the Nimba region ............................... 21

4.2 The biodiversity context ........................................................................................................... 22

4.3 Biodiversity at the ecosystem and landscape level ................................................................. 25

4.4 Important species: local context (Northern Nimba County) ..................................................... 27

5. FINDINGS: BIODIVERSITY CONTEXT .................................................................................. 32

5.1 Contextual findings ................................................................................................................... 32

5.2 Ecosystems .............................................................................................................................. 35

5.3 Species: introduction ................................................................................................................ 37

6. VEGETATION AND HIGHER PLANT SPECIES .................................................................... 38

7. MAMMALS – PRIMATES ........................................................................................................ 41

8. MAMMALS – LARGE .............................................................................................................. 43

9. MAMMALS – SMALL (BATS, SHREWS AND RODENTS) ................................................... 45

10. BIRDS ...................................................................................................................................... 46

11. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS ............................................................................................... 48

12. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS ................................................................................................. 49

13. MOLLUSCS ............................................................................................................................. 50

14. ANTS AND TERMITES ........................................................................................................... 51




15. AQUATIC FAUNA ................................................................................................................... 52

15.1 Fish ........................................................................................................................................... 52

15.2 Decapod crustaceans .............................................................................................................. 53

15.3 Fish in the railway corridor ....................................................................................................... 55

15.4 Macro-invertebrates ................................................................................................................. 55

16. FINDINGS: RAILWAY CORRIDOR AND OTHER AREAS .................................................... 61

16.1 Areas of conservation importance ........................................................................................... 61

16.2 Ecosystems, communities and assemblages of species ......................................................... 62

16.3 Species..................................................................................................................................... 63

16.4 Findings: port (landside)........................................................................................................... 67

16.5 Findings: townships .................................................................................................................. 68

APPENDIX A: FULLY PROTECTED ANIMALS OF LIBERIA ............................................................ 69

APPENDIX B: TABULATED SPECIES LISTS .................................................................................... 71

Table B-1: Plants ................................................................................................................................... 71

Table B-2: Primates .............................................................................................................................. 97

Table B-3: Large mammals ................................................................................................................... 98

Table B-4: Small mammals ................................................................................................................. 101

Table B-5: Birds .................................................................................................................................. 103

Table B-6: Reptiles .............................................................................................................................. 116

Table B-7: Amphibians ........................................................................................................................ 117

Table B-8: Fish .................................................................................................................................... 119

Table B-9: Crustaceans ...................................................................................................................... 121

Table B-10: Lepidoptera ...................................................................................................................... 122

Table B-11: Molluscs ........................................................................................................................... 147

Table B-12: Ants ................................................................................................................................. 151

Table B-13: Termites ........................................................................................................................... 152

APPENDIX C: AQUATIC SPECIES OBSERVATIONS FROM THE RAILWAY CORRIDOR .......... 153

Table C-1: Vegetation along the corridor of the railway and port ....................................................... 153

Table C-2: Molluscs collected along the railway and port ................................................................... 153

Table C-3: Crustaceans collected along the railway and port ............................................................ 156

Table C-4: Amphibians collected along the railway and port .............................................................. 157

Table C-5: Fish collected along the railway and port .......................................................................... 159




1. THE BIODIVERSITY CONTEXT OF THE NIMBA MOUNTAINS 1.1 Introduction This chapter summarises the Scheme’s Ecoregional, Global, Regional and National Contexts and describes some of the relevant designations. 1.2 Global context Liberia is considered to be of global importance for its biodiversity. The country is: • wholly within the Guinean Forests of West Africa (GFWA) Biodiversity Hotspot as

designated by Conservation International; • within the World Wide Fund for Nature’s Guinean Moist Forest WWF “Global 200

Ecoregion” (which includes the Western Guinean Lowland Forest ecoregion described above);

• within the Upper Guinea Rivers and Streams Ecoregion, another WWF “Global 200 Ecoregion”; and

• within the Upper Guinea Forests Endemic Bird Area (EBA) as defined by BirdLife International. It also contains nine Important Bird Areas (IBAs), again defined by BirdLife International.

None of these areas have formal protection throughout, but the designations reflect recognition of their significance in terms of global conservation efforts and priorities. The GFWA Biodiversity Hotspot is generally split into two sections: that including the Upper Guinean Forests stretching from Guinea to Togo, and that to the east of the Dahomey Gap, from Nigeria to Cameroon. Liberia is the only country to fall entirely within the moist forest zone of the GWFA Hotspot. At least 20% of the GFWA Hotspot’s 9,000 plant species are endemic (approximately 0.6% of the world’s plant species) but only 15% of its original extent remains in a relatively undisturbed state, and only 3% of it is under any biodiversity-related conservation regime. In addition, the Hotspot is of undoubted international significance for almost all taxonomic groups due to the high levels of endemism – 1.4% of the world’s mammal species, 1.5% of the world’s amphibian species, and 1.2% of the world’s freshwater fish species are considered endemic to the Hotspot. Importantly, around 92% of the Hotspot’s primate species are also believed to be endemic to it (CEPF, 2000). A relatively high proportion of these endemic species are threatened, hence there is a very high risk of irreversible decline and loss. The Hotspot as a whole supports five species of primates classified by IUCN as Critically Endangered and another 21 which are classified as Endangered. The whole of Liberia is also covered by the Guinean Moist Forest WWF “Global 200 Ecoregion”. These regions are designated with the intention of conserving examples of the entire range of the world’s ecosystems to enable conservation efforts to contribute to a global biodiversity strategy. The Guinean Moist Forest Ecoregion is further sub-divided into the Western Guinean Lowland Forests and the Guinean Montane Forests, occurring on a scatter of mountains from Guinea to Ivory Coast including the higher regions of the Nimba massif (above approximately 600m). The Upper Guinea Rivers and Streams ecoregion, another WWF “Global 200 Ecoregion”, is home to many types of endemic fish. Wet conditions have existed more or less permanently over evolutionary time in the Upper Guinea ecoregion, allowing species to survive in these rivers and streams when dry conditions dominated in other portions of West Africa. The




mountain regions of Fouta-Djalon and Mount Nimba along with several others separate the rivers and streams of the Upper Guinea ecoregion from those rivers and streams that flow to the north and east. They also provide steep, isolated habitats for species adapted to the turbulent, fast-flowing waters which are also rich in aquatic invertebrates and freshwater crabs. The endangered Mount Nimba otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei and the pygmy hippopotamus Hexaprotodon liberiensis are two key species of this ecoregion. Threats include deforestation for agriculture and siltation of rivers from various mining operations. Liberia lies within the Upper Guinea Forests Endemic Bird Area, defined as an area holding two or more restricted-range species1. The Upper Guinea Forests EBA has been reduced by approximately 77% and, outside strictly protected areas, is believed likely to disappear within the next 25 years. Of the 15 restricted-range species of bird which occur in the EBA, 10 are globally threatened, principally through loss of habitat. In addition, nine Important Bird Areas are recognised in Liberia, defined as areas which support: • populations of species regarded as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable; • a significant component of populations of restricted-range or biome-restricted species; or • important congregations of water- or seabirds.

The Nimba mountains in Liberia constitute an IBA in their own right (contiguous with other IBAs in Guinea and Ivory Coast covering the entire Nimba Ridge) with at least 173 species recorded that are either biome- or range-restricted, or globally threatened (BirdLife World Birds Database). Liberia has five designated Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites). One of these, the Gbedin Wetlands, lies in Nimba County on the Gaye Creek, a tributary of the St. John River, approximately 20 miles from Ganta. The wetlands are a complex of swamp and man-made wetland with an irrigation system for rice production which are reputed to provide feeding grounds for many bird species but it is not clear which ones. The endemic otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei also occurs in the area. While Liberia’s fauna is rich, its mammalian fauna is particularly so. Significant taxa include a critically endangered subspecies of the Greater Spot-nosed Guenon Cercopithecus nictitans stampfli, nine endangered species including Pygmy Hippopotamus Hexaprotodon liberiensis for which Liberia is now the global stronghold, Nimba Otter-shrew Micropotamogale lamottei which is almost entirely restricted to watersheds of the Nimba area, and the West African subspecies of the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus. 1.3 Regional context Liberia lies at the heart of the Western Guinean Lowland Forest ecoregion2, the westernmost rainforest on the African continent. The mine sites, the railway, and the port are all within this ecoregion, which stretches from eastern Guinea to the Sassandra River in south-western Ivory Coast and is one of the wettest parts of West Africa, with seasonal rains up to 3,300mm per year. The seasonal variation in rainfall, where weeks of heavy rain are punctuated by short but intense dry seasons, has a critical influence on the vegetation which

1 Species with a global range of less than 50,000 km2 2 An ecoregion, as defined by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) is a region distinguished by its shared ecological features, climate, plant and animal communities. Scientists have mapped 867 land-based ecoregions across the globe. The description here of the Western Guinean Lowland Forest ecoregion is edited from the full description found at http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0130.html




comprises many different plant associations, several of which are unique to the area. Human impacts on the vegetation have been severe and prolonged and the closed canopy forest has been altered substantially from its primary state. Farmbush, the degraded secondary growth derived from forest that follows slash-and-burn agriculture, is increasingly the most dominant vegetation type in this region. The flora and fauna of the ecoregion are diverse with nearly 1,000 vertebrates recorded in Taï National Park (Ivory Coast) alone. Recent estimates indicate there are more than 200 plants endemic to this ecoregion, including an endemic family of lianas. The fauna is also distinctive with larger numbers of narrowly endemic species than in the contiguous Eastern Guinean Lowland Forest ecoregion, including two endemic duikers, three strictly endemic birds, and 13 strictly endemic amphibians. Non-human primates are also diverse. Much of the natural forest in this ecoregion has been lost to human activities, and almost all remaining forest has been modified by past human disturbance. Both Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone show the greatest level of fragmentation of natural forests with the area of primary forest in Sierra Leone having been reduced from more than 70% to just under 6%. However, Liberia still retains large forest blocks. The total area of protected areas and forest reserves in this ecoregion is just under 3%, but the management of them is currently poor or non-existent. Anthropogenic pressures for farmland, timber, bushmeat, fuelwood and mineral resources continue to reduce the size and biotic potential of the remaining forests. Most of the high forest areas that remain are late secondary stands, which are isolated from each other within a sea of farmbush vegetation. Logging, driven by the global demand for hardwoods, is widespread through the region. The secondary impacts of this are often more damaging to the forest than timber harvesting itself, since the logging roads allow access for farmers who then clear more forest to cultivate. In this way, timber harvesting has accelerated forest fragmentation. Hunting for bushmeat now parallels habitat loss as the major threats to the survival of mammals in this ecoregion. The extent of such hunting has prompted governments to enact hunting bans, but the legislation is largely impractical and cannot be enforced. Commercial fuel wood collection is an emerging threat to both protected and already degraded forests, exacerbated by reliance of a vast majority of urban dwellers on wood and charcoal for cooking. Conversion of swamplands to wet rice agriculture also appears to be significant, particularly in terms of a decline in amphibian species. In addition to the Western Guinean Lowland Forest ecoregion, the Guinean Montane Forest ecoregion3 comprises high altitude peaks and plateaus that spread across four countries in the Upper Guinean region of West Africa. In relation to the Scheme, Mount Nimba (elevation of 1,752m) is the nearest representative of this ecoregion and is of regional importance for its biodiversity. The vegetation on its lower slopes is tropical forest, reaching elevations of 700m. Above 800m there is Parinari-dominated montane forest with a rich array of epiphytes, and natural grassland on the peaks and ridges with sedge beds on some wetter slopes and rocky outcrops. The diversity and endemism on Mount Nimba is well documented. Even in its current degraded condition it supports one of the richest varieties of species in Africa, with records of over 2,000 species of vascular plant including a total of 101 species of orchid. The faunal diversity is also rich with 2,500 invertebrate species and over 300 vertebrate species. The latter include 15 endemic species and 5 endemic sub-species as follows: mammals (4 species and 2 sub-species), amphibians (4 species and 1 subspecies) and fishes (3 species and 1 sub-species) (Colston and Curry-Lindahl 1986).

3 The description of the Guinean Montane Forest ecoregion is edited from the full description found at http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0114_full.html




Ecosystems on Mount Nimba have undergone marked fragmentation from mining, slash-and-burn farming, and man-made fires. Those parts of the Nimba massif lying in Guinean and Ivorian territory were inscribed by UNESCO in 1981 and 1982 respectively as a Natural World Heritage Site4, one of 812 sites on the World Heritage list. Furthermore, because of the threats associated with mining and persistent invasions of protected areas by logging companies and local farmers, Mount Nimba was inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger by the World Heritage Committee in 1992. Part of the massif, the Upper Cavalley River Basin in Guinea, was designated in 1980 under UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Programme as a Biosphere Reserve while the parts of the massif within the Côte d'Ivoire are protected by Order No. 4190 SE/F, 1943 conferring Strict Nature Reserve status (IUCN Category of 1a) to that sector. The Liberian side was not included in the World Heritage List because “it had been despoiled by mining”. However, it is clear that the Nimba massif as a whole is of considerable international significance. Its recent designation as an Alliance for Zero Extinction Site highlights this importance within the global conservation community. 1.4 National context At the national level, Liberia currently has only two officially protected areas for the purposes of nature conservation – Sapo National Park and the East Nimba Nature Reserve, the latter created from the East Nimba National Forest by the East Nimba Nature Reserve Act in 2003. A series of National Forests has also been established in which a number of activities are prohibited including mining and prospecting. A number of other sites have been proposed as protected areas, including the West Nimba Proposed Protected Area. Although the boundaries of this proposed site are not yet fully-defined, the area includes the remaining mountains within the Nimba range lying in Liberia, namely Mounts Beeton, Gangra, Tokadeh and Yuelliton, in line with a prime recommendation made by the Fauna and Flora International forest survey (Sambolah, 2005). Additionally, the same mountains have been ear-marked for inclusion into the West Nimba National Forest which would prohibit a number of activities including mining and prospecting. The West African Priority Setting Workshop (CI, 1999) identified areas of extremely high conservation priority for a range of taxa and included Liberia. These areas were assigned with regard to the taxas’ biological importance and the degree of threat to which it was assessed to be exposed to. Given restricted information, the exercise was produced largely through expert knowledge and opinion, hence the precise boundaries and species compositions cannot be confirmed.

4 Criterion ii – to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; Criterion iv – to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. Since the adoption of the revised Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in 2005, these criteria have become viii and x respectively.




2. STUDY SCOPE 2.1 Technical scope Biodiversity resources and receptors have been considered within the categories described below, reflecting the ecosystem, species and gene levels identified in the CBD. Areas of conservation importance – includes Protected Areas (PA), proposed Protected Areas (pPA), biodiversity hotspots5 or other areas of conservation importance or high biodiversity. These also include corridors, migratory habitat or areas supporting mobility of species, i.e. any areas important for movement of animals within the landscape allowing access to feeding habitat, breeding habitat, water or allowing gene flow between metapopulations6. Ecosystems, communities or assemblages of species – individuals or populations of different plant and animal species that often co-occur in repeatable and recognisable assemblages or communities. In the past the Nimba area supported particularly diverse and unique assemblages of plants, birds, amphibians, primates and other large mammals and it is important to search for evidence of any such assemblages in addition to looking at impacts on individual species populations. The term ‘ecosystem’ refers to communities, assemblages, species and the physical environment that they occupy at a given time. Ecosystems can perform important functions or ecosystem services (for example, river catchments with well established vegetation can help protect against soil erosion, and maintain water quality in river catchments), making it important to establish whether proposals might affect ecosystem processes. Species and their habitat – individual species protected under Liberian legislation (see Appendix A), or which are endemic either to Liberia or to an ecological unit within which Liberia is located, such as the Guinean Forests of West Africa global biodiversity hotspot7; species which are globally threatened; species which have restricted-range8 or are declining in distribution or abundance; and those having commercial importance or community-level resource use. Potential effects resulting from mining. The types of effects on these resources potentially arising from the proposed mining operations and therefore identified for consideration comprise the following. • Loss of, fragmentation of, or damage to, areas of conservation importance resulting from

land-take. • Loss of, or damage to, areas of conservation importance arising from pollution, erosion

and changes to hydrology or geomorphological processes. • Loss of, or changes in, the composition, distribution, diversity or productivity of

ecosystems, communities and assemblages of species. • Reduced distribution or abundance of individuals within populations, loss of local

populations, reduced fecundity in individual species or taxonomic groups due to loss of,

5 A biodiversity hotspot, as defined by Conservation International, is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. 6 A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level.

7 One of Conservation International’s 25 global biodiversity hotspots, the Guinean Forests of West Africa hotspot encompasses all of the lowland forests of political West Africa, stretching from Guinea and Sierra Leone eastward to the Sanaga River in Cameroon. This includes the countries of Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria, which maintain remnant fragments of the forests. 8 Restricted-range species are defined by BirdLife International as those having a total historical breeding range of less than 50,000km2




or fragmentation or damage to, supporting habitat, changes to microclimate, or from damage or disturbance due to increased human activities (harvesting of forest products, hunting, noise, proximity of humans and human activities).

Induced effects. These will arise largely from increased land use changes and disturbance associated with resettlement and population influx resulting from the Scheme. They will be similar in nature to the effects from planned Scheme activities identified above, but could extend over much larger areas, particularly if population influx and land use planning and controls by the authorities progress in an uncoordinated and unregulated manner. Thus, if not managed proactively, they could result in effects on biodiversity which have greater implications and be more difficult to predict and control than impacts arising from the planned Scheme activities, which can be managed more easily through Scheme design and planning. Cumulative effects. Biodiversity may experience cumulative impacts due to many activities which are currently unregulated by the authorities, including land conversion for agriculture, illegal timber felling, hunting and collection of non-timber forest products, all of which degrade ecosystems and reduce the availability and quality of habitat for wildlife. Climate change may also have an increasing bearing on cumulative impacts in future. In addition to the background threats and pressures identified above, cumulative effects on biodiversity are also associated with the combined effects of other mining proposals or activities within Liberia and in neighbouring countries, notably Guinea. This potentially increases the overall significance of impacts associated with mining proposals compared to their assessment in isolation. Cumulative effects and the scope to ameliorate them may be considered as part of any plans to offset residual adverse impacts remaining after appropriate mitigation measures have been identified for the proposals. 2.2 Spatial scope The spatial scope/study area for assessing impacts on biodiversity includes areas potentially exposed to impacts – Scheme Impact Areas – as well as a Wider Area of Influence, which needs to be studied to understand factors which affect the significance of predicted effects in terms of the integrity of areas of conservation importance and the status of species populations and their habitat. This applies to all components of the Scheme, including proposed mining areas and associated townships, the rail/road corridor and the ‘landside’ parts of the port at Buchanan. Therefore, the spatial scope comprises the following. Mining scheme impact areas • The footprint, on-site impact areas of planned mining activities (this is the area of land

exposed directly to the effects of “on-site” activities where land-take will occur); • Off-site impact areas that could be affected by wider ranging effects of the planned

Scheme activity (e.g. due to erosion, run-off, discharges, and spillages and from disturbance caused by noise, vibration, and light). Such effects could also potentially occur in previously remote areas opened up to hunting for bushmeat or collection of fuel wood and non-timber forest products through increased access or greater demand;

• Areas subject to induced or cumulative effects, for example as a result of induced pressure from physical or economic resettlement or from population influx.

Wider area of influence A wider area of influence of the mining scheme to include areas affected by ecological outcomes and implications for conservation status at different geographic scales and within




which there may be opportunities for offsets, other enhancements or opportunities. Areas within which: • Changes in the conservation status of species locally, nationally or even globally may

occur as a consequence of scheme impacts on a proportion of their distribution, home range, population or habitat availability;

• Removal of a proportion of a protected area may affect the integrity of the area and hence its ability to support the features for which it was designated; or

• Similar impacts on non-designated areas might constrain future options for protection of biodiversity.

The spatial scope for biodiversity studies, therefore, has included areas supporting wider distributions of the ecosystems and biodiversity potentially directly and indirectly impacted or influenced by the Scheme and has included the protected area network in the region and the country. It specifically has included the East Nimba Nature Reserve (ENNR), both as a reference site which is likely to support the highest levels of biodiversity in the vicinity and, since large parts of the ENNR are inside the concession area, it presents a possible location for the implementation of biodiversity compensation measures or offsets. Similarly, the spatial scope includes the West Nimba pPA, both to determine the biodiversity value of this area and hence the significance of effects caused by the Scheme, and also to inform the identification of suitable areas for compensation measures and offsets outside the footprint. 2.3 Temporal scope Temporal scope has been considered in relation to both the timing of fieldwork in order to ensure that seasonal changes are detected and the temporal duration of impacts. Fieldwork has included both wet and dry season surveys. Biodiversity effects may be temporary (i.e. ceasing once the impact ends) or they may be permanent and/or irreversible. However, it is also important to consider the duration of such impacts, which may vary in different spatial locations. Mining may last for up to 30 years or more, and the transport route may be maintained after mine closure, so even temporary impacts could have long-term effects. It is also important to consider the temporal nature of impacts in terms of the lifecycle of the receptor affected. Even a very short-term impact could have long-term consequences for a species’ population with a short lifecycle. The temporal scope of impacts, therefore, takes account of the lifetime of the various proposed activities, the likely duration of ecological impacts and the time taken for mitigation measures to become established (sometimes decades or longer). Mining can have long-lasting effects on species’ distributions and abundance. Effects may still be apparent within the mining scheme’s spatial scope 40 years after cessation of previous mining activities. Many effects can be considered as irreversible. A minimum time horizon of 50 years is considered necessary for purposes of impact assessment and for some impacts a longer time horizon may be necessary.




3. METHODS OF STUDY

3.1 Terrestrial baseline determination and appraisal A combination of desk studies, scoping and more detailed surveys was used to establish the presence and distribution of biodiversity which could potentially be affected. The results were also used to identify “important biodiversity”9, since it is not possible to carry out detailed impact assessment for all possible receptors. Desk studies Several ecological studies were carried out in the Nimba area when the Nimba Research Laboratory at Grassfield was operating (from 1963 to 1982), but more recent information is relatively scarce. Similarly, there is relatively little ecological information available for the route of the railway to the coast, or for the areas surrounding the port. A baseline desk study (Atkins, 2009) was undertaken to collate available information from a variety of sources, including consultation with specialists and this summarises results from the studies referred to above. This was used as the basis for a gap analysis to derive the scope of subsequent baseline surveys required for the EIA reported in this document. It was also used to determine the outline of the mining scheme’s biodiversity context at global, regional and national levels as described in Section 1 above. The results of various studies undertaken by Société des Mines de Fer de Guinée (SMFG) in relation to a proposed mine development in Guinean Nimba were made available for this EIA (e.g. the following unpublished reports: Afrique Nature, 2008; Jongkind, 2007; and Rödel, et al, 2008). Satellite image interpretation and mapping The mining scheme has a large footprint and potentially could affect biodiversity distribution and status over an extensive spatial scope which cannot all be surveyed in detail on the ground. Satellite imagery and aerial photography were obtained to support assessment of land use and land cover over the Scheme impact area for the mine. An unsupervised classification of Landsat imagery was used to guide selection of suitable ‘reference sites’ for detailed survey. Results from detailed biodiversity field surveys carried out in three such sites, combined with results from wider reconnaissance surveys (see following section) were combined with analysis of aerial photography to provide ground truth inputs to a supervised classification of SPOT satellite imagery10 using the 12 classes set out in Figure 1 (a SPOT image was used for this stage of interpretation in order to obtain finer detail than was available on the Landsat images). The classification used categories designed to be compatible with the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Land Cover Classification Scheme (Di Gregorio and Jansen, 2000) This approach was used to identify any apparent links between species records and land cover in order to estimate possible availability of suitable habitat throughout the spatial scope and to allow for a quantified estimate of habitat loss by type.

9 Important biodiversity comprises biodiversity receptors and resources which are significant in terms of biological conservation or which play a role in the provision of ecosystems services. In the context of this study specific criteria have been defined according to several criteria including levels of formal designation or protection, IUCN or other threat status, endemism, provision of ecosystems services and ecological function. 10 Système Probatoire pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT5) colour multispectral 10m resolution images acquired in Jan/Mar 2008




Figure 1: Classes used in SPOT image land cover

Dense Closed / Lowland Forest Agricultural (recent) / sparse vegetation

Mature Open / Upland Forest Scrub or Marsh

Young Forest Bare Ground

Scrub Developed (Roads)

Grassland Developed (Urban)

Grass / low shrubs (mixed) Water

Field surveys Scoping surveys were undertaken during 2007 and 2008 to identify important biodiversity areas, features and resources that might be sensitive to, and affected by, proposed activities within, and in the immediate vicinity of, the mine footprint. Walk-over surveys were conducted by generalist ecologists to identify areas, features, and resources likely to require more detailed survey and also to provide information for ground-truthing the satellite imagery. From the results of the scoping surveys, certain taxonomic groups were selected for more detailed baseline surveys to be included in detailed baseline biodiversity surveys carried out in both the wet and dry seasons (June-July 2008 and January 2009 respectively) as follows (Figure 2): • Biological Preliminary Assessment (BioPA) surveys at three reference sites; • Footprint verification studies within the mine footprints; • Freshwater macro-invertebrate11 sampling at selected freshwater sites (December 2008); • Rapid reconnaissance of the West Nimba proposed Protected Area; and • Surveys to inform future bio-monitoring requirements.

Biological Prelimary Assessment (BioPA) BioPA is a reconnaissance-level method of species sampling based on the Rapid Appraisal Programme (RAP) survey methodology developed by Conservation International (CI) in 1990 in order to improve biodiversity assessment prior to large development projects, particularly those involving logging or mining. It involves intensive searching for species’ specimens within focal taxonomic groups and within areas supporting relatively homogenous conditions/habitat. Survey methods differ between taxonomic groups. The intention is to gain relatively reliable information concerning which species are represented in the area of search, identifying as high a proportion of the total number of species present as possible. The effectiveness of the surveys, therefore, depends critically on access to specialist surveyors with appropriate taxonomic expertise. The BioPA approach was considered appropriate in this context due to the limited amount of recent or reliable information available for the proposed mining areas. The approach made it possible to identify species present in representative locations (‘reference sites’) within the proposed mining areas and provided the taxonomic baseline necessary to develop a preliminary understanding of likely distributions of these species in a wider context. Survey sites were selected to give an indication of the biodiversity likely to be found in the proposed mining areas as well as that possible in wider areas and in those areas potentially providing mitigation/compensation. Afrique Nature International organised the field surveys in three broad locations in both wet and dry seasons in Nimba County, Liberia, as indicated on Figure 2: • Proposed mining area of Mount Tokadeh; • Proposed mining area of Mounts Gangra and Yuelliton; and • Within the East Nimba Nature Reserve (ENNR).

11 A macro-invertebrate is an animal visible with the naked eye lacking a vertebral column and retained within a 2mm mesh sieve,




Figure 2: Locations of the main ecological study sites




Precise survey areas differed between taxonomic groups. However, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates were recorded for all species’ records. The spatial coverage of the BioPA is illustrated in Figure 2, which shows the combined locations of observations by all taxonomic groups in both the wet and dry seasons. The taxonomic groups surveyed were plants, large mammals (including primates), small mammals (including bats), birds, reptiles and amphibians, fish, butterflies and moths, termites and ants, decapod crustaceans, and molluscs. These groups were chosen on the basis of the desk analyses and scoping surveys, with the aim of ensuring relatively complete coverage of the main taxonomic groups. They included those groups known to have had high diversity in the past such as the higher plants, primates, amphibians and reptiles. It also included groups useful as indicators of environmental change such as the ants and termites and butterflies. Species were sampled using standard methods specific to each taxonomic group. Details of these can be found in Afrique Nature (2009). Footprint verification studies These studies were intended to provide more comprehensive coverage for the proposed mine footprints. Generalist ecologists conducted walk-overs in the footprint areas and held discussions with taxonomic specialists to quantify potential loss of species through consideration of the habitats that supported them. These walkovers revealed that the habitats within the footprint are very fragmented so that it was not possible to extrapolate species potential presence within them to a sufficient degree of certaintly. It is therefore proposed to make this quantification as part of the follow up surveys for species of high conservation concern. Rapid reconnaissance of the West Nimba proposed Protected Area Given the overlap between the proposed Gangra and Yuelliton mine site and the West Nimba pPA (Figure 2), a team of generalist ecologists conducted walk-over transects in various sections of the pPA. The objective of these was to understand better the nature and conservation importance of the biodiversity features in the pPA, and to identify those that are likely to be key for maintaining its integrity. This was undertaken in order to establish the requirements for further, more detailed surveys to generate data to enable the Forestry Development Agency12 (FDA) to develop its plans for the area, in particular to define the boundaries of the pPA. It is important that such more detailed surveys be undertaken as soon as possible in order to establish whether there is a conflict between the mine proposals and the pPA. The initial surveys of the pPA also identified possible offset opportunities. Bio-monitoring In addition to the surveys outlined above, a bio-monitoring scoping survey was undertaken to support possible development of a protocol for future monitoring of biodiversity and to identify suitable areas for possible location of transects and survey routes which could be used to establish a longer term monitoring framework. Railway corridor and port (landside) The main ecological issues identified in connection with the rail corridor and the onshore port facility were in connection with the aquatic habitats. The methodology for these is given in Section 3.2 below. Townships Infrastructure (water, sanitation and airports)

12 Under the National Forestry Reform Law (GoL, 2006) the FDA is responsible for establishment of protected areas




Walk-over surveys were undertaken in December 2008 in the vicinity of the water abstraction and sewage discharge points. This included surveys of a small number of wetlands and watercourses that could potentially be affected by intakes or discharges. The purpose of these surveys was to check for the presence of any important biodiversity which might be exposed to localised impacts. Baseline appraisal The baseline studies outlined above provided information about possible receptors in the mining scheme’s potential impact areas. It is not possible to carry out detailed impact assessment for all receptors. In order to determine which aspects of biodiversity to consider in the impact assessment, criteria were developed to identify important biodiversity. These reflect international guidance and standards as there are no nationally-established criteria. The criteria developed include conservation priority, levels of formal designation or protection, threat status, provision of ecosystem services and ecological function or role. The concept of important biodiversity carries an assumption that there should be no net loss where feasible and especially so in the case of critical habitat and species of global conservation concern. While importance is determined through application of these criteria, consideration also needs to be given to the geographic scale at which the biodiversity area, the ecosystem and the species are valued, to support subsequent determination of mitigation requirements (i.e. at which scale no net loss should be determined). The main scales considered were international or regional, national, and local (Section 1 above). Consultation Throughout the EIA process, consultation has been undertaken with organisations and individuals concerned with the biodiversity implications of the Scheme. This included: • National organisations responsible for biodiversity conservation or protection, notably the

FDA; • National regulators with responsibility for the environment, notably the Environment

Protection Agency (EPA); • International non governmental organisations (NGOs) with an interest in Liberia’s

biodiversity and/or the Nimba region; and • Local community representatives.

The following issues were discussed relating to initial findings, mitigation strategy, biodiversity offsets and the need for capacity development and training with: • FDA, Fauna and Flora International (FFI), and CI: summary of BioPA findings and

discussion concerning possible need for further information with respect to protected area establishment and management. Discussion of mitigation requirements and likely strategy through adoption of the mitigation hierarchy. Review of potential role of biodiversity offsets for impacts which cannot be avoided or mitigated for;

• Associates for Rural Development: scope for interaction to make best use of community consultation exercises and to avoid multiple approaches to communities for different purposes. Scope for establishment of community-based committees to explore options for community-based resource management. Review of community use and potential impacts on the East Nimba Nature Reserve and the West Nimba pPA. Comparison of approaches taken to data management and GIS;

• The World Bank: review of Consolidation of Liberia Protected Areas Network (COPAN) programme and potential role in further development of the West Nimba pPA. Discussion of need for training in regulatory aspects of EIA. Review of potential role of biodiversity offsets if required.




3.2 Aquatic habitats baseline methodology The ecological assessment of aquatic habitats was based around examinations of macroinvertebrates, and the methodology for this work is described in this section. All locations around the Nimba mines sites at which detailed macro-invertebrate sampling was carried out are shown in Figures 3 and 4. All sites were sampled using the SASSv5 methodology after Dickens & Graham (2002), a summary of which is provided below. The locations of the sampling sites along the railway corridor and around the port are shown in Figure 5 and described in detail in the result tables in Appendix C. Figure 3: Macro-invertebrate sampling sites, Nimba (December 2008) Site No

13 River/Site name Catchment Easting Northing

1 Gba River Gangra (& Yuelliton) 537155 837087 2 Vellie Creek Gangra (&Yuelliton) 534182 837376 3 Dehn (or Dehein) Yuelliton 541245 841047 4 Unknown (trib Dayea) Nimba 556278 837169 5 Dayea (upstream) Nimba 554995 837143 6 Dayea (mid-section) Nimba and Tokadeh 543587 831329 8 Old storage area outflow Tokadeh 539217 823339 9 Stream over wetland Tokadeh 537858 824040

10 Dayleh Gordeh Tokadeh 537284 824125

11 Dayleh Gordeh at wetland d/s Tokadeh 538129 825395

13 Dayea (downstream) Nimba, Tokadeh, Gangra & Yuelliton 531209 826984

14 Bee Creek Tokadeh (south) 7 24 26.9 8 42 03.2 15 Kahn River Guinea 547584 838857 16 Yeetee Creek Nimba 542415 827630 17 Madayea River Tokadeh (north) 541075 827331 18 Mountain stream 1 Gangra 541032 834357 19 Mountain stream 2 Gangra and Yuelliton 540670 835635 20 Bonle Creek Railway 474301 747772 21 Bleisi Railway 437139 710463

At each site, the major habitat types were identified and recorded and then sampled on a set time-area basis. Samples were collected using a net and a range of abiotic parameters were also measured at each site. Samples collected were sent to a specialist laboratory to confirm taxonomic identification to family level. The analysis of baseline conditions is focussed on determining the composition of macro-invertebrate communities present at a range of sites, calculating a range of metrics from this community and then comparing these to those determined at reference sites, as well as to one another. The method works by aiming to capture a representative cross-section of the macro-invertebrate community present in a watercourse at any specific point, taking into account the physical (rapids with rocks and boulders, pools with silt etc) and biological (in-stream and marginal vegetation) habitat diversity at that site, as determined by the prevailing water quality. The SASS methodology, as with most similar biological sampling methods, is based upon a macro-invertebrate community’s response to pollutants. Family groups that are sensitive to parameters such as low levels of dissolved oxygen and high levels of ammonia, are given

13 Site numbers 7 and 12 are not reported here as they were pond/lake sites where SASS does not work.




high scores (15 is the highest SASS score) and families and species that are tolerant of such parameters are given low scores (1 being the lowest SASS score). The total score (SASS), is determined by adding up the score from each of the family groups recorded, as well as the average score per taxon (ASPT), which is the SASS scored divided by the number of families that created that score, are the two key metrics in the appraisal technique. It is the combination of these two scores that provides a measure of the sites ecological status with the metric in the higher band resulting in the classification. Although SASS and similar metrics were created primarily to assess the presence of organic pollution, they are also extremely useful in determining the presence and impacts of other perturbations, such as the presence of toxic substances (e.g. heavy metals) and adverse physical conditions, such as unusually high (unnatural) sediment loads. Appraisal is usually carried out by comparing the results obtained at a site with those collected at unaffected reference sites. Due to the absence of a history of biological monitoring in Liberia and West Africa as a whole, and thus the absence of national or regional reference datasets, appraisal of the data collected during this study could only be done with reference to sampling work undertaken through the River Health Programme14 in South Africa. The South African dataset represented the best available and most applicable data for comparative appraisal purposes as it was very large and used data collected from a wide geographical area, collected from sites with similar meteorological and geological conditions and collected using the same sampling techniques as those adopted in this study. Dallas (2007) produced a set of guidelines to the interpretation of SASS scores based upon analysis of data from approximately 2000 South African sites; the samples collected in Liberia were analysed using the methodology outlined therein and using the information on upland South African sites alone. The reason that only information from upland South African sites was used for analysis here was that nearly all of the Liberian samples collected were from upland sites and because Dallas (2004) suggested that in general, macro-invertebrate assemblages are divided into upland and lowland assemblages (and with little further differentiation at the finer level, e.g. Mountain Stream versus Upper Foothill.

14 http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/index.html




Figure 4: Macroinvertebrate sampling locations around the Nimba mine sites




Figure 5: Railway corridor aquatic sample locations




4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4.1 Scientific literature, key studies and reports relating to the Nimba region The following scientific studies and reports were consulted for information about the Nimba region. • Ecological studies and descriptions of the area in the vicinity of the proposed mine, by

Kai Curry-Lindhal, Malcolm Coe and Jacques Verschuren in the early and mid-1960’s (e.g. Coe, 1975; Coe & Curry-Lindahl, 1965) Curry-Lindahl (1965, 1968 and 1969).

• One of the most comprehensive studies of birds ever carried out in West Africa between 1968 and 1976 (e.g. Forbes-Watson, 1970; and collections from the same surveys described by Colston and Curry-Lindahl 1986).

• Further ornithological surveys carried out by Stuart Keith (see Lovette, 1981), and in the late 1990’s by Wulf Gatter (Gatter 1997).

• Recent publication on the Butterflies of West Africa covering all of the areas 3800 species (Torben B. Larson, 2005)

• A summary account of the natural history of the Nimba Range in all three national sectors (Curry-Lindahl & Harroy, 1972)

• A summary of subsequent studies as well as an extensive bibliography of studies up to that point (Colston & Curry-Lindahl, 1986).

• A survey in 1968 by the German Forestry Mission to Liberia which produced the Nimba National Forest Inventory. (Adam, 1971-1983, 1981) and provided details on the flora of the entire Nimba region as well as a host of supportive details.

• Reports of rapid faunal surveys by FFI (from March 10-14, 2005) in the eastern Nimba. The results were reported in Sambolah (2005).

• The latest updates available: e.g. the 2006 IUCN red list of threatened species and the 2006 updates to the World Bird Database.

The vicinity of the areas proposed for mining was a rebel stronghold during the war, the fiefdom of INPFL General Peanutbutter (Cooper, 2005). Many of the biodiversity values reported following surveys in the 1960’s may now have been lost but it is not possible to determine to what extent this has occurred. Liberian representatives to the tri-national workshop in 2001, in summarising scientific knowledge of the region, concluded that “There has been no in depth study of the mountain except for the information about iron-formation and the rocks that form the ridges. There is some knowledge about the fauna and flora in the area but it is outdated. Not much has been done to study the area recently, and as a consequence, there are huge knowledge gaps about the area. There is much to be done in the area of biological and ecological research, and earlier studies need to be updated. A basic scientific assessment of the area to provide fully updated information is necessary.” (Toure, 2001: p.37). Consequently it can be inferred that those parts of ArcelorMittal’s proposed mining concession and surrounding areas not covered by the FFI and IUCN (2006) surveys are only known by what can be inferred by remote (satellite, aerial) surveys, limited reconnaissance visits and from knowledge of human activities in the area. This latter category has included hunting (Hoyt, 2004; Sambolah, 2005); post-war agricultural activity and refugee settlement (Alabi, 2003).




4.2 The biodiversity context Areas of known international importance Liberia lies wholly within the Guinean Forests of West Africa (GFWA) biodiversity Hotspot as designated by Conservation International; and is within the World Wide Fund for Nature’s Guinean Moist Forest WWF “global 200 ecoregion” and the Upper Guinea Forests Endemic Bird Area (EBA). It also has nine Important Bird Areas (IBAs). None of these areas have formal protection throughout: the designations reflect recognition of their significance in terms of global conservation efforts and priorities. The GFWA biodiversity Hotspot is generally split into two sections: the section including the Upper Guinean Forests stretching from Guinea to Togo, and the section to the east of the Dahomey Gap, from Nigeria to Cameroon. Liberia is the only country to fall entirely within the moist forest zone of the GWFA Hotspot. In order to qualify as a Conservation International ‘Hotspot’, a minimum of 1,500 endemic vascular plant species must occur (more than 0.5% of the world total), and at least 70% of the Hotspot’s original extent must have been lost. Biodiversity Hotspots are therefore areas of high plant endemism, which are also particularly threatened by human activities. The GFWA Hotspot, qualifies because at least 20% of its 9,000 plant species are endemic to the Hotspot (this constitutes approximately 0.6% of the world’s plant species). The Hotspot is also highly threatened: only 15% of the original extent of the Hotspot remains in a relatively undisturbed state and only 3% of the GFWA Hotspot is under any appropriate biodiversity-related conservation regime. Information on the numbers of species found in the Hotspot varies between sources. However the Hotspot is of undoubted international significance due to high levels of endemism in almost all taxonomic groups: 1.4% of the world’s mammal species, 1.5% of the world’s amphibian species, and 1.2% of the world’s freshwater fish species are considered endemic to the Hotspot. Importantly, around 92% of the Hotspot’s primate species are also believed to be endemic to it (CEPF, 2000). The Hotspot has a high proportion of endemic species and a relatively high proportion of threatened species which are endemic. There is therefore a very high risk of irreversible decline and loss, as the area supports many threatened species which are not found anywhere else. The Hotspot as a whole supports 5 species of ‘Critically Endangered’ primates and another 21 which are considered ‘Endangered’. Biodiversity in the Hotspot is already threatened by forest conversion for agriculture, exacerbated by rapid population growth and an influx of farmers from arid North Africa. It is also threatened by commercial logging, large-scale mining; bushmeat hunting to supply protein to growing populations; and political instability and conflict, which has displaced vast numbers of people into forest and rural areas. Conversion of swamplands to wet rice agriculture also appears to be significant, particularly in terms of amphibian species decline. The whole of Liberia is also covered by the Guinean Moist Forest WWF “global 200 ecoregion”. These regions are designated with the intention of conserving examples of the entire range of the world’s ecosystems, to enable conservation efforts to contribute to a global biodiversity strategy. The Guinean Moist Forest ecoregion is further sub-divided into the Guinean Montane Forests, occurring on a scatter of mountains from Guinea to Côte d’Ivoire, including the higher regions of the Nimba massif (above approximately 600m), and the Western Guinean Lowland Forests, across the lower areas, which reaches from eastern Guinea to the Sassandra river in Côte d’Ivoire (WWF).




Liberia lies within the Upper Guinea Forests Endemic Bird Area (EBA), defined as an area holding two or more species with a global range of less than 50,000 km2. The Upper Guinea Forests EBA has been reduced by approximately 77%, and, outside strictly protected areas, is likely to disappear within the next 25 years. Of the 15 restricted-range species of birds (i.e. those with a global range of less that 50,000 km2) which occur in the EBA, 10 are globally threatened, principally through loss of habitat. In addition, 9 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are recognised in Liberia. These are defined by Birdlife International as areas which support: • populations of species regarded as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable, • a significant component of populations of restricted-range or biome-restricted species, or • important congregations of water- or seabirds.

The Nimba mountains constitute an IBA in their own right, with at least 173 recorded species that are either biome- or range-restricted, or globally threatened (BirdLife World Birds Database). In August 2006, Liberia designated four new Wetlands of International Importance, (Ramsar Sites) bringing its total of designated sites to five. These include the Gbedin Wetlands in Nimba County. The site is at latitudes at latitude 07 ° 16΄ N and longitudes 08 °48΄ W. The Gbedin Wetland is in the North of Liberia near the town of Ganta. The wetland site is about three miles away from Ganta City. The Gaye Creek running across the site is a tributary of one of the major rivers in Liberia, the St. John. This area is a complex of swamp and also man-made wetland with an irrigation system for rice production. The paddy fields are reputed to provide feeding grounds for many bird species but it is not clear which ones. The endemic otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei also occurs in the area. The suitability of the swamp for rice cultivation prompted the government to solicit technical assistance in 1960 to introduce modern agricultural methods to local rice farmers in order to discourage shifting cultivation. The project, the Gbedin Swamp Rice Project, has employed a large number of local people, especially up to the onset of the civil war in 1990. The site is currently used for subsistence farming (rice), hunting and fishing, while the surroundings are used for logging and mining, as well as multiple crop farming. Other sites (not within the study area) include the Kpatawee Wetlands in Bong county; the Marshall Wetlands in Margibi county and the Mesurado Wetlands in Monrovia. Exterior to Liberia, parts of Mount Nimba itself (the Nimba massif) have the IUCN Category of 1a (Strict Nature Reserve). Part of the massif is designated as Biosphere Reserve (Upper Cavalley River Basin in Guinea) while the parts of the massif within Guinean and Ivorian territory are UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site – Criteria ii, iv (one of 812 properties on the World Heritage list). Because of the threats associated with mining, together with persistent invasions of protected areas by logging companies and local farmers, the Mount Nimba site was inscribed on the World Heritage in Danger list at the 16th. Session of the World Heritage Committee held in Santa-Fe (USA) in December 1992. This area was first protected by Order No. 4190 SE/F, 1943 which gave Strict Nature Reserve status to the Côte d'Ivoire sector. The Guinean sector was internationally recognized as a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Programme in 1980. The Ivorian and Liberian sections of Mt. Nimba were also provisionally included within the Biosphere Reserve. The Guinean sector was added to the World Heritage List in1981, with the area being extended in 1982 to include the Ivorian sector. In 1991 the Reserve boundary in Guinea was revised to exclude a 4,530ha area of ore deposits included in error in the 1980 boundary designation. The Liberian side was not included in the World Heritage List because ‘it had been despoiled by mining’. However it is clear that the Nimba massif as a whole is of considerable international significance. The recent designation as an Alliance for




Zero Extinction Site highlights this importance within the global conservation community. Areas of identified national importance Liberia currently has two officially protected areas for the purposes of nature conservation at national level: Sapo National Park and the East Nimba Nature Reserve, which was created under the East Nimba Nature Reserve Act in 2003. A number of other sites have been proposed, but civil war interrupted their designation. A series of National Forests has also been established, which have a number of prohibited activities, including mining and prospecting. The rest of the Liberian Nimba mountains group (including mounts Beeton, Ganga, Tokadeh and Yuelliton) have been earmarked for inclusion into the West Nimba National Forest. However, as outlined in the previous chapter, commercial forestry in the West Nimba Forest would represent a significant risk to biodiversity. The establishment of a West Nimba nature reserve in the remainder of the Liberian part of the Nimba Range (including mounts Beeton, Ganga, Tokadeh and Yuelliton) was a prime recommendation of the Fauna and Flora International forest survey (Sambolah, 2005). The WAPS Workshop (CI, 1999) identified areas of extremely high conservation priority for plants, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and insects within Liberia, as well as areas of very high priority for freshwater fishes. These areas were assigned with regard to biological importance and degree of threat to the species group assessed. Due to a lack of suitable information, the exercise was produced largely through expert knowledge and opinion. This does not mean the results are not indicative of the importance of the areas; merely that precise boundaries and species compositions cannot be confirmed. Non-designated areas that are features of known importance Characteristic forest, grassland and successional vegetation types for Nimba (in the absence of significant human impact) are described in more detail in the report by Coe (2006). According to the Liberian National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NBSAP, Nimba is one of just 14 areas identified as a centre of plant endemism within the Guinean Forests of West Africa Hotspot. More than 2,000 species of plant have been recorded on the Nimba massif, including at least 101 orchid species, one of which (Rhipidoglossum paucifolium) is endemic to the mountain. Many of the species of plant are apparently endemic to the area (Coe, 2006), but detailed up to date information on current distributions and status of plant species is lacking. Habitats and vegetation types likely to be affected directly by the proposals may include: • Possibly some limited extent of Parinari-dominated montane forest, a habitat found

primarily above 900m a.s.l., here likely only on the highest points, although it is likely the peaks are too low for true montane forest to have developed.

• Slope and ridge forest between c.500-c.1,000m, transitional between the montane and lowland rainforests.

• Mixed forest from c.450-c.800m. • Swampland dominated by Raphia palms in the valley bottoms. • Possible gallery forest along the Dayea River. • Lowland rainforest on the undulating hilly plain between c.450-c.600m. • Open swamplands and marshes, although these are now apparently degraded (Western

Areas Deposits development study). • Rivers, streams and mudflats.




There has been a general trend for characteristic and incredibly diverse communities (both in terms of species composition and structural diversity) to be replaced by successional vegetation on naturally or anthropogenically disturbed land. Any remaining areas with vegetation that is relatively undisturbed and characteristic of pre-disturbance conditions is of considerable importance. Due to relatively low levels of formal protection it is important that any such areas should be identified during field surveys. This would include any examples of the deciduous mixed, species-rich forest which develops at altitudes of 450 to 550m. In the 1960’s these types of forest could contain 40 – 70 species of large tree per ha (Richards,1966) and would support rich communities of epiphytes, bryophytes and pteridophytes. It would also include any species-rich areas of Raphia palm forest which develops in wetter depressions or swampy areas and is important for amphibians, snakes and dragonflies. Previous species-rich examples of montane forest on the Nimba inselberg were damaged by past mining operations and the rapid and continuing fragmentation of the West African moist forests is likely to mean that any remaining vegetation of this type would be of increasing rarity and importance, internationally, regionally and globally. In terms of land between the concession area/ proposed mining areas and along the railway route to the coast, some fragments of forest are apparent from satellite imagery (Google Earth), primarily to the south/east of the railway line (e.g. 7o 14’ N 8o 47’ W). Surveys would be needed to establish the make-up and significance of these forests in any detail. In terms of land along the railway route to the coast, some fragments of forest are apparent from satellite imagery (Google Earth), primarily to the south and east of the railway line (e.g. 7o 14’ N 8o 47’ W). Surveys would be needed to establish the make-up and significance of these forests in any detail. The east Liberian lowland forests are considered to be of extremely high importance for their reptile and amphibian fauna, according to the WAPS Workshop, and the wet evergreen forests of east Liberia may overlap with the railway corridor and coincide with remnant forest patches which are visible from satellite imagery. These remnants may already have been modified and have lost significant biodiversity interest, but this should be checked. It is also possible that there may be sensitive wetlands and river crossings within the railway corridor. 4.3 Biodiversity at the ecosystem and landscape level From satellite images the Diecke Forest, (in neighbouring Guinea) appears to be isolated by open agricultural land. The West Nimba proposed protected area could be a key biological link (‘corridor’) to the Nimba massif, and is therefore potentially of considerable strategic importance at landscape or ecosystem level. Currently from Guinea there is already some ongoing investigation into the use of and movement through the transboundary forest region by chimpanzees as it is believed that chimps have historically migrated between the three countries. Maintaining these corridors may be critical to preservation of the chimpanzee groups in this region. The increasing rarity of closed-canopy forest in West Africa as a whole, and the likelihood of a corridor effect between the Diecke forest and Nimba, means this is likely to be a particularly significant area for biodiversity interest. Due to the ongoing forest loss in this region, and the overall importance of the Nimba Complex for biodiversity, maintaining a buffer zone may be necessary in order to prevent further forest loss and to maintain the viability of NImba as a genetic sink for the entire tri-national area.




Important Species: international and national contexts Existing Red Lists are the main source available for information on species status, but cannot be relied upon due to lack of comprehensive or recent survey (levels of uncertainty are high). On the basis of the Red List Criteria, Liberia has approximately 218 threatened taxa. However there is practically no current, reliable information, so this list should not be regarded as exhaustive: the number of plants, invertebrates and fish, in particular, is likely to be significantly low, and the number of amphibians and reptiles listed is also probably an underestimate. Plants. Liberia is internationally important as a centre for plant endemism and retains a relatively high level of forest cover, despite increasing rates of deforestation. Liberia’s forests inherently support a rich diversity of plant species. Mammals. Liberia’s mammalian fauna is rich, particularly in comparison with neighbouring countries, in part due to history of relatively lower levels of hunting pressure. Significant taxa include a critically endangered subspecies of the Greater Spot-nosed Guenon Cercopithecus nictitans stampfli, nine endangered species including Pygmy Hippopotamus Hexaprotodon liberiensis, for which Liberia is now the global stronghold, Nimba Otter-shrew Micropotamogale lamottei, which is almost entirely restricted to watersheds of the Nimba area, and the West African subspecies of the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus. Of eleven species classed as ‘vulnerable’, the Nimba Shrew Crocidura nimbae is potentially significant to this study, being restricted to five known sites, all on the Nimba massif. Birds. Liberia lies within the Upper Guinea Forests Endemic Bird Area (EBA). All of the species for which the EBA is designated occur within Liberia, namely: • White-breasted Guineafowl (Agelastes meleagrides) – global status: Vulnerable • Rufous Fishing Owl (Scotopelia ussheri) – global status: Endangered • Brown-cheeked Hornbill (Ceratogymna cylindricus) – global status: Near-threatened • Western Wattled Cuckoo-shrike (Campephaga lobata) – global status: Vulnerable • White-necked Picathartes (Picathartes gymnocephalus) – global status: Vulnerable • White-eyed Prinia (Prinia leontica) – global status: Vulnerable • Sharpe’s Apalis (Apalis sharpii) – global status: Least concern • Liberian Greenbul (Phyllastrephus leucolepis) – global status: Critically endangered • Green-tailed Bristlebill (Bleda eximia) – global status: Vulnerable • Yellow-throated Olive Greenbul (Criniger olivaceus) – global status: Vulnerable • Rufous-winged Illadopsis (Illadopsis rufescens) – global status: Near-threatened • Black-capped Rufous Warbler (Bathmocercus cerviniventris) – global status: Near-

threatened • Rufous-winged Illadopsis (Illadopsis rufescens) – global status: Near-threatened • Nimba Flycatcher (Melaenornis annamarulae) – global status: Vulnerable • Gola Malimbe (Malimbus ballmanni) – global status: Endangered • Copper-tailed Glossy Starling (Lamprotornis cupreocauda) – global status: Near-

threatened The one endemic bird species, the Liberian Greenbul, is known only from a limited area in the east of the country, around the Cavalla River in Grand Gedeh county, and has not been seen since its discovery in 1985. Reptiles and amphibians. Information about Liberia’s herpetological fauna is limited. Mapped ranges of amphibian species are available through the Global Amphibian Assessment, but are in some cases rather tentative, as little is known about West African amphibians. Reptile data are even scarcer, with the only listed species in the IUCN red data




list being the Slender-snouted Crocodile Crocodylus cataphractus. Other species. seven threatened invertebrate species are listed for Liberia in the 2006 Red List. Several new beetles (Coleoptera) have also been identified from the Upper Guinean ecoregions and there are likely to be several endemic species present on the mountains, due to their isolation (WWF UGMF website). Only one endemic fish species is listed in the NBSAP, and no further information is available; with the importance attached to freshwater fish diversity through the WAPS and biodiversity Hotspot analyses, this is under-representation. 4.4 Important species: local context (Northern Nimba County) Partial (and now relatively old) surveys in the Nimba Range have suggested it supports one of the richest varieties of species in Africa, with records of over 2000 species of vascular plant, 2500 invertebrate species and over 300 vertebrate species. The latter include 15 endemic species and 5 endemic sub-species as follows: mammals (4 species and 2 sub-species), amphibians (4 species and 1 sub-species) and fishes (3 species and 1 sub-species) (Colston and Curry-Lindahl 1986). There have been no recent botanical surveys of the mountains of the eastern Nimba formation. Although similar composition and altitudinal zonation can be expected to that found at Mount Nimba itself which has been more recently surveyed (Colston and Curry-Lindahl 1986), certain key differences are expected. Lower altitude may preclude formation of the extensive cloud bank that forms on Mount Nimba and the associated epiphyte-rich montane forest. Similarly Mounts Beeton, Ganga, Tokadeh and Yuelliton may have forest cover at higher altitude and none of the savanna grasslands that are a characteristic of the mid- and upper-regions of Mount Nimba itself. This may mean the specialist faunas and floras associated with the xerophytic sedge Afrotrilepsis may be absent. As identified in the previous section, Nimba is a centre of plant endemism. Due to lack of detailed up to date information on current distributions and status of plant species, however, it is not possible to determine the extent to which Mounts Beeton, Ganga, Tokadeh and Yuelliton have their own unique floras. Similarly there have been no detailed faunal inventories for the eastern part of the Nimba mountains (Mounts Beeton, Ganga, Tokadeh and Yuelliton). Much of the information presented below is inferred from more detailed surveys carried out in the western sector and on Mount Nimba itself. There are some differences in vegetation composition between these two areas, with the eastern areas having more forest and less grassland. These (and some other notable differences) are likely to be reflected in the associated fauna as set out in more detail in the report by Conservation International (2006). Mammals. At least 88 mammal species have been recorded from the Nimba area, as compared to approximately 190 species recorded from the whole of Liberia. However there is insufficient survey information to confirm current species richness. Surveys of the LAMCO concession found that primates largely ‘disappeared’ between 1964 and 1978, with the exception of the bushbaby Galago demidovii. It is important to note that bushbaby taxonomy has undergone considerable revision in the last few years and given the number of new species described, the possibility of a new species being discovered should not be ruled out. Rather surveys should include recording of the region’s calls to be sent to the appropriate expert. Larger ungulates also declined considerably. A number of rare,




perhaps endangered, fruit bat species occur in the area, particularly Scotonycteris zenkeri, Scotonycteris ophiodon (which is known more from Nimba than anywhere else), Nanonycteris veldkampi and Myonycteris torquata leptodon (Coe, 2006). Fauna and Flora International surveys carried out between late 2002 and June 2005 (Sambolah, 2005) identified the following mammals as present in the West Nimba forest region: Black, Maxwell’s, Ogilby’s and Yellow-backed Duikers (Cephalophus niger, maxwelli, ogilbyi and silvicultor respectively), Royal Antelope (Neotragus pygmaeus), Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Water Chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus). However, note that these were rapid faunal surveys focussing on a limited number of groups. Information on plants and micro-fauna (invertebrates, reptiles and amphibians) remains limited. Although similar species may occur at East Nimba, their distributions may differ in terms of characteristic altitudinal range. Concurrent surveys with hunters found Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), Leopard (Panthera pardus), African Buffalo (Syncerus cafer) and Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) in the West Nimba Forest Region. Mammals found to be absent included a number of primates and elephant (Loxodonta [africana] cyclotis), with their disappearance perhaps linked to hunting pressure. Similar distributions of species can be expected through the Western Area Deposits region. Some of the more significant species are considered below. The western subspecies of the Chimpanzee Pan Troglodytes verus is the most threatened of all Chimpanzees. The populations on Guinean Nimba are known to be tool-users (e.g. Kortlandt and Holzhaus 1987, Humle, 1999), and have been the subject of study since 1976. The population is estimated at only 450 animals, ranging over 200km2, and should be considered a high priority for conservation. Nisbett et al., (2003) noted that both East and West Nimba Reserves supported chimpanzee populations before the civil war and local informants said they increased during the war. They also noted that some groups of people, including those in the East Nimba Region, had long-standing cultural taboos against the consumption of chimpanzee and other primates. The Nimba Forests were identified as conservation priorities for this, the most endangered of chimpanzee sub-species. The ‘Nimba Shrew’ Crocidura nimbae (a white-toothed shrew species) has been recorded from only five sites in the world. The species is said to be threatened by habitat degradation (IUCN red list), and is strictly endemic to the Nimba massif, as is Crocidura obscurior. The Nimba Otter-Shrew Micropotamogale lamottei is known only from the Nimba range and the Putu mountains 380km away. The species is considered rare, occurs at low densities, and is restricted to smaller watercourses in primary and secondary forest in hilly country. It is considered to be at particular risk from mining activities and wetland rice agriculture. Habitat conservation appears to be ineffective (IUCN 2006). Pygmy Hippopotamus Hexaprotodon liberiensis has been upgraded to endangered (EN) in the most recent edition of the Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2006); its range is centred on Liberia and the bulk of the world population is now found in that country. The population is estimated at 2,000-3,000 individuals, although this may be something of an overestimate. The favoured habitat is now heavily forested swamp and rivers, having been hunted out of lightly-forested areas. Protection in Liberia is described as incomplete, and enforcement as poor: the species is strongly threatened by hunting and habitat destruction. The species is apparently no longer found on the main mountain massif (Barnett & Prangley, 1997; Lamotte, 1998), but may possibly be present in the study area; survey work is the only way to establish this.




The African Golden Cat Profelis aurata (VU) is also likely to occur. This species requires moist forested areas, although secondary forest appears quite acceptable. Populations appear to be increasingly fragmented by habitat destruction across equatorial Africa, with the likely effect of decreasing population viability and making the species vulnerable to localised extinctions. The Johnston’s Genet (Genetta johnstoni) occurs on the Nimba massif (Gaubert et al., 2002), apparently being a widespread, if rare, species in the country. The species core range is Liberia. These genets are forest-dwellers, and appear to be under intense pressure from clearance of forest patches throughout their range. Similarly, the endangered Liberian Mongoose (Liberiictis kuhni) is a forest-dwelling species occurring in the Nimba area, but with little available information on its ecology; although human pressure is considered the main threat (IUCN 2006, Goldman & Taylor, 1990). The possibility of the forest form of African Elephant Loxodonta (africana) cyclotis existing in this area should not be discounted, though it has not been seen in recent rapid faunal surveys (Sambolah, 2005). The West African taxon is thought to perhaps constitute a separate species from the familiar savannah-dwelling elephants of East and Central Africa. Elephants could occur anywhere through Liberia, although they are probably restricted to protected areas and their vicinity. Cross-border migration of elephants from the Côte d’Ivoire portion of Nimba area is a possibility. There is substantial pressure on mammal populations from ‘bushmeat’ hunting with shotgun, trap and snare, and with increasing immigration of people this pressure can be expected to increase. Smaller, more rapidly-reproducing species such as small antelopes and rodents are more resilient to bushmeat hunting than larger species with slower reproduction rates. Protection of more vulnerable species is a key issue, and the impact of opening new areas to hunting through logging, or new road construction is a significant threat (Cowlishaw et al. 2005). Birds. At least 385 species have been recorded on Liberian Nimba during previous research at the LAMCO concession, adding 117 species to the Liberian list. The avifauna is a mix of forest, non-forest and passage migrants: the area appears to be important for migrant Palaearctic passerines (such as Yellow Wagtail and Blackcap), which are likely to utilise a wide variety of habitats. The WAPS Workshop recognises Nimba as being of extremely high importance for birds, with highest importance placed on endemism and rarity of species. The following significant species were listed: Yellow-footed Honeyguide Melignomon eisentrauti, White-necked Picathartes Picathartes gymnocephalus, White-eyed Prinia Prinia leontica, Nimba Flycatcher Melaenornis annomalurae, and Tessmann’s Flycatcher Muscicapa tessmanni. The latter species is, however, not mentioned by BirdLife International as occurring in the Nimba IBA. The FFI ground surveys of March 2005 in the West Nimba forests indicated the presence also of African Pied Hornbill Tockus fasciatus semifasciatus, Piping Hornbill Bycanistes fistulator and Black-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata. Yellow-casqued Hornbill (Ceratogymna elata) were not found in the West Nimba National Forest region, suggesting they may be locally threatened or extinct. The Nimba mountains IBA may cover the western area deposits too, although exact boundaries are not available. The avifauna of the western deposits area is likely to be very similar to that of the Nimba massif though, due to the close proximity of the site and the relative connectivity of the forests. The following brief accounts cover the threatened species listed by BirdLife International as occurring on or around the Nimba massif:




• White-breasted Guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides VU: Requires closed-canopy primary forest, and appears unable to adapt to altered habitat. The species may already be extinct in Liberian Nimba.

• Rufous Fishing-Owl Scotopelia ussheri EN: This species may occur in the Nimba area. It is endemic to the Guinean forests of West Africa, and is said to be widespread and not uncommon in Liberia. Threatened by deforestation near rivers and hunting.

• Maned Owl Jubula lettii DD: Nimba is one of only two sites in Liberia to have recorded this species. It has never been recorded away from forest and forest clearings, so is likely to be extremely vulnerable to habitat alteration.

• Hornbills: The Brown-cheeked Hornbill Ceratogymna cylindricus (NT) requires undisturbed primary forest for preference, and is threatened by habitat loss and hunting. Upgrading of threatened status is likely. Yellow-casqued Hornbill Ce. elata (NT) is less immediately threatened, but still suffers extensive hunting.

• Yellow-footed Honeyguide Melignomon eisentrauti DD: Definitely occurs at four sites in Liberia, including Nimba, perhaps also elsewhere. May not depend on primary forest, but unlikely to be well adapted to secondary forest.

• Western Wattled Cuckooshrike Campephaga lobata VU: Widespread in Liberia, endemic to the Guinean forests of West Africa. Threatened by loss of rainforest habitat, although it will use mature secondary forest.

• White-necked Picathartes Picathartes gymnocephalus VU: Found in a variety of forested habitats, primarily in rocky, hilly terrain. The species occurs in small colonies of 2-5 pairs, though up to 40 pairs is recorded. Picathartes are endemic to western Africa, and are extremely threatened by habitat destruction and hunting.

• White-eyed Prinia Prinia leonotica VU: Only occurs in northern Nimba county in Liberia, although it is described as a ‘common but local resident’. A thicket and forest-edge species, threatened with habitat loss.

• Baumann’s Greenbul Phyllastrephus baumanni DD: Occurs between 500-1,100m altitude from Sierra Leone to Nigeria, in forest and thicket habitats. Ecological requirements and population density of the species are almost entirely unknown.

• Green-tailed Bristlebill Bleda eximius VU: Dependent on forest, and restricted to the Guinean forests of West Africa. Under pressure from deforestation.

• Yellow-capped Olive-Greenbul Criniger olivaceus VU: Liberia is likely to hold most of the population of this species. Requires mature forest or forest-grassland mosaic.

• Black-capped Rufous-Warbler Bathmocercus cerviniventris NT: Said to be frequent around Nimba, but local in distribution. Requires riverine forest, particularly in dense secondary vegetation.

• Rufous-winged Illadopsis Illadopsis rufescens NT: Occurs predominantly in primary and mature secondary forest. Threatened with habitat destruction.

• Copper-tailed Glossy-Starling Lamprotornis cupreocauda NT: A forest, forest-edge and gallery forest species, threatened by permanent loss of forest habitats.

• Nimba Flycatcher Melaeornis annamarulae VU: Very dependent on closed-canopy primary forest with large emergent trees. Likely to be declining rapidly; the Nimba area is one of very few sites recorded for this species in Liberia.

Reptiles and amphibians. A minimum of 52 species of amphibian have been recorded around the LAMCO concession area. This compares with 78 species recorded for Nigeria (Coe, 2006) and the apparent 71 recorded for Liberia as a whole. The endemic viviparous toad Nectophrynoides liberiensis is one of very few species to have benefited from exposed laterite on the Nimba LAMCO mine, as it appears to like bare ground (Coe, 2006), but is restricted, like its close relative N. occidentalis, to the montane grasslands of the main massif. The Nimba area is considered to be of extremely high importance for reptiles and amphibians, although no information has been found on reptile diversity or abundance.




The March 2005 FFI ground surveys found the Slender-snouted Crocodile (Crocodylus cataphractus) to be present, a species classed as data-deficient by IUCN, though it may be vulnerable or even endangered. This crocodile is found in most types of freshwater habitat, breeding at the onset of rains. The species is threatened by hunting for meat and skins, although the value of skins is lower than that of e.g. Nile Crocodile (C. niloticus) (Crocodile Specialist Group). An increase in the human population in areas where other bushmeat species are also under pressure is unlikely to benefit populations of these crocodiles. Other species: The watersheds of the Nimba mountains area are considered of very high importance for their diverse freshwater fish populations (WAPS), although more information is required as to rarity, criticality of habitat and biological uniqueness. High diversity in freshwater fishes has been observed around the massif in general, particularly below 500m, with at least 22 genera in 15 families recorded (Lamotte, 1998). Of these species, several endemic or near-endemic species are included; e.g. Mount Nimba Lampeye (Procatopus nimbaensis) (see Wildekamp et al., 1986) and Lamotte’s Squeaker (Chiloglanis lamottei), a species of upside-down catfish (Gosse, 1986). A lack of comprehensive study means that there is a strong probability there will be more endemic fish species, as well as freshwater crustaceans. More than 20 species of upland invertebrates are endemic to the massif in general, including gastropod molluscs and insects from the families Carabidae (beetles), Gryllidae (crickets), Acrididae (grasshoppers) and the Forficulidae (earwigs) (UNESCO/WCMC). New Coleoptera described from the Nimba massif include the members of the Languriidae: Promecolanguria dimidiata, P. pseudosulcicollis, P. nimbana, P. armata and Barbaropus nigritus (Villiers 1965). Endemic butterflies include Pseudoletia richardi and Celaenorrhinus haydoni, and in the sub-montane area, Cacyreus belcastrol (Larsen, 1999). The Nimba mountains of Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea at least are considered of extremely high importance for their ant (Hymenoptera), and moth and butterfly (Lepidoptera) fauna. The site is ranked of high importance for diversity, endemism, rarity, critical habitats and biological uniqueness of/for invertebrates (WAPS website). Again, reliable information is lacking, and the presence of further endemic species should be expected. In addition, for species that have relatively restricted distributions, small territories and limited mobility, (such as perhaps molluscs or small beetles), the possibility of speciation of closely related ‘sister taxa’ is high: in other words, the relative isolation of the peaks of the Nimba massif from each other may lead to suites of species strictly endemic to separate peaks, or groups of peaks. With all these factors taken into account, any relatively intact habitats of the Western Area Deposits are likely to qualify as an area of high biological priority for maintaining populations of rare or endemic species, being a biological ‘refugium’ for plants in a similar fashion to the main Nimba range, and a potential ‘corridor’ linking the protected areas of the Diecke forest and the Nimba massif. The latter is potentially significant given the pressure on forest resources in West Africa, the declining and threatened status of many species inhabiting these forests, and the increasing isolation of protected areas, which may lead to isolated, unsustainable populations of forest species.




5. FINDINGS: BIODIVERSITY CONTEXT 5.1 Contextual findings This section considers the importance of biodiversity that might be affected by the proposed mining scheme in its global, regional, national and local contexts. It also considers threats and pressures on biodiversity, and how these can be expected to affect the state of biodiversity now and in the future. Some background threats and pressures are relatively general (e.g. impacts of land conversion for farming and hunting); others are highly site-specific (e.g. the ecological legacy of mining on Mount Tokadeh within the mine footprint). The scheme as a whole is located in a biodiversity context of global, regional and national significance, characterised by high levels of threat. The biodiversity context of the scheme’s areas of potential impact is summarised below in relation to its different components. Mine area Surveys have confirmed that biodiversity within the area has declined considerably from the very high levels supported in the past (e.g. Curry-Lindahl, 1968). This is due to a history of slash-and-burn land clearance for farming combined with extensive hunting and commercial exploitation including logging, exploration drilling, tunnelling, and mining. The vegetation on Mounts Gangra and Yuelliton shows evidence of this disturbance and land use change, with deforestation up to about 700m elevation in some areas, particularly on the northern slopes of Mount Yuelliton. Closed canopy tropical forest vegetation has largely disappeared and vegetation is dominated by secondary forest and scrub with only a very few large mature trees remaining (Figure 6). The Nimba massif contains one of the richest reserves of iron ore in the world and there are significant ecological legacy issues remaining as a result of previous mining activity. The ecology of Mount Tokadeh remains heavily influenced by this, reflected as it is in relatively low species richness within some streams and long-term changes in vegetation composition. In common with the rest of Liberia, biodiversity is increasingly affected by hunting and by conversion of land for farming. General levels of disturbance are increasing and there is anecdotal evidence of hunters coming to the area across the Guinean border (Dufour, pers comm). Current drilling activities are exacerbating the human disturbance due to increased accessibility provided by the roads and have also resulted in extensive vegetation clearance and burning at Tokadeh and at Gangra-Yuelliton. While there is clear evidence of degradation and habitat loss in all the taxonomic groups surveyed for this assessment, it is evident that the mine footprint in particular retains examples of forest vegetation and associated communities which are increasingly rare elsewhere. These support a high proportion of Liberia’s nationally protected species and also several which are globally threatened. Some of these species share ranges with forest in neighbouring countries. The area also supports species which are locally endemic or endemic within Liberia and it is possible that there are some such species present within the Scheme Impact Area (but this needs to be confirmed when identifications have been completed for specimens obtained during the BioPA surveys). The ecological value of the Nimba massif is fundamentally linked with its particular geographical situation and its geomorphology. The Scheme’s footprint potentially includes three mountains previously unexploited for mining purposes, with possible long-term implications for the tropical forest biodiversity which has developed in this geomorphological context. Although disturbance has taken place on these mountains, levels have generally been lower than in surrounding areas, making them a potentially significant refuge area for




Figure 6: Existing land cover of the areas around the proposed mines




species prone to disturbance, which have declined dramatically elsewhere. This is reflected in the presence of one of only two protected areas in Liberia and one proposed protected area in the vicinity of the proposed mine area. The formal level of national biodiversity protection in Liberia is in stark contrast to its informal but internationally-recognised importance, thereby lending even more significance to the presence of these existing and proposed protected areas. In summary, the BioPA surveys have confirmed the importance of the ENNR for biodiversity in terms of the number of species represented and their abundance relative to areas outside the PA. However, they have also confirmed the increasing level of risk to animal species populations from hunting. There is also evidence of vegetation damage throughout the ENNR, some of which is associated with past land use activities including logging, and some of which is caused by current activities. Escaped fire is a significant problem. While, as shown in Figure 7, the ENNR has a significant coverage of dense forest, historically the extent may have been greater. Further, while the signature of the forest may remain within a broad definition of ‘dense forest’, vegetation composition may nevertheless have altered due to changes in land use. The West Nimba pPA requires further survey to confirm the status of its biodiversity, but the preliminary surveys carried out for this EIA suggest that it does have relatively high diversity, albeit for a slightly different set of communities and species from those affected directly by the Scheme. Figure 7 quantifies land cover classes. This and Figure 6 show quite significant differences between the two areas in terms of their forest cover and the proportion of relatively mature/closed forest to more open secondary forest. The ENNR has approximately 70% forest cover overall (first three categories in Figure 7) and the West Nimba pPA only has approximately 50%, with a high proportion of scrub, grassland and agricultural land and also more fragmentation. Figure 7: Land use in the ENNR and West Nimba pPA (see Figure 6 for spatial extent of the classes)

Land use category East Nimba Nature Reserve West Nimba proposed Protected Area

% Coverage Area (km2) % Coverage Area (km2) Dense closed/ lowland forest

63.4 86.0 20.79 21.8

Mature open/ upland forest

6.65 9.0 33.57 35.2

Young forest 6.78 9.2 15.77 16.5 Scrub 1.99 2.7 11.38 11.9 Grassland 1.96 2.7 3.48 3.7 Agriculture/ sparse vegetation

0.76 1.0 2.85 3.0

Grass/ low shrubs 5.95 8.1 3.01 3.2 Scrub/ marsh 2.03 2.7 8.02 8.4 Bare ground 3.79 5.1 0.32 0.3 Bare ground/ urban 0.12 0.2 0.05 0.0 Bare ground/ road 2.74 3.7 0.16 0.2 Water 0.74 1.0 0.60 0.6 Cloud 3.09 4.2 TOTAL % 100 100 Total km2 135.69 135.7 104.82 104.8 Further removal of forest from the GWFA Hotspot will make a contribution to the overall level of threat and decrease populations of some species for which the hotspot is identified as being important. A small number of localised biodiversity ‘hotspots’ are suggested by the BioPA results, but need to be confirmed through more detailed spatial analysis when species identifications




have been confirmed. These are indicated by the presence of some species which are intolerant of disturbance and are normally found in primary or relatively undisturbed forest. Areas of key habitat for some species of global conservation concern need to be confirmed and this may require further survey in some cases to quantify the proportion of their overall range or population which may be affected. Railway corridor As with the proposed mine areas, biodiversity along the railway corridor and maintenance road has declined considerably from the corridor’s pre-disturbance state, as a result of their original construction and their regular operation over a thirty year period up to the early 1990s. This has been combined with extensive hunting and clearance of land for farming, across almost the whole of central Liberia. Most of the railway corridor is located in the ‘agriculture/small forest presence’ land cover type, with some marginal exceptions in the northeast of the Grand Bassa County and in some limited parts of northern Nimba County, where ‘mixed agriculture/forest’ land cover type is found (CI and FFI, 2004). Therefore, there are no areas of virgin forest or of closed canopy primary forest within the immediate vicinity of the railway corridor. However, the Saint John River Valley is included in an Exceptionally High conservation priority area as determined by Conservation International’s West African Priority Setting Exercise (CI, 1999) and there are several freshwater aquatic habitats along the rail and road corridor that are not significantly degraded and which could be sensitive to activities during the operation of the railway. Two important species are associated with the Saint John River and surrounding wetlands: the pygmy hippopotamus and the Nimba otter shrew (Liberian endemic). Traditional fishing is carried out on the Saint John River and its numerous tributaries, crossed by the railway/service road. Although over-fishing may be affecting watercourses locally, the current human exploitation of these freshwater habitats is not thought to significantly affect their biological diversity, based on the results from the freshwater biological survey and sampling. Port (landside) Neither the railway corridor nor port overlap with current or proposed protected areas. Only limited field surveys have been undertaken to date in the vicinity of the port, but from these it appears that there are no habitats of particular importance to wildlife within the direct footprint of the proposed port development, which is a combination of hard-standing with some patchy regenerating scrub. Biodiversity at the port has declined considerably from the pre-disturbance state, as a result of the regular operation of the port over a thirty year period up to the early 1990s. There is some human exploitation of the freshwater aquatic habitats present in the vicinity of the port in terms of fishing and washing. Townships In terms of biodiversity the townships represent a highly degraded context, with no important biodiversity occurring within any areas directly affected by the Scheme. 5.2 Ecosystems Forest ecosystems No major examples of virgin forest or closed canopy primary forest have been identified, but remnants of such forest are indicated by the presence of certain species recorded in the BioPA surveys. It is also possible that there could be other remnant areas within the wider impact area which could be affected by off-site effects or induced effects, notably from associated development. Confirming their presence may be possible through a combination




of image interpretation and targeted surveys to identify important indicator species (see section on species below), but is not possible using imagery alone. In the mine footprint, a moist or wet evergreen forest community occurs. Although a similar evergreen forest type occurs over the border in Guinea, the community within the mine footprint may be unique to Liberian Nimba, due to its particular combination of species, including some generally indicative of wetter or higher rainfall conditions. The secondary forest which has developed also appears to be somewhat different from secondary forest which typically develops in Guinean Nimba and may warrant its own description of:”Liberian secondary upland evergreen forest”. At Mount Tokadeh, some remnants of ‘good condition’ forest were present prior to extensive drilling, but it is not now clear how much of this remains following the development of a dense network of tracks and roads. At Mounts Gangra and Yuelliton, vegetation communities show signs of historic damage from fire, and extensive burning has also occurred since the BioPA surveys were undertaken. On Mount Gangra, an example of montane forest was found on the summit and, in one of the valleys, specialised vegetation was found on large rocks close to water. Species assemblages The BioPA surveys revealed high species richness in several taxonomic groups and also the presence of assemblages that include a relatively high proportion of endemic species and species with restricted global distribution. Primates are one such group, with high species richness (a large number of different species represented). A relatively high proporation of the 13 species that could be expected to occur in the habitat (determined from surveys of other parts of the GFWA hotspot) were found. Similar numbers were recorded at the ENNR, Gangra-Yuelliton and Tokadeh sites, with the numbers being 7-12, 7-10 and 7-11 respectively. In addition to the fact that a relatively large number of different primate species are found in the proposed mining areas, the likely significance of impacts is increased by the fact that many of the GFWA Hotspot’s primate species are also believed to be endemic to it (CEPF, 2000). Other groups with high species richness and high levels of endemism are the plants, amphibians, birds, and large mammals. Aquatic habitats Within, and adjacent to, the footprint of the mine areas there are a large number of small wetlands and vegetated watercourses. These support characteristic aquatic fauna and flora, and there are examples in several taxonomic groups of specialised species which are associated with stream-side habitat, including plants, butterflies, molluscs and birds. They also provide important ecosystem services15. In particular they act as key sources of water, in terms of both volume and quality, to communities downstream, and provide fish, a locally important food source. Figure 8 summarises the ecological categorisation of the freshwater habitats in the mine area as determined through macro-invertebrate sampling as well as the likely contributing factors derived from the freshwater resources study (Volume 2). Sampling of macro-invertebrates revealed taxa-rich and abundant communities at sites with limited adverse external (anthropogenic) impacts, indicating that the small stream and larger riverine habitats which contain these communities are of high biodiversity value, especially in headwater areas where distinct and unusual communities tend to be more common.

15 Ecosystem services are the resources and processes provided by ecosystems that address human demand and include the following services: provisioning e.g. food and water; regulating e.g. climate and disease; supporting e.g. nutrient cycles and pollination; cultural e.g. spiritual and recreational benefits; and preserving e.g. through maintaining biodiversity.




Figure 8: Summary of freshwater macro-invertebrate sampling results (mine area) Overall ecological category derived

from SASS

Site No.

Site / watercourse name Potential reasons influencing quality of

aquatic habitat

Natural (A) 4 Tributary of Dayea (Mein) (upstream)

No mining legacy

Natural (A) 5 Dayea (Mein) River (upstream) No mining legacy Good (B) 15 Kahn River No mining legacy Good (B) 17 Madayea River Fine silt deposition from historic mining at

Tokadeh Fair (C) 2 Vellie Creek Slash & burn agriculture leading to ingress of

sand Fair (C) 3 Dehn River Slash & burn agriculture leading to ingress of

sand Fair (C) 6 Dayea (Mein) River (mid-section) Very hostile physical environment –

sediment, as a result of former mining Fair (C) 13 Dayea (Mein) River

(downstream) Very hostile physical environment - sediment, as a result of former mining

Fair (C) 14 Bee Creek Possible high levels iron from historic mining at Tokadeh

Fair (C) 16 Yiti River Former mining at Nimba and possibly sewage pollution

Poor (D) 1 Gba River Expected to be better – possible water quality impact from village and lack of habitat diversity

Poor (D) 10 Dayleh Gordeh Creek Very hostile physical environment - sediment, as a result of former mining

Poor (D) 11 Dayleh Gordeh creek over wetland

Very hostile physical environment - sediment, as a result of former mining

Poor (D) 18 Gangra – mountain stream Naturally restricted fauna at headwater site plus impact of tree felling and access road run-off

Poor (D) 19 Gangra-Yuelliton stream Naturally restricted fauna at headwater site plus impact of access road run-off

Seriously Modified (E)

8 Tokadeh – outflow Stockpile Very high levels ochre and sediment issues, as a result of former mining

Seriously Modified (E)

9 Tokadeh – small stream over wetland

Very high levels ochre and sediment issues, as a result of former mining

In more hostile environments where there are legacy mining impacts, macro-invertebrate communities showed both reduced richness (number of taxa recorded) and also a reduction in abundance of individuals, indicative of poor wider aquatic biodiversity health. Two major possible causes for these reductions have been identified: the first is adverse water quality, most likely caused through high levels of dissolved iron and highly turbid/acidic water released during storm events (refer to Volume 2, Hydrology); the second, and most visible cause of the reductions in abundance and richness, was the hugely increased ‘hostility’ of the physical environment where ongoing processes as a result of previous mining activities continue to cause rapid and regular movements of large amounts of coarse sediment and have scoured riverbeds. 5.3 Species: introduction Full lists of species identified during the BioPA surveys (wet and dry seasons) are given in Appendix B. The following sections summarise results for each taxonomic group. Summary tables are included for each species which identify any species of global conservation




concern (down to and including ‘Near Threatened’: see IUCN, 2008). In most cases species records are from the BioPA reference sites, but specialists also recorded any other incidental sightings made during the course of the surveys, some of which are outside the reference sites. In some cases it is possible to infer species presence in other parts of the potential impact area of the mining scheme and this is indicated where appropriate, but further survey and interpretation of imagery would be required to map likely distributions for species of conservation concern. The Liberian list of protected species (Appendix A) currently omits many species of global conservation concern and is due to be updated. However, species currently included on the list are indicated. Any differences between the three reference sites in terms of species composition are highlighted where possible. Summary tables differ slightly between taxonomic groups depending on the information available and the status of species. Once the remote sensing analysis has been undertaken, it may be possible to interpret distributions of some species in a wider spatial scope than that covered by the BioPA surveys. Throughout these sections the term ‘Nimba massif’ refers to the entire Nimba mountain range, including those parts which are in Guinea and Ivory Coast. The proposed mining scheme is located within the foothills of this massif. 6. VEGETATION AND HIGHER PLANT SPECIES This section considers the baseline composition and condition of vegetation as well as the status of individual plant species. As identified above in Section 4.2, the particular moist evergreen forest community found in the surveys may be unique to Liberian Nimba, including many species of very limited global distribution, making the forests of global significance. Guibourtia leonensis and Tessmannia baikiaeoides (both species of high conservation priority) are characteristic trees for this kind of forest which appears to include species characteristic of slightly wetter conditions than the forests described from similarly low-medium altitudes of Guinean Nimba. Most of the vegetation shows signs of disturbance and degradation as demonstrated by a relatively high density of large tree species that only regenerate in large forest gaps or edges, such as Lophira alata, Albizia spp., Ficus exasperata and Harungana madagascariensis. The pioneer-rich secondary forest vegetation at higher altitudes that has developed following past disturbance differs from forests found at similar altitudes in Guinean Nimba and can be described as “Liberian secondary upland evergreen forest”. Comparative statistical analysis has shown that both types of forest communities occurring on Liberian Nimba appear sufficiently different from examples that have been sampled in more detail in Guinean Nimba, to warrant further investigation (see bibliography in Volume 5). Floristic variation across the study area correlates markedly with altitude. Multivariate analysis revealed a separation between vegetation samples taken from below or above around 800 to 900m ASL. Analysis of indicator species within the high altitude forest (>800m) sample found relatively few species which are truly characteristic of high altitude and a predominance of species commonly found in secondary and often semi-deciduous forest. Although true high altitude species did occur within the samples, they were not common. Considerable change therefore appears to have occurred from the Parinari excelsa dominated sub-montane forests described for these altitudes by earlier botanical studies prior to and during the early days of LAMCO mining (see references cited in Volume 5). This could be because the higher altitudes have been disproportionately affected by mining and drilling activities. At the lower altitudes logging and clearance for agriculture have been the main cause of vegetation change. The timing and location of these two activities has ebbed and flowed resulting in a heterogeneous landscape with different stages of regrowth among scattered remnants of the original forest (see Volume 4 for a detailed




study of the ages of forest fallows around Tokadeh). Though there are areas of lowland forest that show signs of recent recovery, e.g. in the West Nimba proposed Protected Area which was previously logged, it will nevertheless take many more years for the original biodiversity to be fully restored. In other areas the course of vegetation regrowth has been noticeably altered. For example, around Mount Gangra where fires have altered the vegetation composition, resulting locally in low-growing and dense vegetation structure. In areas which have been mined previously, vegetation recovery has been negligible and is highly unlikely without active intervention. Plant identifications are ongoing but so far 555 different vascular16 plant species have been recorded, with 413 being found at Gangra-Yuelliton, 275 at Tokadeh and 316 at the ENNR (see Appendix B for the full list). The coverage of the botanical surveys was aimed at a preliminary understanding of botanical diversity. Based on evidence from much more extensive botanical surveying of Guinean Nimba, where more than eleven hundred species were identified, the current BiOPA vascular plant list should not be regarded as exhaustive. Of the plants so far identified, one is classified as Endangered and eleven as Vulnerable by the IUCN and these are shown in Figure 9. Since only a very small proportion of all African plants have been assessed by the IUCN these figures should be regarded as an under-estimate of the global status of plants which could be affected by the Scheme. Figure 9: Vascular plant species of conservation concern according to the IUCN Name/group Scientific name Tokadeh Gangra ENNR IUCN

Sapotaceae Neolemonniera clitandrifolia x En Euphorbiaceae Amanoa bracteosa x x x Vu Flacourtiaceae Homalium smythei x x x Vu Lauraceae Anthonotha vignei x Vu Copaifera salikounda x x Vu Guibourtia ehie x x x Vu Meliaceae Guarea cedrata x x x Vu Lovoa trichilioides x x x Vu Moraceae Milicia regia x x x Vu Ochnaceae Lophira alata x x x Vu Putranjivaceae Drypetes afzelii x x x Vu Sterculiaceae Cola reticulata x x Vu

Key: x = Presence confirmed, EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable;

As an alternative means of assessing the conservation value of vegetation communities, a bio-quality approach has been initiated as this was originally developed in the GWFA and has recently been used in Guinean Nimba. Under this approach, plant species are assigned categories (stars) relative to their global rarity, and vegetation communities are then scored according to their various star components. Black stars are the highest rating and are assigned to species restricted to a small part of the world, generally occurring in less than two degree squares. They are very high conservation priority species, and their possible local decline, due to mining or other factors would represent a serious conservation concern. Gold stars species are slightly more widespread but still of some global conservation concern occurring on average in only 7.8 degree squares globally. They are of special conservation concern when they occur, as they typically do, with other high value species in patches of (high bio-quality) forest. So far a total of 7 black and 32 gold star species have been identified and these are shown in Figure 10. An expanded botanical survey programme will be required to map the fragmented vegetation in the study area to identify areas of high bio-quality. This further work will also allow for a better understanding of the process of bio-quality regeneration which will be invaluable for post-mining restoration.

16 By nature of the collection method, canopy growing epiphytes have been under-recorded among these. Furthermore it should be noted that lower plants have not been surveyed.




Figure 10: Vascular plant species of high conservation priority using bio-quality categories

Name/group Scientific name Tokadeh Gangra ENNR Bio-quality Category

Balsaminaceae Impatiens nzoana subsp. nzoana x Black Euphorbiaceae Uapaca chevalieri x Black Lauraceae Guibourtia leonensis x x Black Melastomataceae Heterotis jacquesii x Black Rubiaceae Chassalia bicostata x Black Psychotria ombrophila x x x Black Psydrax manensis x Black Acanthaceae Asystasia scandens x x x Gold Justicia guineensis x x Gold Anacardiaceae Trichosypha smythei x Gold Apocynaceae Hunteria simii x x Gold Landolphia membranacea hbm x Gold Aristolochiaceae Pararistolochia leonensis x Gold Celastraceae Tristemonanthes nigrisilvae x Gold Commelinaceae Buforrestia obovata x x x Gold Connaraceae Cnestis rademosa x x Gold Cyperaceae Mapania coriandrum x Gold Dracaenaceae Dracaena adamii x x x Gold Euphorbiaceae Amanoa bracteosa x x x Gold Hymenocardia lyrata x x x Gold Flacourtiaceae Homalium smythei x x x Gold Lauraceae Anthonotha vignei x Gold Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum x x x Gold Tessmannia baikieaoides x x Gold Marantaceae Hypselodelphys velutina x Gold Melastomataceae Warmeckea golaensis x Gold Meliaceae Trichilia djalonis X Gold Rapateaceae Maschalocephalus dinklagei x Gold Rubiaceae Ixora nimbana x x x Gold Morinda geminata x x x Gold Pauridiantha schnellii hbm x Gold Pausinystalia lane-poolei x x x Gold Pavetta platycalyx x Gold Psychotria rufipilis x x Gold Schizocolea linderi x x x Gold Stelecantha ziamaeana x x x Gold Rutaceae Glenniea adamii x x x Gold Sapotaceae Neolemonniera clitandrifolia x Gold Zingiberaceae Aframomum longiscapum x Gold

Key: x = Presence confirmed; hbm = historic herbarium record

Three plant species were found that might be new to science: a Rungia species (Acanthaceae) at Gangra, a Chrysobalanaceae species, also at Gangra, and an Allophylus species (Sapindaceae) at both Gangra and ENNR. Though all three have also recently been encountered in Guinean Nimba, they are likely to have limited geographical distribution and are thus of conservation interest. In addition the woody climber Vernonia doniana and the small shrub Chassalia bicostata can be considered to be of conservation interest because they were not known to occur in the Nimba area before this survey was carried out. In terms of important vegetation types, fast running streams produce locally high air humidity that makes it possible for treeferns (Cyathea spp.) and plants like Impatiens nzoana (a black star species) to grow. In the forest in the valleys around Gangra-Yuelliton there are huge rocks often close to streaming water which have developed unusual specialised vegetation including species such as Dicellandra barteri, Begonia quadrialata, Anubias barteri and several different ferns. These specialised plant species are vulnerable to mining activity if




stream hydrology is altered. Several species that prefer the riverbanks of larger streams, like Plagiosiphon emarginatus, Pycnanthus dinklagei and Vangueriella discolor, were only found close to the Yiti River and it is likely that the streams at other locations are too small to attract species such as these. Most of the plant species recorded in this survey also occur in the forests of the Guinean Nimba. However, there are also a few clear differences between the two parts of the Nimba massif. In this survey, the trees Strephonema pseudocola and Pausinystalia lane-poolei were recorded often, but they are not found on the Guinean side. Schizocolea linderi and Stelechantha ziamaeana are also more common around Liberian Nimba than the Guinean side. On the other hand, forest trees such as Celtis spp. and Zanthoxylum leprieurii, which are found relatively frequently in drier semi-deciduous forest on the Guinean side, were not recorded in this survey. The presence of Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum in forests on dry slopes in Liberia suggests there might be significant differences in air humidity in the dry season (or in rainfall) between apparently similar habitats along the massif, as this species is almost always found near streams on the Guinean side. This confirms suggestions from the BioPA survey ordination that the evergreen forest becomes wetter to the south. Timber species of commercial value There is extremely limited potential for the mine footprints at Tokadeh and at Gangra and Yuelliton to contain significant timber resources of commercial value due to the relatively brief period of secondary re-growth that has followed earlier forestry clearances and continuing clearance of land for agriculture. There are, however, scattered individual trees that have commercial and/or local traditional use and should be conserved if at all possible. The species affected are all restricted locally on Gangra and Yuelliton including three species classified as Vulnerable – black afara Terminalia ivorensis which is common in the area, and albizia Albizia ferruginea and Nauclea diderrichii which are both under pressure locally as a result of logging and farming. Triplochiton scleroxylon is classified as a commercial species by the FDA and is declining considerably in the Nimba area, though it is classified as Lower Risk/Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. 7. MAMMALS – PRIMATES The BioPA surveys confirmed the presence of 8 primate species: one ape (the West African chimpanzee – Pan troglodytes verus), four anthropoid monkeys (the Western black-and-white colobus – Colobus polykomos polykomos, Campbell’s guenon – Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli, the lesser spot-nosed guenon – C. petaurista buettikoferi, and the Sooty mangabey – Cercocebus atys atys) and three prosimian species (the Western potto – Perodicticus potto, Prince Demidoff’s bush baby – Galago demidoff, and the Northern lesser bush baby – G. senegalensis). Six of these primate species are common to all three study sites. The most frequent direct observations were for West African chimpanzee and for Campbell’s guenon. Several species of global conservation concern and/or species protected under Liberian Law were either recorded from the sites through direct or indirect observation, or were suspected17 to be present based on interviews with hunters and on past records, despite lack of direct observations in these surveys. Figure 11 lists these primate species. 17 Any species (mammals, birds, etc.) may be recorded during surveys either directly (by sight or sound); or indirectly (from tracks, droppings, or other signs); or may be suspected (third party observations (usually hunters), historical records, or from expert opinion based on habitat type and quality). A survey can prove a species to be present, but can never prove a species not to be present, hence the term “suspected” holds currency amongst field biologists.




Only one species classified as Endangered by IUCN was recorded, the West African chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus. This was present at all three sites. Further work will be necessary to confirm home ranges for different troops so that likely impacts can be quantified and suitable mitigation defined. Three species classified as Vulnerable by IUCN were recorded or suspected: Sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys, Diana guenon Cercopithecus Diana and Black and white colobus Cercocebus atys. Sooty mangabey was found at all three sites, but it is unclear how important the proposed mining sites are as a proportion of the species’ entire range, nor their relative contribution to the viability of the populations. This species has become extinct from many forests in Ivory Coast and is undergoing rapid population declines throughout its range. Diana guenon Cercopithecus diana was suspected to be present at Tokadeh and in the ENNR. Black and white colobus Cercocebus atys was recorded as present at Tokadeh and suspected at ENNR and Gangra-Yuelliton. For all three species there may be some scope in the ENNR for compensating for losses of habitat caused by the mining, but it is important to understand the implications of removing key areas of habitat at the mines. Olive colobus Procolobus verus (Near threatened and decreasing) was suspected to be present only in the ENNR and could benefit from any compensation measures undertaken there for other species. It is thought likely that the Endangered Western red colobus, Procolobus badius badius (present historically) probably no longer occurs in the area, but this should be seen as an early warning of risks to other primates of conservation concern which are all declining. Figure 11: Primate species recorded or suspected in the BioPA study area

Name/group Scientific name Tokadeh Gangra ENNR IUCN

status

Liberian Protected status

hominoid ape

West African chimpanzee

Pan troglodytes verus x x x EN WNPA 1988

anthropoid monkey species

Western black-and-white colobus

Colobus polykomos polykomos

x ? ? VU and decreasing

WNPA 1988

Sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys atys x x x VU

Diana guenon Cercopithecus diana diana ? ? VU and decreasing

WNPA 1988

Olive colobus Procolobus verus ? NT and decreasing

WNPA 1988

Campbell’s guenon Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli

x x x

Greater spot-nosed monkey

Cercopithecus nictitans stampflii

? ? ?

Lesser spot-nosed monkey

Cercopithecus petaurista buettikofferi

? x x

Western potto Perodicticus potto x x x

Demidof’s bush baby Galagoides demidoff x x x

Thomas’bush baby Galagoides thomasi ? ? ?

Northen lesser bush baby

Galago senegalensis x x x

Total primate species

7-11 7-10 7-12

Key: x = Presence confirmed ? = Presence suspected, EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened; L/c = Least Concern, WNPA =Protected in Liberia under the Wildlife and National Parks Act 1988




Neither Campbell’s guenon Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli, recorded from all three sites, nor the lesser spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista buettikoferi, recorded from Gangra-Yuelliton and the ENNR and suspected at Tokadeh, are of global conservation concern but both have declined in many parts of their range, including Nimba County. Overall the species richness of the primate community remains relatively high, but abundance is very low. This represents a high–risk scenario in which at least five species of global conservation concern are exposed to significant and increasing threat. Further work is required to confirm numbers and levels of occupancy of territories. The BioPA results suggest that although numbers are low, there are currently few areas of unoccupied territory which would be available for any displaced groups to colonise. Thus, compensation for loss of habitat is likely to be required for several primate species, but in particular those which are of global conservation concern. 8. MAMMALS – LARGE Species were confirmed as present on the basis of direct observations or through indirect methods (tracks, signs or camera traps). Figure 12 shows the species confirmed or suspected to occur at the three reference sites. Five species suspected to occur were identified through interviews with experienced hunters from surrounding villages. In addition to the primates recorded above, the BioPA surveys confirmed or suspected 52 species of mammal to be present, including a high proportion of the mammals protected legally in Liberia and several of global conservation concern (see Figure 12). This represents approximately 77% of the species that might be expected to occur, based on historic records. Although not observed within the footprint, the pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (Endangered) occurs along the Saint John River. Due to its high threat status in global terms, it is important to consider whether the proposed Scheme could have any impacts on this species, which is present within the potential wider impact area of the proposed Scheme and could therefore be exposed to induced effects, particularly disturbance and hunting. The pygmy otter shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei), also classified as Endangered, is suspected to be present at both proposed mine sites and was recorded in the ENNR. Jentinck’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki (Endangered), zebra duiker Cephalophus zebra and Liberian mongoose Liberiictis kuhni (both Vulnerable) are suspected to occur in the mine areas and the ENNR but no direct observations were made in this survey. African golden cat Profelis aurata, African white-bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis, Bourlon’s genet Genetta bourloni and leopard Panthera pardus and the bongo Tragelaphus eurycerus (all Near Threatened), are all declining and should be considered at risk (IUCN, 2008). Large mammals as a group are under considerable threat from the combined effects of habitat loss, degradation and hunting. A group under particular threat are the small to medium-sized carnivores such as the genets, which are already rare, are predated by other large mammals, and are also heavily hunted. Overall, eight Liberian protected species were recorded or suspected to be present (but it is noted that the protected species list is soon to be updated). Three species – Liberian Mongoose (Liberictis khuni), Bourlon's Genet (Genetta bourloni) and Leighton's Linsang (Poinana leightoni) – are endemic to the region. There were some species which specialists expected to find, but which were not recorded during surveys and which were not suspected to be present at the different mine sites,




based on available evidence. These species may now be locally extinct, but further surveys would be required to confirm this due to the difficulties of detecting rare species in isolated surveys. Tokadeh presents the lowest level of species diversity of large mammals as well as being the most disturbed site: twelve species which might have been expected to occur based on historic records were not recorded. They include the pygmy hippopotamus which has “probably been driven to extinction in the area but is still present in the Saint John River” (Afrique Nature, 2009). It also includes several other species of ungulate, five of which are thought likely to have disappeared from Tokadeh, including Cephalophus jentinki, C. zebra, Potamochoerus porcus, Tragelaphus euryceros and Sincerus caffer nanus.. In contrast, there were only five species thought likely to have gone locally extinct from Gangra-Yuelliton and three from the ENNR (the least disturbed site). Figure 12: Large mammal species recorded or suspected in the BioPA study area

Name/group Scientific name Tokadeh Gangra-Yuelliton ENNR

IUCN Status

Liberian Protected

Status

ARTIODACTYLA

Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki ? ? EN WNPA 1988

Pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis Wider Area of Influence (possible induced effects) EN WNPA 1988

Zebra duiker Cephalophus zebra ? ? VU WNPA 1988

Bongo Tragelaphus eurycerus ? ? NT WNPA 1988

Ogilby's duiker Cephalophus ogilby ? x WNPA 1988

Yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus silvicultor x x x

WNPA 1988

CARNIVORA

Liberian mongoose Liberiictis kuhni ? ? ? VU

Leighton's linsang Poiana leightoni ? ? ? DD

Bourlon's genet Genetta bourloni ? ? ? NT

Leopard Panthera pardus x x ? NT WNPA 1988

African golden cat Profelis aurata ? ? x NT WNPA 1988

PHOLIDOTA

African white-bellied pangolin Phataginus tricuspis x x x NT

RODENTIA

Western palm squirrel Epixerus ebii ? ? x DD

AFROSORICIA

Pygmy otter-shrew Micropotamogale lamottei

? ? x EN

Numbers of species recorded or suspected to be present (all species, not just those of conservation concern):

Total species recorded 21 26 31

Total species suspected 26 28 22

Total (regardless of status) 47 54 53

Key: x = confimed present; ?= suspected to be present; IUCN Categories En = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient. WNPA 1988 = Protected in Liberia under the Wildlife and National Parks Act 1988.

In addition, limited quantitative data were collected for some ungulate species and used to produce ‘Kilometric Indices of Abundance (KIA)’ (for further details refer to the Large Mammal chapter in Appendix 5.G). These were based on 22.3km of survey at Tokadeh, 26.6km at Gangra-Yuelliton and 19.3km at ENNR during the wet season. The results show that all but Maxwell’s duiker were least abundant at Tokadeh.




9. MAMMALS – SMALL (BATS, SHREWS AND RODENTS) Forty-five species of small mammals were identified from the three reference sites over both survey periods, as listed in Figure 13. This table lists all species found regardless of global conservation status since relatively few small mammal species are sufficiently well-surveyed to be assigned any status. Among the rodent species, Edward’s swamp rat Malacomys edwardsii and forest soft-furred mouse Praomys rostratus were found at all three reference sites. These species are considered to be indicators of remnants of primary or relatively undisturbed forest because they are intolerant of noise and disturbance. Their presence could suggest that there may be remnants of primary or relatively unmodified forest remaining. Wider searches for these species would help to confirm the presence and location of any remaining small fragments of primary/relatively undisturbed forest which should be safeguarded, if at all possible, to provide sources of colonisation for secondary forest areas. Although twelve bat species were recorded, there were significant differences between reference sites, with none being recorded at Tokadeh, seven at Gangra-Yuelliton and six at the ENNR. Although numbers of species are similar between Gangra-Yuelliton and ENNR, only one species was common to the two sites (Roussetus aeqypticus). One species Hyposignathus monstrosus was recorded in the wet season in the ENNR but not at the other two sites or in the dry season. This species of bat roosts during the day in trees which are 25-30m tall and it is possible that the proposed mine sites are lacking in trees suitable for roosting in locations with sufficiently low levels of disturbance (Kulzer, 1990). Five species of bat were only found at Gangra-Yuelliton. These include the Gambian epauletted fruit bat and Woermann’s fruit bat, which feed on fruit, the former in a variety of habitats including farmland and the latter largely in moist forest. It is likely that there are insufficient cultivated fruit trees to support the former species at Tokadeh. Hipposideros ruber, H. caffer and Miniopterus schreibersi depend largely or exclusively on the availability of caves as day roosts and need forest for foraging. Both these requirements probably explain their absence from Tokadeh. There are several species occurring in the ENNR (and not in other reference sites) which have similar broad habitat requirements to those found at Gangra-Yuelliton. They include Peter's dwarf epauletted fruit bat and Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (Nanonycteris veldkampii), which feed on fruit largely from forest trees (as opposed to cultivated trees). Egyptian fruit bats are also fruit-eating, consuming large amounts of fruit each night. Most of their diet tends to consist of unripe and insect- and fungus-damaged fruit, which allows them to thrive in habitats where ripe fruit are not available year-round. Nycteris grandis (the large slit-faced bat) is a carnivorous species, frogs forming a large component of its diet. Guinean bat communities are generally composed of more than ten species and more than 59 are currently known to occur in Liberia as a whole (Monadjem & Fahr, 2007) so the numbers found in these surveys are slightly below expectation and are considered likely to be an under-estimate. More intensive survey would be required to establish a more comprehensive understanding of bat communities and to understand the absence of bats from Tokadeh. Thirteen species of shrew were captured overall (wet and dry seasons), all of which belong to the genus Crocidura. This genus is common and widely distributed, though Bottego’s shrew Crocidura bottegi and Doucet’s musk shrew Crocidura douceti are classified as Data Deficient. Two species remain to be identified. The highest number of shrew species captured was at Gangra-Yuelliton (nine) followed by ENNR (seven) and Tokadeh (five). Some species were captured in only one site: this is the case with Crocidura jouvenetae, C.




lamottei, C. miricauda, C. nigeriae and C. obscurior. Büttikofer’s shrew C. buettikoferi (Near Threatened) was found at Tokadeh and at Gangra-Yuelliton but not at ENNR. The endemic aquatic otter shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei) was not captured; however, local information suggests it is present in Nimba County. Two squirrel species were recorded during the dry season BiOPA (Paraxerus poensis and Protoxerus aubinii) which had not previously been recorded in the Liberian parts of the Nimba massif though they are listed for the Guinean part. For this group as a whole, the proposed mine site at Gangra-Yuelliton is much richer than Tokadeh and it is also marginally richer than the ENNR. For bats, Tokadeh is dramatically poorer than Gangra-Yuelliton with no sightings at all. This group also differs from many others in that species composition tends to differ between sites. Figure 13: Small mammal species recorded in the BioPA study area

Name Scientific name Tokadeh Gangra ENNR IUCN

status

Bats

Number of bat species (regardless of status) 0 7 6

Insectivores

Bottego’s shrew Crocidura bottegi x x x DD

Doucet's musk shrew Crocidura douceti x x DD

Büttikofer’s shrew Crocidura buettikoferi x x NT

Number of insectivores (regardless of status) 5 9 7

Rodents

Number of rodents (regardless of status) 9 13 14

Total small mammal species (regardless of status) 14 29 27

Key: x = Presence Confirmed; IUCN categories CR = Critically Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened; L/c = Least Concern; DD = Data Deficient

10. BIRDS During the wet season survey 184 bird species were recorded; 132 at Tokadeh, 147 at Gangra, and 152 at the ENNR. The same three sites were visited again in the dry season, when 214 bird species were recorded; 148 at Tokadeh, 146 at Gangra, and 178 at ENNR. In total, 242 species belonging to 48 families were recorded during the two survey seasons. This represents 39%, over a third, of Liberia’s known avifauna and is a high number given the shortness of the study periods. However, given the range of habitats surveyed – different, mostly degraded, forest types, farmland, bush and mined areas – and the two opposing seasons, this is not very surprising. The dry season found a number of Palearctic and Afrotropical migrants that are not present during the wet season. Of those 242 species, 203 (84%) are residents, 22 (9%) Palearctic migrants, 12 (5%) intra-African migrants and five (2%) comprise both residents and intra-African migrants. The three sites had 130 species in common. To give an indication of the relative species richness, it was recorded that 211 bird species were recorded during 20 days of field work in November–December 2005 in three Liberian National Forests: 143 at North Lorma, Lofa County; 145 at Gola, Gborpolu County; and 157 at Grebo, River Gee County (Demey 2007); whereas 233 species were found at the Pic de Fon, Guinea, over 11 days in November–




December 2002 (Demey and Rainey 2005). The numbers found in Nimba therefore compare favourably with other parts of the country. Of the birds observed, nine are of conservation concern (four at Tokadeh, six at Gangra and nine at ENNR). Amongst these, five are classified as Vulnerable and four as Near Threatened (Figure 14). Nine of the 15 restricted-range species, i.e. species which have a global breeding range of less than 50,000 km2, that make up the Upper Guinea forests Endemic Bird Area were found during the study. Also observed were 130, or 71%, of the 184 Guinea-Congo forests biome species recorded in Liberia (Stattersfield et al. 1998, Robertson 2001). Additionally, 15 species that are near endemic to the Upper Guinea forest block were noted, i.e. species whose global breeding range slightly exceeds the limits of that forest block. Figure 14: Globally threatened or near-threatened bird species recorded in the study area Name Scientific name Tokadeh Gangra ENNR IUCN

status

Western wattled cuckoo shrike Lobotus lobatus x VU

Green-tailed Bristlebill Bleda eximius x x x VU

Yellow-bearded Greenbul Criniger olivaceus x x VU

Nimba Flycatcher Melaenornis annamarulae x x VU

Sierra Leone Prinia Scistolais leontica x VU

Yellow-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna elata x NT

Black-headed Rufous Warbler Bathmocercus cerviniventris x x x NT

Rufous-winged Illadopsis Illadopsis rufescens x x x NT

Copper-tailed Glossy Starling Lamprotornis cupreocauda x x x NT

Total species (of global conservation concern)

4 6 9

Key: x = Presence Confirmed; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened; DD = Data Deficient.

However, large hornbills, four species of which are known to occur in the area (Gatter 1997, Érard and Brosset 2003) and Great Blue Turacos, Corythaeola cristata, were remarkably rare, being completely absent from Tokadeh and Gangra, with only very low numbers and just two large hornbill species in the East Nimba Nature Reserve. Grey Parrots, Psittacus erithacus – the only parrot species on the Nimba list – were conspicuous by their absence at all three sites during both seasons. It seems that this is not due to seasonal factors but rather to low population levels (or possibly even local extinction) due to hunting pressure or habitat destruction. Gatter (1997) has already noted that this species had become rare in the north and the north-west of the country. G. Rondeau (pers. comm.) had not observed a single Grey Parrot in the Guinean part of the Nimba massif during the 18 months previous to the wet season survey. The occurrence of the Sierra Leone Prinia at the site of the former LAMCO mine is one of the more important findings of the survey. This species has a restricted and very localised distribution, and a small population which is becoming increasingly fragmented and is likely to be declining owing to habitat loss (BirdLife International 2008c). Nimba is the only site in Liberia where it is known to occur and its survival at (or recolonisation of) the mining site is therefore especially significant. Of the two mine sites, Gangra-Yuelliton has a richer avifauna than Tokadeh, with three species classified as Vulnerable, but both have species of global conservation concern. Despite the fact that the major part of the areas surveyed were degraded and more or less




heavily impacted by human activities, the three reference sites still support a substantial number of species typical of the Upper Guinea forest block, among which there are several species which are scarce in the region. Therefore, the survey has substantiated the conservation value of the area, in particular the ENNR. 11. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Surveys of amphibians were made using a standardised protocol whilst reptiles were recorded opportunistically. A total of 42 species of amphibians belonging to seven families including Bufonidae (true toads), Ranidae (true frogs), Arthroleptidae (commonly known as squeaker frogs), Astylosternidae (Cameroonian stream frogs), Petropedetidae (African water frogs), Hyperoliidae (African reed frogs) and Rhacophoridae (bush frogs) were recorded from the three BioPA sites including 14 species endemic to the Upper Guinea Forest Ecoregion. Five species are classified by IUCN as being globally threatened (one Endangered, two as Vulnerable, one as Data Deficient and six as Near-threatened). Nine species of reptiles were identified of which one – Serrated Hinge-backed Tortoise (Kinixys erosa) – is listed as Data Deficient. Osteolaemus tetraspis (Dwarf Crocodile) is classified as Vulnerable and was found at Vanyanpa village (circa 5km west-north-west of Mount Tokadeh, longitude 530464, latitude 825526 ) where it was in the possession of a villager and destined for the pot. It (and others) had been captured locally. Dwarf crocodiles are habitat specialists in small freshwater streams through rain forest, but may also enter adjacent freshwater rivers (Kofron, 1992). It could therefore potentially be found along any streams in the less disturbed forests fringing Tokadeh, Gangra and Yuelliton and in the ENNR. Local inhabitants may be able to provide more precise distribution data. Of the eleven amphibian species identified as being of conservation concern, Phrynobatrachus annulatus (Endangered) was recorded only at the ENNR, but it is not possible to confirm its absence from proposed mining sites unless more thorough searches are carried out. This species has not previously been recorded in Liberia. Phrynobatrachus submascareniensis (Data Deficient) is also known in Liberia only from these surveys and from surveys on Mount Simandou in Guinea. Conraua alleni (Vulnerable) was found at all three sites but has a restricted distribution globally. Kassina arboricola (also Vulnerable) was recorded only at Tokadeh in the wet season BioPA. There were some significant differences between the proposed mining areas but these will need to be confirmed following final identification of specimens. Additional survey work is considered likely to be necessary for this group as a whole because, on the basis of surveys carried out in selected sites, it is not possible to quantify the impacts of mining, and a significant number of the species likely to be affected are of global conservation concern and have limited mobility. A specific search for the Nimba viviparous toad Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis on the peaks of Gangra, Yuelliton and Tokadeh is recommended. This species is Critically Endangered, a restricted range species endemic to the Nimba range, and is universally threatened by habitat loss. The BioPA surveys did not find this species but equally could not confirm its absence from all areas that might be affected by the Scheme. Precise timing of surveys is critical for this species, depending on the survey method used. Those amphibian species of global conservation concern listed in Figure 15 are almost all associated with forest habitat. One Data Deficient species (Ptychadena submascareniensis) is found in degraded forest or savannah.




Figure 15: Reptile and amphibian species of global conservation concern recorded in the

study area

Common name Scientific name Site IUCN

status Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Reptiles

Dwarf crododile Osteolaemus tetraspis Wider area of influence VU

Serrated Hinge-backed Tortoise Kinixys erosa x DD

Total number of species of conservation concern recorded 0 0 1

Total species recorded (regardless of status) 4 4 7

Amphibians

Ringed river frog Phrynobatrachus annulatus x EN

Kassina arboricola x VU

Allen’s slippery frog Conraua alleni x x x VU

Amnirana fonensis x x DD

Ptychadena submascareniensis x x x DD

Bufo togoensis x NT

Kassina cochranae x x NT

Leptopelis macrotis x x NT

Sierra Leone water frog Petropedetes natator x x x NT

Phrynobatrachus alleni x NT

Guinea river frog Phrynobatrachus guineensis x x NT

Liberia river frog Phrynobatrachus liberiensis x x x NT

Total number of species of conservation concern recorded 7 5 9

Total species recorded (regardless of status) 24 29 33

Key: x = Presence Confirmed; IUCN categories EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened; DD = Data Deficient

12. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS Species identification is incomplete because some species require a detailed examination by dissection to confirm their identity with certainty. Others require long and detailed bibliographical researches. Analyses to date have confirmed the presence of a total of 742 species, confirming that this is a particularly diverse taxonomic group for the BioPA study area. Most of the species found are specific to the forest/savanna transition zone, with a clear dominance of sylvan species (species typically found in woodland). In terms of differences between reference sites, the summit area of Tokadeh was the poorest in terms of numbers of species of butterfly and moth. There were relatively few species here, and those recorded were largely ubiquitous species. Some species found at Gangra-Yuelliton were indicative of good quality forest, as were a lower number at Tokadeh. The surveys confirmed the importance of the ENNR, which supports a relatively high proportion of species of conservation interest. Mont Tokadeh hosts 56 species that were not found in the other two sites, representing 7.55% of species recorded overall. Gangra - Yuelliton and the ENNR were similar, having 95 species (12.8%) and 94 or 12.7%) respectively. These results could change slightly as identification progresses but this should not affect the overall result.




Several species were recorded wich have a very limited global distribution. These species of high conservation interest were only observed in the ENNR and seem to be absent from Mount Tokadeh and from the Gangra-Yuelliton. Species of note include Uranothauma belcastroi (which is known only known from Mount Loma, Tonkoui and the Nimba massif), Vanessula milca angustifascia (a sub-species endemic to the Nimba massif and to neighboring mountains in Côte d’Ivoire such as Mount Tonkoui) and Ochropleura cenescens (a nocturnal species known from the mountains of eastern Zaire, from the Cameroon Highlands and now from this survey. There were also two species endemic to the Liberian forest sub-region (Sierra Leone, Liberia, and western Côte d’Ivoire): Pentila abraxas and Hypolimnas aubergeri. Some species were found in these surveys which had never been found in the Nimba massif before. An entirely unexpected species was Geritola subargentea continua, which, until recently, was considered to be confined to Central African forest. The only other records are one in Ivory Coast and this one. This may represent a generally low intensity of survey effort, but could also be indicative of the relative importance of the Liberian part of the Nimba massif for this group. 13. MOLLUSCS The Liberian part of the Nimba massif had never been previously surveyed comprehensively. Two species of freshwater mollusc were found and 76 species of terrestrial molluscs. The latter belonged to ten families, but most of the species found belong to just three of these, the Subulinidae, Streptaxidae and Urocyclidae. Two species which have not yet been identified are considered likely to be new to science. Surveys at Gangra-Yuelliton yielded eight species that were not present in the other two reference sites, while Tokadeh had 13 such species and ENNR had two such species. Gangra-Yuelliton yielded 55 species, Tokadeh 65 species, and the ENNR 41 species. Seventy-four species were recorded at Gangra-Yuelliton and Tokadeh together, which is more than 97% of the total number of species found. In contrast, the ENNR had only about 54% (41 species). The relatively low molluscan species richness recorded at the ENNR can probably be explained by variations in soil conditions in particular soil erosion and landslides. For molluscs it is particularly challenging to ensure a wide sampling coverage at sufficient intensity. Searching for and identifying molluscs is very time-consuming. Sampling stations in this survey were therefore sparse relative to the ENNR as a whole. Locations were selected to be representative of higher and lower altitudes with three out of eight sampling locations on the ridge, in order to search for any higher altitude true Nimba massif endemic mollusc species and also to understand which species might be available to recolonise post-mining. The low diversity in two (in particular) of these sampling locations drags down the average for the ENNR. In addition to this, one of the five lowland sampling locations (NM6 in the Mollusc Report in Appendix 5.G) was in an area that turned out to have been previously damaged by soil material or sediment washed down from the ridge. It is possible that slope wash from mining on Nimba probably had more significant effects than might be apparent from the condition of vegetation which has since recolonised. Soil substrate is an important factor for molluscan biodiversity, with sandy soils tending to support low diversity and this could explain overall low diversity in the ENNR. This may not be as critical as it might appear in terms of impacts and mitigation, as it is possible to carry out effective mitigation for molluscs at a relatively local scale, in particular by conserving vegetated water courses and creating small refugia reflecting different niches (altitudinal range, soil type and so on).




14. ANTS AND TERMITES In the three sites, 74 ant species belonging to 27 genera and 6 families were collected. Comparison of species richness between sites (Figure 16) showed that ENNR had the richer ant fauna (41 species) while Gangra-Yuelliton had the poorest (26). In Tokadeh we collected 37 species of which 17 were found in the forest and surprisingly 21 species were found on top of the degraded mountain. Figure 16: Ant species accumulation curves for the three mountain sampling areas

0

5

10

15

20

25

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Number of samples

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East Nimb Res_ENNR

A comparison of ant communities revealed that assemblage found on Mount Tokadeh is totally dissimilar to that of the other sampling sites as it shares very few species with these sites. Indeed this degraded mountain bears typically savannah ant species such as Tetramorium sericeiventre, Cardicondyla emeryi and most species belonging to genera Lepisiota, Tapinoma and Paratrechina. Twelve termites species were collected, belonging to 8 genera, 3 subfamilies and 1 family. As for the ants, ENNR was the richest site (11 species), followed by Gangra-Yuelliton (7 species); and Tokadeh was the poorest (5 species). Most termite species collected in Tokadeh and Gangra-Yuelliton, were also found in ENNR and the species composition did not differ between the sites situated within the mining footprint. There was no striking seasonal variation for either taxonomic group, though it is important to mention that one conspicuous forest ant (Odontomachus assiniensis) present in all forest sites during the rainy season was not found in the dry season. This species forages in leaf




litter and seems to be sensitive to moisture. During the dry season, particular attention was paid to valley forests within the mining footprint. The results showed that ant and termite communities do not fundamentally vary from those living in mountain forests. These results are evidence for the potential role that such forests can play during the mitigation process. As a comparison to the fauna in the nearby Guinea side of Mount Nimba, there is no difference between the areas in terms of ant species richness. However, these two areas differ in terms of species composition (22 species in common out of a total of 100 for both areas). For termite communities, there was a difference in species richness between Guinean Nimba (46 species) and Liberian Nimba (12 species), but all the species found on the Liberian side were also present in Guinea. These results may partly be due to the fact that termites sampled by hand collection in Liberia have not yet been analysed. The surveys did not reveal ant or termite species of particular conservation concern. However one of the reasons why ants and termites were considered an important taxonomic group to include in the surveys was that, as they can be very effective indicators of ecosystem health, it was useful to establish if this could be applied in the current context. Since arthropods play important roles in the functioning of tropical ecosystems (many species are primary food sources of other animals and perform important ecological services, such as pollination, soil development, and turnover or decomposition of organic matter), they can be used as early warning bio-indicators of habitat perturbation. Since arthropods comprise many important taxa, one approach is to focus on certain groups termed as “surrogate” for biodiversity monitoring. Ants and termites are part of these groups because they constitute the major biotic components in tropical ecosystems, have several links with other organisms, and have a number of characteristics making them relatively straightforward to survey. The results obtained here will act as a baseline against which the results of future monitoring will be compared. Possible indicators could be the number of active ant/termite mounds on areas where soils have been reinstated or re-vegetated and also the number of different species represented with respect to a pre-disturbance condition. These would be developed further as part of the ongoing EIA process. 15. AQUATIC FAUNA 15.1 Fish Overall, 33 streams were sampled. A total of 33 species belonging to 17 genera were identified: 20 at Tokadeh, 24 in Gangra -Yuelliton and 20 at East Nimba, (similar to the 26 species recorded in surveys of streams on the western part of Mount Nimba in Guinea, Outtara et al., in press). Most areas located at high elevation are characterised by relatively low species richness with a population mainly consisting of Amphiliidae (a family of catfish) living in rocky areas with a rapid flow, while lower altitudinal areas (Dehn River 492m and Dobly River 544m) have higher diversity, comprising mainly Cyprinidae (carps, minnows and barbs) living on sandy, muddy or gravel substrata. There was a strong similarity between sites in terms of species composition. There are two endemic species of fish present (Barbus boboi, which is endemic to Liberia but relatively widespread, and Rhexipanchax nimbaensis which is endemic to Nimba, but not restricted to the reference sites or the study area). The inventory shows that the Gangra-Yuelliton site has the greatest richness with 24 species for all waterways. The number of species for individual waterways varies between 3 and 14 (Figure 17). Waterways of the other two sites (Tokadeh and ENNR) harbour a less diversified fauna (a total of 20 species for each site), with a range of 1 to 14 species per




waterway in Tokadeh and 2 to 14 at ENNR. The Kruskal-Wallis test shows that species richness variation is fairly low (p > 0.05) among sites. In addition, species diversity has a weak negative correlation (r = -0.5; p = 0.0042) to altitude. The most diverse waterways (14 species), such as Gba, Yehi, and Dobly, flow through low-altitude areas (respectively 437, 475, and 517 m). Figure 17: Spatial variations in fish species richness in each site’s watercourses

Médiane 25%-75% Min-Max

Gangra Tokadeh RNNE

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A qualitative analysis shows that the fish fauna is largely dominated by nine species: Barbus boboi, B. ablabes, B. eburneensis, Rhexipanchax nimbaensis, Archiaphyosemion maeseni, Epiplatys olbrechtsi, Archiaphyosemion guineense, Amphilius atesuensis, and Doumea chappuisi. Eight other species (Oreochromis nilotius, Hemichromis bimaculatus, Tilapia guineensis, Petrocephalus pelligrini, Brycinus longipinnis, Barbus trispilos, Archiaphyosemion petersii, and Amphilius platychir marmoratus) are occasionally abundant in one or two given rivers. The other species are present in negligible numbers (two individuals or less). The latter include for instance some species with a wide West African distribution such as Barbus wurtzi, Labeo parvus, and Tilapia guineensis. This is also the case for species such as Heterobranchus isopterus, which are rare in the biotopes of basin heads where the substrate is rocky to gravelly. Archiaphyosemion viride and Clarias salae, two species with restricted distribution, have a low abundance. In addition, six taxa (Marcusenius sp. Brienomyrus sp., Labeo sp., Clarias sp., Epiplatys sp., Archiaphyosemion sp.), with a low occurrence in the samples, could not be identified to the species level. The fish in this study area has a diversity similar to the western part of Mount Nimba in Guinea (Lamotte and Roy, 2003; Paugy et al., 2003; and Ouattara et al., in press), and also a generally similar species composition. More than 70% of the species recorded in north-east Liberia were found in the waterways of Mount Nimba in Guinea (Ouattara et al., in press). Cyprinidae and Aplocheilidae are the dominant families. 15.2 Decapod crustaceans Five taxa of shrimps were recorded, among which three were identified to the species level. The latter include Caridina africana and Caridinopsis chevalieri in the Atyidae family, and




Macrobrachium raridens in the Palaemonidae family. The other two taxa that were not identified to the species level were Caridinopsis sp. and Macrobrachium sp. Among the five recorded taxa, Caridinopsis chevalieri and Macrobrachium raridens are widely distributed in the studied rivers (94% and 81%, respectively, of the studied habitats). They are followed by Caridinopsis sp. (65% of the aquatic systems), Caridina africana (45%), and Macrobrachium sp., Caridina africana and Macrobrachium raridens have a wide distribution while Caridinopsis chevalieri has a disjoint repartition. Five species of crabs, all representing the genus Liberonautes (Potamonautidae family) were identified: L. latidactylus, L. paludicolis, L. lugbe, L. rubigimanus, and L. nanoides. The most frequently encountered species is L. latidactylus with an occurrence of 74% in the studied aquatic systems, and is followed by L. lugbe and L. rubigimanus (an occurrence of 23% each). L. paludicolis and L. nanoides are present in 16% of the rivers. Only L. latidactylus has a wide distribution. L. paludicolis and L. rubigimanus have a disjoint repartition. L. lugbe and L. nanoides have a restricted distribution. Liberonautes Lugbe is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red Data List (2008), and Liberonautes rubigimanus and Liberonautes nanoides are categorised as Endangered. A total of 10 taxa of decapod crustaceans were recorded. Yibon is the most diverse river, harbouring seven out of the ten taxa, followed by a group of rivers with six species each: Kahn, Foklè, Vly, Yzelo, Gbassereyi, Dein, Madai, Saglè, and Cold water. Downstream Poah, Yigbli, and Yiti have the lowest diversity with two recorded species in each. All identified species in the mining sites (Gangra-Yuelliton and Tokadeh) were also recorded in the East Nimba Reserve. Crustacean species therefore showed considerable similarity between sampling sites (Figure 18) except in the case of the River Poah, which flows off Tokadeh and has low residual diversity (believed to be a mining legacy issue). However, the surveys reveal the presence of three crab species of global conservation concern, including one (Liberonautes lugbe, the Lugbe river crab) which is Critically Endangered. Figure 18: Decapod crustacean species of global conservation concern recorded in the BioPA study area

Common name Scientific name Site

IUCN Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Lugbe river crab Liberonautes lugbe x x x CR

Lobster claw crab Liberonautes rubigimanus x x x EN

Dwarf river crab Liberonautes nanoides x x x EN

Total number of species recorded (regardless of staus) 9 10 10

Key: x = Presence Confirmed; IUCN categories CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered

The survey shows that, generally, the fauna of decapod crustaceans of north-eastern Liberia has relatively low species diversity (only ten species). This is similar to the number of species recorded by Konan, Ouattara, Sylla, and Camara (unpublished data) during the preliminary assessment of the biological diversity on the Guinean side of Mount Nimba in October 2008. With the exception of Liberonautes nanoides, all species identified during this survey were also recorded in Guinea. The similarity of the composition on both sides of the massif is attributable to the similar ecological characteristics (mainly rocky to gravelly substrate, significant canopy and sizeable water flows).




15.3 Fish in the railway corridor Forty-two species of fish belonging to 26 genera and 15 families were identified during the survey. The families most represented in captures are the Cichlidae with nine species, including five of the genus Tilapia, and that of the Cyprinidae with seven species, among which the most frequent is Barbus ablabes. The number of species per site varies from three to 13. Among the listed species, only 17 may reach a standard length longer than 150 mm and be consumed by the local human populations. Only one species is listed by IUCN as globally threatened (Amphilius platichyr Endangered). This is found at the Dayea (Mein) and Seka valley survey sites, but two other taxa are endemic to Liberia – Barbus boboi and Epiplatys dageti monroviae. Representatives of the family Mormyridae, a family indicative of good ecological water quality (Hugueny et al., 1996), are relatively well represented suggesting that the aquatic areas surveyed are generally of good quality. It is well known that the St. John watershed is relatively rich in fish species. Of the 67 species listed by the previous works summarised by Paugy et al. (1990), 27 (40%) were captured during this survey. Of the 42 species recorded in this survey, 15 have never been previously reported to occur in this watershed thereby taking the total number of fish species known from this watershed to 82. 15.4 Macro-invertebrates Mine areas SASS scores and ecological classifications as interpreted from the 19 macro-invertebrate samples collected are shown in Figure 19. It is apparent from this table that the sites ranged from those with an unmodified, natural macro-invertebrate community through those with a moderately modified community to those where there have been serious impacts upon and modifications to the macro-invertebrate community. The results from each sample site are considered separately in the following sections and generally in the order shown in except where several samples were taken from the same river, in which case they are considered on a river basis. The overall ecological categories as shown in Figure 19 are derived using the best category from the SASS and ASPT scores. Dayea River The Dayea (Mein) River is the main river in the mine area. It flows in a north-east to south-west direction, rising in the Nimba Mountains and passing between Mount Tokadeh to the south and Mounts Yuelliton and Gangra to the north. Three sites were sampled on the Dayea River itself and one on an upstream tributary. Tributary of the Dayea (upstream) – Site 4. There was no instream aquatic vegetation, although marginal vegetation hanging into the water provided MVegIC and MVegOOC sampling habitats. Flow was high with very low turbidity. Coarse woody debris also occurred in the watercourse upstream of the sample point. A total of 17 taxa (16 with SASS scores) were recorded at this site, comprising: The snail Thiaridae; freshwater shrimps and prawns (Atyidae and Palaemonidae); 3 families of mayflies (Baetidae, Heptageniidae (flat-headed) and Tricorythidae (stout crawler), including 4 morphologically distinct species of Baetidae); the stonefly Perlidae; the dragonfly Gomphidae (club tail); the true bug Gerridae (pond-skater); the beetles Dytiscidae (predaceous water beetle) and Psephenidae (water penny); the cased caddis Leptoceridae (long-horned); an aquatic moth larvae from the order Lepidoptera; and four families of fly larvae (Tipulidae (crane fly), Ceratopogonidae (biting midge), Chironomidae (non-biting midge) and Athericidae (snipe fly).




River Dayea (most upstream site) – Site 5. A total of 20 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: 3 mayfly families (Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae (prongills) and Tricorythidae, including 3 morphologically distinct species of Baetidae); the stonefly Perlidae; 2 families of damselfly (Calopterygidae (Demoiselles) and Chlorocyphidae (Jewels)); 3 families of dragonfly (Gomphidae, Corduliidae (cruisers) and Libellulidae (darters/skimmers)); the true bugs Gerridae and Naucoridae (creeping water bug), the beetles Limnichidae (minute marsh-loving beetle), Dytiscidae and Psephenidae; the caseless caddis Philopotamidae (finger-net or silken-tube caddis) and Hydropsychidae (net spinning caddis); the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and three families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Simuliidae (black-fly) and Chironomidae). Figure 19: SASS and associated scores and ecological class for all sample sites in the vicinity of the mine footprint (sites are shown in order of Ecological Category from Natural to Seriously Modified)

Site Ref Site / watercourse

name No. of Taxa

SASS ASPT

Ecological category determined using SASS

median scores SASS ASPT OVERALL

Site 5 Dayea River (upstream)

20 144 7.2 C A A

Site 4 Tributary of Dayea (upstream)

16 116 7.3 D A A

Site 15 Kahn River 21 142 6.8 C B B Site 17 Madayea River 13 90 6.9 E B B Site 14 Bee Creek 24 156 6.5 C C C Site 2 Vellie Creek 20 124 6.2 D C C Site 16 Yeetee River 16 107 6.3 D C C Site 13 Dayea River

(downstream) 3 19 6.3 E C C

Site 6 Dayea River (mid-section)

9 57 6.3 E C C

Site 3 Dehn River 13 82 6.3 E C C Site 19 Gangra/Yuelliton –

Geologist Camp Stream

21 129 6.1 D D D

Site 10 Dayleh Gordeh Creek 7 41 5.9 E D D Site 18 Gangra – Mountain

Stream 14 84 6.0 E D D

Site 1 Gba River 15 86 5.7 E D D Site 11 Dayleh Gordeh creek

over wetland 7 40 5.7 E D D

Site 9 Tokadeh – small stream over wetland

8 43 5.4 E E E

Site 8 Tokadeh – outflow Stockpile

10 52 5.2 E E E

River Dayea (mid-section) – Site 6. A total of 9 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: 2 mayfly families (Heptageniidae and Baetidae, with only 1 morphologically distinct species); 1 family of dragonfly (Corduliidae); the true bug Veliidae (water strider), the beetles Limnichidae and Noteridae (burrowing water beetles); the caseless caddis Hydropsychidae; the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and one family of fly larvae (Chironomidae). The most likely explanation for the low scores recorded is the regular occurrences of high sediment transport from the Mount Nimba legacy mining impacts during storm events combined with, and resulting in, a very limited diversity of habitats on the riverbed. The main benthic habitats available, i.e. small gravels and sand, are relatively unstable and mobile and the absence of larger stones, bedrock, extensive riffles, and the




fact that the woody debris that is present is largely smothered by these fine sediments, results in a lack of refugia for macro-invertebrate species. The absence of instream and marginal aquatic vegetation is also probably a direct result of regular movements of large amounts of coarse sediment and the unstable nature of the predominant riverbed substrata. The absence of plants further contributes to the lack of refugia, as well as food, for macro-invertebrates and further exacerbates the situation and impoverishes the fauna. This result reflects the adverse impact that unmitigated mining activities can have on adjacent watercourses. River Dayea (lower-section) at Vyampa – Site 13. The watercourse at this point was downstream of all of the Nimba and Tokadeh legacy mining impacts. A total of three (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: 1 mayfly family (Baetidae, with three morphologically distinct species); the true bug Veliidae (water strider); and one family of fly larvae (Chironomidae). The highest scoring group recorded was Baetidae which because 3 distinct species were found had a SASS score of 12. The site achieved an overall Ecological Class C based on a SASS class E and an ASPT class C. Madayea River – Site 17 A total of 14 (13 with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: aquatic worms (Oligochaeta), freshwater shrimps (Atyidae), one mayfly family (Baetidae, with only one morphologically distinct species); the stonefly Perlidae; one family of damselfly (Calopterygidae); the true bug Veliidae, the semi-aquatic beetle Ptilodactylidae, the fully aquatic beetles Elmidae (riffle beetle) and Gyrinidae (whirligig beetle); the caseless caddis Hydropsychidae (with 4 morphologically distinct species); the cased caddis Leptoceridae; the aquatic moth larvae Crambidae/Pyralidae; and two families of fly larvae (Tipulidae and Simuliidae). Kahn River – Site 15 A total of 21 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: two molluscs Planorbidae (ramshorn snail) and Thiaridae; freshwater shrimp (Atyidae); five mayfly families (Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemeridae, Heptageniidae and Tricorythidae, including four morphologically distinct species of Baetidae); the stonefly Perlidae; 1 family of damselfly (Protoneuridae (Threadwings); one family of dragonfly (Gomphidae); the true bugs Gerridae and Veliidae; three beetles families Dytiscidae, Elmidae and Gyrinidae; the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and four families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Simuliidae, Muscidae and Chironomidae). Bee Creek – Site 14 A total of 24 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: freshwater worms Oligochaeta; freshwater crabs (Potamonautidae); five mayfly families (Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae, Oligoneuriidae, Heptageniidae and Tricorythidae, including two morphologically distinct species of Baetidae); the stonefly Perlidae; 2 families of dragonfly (Gomphidae and Libellulidae); four families of true bugs Hydrometridae (water measurer), Nepidae (water scorpion), Naucoridae and Veliidae; four beetle families Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae (scavenger water beetles), Elmidae and Limnichidae; two morphologically distinct species of the caseless caddis Hydropsychidae; the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and three families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae). Vellie Creek – Site 2 Vellie Creek had high concentrations of iron, demonstrating that a high baseline existed throughout the Dayea catchment and sub-catchments. Suspended solids concntrations ranged from very low concentrations during low and intermediate flow periods to low-medium during high flow events. Although sediment sources and in-channel sediment




storage were low in this river, this observed increase during storms was presumably due to transport of sands in suspension, which have a high density to volume ratio. A total of 20 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: freshwater worms Oligochaeta; freshwater crabs (Potamonautidae); freshwater shrimps (Atyidae); two mayfly families (Baetidae and Heptageniidae, including five morphologically distinct species of Baetidae); the stonefly Perlidae; one family of damselfly (Calopterygidae); one family of dragonfly (Gomphidae); four families of true bugs Belostomatidae (giant water bugs), Hydrometridae, Gerridae and Veliidae; three beetle families Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae and Limnichidae; two morphologically distinct species of the caseless caddis Hydropsychidae; the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and three families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Culicidae (mosquito larvae) and Chironomidae). Yeetee River – Site 16 A total of 17 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: flatworms (Turbellaria), freshwater worms Oligochaeta; freshwater crabs (Potamonautidae); two mayfly families (Baetidae (one species) and Tricorythidae); the stonefly Perlidae; two families of dragonfly (Corduliidae and Libellulidae); one family of true bugs (Veliidae); two beetle families Gyrinidae and Limnichidae; two morphologically distinct species of the caseless caddis Hydropsychidae; the cased caddis Leptoceridae; the freshwater moth Larva Crambidae/Pyralidae; and four families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae). As the Yeetee rises in the foothills of Mount Nimba it suffers from similar legacy mining issues to the Dayea and other watercourses affected by the old Nimba mine. In contrast to rivers such as the Dayea, however, there was no obvious visual sign of such impacts at the sample site, and the macro-invertebrate community found was one of reasonable richness and resulted in classification as Ecological Class C, suggesting only moderate modification. This suggested that although the river maybe subject to certain adverse impacts of legacy mining from Nimba, it is not a main route for these, unlike the Dayea. Whether the modification to the macro-invertebrate community was a result of legacy mining, related to the sewage smell or a combination of both was unclear. Dehn River – Site 3 The Dehn River rises in hills to the north of Mount Yuelliton and flows south-west to the Gba River; one site was sampled towards the top of the catchment. A total of 13 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: freshwater worms Oligochaeta; freshwater shrimps (Atyidae); two mayfly families (Heptageniidae and Leptophlebiidae); two families of dragonfly (Gomphidae and Libellulidae); one family of true bugs (Gerridae); three beetle families Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae and Elmidae; one unknown species of caseless caddis; the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and one family of fly larvae (Tipulidae). Dayleh Gordeh The Dayleh Gordeh Creek rises on the northern slopes of Mount Tokadeh and flows north-east to the Dayea River; 2 sites was sampled, one towards the top of the catchment (Site 10) and one further downstream (Site 11). Bridge – Site 10. A total of seven (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: one mayfly family (Baetidae, only one distinct morphological species); the stonefly family Perlidae, one family of dragonfly (too small to identify with any certainty and thus recorded as Libellulidae as the lowest scoring family in order); one family of true bugs (Veliidae); one beetle family Gyrinidae; one family of caseless caddis Hydropsychidae, with two morphologically distinct species; and one family of fly larvae (Simuliidae). Wetland circa 1km downstream from bridge – Site 11. A total of seven (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: freshwater prawns Palaemonidae; one




family of dragonfly (Libellulidae); two families of true bugs (Veliidae and Hydrometridae); two beetle family (Gyrinidae); and two families of fly larvae (Tipulidae and Ceratopogonidae). As with the other site sampled on the Dayleh Gordeh, the level of impact of legacy mining activities at Tokadeh on the site is evident from the fact that only seven taxa were recorded at this site, with a SASS score of 40; this is approximately half the number of taxa and SASS scored achieved at many other less or unimpacted sites. This site also has the lowest “highest scoring family” recorded at any of the sample sites reported above. Gangra mountain stream – Site 18 This site was located towards the top of Mount Gangra, just below where the water in the stream issues from a cave. A total of 14 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: freshwater worms Oligochaeta; freshwater shrimps (Atyidae); two mayfly families (Baetidae (one species) and Leptophlebiidae); the stonefly Perlidae; one family of dragonfly (Libellulidae); two families of true bugs (Belostomatidae and Veliidae); three beetle families Gyrinidae, Hydrophilidae and Scirtidae (Marsh beetles); three morphologically distinct species of the caseless caddis Hydropsychidae; and three families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae). The highest scoring families were Perlidae and the three distinct species of Hydropsychidae with a SASS score of 12. The site achieved an overall Ecological Class D based on a SASS class E and an ASPT class D. Gangra/Yuelliton mountain stream – Site 19 This site was located towards the top of Mount Gangra in a small valley between Gangra and Yuelliton close to the abandoned Geologists Camp. The watercourse was larger than the Gangra stream and much less obviously affected by the impacts of creation of access roads and routes. A total of 24 (21 with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: Nematoda (nematodes or roundworms), freshwater worms Oligochaeta; freshwater shrimps Atyidae, prawns Palaemonidae and crabs (Potamonautidae); three mayfly families Baetidae (one species), Ephemeridae and Caenidae (Square gills or Cain flies); the stonefly Perlidae; one family of damselfly (Calopterygidae); two families of dragonfly (Gomphidae and Libellulidae); two families of true bugs (Gerridae and Veliidae); three beetle families Gyrinidae, an unknown species and Pisulidae; two families of caseless caddis, including two morphologically distinct species of Hydropsychidae and the family Ecnomidae; the cased caddis family Leptoceridae; and three families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Chironomidae and Simuliidae). Gba River – Site 1 The Gba River rises to the north of Mount Yuelliton and flows south-west to the St John River; one site was sampled towards the bottom of the catchment. A total of 16 (15 with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: Ostracoda (zooplankton, seed shrimp), freshwater snail Thiaridae; freshwater shrimps Atyidae; four mayfly families Baetidae (one species), Heptageniidae, Tricorythidae and Leptophlebiidae; one family of dragonfly (Libellulidae); two families of true bugs Gerridae and Notonectidae (backswimmers or water boatmen); three beetle families Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae and Elmidae; the cased caddis family Leptoceridae; and two families of fly larvae Tipulidae and Chironomidae. This site had a surprisingly low Ecological Class and associated SASS and ASPT scores considering that it is supposed to be unimpacted by historical mining operations i.e. is used as a reference watercourse to assess the level of impact in affected watercourses for the purposes of water quality, hydromorphology etc. However, spot water quality samples taken from the Gba River (See Chapter 5) showed it to contain, what are described as, possibly natural large concentrations of dissolved iron (circa mean of samples 740 µg/l). In the UK and Europe, the EQS for dissolved iron is an annual average of 1000 µg/l and it may be that the annual average amounts occurring in the Gba River meet or exceed this threshold, in which case the macro-invertebrate fauna may be adversely impacted. The fact that the




sample site was downstream of a village, and thus possibly adversely impacted by washing activities etc., was heavily shaded (restricting primary production and thus the presence of grazers), has a very sandy bed and was obviously subject to high spate flows (evidenced by material on the strand line) may also all have contributed to a lower score than would otherwise have been expected (as the site has no mining impact). Tokadeh wetland stream – Site 9 This stream rises on the northern slopes of Mount Tokadeh and probably joins the Dayleh Gordeh further downstream. A total of 9 (8 with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: freshwater crabs Potamonautidae; three families of dragonfly (Gomphidae, Corduliidae and Libellulidae); two families of true bugs Veliidae and Naucoridae; one beetle family Hydrophilidae; and two families of fly larvae Tipulidae and Dixidae (meniscus midges). The highest scoring family was Corduliidae with a SASS score of 8. The site achieved an overall Ecological Class E based on a SASS class E and an ASPT class E. The site was clearly adversely affected by the presence of legacy mining on Mount Tokadeh; the most obvious impacts of which were the presence of large amounts of sediment within the wetland under which the watercourse was located as well as the very high levels of ochre in the watercourse itself. Dissolved iron levels at this site were very high (1400 µg/l). Tokadeh old stockpile area outflow stream – Site 8 This stream rises from the large pond/lake located on the site of the old stockpile area at the base of the eastern face of Mount Tokadeh. It flows northwards and probably eventually joins the Dayleh Gordeh and Dayea further downstream; one site was sampled just downstream from the pond and an access road. A total of 12 (10 with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: Nematoda, one family of mayfly Caenidae; four families of true bugs Belostomatidae, Hydrometridae, Veliidae and Notonectidae; two beetle families, one unknown and Dytiscidae; the aquatic moth family Pyralidae; and three families of fly larvae Tipulidae, Simuliidae and Chironomidae. As with Site 9, this site was obviously adversely affected by the physical impacts of very high levels of sediment and iron, with large amounts of ochre coating all surfaces in the watercourse. Dissolved iron levels at this site were extremely high (5900 µg/l). Railway Corridor The results of the two samples taken along the railway corridor are shown in Figure 20. It is apparent from these results that the invertebrate community at both sites was only slightly or moderately modified from the natural state. Figure 20: SASS and associated scores and ecological class for sites along the railway

Site Ref Site /

watercourse name

NoT* SASS ASPT Ecological class determined using SASS median scores

SASS ASPT OVERALL

Site 20 Bonle Creek 158 25 6.3 C C C Site 21 Bleisi Creek 158 23 6.9 C B B

Bonle Creek – Site 20 The Bonle Creek rises to the north of the St John River and flows southwards, crossing the railway track at around the 140 km point. One site was sampled just downstream of the road and railway. A total of 25 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: two families of snails Thiaridae and Ampullariidae (apple snails); freshwater shrimps Atyidae, prawns Palaemonidae and crabs Potamonautidae; four mayfly families (Baetidae (with two morphologically distinct species), Leptophlebiidae, Heptageniidae and Tricorythidae); the




stonefly Perlidae; one family of damselfly (Chlorocyphidae); two families of dragonfly (Corduliidae and Libellulidae); five families of true bugs (Mesoveliidae, Hydrometridae, Gerridae, Nepidae and Notonectidae; the beetle families Dytiscidae, Elmidae and Hydrophilidae; the caseless caddis Psychomyiidae (net-tube or trumpet net caddis) and one morphologically distinct species of Hydropsychidae; the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and one family of fly larvae (Tipulidae). This site was selected as it was the location at which the Grandbassa River Crab was recorded during the BioPA. The purpose of this survey was, therefore, to put that finding into context by determining the rest of the macro-invertebrate community associated with it. Crabs in the family Potamonautidae are known to be fairly tolerant of poor water quality (SASS score 3) and thus it was important to know if the site was already affected by pollution, impoverished habitat, flow issues etc. From the results obtained from this single sample, the wider macro-invertebrate community at this site was found to be moderately modified from the unimpacted state. This may be associated with a number of potential adverse impacts on the river at this point, such as run-off from the road and use of the river (for washing, fishing, cleaning etc) by railway workers. There were no other obvious impacts present at the site, such as the large quantities of sediment visible at many of the mine sites. Bleisi Creek – Site 21 The Bonle Creek rises to the south and east of the St John River and flows northwards, crossing the railway track at around the 80 km point. One site was sampled just downstream of the road and railway. A total of 23 (all with SASS scores) taxa were recorded at this site, comprising: Water mites Hydracarina; 1 family of snails Thiaridae; freshwater shrimps Atyidae, prawns Palaemonidae and crabs Potamonautidae; four mayfly families (Baetidae (with four morphologically distinct species), Leptophlebiidae, Heptageniidae and Tricorythidae); the stonefly Perlidae; one family of damselfly (Chlorocyphidae); two families of dragonfly (Gomphidae and Libellulidae); two families of true bugs (Naucoridae and Notonectidae); the beetle family Elmidae; the caseless caddis Polycentropodidae (net-spinning caddis); the cased caddis Leptoceridae; and four families of fly larvae (Tipulidae, Ceratapogonidae, Simuliidae and Chironomidae). As with the sample taken on the Bonle Creek (Site 20), this site was sampled as it was the location at which the Grandbassa River Crab was recorded during the BioPA the purpose of this survey was to put that finding into context. From the results obtained from this single sample, the wider macro-invertebrate community at this site was found to be only slightly modified from the unimpacted state. This may be associated with a number of potential adverse impacts on the river at this point, such as run-off from the road and use of the river (for washing, fishing, cleaning etc) by villagers. There were no other obvious impacts present at the site, such as the large quantities of sediment visible at many of the mine sites. 16. FINDINGS: RAILWAY CORRIDOR AND OTHER AREAS 16.1 Areas of conservation importance The entire railway lies within the Western Guinean Lowland Forest Ecoregion and the Upper Guinea Forests Endemic Bird Area while between km 75-95 it runs through an area identified by the West African Priority Setting Exercise as being an integrated site of exceptionally high conservation importance; the Saint John River valley is included in this area largely due its plant species richness, but it also supports the pygmy hippopotamus and the otter shrew, both of which are endemic and protected in Liberia.




The rivers and wetlands fall within the Upper Guinea Rivers and Streams, another of WWF’s Global 200 Ecoregions. Within, and adjacent to, the corridor there are a large number of small wetlands and watercourses which support relatively high diversity of aquatic flora and fauna. In addition, a Ramsar site – the Gbedin Wetlands – designated by the Government of Liberia in August 2006, lies just east of the railway line at km 212 and upstream of it on the Gaye Creek, though its precise boundaries and location are unclear18. It comprises 25 hectares of swamp but includes a man-made wetland with an irrigation system that includes channels, ditches, dams and drainages and is used largely for growing rice. The endemic Otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei occurs in the area. 16.2 Ecosystems, communities and assemblages of species Introduction Much of the railway corridor is highly degraded and heavily disturbed, with forest vegetation in the vicinity comprising largely secondary re-growth following previous clearing and colonisation by self-sown rubber trees and other invasive plants. Trees and shrubby vegetation have previously been cleared during rehabilitation works along the railway line. The width of the clearance corridor varies from about 30m in some places to wider areas cleared for temporary camps. Subsequently some clearance has also been carried out by local people. Beyond this, there are some patches of less disturbed forest with a relatively high proportion of large trees, especially on hills where total agricultural conversion has not yet taken place. These become more frequent as the railway progresses towards the northeast and into Nimba County. However, no areas of virgin forest or closed canopy primary forest have been identified along the actual railway or service road corridor. There are freshwater aquatic habitats along the corridor that show relatively little sign of degradation and have been surveyed during the BioPA. Two aquatic sites (Bonle and Bleisi Creeks: see Figure 3) along the railway, known to support the Grandbassa river crab, were selected for further survey of macro-invertebrate communities to establish a baseline for future monitoring and to evaluate current diversity. These surveys showed: • Bonle Creek (Site 20) to be moderately modified from its natural state; and • Bleisi Creek (Site 21) to be good overall, but slightly modified from its natural state.

The condition of these sites may be associated with a number of potential adverse impacts on the river, such as run-off from the road and use of the river (for washing, fishing and cleaning) by local inhabitants. No other obvious sources of impact were identified at these sites. The sampling sites are characterised in Figure 21. Physico-chemical characteristics The analyzed waters were relatively warm (22.9 – 25.9 °C) and characterized by an acid (5,91) or slightly neutral (7,66) pH and by a very weak mineralization (conductivity < 70 µS / cm). They are well oxygenated in general except in the zones covered by strong aquatic vegetation: coastal swamp (2,1 mg/l), Railway Pond (1,2 mg/l) and a brook at Koligbo’s town (1,1 mg/l). The values recorded are generally favourable to aquatic life.

18 Details of this on the RAMSAR website are vague and contain apparent inaccuracies (e.g. altitude and distance from Ganta) and thus the level of confidence in the stated central coordinates is low.




The season of sampling (rainy season) is characterized by dilution which mitigates the effects of any pollution from neighbouring areas. It may be predicted that analysis in the dry season would show a concentration in organic and\or mineral matter and accumulation of products of degradation. Hydrological and geological characteristics All creeks and rivers studied are within the catchment of the Saint-John River, one of the main river systems in Liberia. The Saint-John River flows from the north to the south of Liberia, crossing the Country in its entirety through its central part. The upland part of this river stemming from the northwest hillside of Mount Nimba is fed by several tributaries. The river discharges into the Atlantic Ocean in Southern Liberia. Terrestrial vegetation The terrestrial vegetation surrounding the survey sites largely comprises degraded vestiges of primary and secondary forests, wooded savannas or grassy savannas crossed by forest galleries and by farms. Farms consisted mostly of rubber and palm oil trees and food crops (rice, corn, cassava). These covered up to 70 % of the surface along the banks of streams within the survey reaches (within the geo-referenced points). The flora of forests consists, among others, of Acacia spp., Pterocarpus spp., Raffia spp., Uapaca spp., Pterocarpus santalinoides and Elaeis guineensis. Other floral formations, typical of some types of soils, are found within the observed vegetation, as in the case of the swampy forest of Buchanan where the following plants were recorded Anthostema aubryana, Rhizophora spp., Raffia palma-pinus, Tetracera spp; Alhonia cordifolia, Sclera spp. The vegetation is degraded to various degrees. Aquatic and marginal vegetation The aquatic vegetation constitutes an essential component of the food chain. The aquatic vegetation recorded within the survey reaches had generally low diversity and low biomass. It consisted mainly of microscopic algae fixed to rocks and pebbles (periphyton) and an aquatic vegetation, either rooted or immersed carpeting the bottom of the bed (filamentous macrophytes) or sub-immersed (water lily). This rooted vegetation is found mainly in zones with weak current or with no current. Marginal vegetation consisted of sedges and ferns especially on the banks of creeks and waters with no or weak current. Furthermore, mangroves dominate the vegetation of the coastal swamps. 16.3 Species Full tabulated lists of all the species identified in the surveys are given in Appendix C. Figure 22 lists species of global conservation concern found in selected aquatic sites along the railway corridor. Incidental sightings of other wildlife are noted below.




Figure 21: Parameters of the railway corridor survey sites (locations are shown in Figure 5)

Survey Sites Coordinates

Biotope

altitude depth width speed conductivity TDS

Turbidity

Temp. O2

pH

pollution

substrate Water course name

Nearest Town

Latitude Longitude (m) mean

(m) mean (m)

current (µS/cm)

(mg/L) (°c) (mg/L) apparent

Coastal marshes

Buchanan 5.87592 -10.0253 marshes 13 0.5 400 nil - - moderate 24.9 2.1 4.91 0 clay-silty (100%)

Gbewin Karkpa’s town 5.98006 -9.92281 creek 89 1.5 7 marked 49 21 moderate 25.6 4.1 5.44 0

clay-silty (100%)

Gernie Kennedy’s town

6.08912 -9.82711 creek 80 0.5 4.5 fast 56 25 moderate 24.5 3.6 5.03 0 stony (20%)

Bleisi Creek

Bleisi town 6.42735 -9.56668 creek 191 1.2 7 marked 29 high 24.2 4 6.04 0

clay-silty (60%)

St. John River

St-john's town 6.46611 -9.52592 river 172 12 110 marked 63 25 high 25.4 4.8 6.37 washing

clay-silty (70%) rocky (30%)

Sea Bue’s town 6.53391 -9.47948 little

creek 209 0.8 4 marked 45 20 clear 24.6 3.8 5.52 washing clay-silty (20%)

Bonle Creek Camp two 6.76496 -9.23256 creek 202 1.1 10 marked 32 16 moderate 24.8 3.5 5.66 washing

clay-silty (98%)

Gbanjuya Koligbo’s town 6.83142 -9.18168 little

creek 236 0.6 4 slow 60 28 high 25.6 1.1 5,5 1 washing clay-silty

(80%) St. John River

Duotown 6.90757 -9.12846 river 222 4 70 fast - - high 25.4 4.6 6.51 washing clay-silty (60%)

Railway pond Duotown 6.91975 -9.12289 pond 229 1.2 25 nil - - high 24.3 1.2 5.45 0 clay-silty

(100%) Balah Creek

Gbedin 7.27925 -8.82909 creek 292 0.6 5 marked - - moderate 25.1 2.1 5.91 washing clay-silty (90%)

Dayea River Yekepa 7.57948 -8.51867 creek 533 0.5 6 very

fast - - high 23.4 4.3 5.65 0 stony (99%)

Seka Valley

Old Yekepa

7.56544 -8.5063 little creek

561 0.25 3 very fast

- - high 22.9 5.8 6.66 0 stony (100%)




Figure 22: Globally-threatened and near-threatened amphibian species recorded within the railway corridor

Species

Surveyed sites

Gbanjuya Bonle Creek

Sea Creek

Bleisi Creek

Gernie Gbewin St-John Duotown

Seka valley

IUCN

status

Ranidae (True frogs)

Amnirana occidentalis x x x EN

Conraua alleni x VU

Petropedetidae (African water frogs)

Petropedetes natator x NT

Phrynobatrachus alleni x x x NT

Phrynobatrachus guineensis x NT

Phrynobatrachus liberiensis x x NT

Hyperoliidae (African reed frogs)

Leptopelis occidentalis x x NT

Leptopelis macrotis x x NT

Total amphibian species 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Key: x = Presence Confirmed; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near-threatened

Molluscs Two types of mollusc were collected: aquatic forms which live fixed to hard substrata (rocks, pebbles) or the argilo-muddy bottoms and also terrestrial forms found in undergrowth of vegetation. The diversity of molluscs within the survey sites was low. There were 16 species recorded in seven families. Among these, four are strictly aquatic. The terrestrial molluscs are the most represented and constituted 78 % of the sampled malacofauna. The most frequent species collected were Limicolaria aurora, Achatina achatina, Potadoma liberiensis, Subulona martinsis and Curvela inornat the latter two ones being quantitatively important in the harvests. None of these species are in the IUCN red list. The coastal swamps contain the least rich fauna (1 taxon). No molluscs were harvested in the Gernie and Balah streams. Crustaceans Seven taxa of shrimps and five taxa of crabs were collected along the railway corridor. None were collected within the coastal swamp at the port. Crustaceans had very low diversity in all surveyed areas. The majority of crustaceans were harvested in waters having a mainly rocky substratum or near the grassy banks of rivers. Macrobrachium vollenhovenii and M. macrobrachion, two shrimp species with a very wide area of distribution, were found most frequently. They are followed by Macrobrachium sollaudii which is a species with a fragmented distribution. Other species, Macrobrachium raridens, M. dux, and M. zariquieyi were rarely recorded and are also characterized by a restricted distribution. One taxon (Macrobrachium sp.) could not be identified with certainty. Of the seven shrimp taxa inventoried, only one species (Macrobrachium raridens) had already been found in surveys of shrimp species from Mount Nimba in Guinea and in Ivory Coast (Cumberlidge & Huguet, 2003). Also, Macrobrachium sollaudii is reported in waters of the Banco National Park, Ivory Coast (Konan Meximin, Pers. comm.). The communities are therefore quite different.




Crabs included five taxa belonging to the genus Liberonautes: L. latidactylus, L. chaperi, L. paludicolis, L. grandbassa and Liberonautes sp. L. latidactylus is the most common and most widely spread species in West African fresh waters (in both forest and savanna zones). L. chaperi has a fragmented distribution. L. paludicolis is known only from dense forests of Ivory Coast and Liberia and is therefore noteworthy as it could indicate the present of denser forest. Only one species is endemic of Liberia (L. grandbassa). This species is also critically endangered (IUCN 2008). Of the five species known for Mount Nimba (Cumberlidge & Huguet, 2003), only two were captured during the survey: L. latidactylus, and L. paludicolis. Amphibians A total of 39 taxa belonging to 17 genera and eight families were identified. The genera Phrynobatrachus and Ptychadena contain the largest number of taxa (10 and five respectively), followed by Hyperolius and Leptopelis (with four species each). The specific richness of these genera represents more than half the diversity of the amphibian fauna inventoried. The number of taxa varied considerably from one area to another. Some areas are characterized by a high diversity. This is the case for the Bonle Creek, Sea Creek and Gbewin with 14, 12, and 11 species respectively. On the other hand Dayea and Seka valley had low species diversity, with one and three species recorded respectively. Seven of the listed taxa were captured with a relatively high frequency (38.5 - 54 % of occurrence): Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Ptychadena mascarenienis, Hyperolius picturatus, Hyperolius concolor, Afrixalus vittiger Amnirana albolabris, and Phrynobatrachus tokba. The first five species dominate the surveyed areas in quantitative terms. All these species have a wide geographical distribution except Hyperolius picturatus which has a fragmented distribution. One of the characteristics of the amphibian populations observed along the corridor of the railway is the relatively important proportion of species with a fragmented area of distribution (43.6 %) as compared to 41 % of species with a wide distribution. Three species (7.7 %) have a restricted area of distribution (Amnirana occidentalis, Conraua alleni, Phrynobatrachus guineensis) and three taxa (Ptychadena sp., Phrynobatrachus sp., Arthroleptis sp.) which deserve to be confirmed at the species level. More than 50% of the species have a fragmented distribution, although no species is endemic to Liberia. Eight species of amphibians recorded appear on the IUCN Red List. Of these eight species, six are Near Threatened according to the IUCN’s standards (Petropedetes natator, Phrynobatrachus alleni, Phrynobatrachus liberiensis, Phrynobatrachus guineensis, Leptopelis occidentalis, Leptopelis macrotis), one species is Vulnerable (Conraua alleni) and one species is Endangered (Amnirana occidentalis). The various observations were made on adult individuals but it would be interesting to collect the embryonic stages which are more sensitive to human disturbance. These collections would be made in the period of low tide (dry season) which is favourable to their collection especially for the species restricted to oxbow lakes, rivers, and swamps: Astylosternus occidentalis, Petropedetes natator, Conroua alleni, Bufo togoensis, Hyperolius chlostereus. Fishes Forty-two species of fish belonging to 26 genera and 15 families were recorded during this survey. The families best represented in captures were the Cichlidae with nine species, including five of the genus Tilapia and that of Cyprinidae with seven species among which the most frequent is Barbus ablabes. The Mormyridae and Aplocheilidae families are well represented with five species each. The representatives of these families are small in size (<60 mm). The number of species per site varies from three to 13.




Among the listed species, only 17 may reach a standard length larger than 150 mm and be consumed by the local populations. The most abundant species are Barbus ablabes, Brycinus longipinnis and Epiplatys dageti monroviae. From the point of view of the geographical distribution, of the 40 species or subspecies for which the distribution is known, 20 (i.e. 50%) are widely distributed. Thirteen (i.e. 32.5%) have a fragmented distribution including two taxa endemic to Liberia: Barbus boboi and Epiplatys dageti monroviae. These taxa thus present a particular interest for conservation. Two taxa could not be identified with certainty at the species level: Callopanchax sp. and Anomalochromis sp. The recorded species were classified according to their affinity for different types of habitats. The majority of the collected species (i.e. 40%) live on fine sediments (species of genera Oreochromis, Tilapia, Ctenopoma, Clarias, Heterobranchus, Marcusenius, Mormyrops, Petrocephalus, Isichthys, Labeo, Chrysichthys) and 13 species (i.e. 30%) show affinities for the small forest brooks with relatively weak flow (species of genera Barbus, Micralestes, Archiaphyosemion, Epiplatys, Rhexipanchax, Callopanchax, Anomalochromis). Nine genera Brycinus, Schilbe, Pellonula, Hemichromis, Hepsetus (i.e. 21%) live in full waters and four genera Amphilius, Synodontis, Kribia (i.e. 9%) prefer well oxygenated rocky zones. One species - Amphilius platychyr - is classified as Endangered according to the IUCN Red List. The representatives of the family of Mormyridae, a family indicating the ecological quality of the water (Hugueny et al., 1996), are relatively well represented, which suggests that the aquatic areas surveyed are of good quality. The St-John watershed is relatively rich in fish species and of the 67 species listed by previous works summarized in Paugy et al. (1994), 27 were captured during this survey. Thus this rapid assessment allowed identification of 40 % of all fish species likely to occur in the St-John River. Of the 42 listed species, 15 have never been previously reported to occur in this pond. Thus, the surveys have increased the total number of fish species known from this pond to 82. Such a result demonstrates the specificity of the surveyed microhabitats which deserve to be maintained in their current state. Indeed, it clearly appears that the surveyed ponds have not revealed all their potentialities from the point of view of the fish diversity. 16.4 Findings: port (landside) There are no terrestrial Protected Areas in the vicinity of the port, or other areas of formally recognised conservation importance. Only limited survey has been undertaken in the vicinity of the port, due to the lack of habitats of particular importance to wildlife within the direct footprint of the proposed port development which is a combination of hard-standing with some patchy regenerating scrub. No forest areas or other important terrestrial ecosystems were identified within the potential impact area although there are some seasonal wetlands in the port and its vicinity. The biological surveying (rapid inventory undertaken in July 2008) on the seasonal wetland/coastal swamp within the port found that the swamp had poorly oxygenated water mainly due to dense growth of aquatic vegetation comprising mangroves, water lily and alga.




However, the swamp did not appear to be currently impacted by pollution or from other pressures such as harvesting. Due to the limited nature of the terrestrial habitat, no species which are identified for protection by the FDA, endemic species, or other terrestrial species of conservation importance have been recorded or are anticipated to be present. There are no mature trees or trees of commercial value within the area to be affected. The coastal swamp contained the least rich fauna of all of the wetland sites sampled. Of the species recorded there was one mollusc (unidentified), eight amphibians and four fish. No decapod crustaceans were recorded. None of the species recorded within the swamp are endemic to Liberia nor do they have a restricted distribution. No species recorded within the swamp are on the IUCN Red List. 16.5 Findings: townships There are no protected areas or proposed protected areas in the vicinity of the proposed water and waste infrastructure at the three townships (Yekepa, Buchanan and Greenhill Quarry) nor any sites of recognised conservation importance. The Yekepa airstrip at Grassfield is immediately west of the ENNR. Terrestrial wildlife habitats within and immediately adjacent to the water intake or discharge points at Yekepa and Buchanan and within Greenhill Quarry are disturbed and heavily degraded. There is currently no evidence for the presence of important communities or assemblages of species. During the BioPA, the open grass surrounded by forest that occurs at the site at Grassfield was identified as an area potentially supporting birds. Further surveys may be deemed appropriate to ascertain the risk of potential bird strike prior to plane movements commencing at the airfield.




APPENDIX A: FULLY PROTECTED ANIMALS OF LIBERIA

Source: http://www.fda.gov.lr/content.php?sub=Conservation%20Forestry&related=Conservation%20Forestry

Under Section 9.12 of the Act Adopting the National Forestry Reform Law (GoL, 2006), certain species are protected. Hunting, capturing or prossesion of such protected species is prohibited unless specific authority has been received from the Forest Development Authority.

Common Name Scientific Name Local Name PRIMATES West African Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus Baboon Black & white colobus Colobus ploykomos King monkey Red colobus Piliocolobus badius Red monkey Olive colobus Procolobus verus Diana monkey Cercopithecus Diana Diana Mona monkey Cercopithecus mona cambellii Lesser spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus (cephus) petaurista Sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys Jackal Lesser galago Galago senegalensis senegalensis PROBOSCIDEA Elephant Loxodonta Africana cyclotis Elephant ARTIODACTYLA Bongo Boocerus euryceros Elk deer Forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus Bush cow Ogilby’s duiker Cephalophus ogilbyi Black back Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki White antelope Yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow back Zebra duiker Ceophalophus zebra Marking deer Royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus Tricky jack Water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquatiqcus Water deer Red river hog Potamochoerus pocus Red hog Giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Black hog Pygmy hippopotamus Hexaprotodon liberiensis Water cow CARNIVORA Leopard Panthera pardus Leopard Liberian mongoose Liberiictis kuhni Golden cat Felis aurata Bush cat PHOLIDOTA Giant pangolin Smutsia gigantean Big ant bear Long-tailed pangolin Uromanis temmickii Ant bear Tree pangolin Phataginus tricuspis Ant bear SIRENIA West African Manatee Trichechus senegalensis Sea cow REPTILES : Crocodilus Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus Alligator African slender-snouted crocodile

Crocodylus cataphractus Alligator

African dwarf crocodile Ostelaemos tetraspis Crocodile REPTILES : Squatamala Rock python Python sebae Boa constrictor Ball python Python ragius Boa constrictor REPTILES : Chelonia Green sea turtle Chelonia mydas Green turtle Loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta Sea turtle BIRDS All birds of prey All hornbills All turacos




Common Name Scientific Name Local Name Picathartidae Bare-headed rockfowl Grey-necked rockfowl White necked rockfowl All parrots White-breasted guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides Guineafowl




APPENDIX B: TABULATED SPECIES LISTS Table B-1: Plants

Plant Species of Conservation Interest = a list prepared for SMFG/BHP-Billiton on the basis of a review of existing literature and herbarium specimens and

the fieldwork on Nimba in Guinea in 2006 and 2007 (see Jongkind, 2007 unpublished)

Scientific name Common name

(* = non-IUCN-derived name) IUC

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ADIANTACEAE

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Dixie Silverback Fern * Widespread weed x x x ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium variabile Hook. x x CYATHEACEAE Cyathea camerooniana Hook. High altitude species x x Cyathea manniana Hook. High altitude species x x x DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Blotiella currori (Hook.) R.M.Tryon x DRYOPTERIDACEAE Tectaria fernandensis (Baker) C.Chr. x Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Bracken x x x Triplophyllum securidiforme (Hook.) Holttum x GLEICHENIACEAE Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underwood x HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Trichomanes guineense Afzelius ex Swartz x LOMARIOPSIDACEAE Bolbitis acrostichoides (Afzel. ex Sw.) Ching x Bolbitis salicina (Hook.) Ching x Bolbitis spec.nov.? Also on Nimba in Guinea x x






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Lomariopsis guineensis (Underw.) Alston x x LYCOPODIACEAE Huperzia cf. phlegmaria (L.) Rothm. x Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.Serm. x MARATTIACEAE Marattia fraxinea Sm. x x x OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott x x x POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria laurentii (Christ) Hieron. x x x Platycerium stemaria (P.Beauv.) Desv. x PTERIDACEAE Pteris catoptera Kunze x x SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium smithianum Presl & Kuhn x x x SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella myosurus (Sw.) Alston x x x Selaginella versicolor Spring x VITTARIACEAE Vittaria guineensis Desv. x ACANTHACEAE Asystasia scandens (Lindl.) Hook. Species of conservation Interest x x x Asystasia vogeliana Benth. x x x Brillantaisia owariensis P.Beauv. x Elytraria marginata Vahl x x Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. x x Justicia guineensis (Heine) W.D.Hawthorne Species of conservation Interest x x






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Lankesteria hispida (Willd.) T.Anderson x x Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) R.Br. ex Griseb.

x x Pseuderanthemum tunicatum (Afzel.) Milne-Redh. x x

Rhinacanthus virens (Nees) Milne-Redh. x x Ruellia primuloides (T.Anderson ex Benth.) Heine x x x

Rungia spec.nov.? (also on Nimba in Guinea) x Whitfieldia lateritia Hook. x x x AMARANTHACEAE Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume x AMARYLLIDACEAE Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. x ANACARDIACEAE Trichoscypha arborea (A.Chev.) A.Chev. x x x Trichoscypha baldwinii Keay x Trichoscypha mannii Hook.f. x ANCISTROCLADACEAE Ancistrocladus barteri Scott-Elliot x x ANNONACEAE Annickia polycarpa (DC.) Setten & Maas x x x Artabotrys stenopetalus Engl. x x x Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels x x Duguetia staudtii (Engl. & Diels) Chatrou x x Friesodielsia enghiana (Diels) Verdc. x x x Friesodielsia velutina (Sprague & Hutch.) Steenis x

Greenwayodendron oliveri (Engl.) Verdc. x x x






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Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal x Monodora tenuifolia Benth. x Neostenanthera hamata (Benth.) Exell x x x Piptostigma fasciculatum (De Wild.) Boutique x x x Uvaria afzelii Scott-Elliot x Uvaria baumannii Engl. & Diels x x x Uvariastrum pierreanum Engl. & Diels x x Uvariopsis guineensis Keay x Xylopia acutiflora (Dunal) A.Rich. x x Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. x x Xylopia quintasii Engl. & Diels x x x Xylopia staudtii Engl. & Diels x Xylopia villosa Chipp x x x APOCYNACEAE Alstonia boonei De Wild. x x Baissea baillonii Hua x x Baissea multiflora A.DC. x x Baissea zygodioides (K.Schum.) Stapf x Callichilia subsessilis (Benth.) Stapf x Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf x x x Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf x Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) Dur. & Schinz x x Hunteria simii (Stapf) H.Huber Species of conservation Interest x x Hunteria umbellata (K.Schum.) Hallier f. x Landolphia dulcis (R.Br. ex Sabine) Pichon x Landolphia foretiana (Pierre ex Jum.) Pichon x Landolphia hirsuta (Hua) Pichon x






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Landolphia incerta (K.Schum.) J.G.M.Pers. x Landolphia membranacea (Stapf) Pichon x Landolphia micrantha (A.Chev.) Pichon x Orthopichonia indeniensis (A.Chev.) H.Huber x Picralima nitida (Stapf) Th. & H.Dur. x Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. x x Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. x x Strophanthus hispidus DC. x Tabernaemontana africana Hook. x ARACEAE Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl. x x Anubias barteri Schott x x Cercestis afzelii Schott x x x Cercestis dinklagei Engl. x x Culcasia angolensis Welw. ex Schott x x Culcasia liberica N.E.Br. x Culcasia sapinii De Wild. x x Culcasia scandens P.Beauv. x Culcasia striolata Engl. x x Nephthytis afzelii Schott x x x Rhaphidophora africana N.E.Br. x x x Polyscias fulva (Hiern) Harms High altitude species x Schefflera barteri (Seem.) Harms x x ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia ringens Vahl (introduced species) x Pararistolochia leonensis (Mast.) Hutch. & Dalziel

Species of conservation Interest x

Thonningia sanguinea Vahl x






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BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens nzoana A.Chev. subsp. nzoana Species of conservation Interest x BEGONIACEAE Begonia fusialata Warb. var. fusialata x Begonia macrocarpa Warb. x x Begonia oxyloba Welw. ex Hook.f. x Begonia quadrialata Warb. subsp. nimbaensis Sosef x x

Begonia quadrialata Warb. subsp. quadrialata x BIGNONIACEAE Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. x Stereospermum acuminatissimum K.Schum. x BOMBACACEAE Bombax buonopozense P.Beauv. x x x Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. x x x BORAGINACEAE Cordia millenii Baker West African Cordia VU x x BURSERACEAE Dacryodes klaineana (Pierre) H.J.Lam x x x Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubrév. x x x Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. x x CACTACEAE Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Stearn Mistletoe cactus x CAPPARACEAE Euadenia trifoliata (Schumach. & Thonn.) Oliv. x Ritchiea capparoides (Andr.) Britten x CELASTRACEAE Salacia chlorantha Oliv. x






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Salacia debilis (G.Don) Walp. x Salacia erecta (G.Don) Walp. x Salacia lehmbachii Loes. x x x Salacia longipes (Oliv.) N.Hallé x Salacia owabiensis Hoyle x Salacia staudtiana Loes. x x x Tristemonanthus nigrisilvae (N.Hallé) N.Hallé Species of conservation Interest x CHRYSOBALANACEAE Dactyladenia scabrifolia (Hua) Prance & White x x Maranthes aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Prance ex F.White x x Maranthes chrysophylla (Oliv.) Prance ex F.White

x x

Maranthes glabra (Oliv.) Prance x Parinari excelsa Sabine x x x spec.nov? Also on Nimba in Guinea x COMBRETACEAE Combretum comosum G.Don x x Combretum grandiflorum G.Don x Combretum mucronatum Thonn. ex Schumach. x

Combretum multinervium Exell Species of conservation Interest x Combretum paniculatum Vent. x Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & Dalziel x

Combretum racemosum P.Beauv. x x Pteleopsis hylodendron Mildbr. x Strephonema pseudocola A.Chev. x x x Terminalia glaucescens Planch. ex Benth. x






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Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev. x x Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels x x COMMELINACEAE Buforrestia obovata Brenan Species of conservation Interest x x x Commelina capitata Benth. x x x Palisota bracteosa C.B.Clarke x Palisota hirsuta (Thunb.) K.Schum. x x x Pollia condensata C.B.Clarke x COMPOSITAE Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Widespread weed x x x Elephantopus spicatus Aubl. x Emilia lisowskiana C.Jeffrey x Microglossa afzelii O.Hoffm. x Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze x Mikania scandens Willd. x Mikaniopsis tedliei (Oliv. ex Hiern) C.D.Adams Species of conservation Interest x Solanecio biafrae (Oliv. & Hiern) C.Jeffrey x Vernonia andohii C.D.Adams Species of conservation Interest x Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake x Vernonia conferta Benth. x x x Vernonia doniana DC. x Vernonia titanophylla Brenan x x CONNARACEAE Agelaea paradoxa Gilg var. microcarpa Jongkind x x

Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill. x x x Cnestis racemosa G.Don Species of conservation Interest x x Connarus africanus Lam. x x x






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Manotes expansa Sol. ex Planch. x x x Rourea coccinea (Thonn. ex Schumach.) Benth.

x x

Rourea thomsonii (Baker) Jongkind x x CONVOLVULACEAE Calycobolus africanus (G.Don) Heine x x x Ipomoea involucrata P.Beauv. Widespread weed x x Ipomoea tenuirostris Choisy x Neuropeltis velutina Hallier f. x COSTACEAE Costus deistelii K.Schum. x x Costus dubius (Afzel.) K.Schum. x CUCURBITACEAE Momordica cissoides Planch. ex Benth. x CYPERACEAE Cyperus mannii C.B.Clarke High altitude species x Hypolytrum heteromorphum Nelmes x Mapania baldwinii Nelmes x Mapania coriandrum Nelmes Species of conservation Interest x Mapania linderi Hutch. ex Nelmes x x Nemum spadiceum (Lam.) Desv. ex Ham. x Scleria boivinii Steud. x x x Scleria vogelii C.B.Clarke x DICHAPETALACEAE Dichapetalum albidum A.Chev. ex Pellegr. Species of conservation Interest x x x Dichapetalum heudelotii (Planch. ex Oliv.) Baill. x

DILLENIACEAE






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Tetracera potatoria Afzel. ex G.Don. x x DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea minutiflora Engl. x x DRACAENACEAE Dracaena adamii Hepper Species of conservation Interest x x x Dracaena aubryana Brongn. ex C.J.Morren x x x Dracaena cristula W.Bull x x Dracaena surculosa Lindl. x x EBENACEAE Diospyros cooperi (Hutch. & Dalziel) F.White x x Diospyros heudelotii Hiern x x Diospyros mannii Hiern x x x Diospyros sanza-minika A.Chev. x ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum mannii Oliv. x x EUPHORBIACEAE Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll.Arg.

x x x

Alchornea floribunda Müll.Arg. x x x Amanoa bracteosa Planch. VU x x x Antidesma laciniatum Müll.Arg. x Bridelia grandis Pierre ex Hutch. x Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. x Crotonogyne caterviflora N.E.Br. x x x Dalechampia ipomoeifolia Benth. x Discoclaoxylon hexandrum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. x

Discoglypremna caloneura (Pax) Prain x x x






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Elaeophorbia grandifolia (Haw.) Croizat x x Erythrococca anomala (Juss. ex Poir.) Prain x Grossera vignei Hoyle x Hymenocardia lyrata Tul. x x x Macaranga barteri Müll.Arg. x x Macaranga heterophylla (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. x x x Macaranga heudelotii Baill. x Macaranga hurifolia Beille x Macaranga spinosa Müll.Arg. x x Maesobotrya barteri (Baill.) Hutch. x x x Manniophyton fulvum Müll.Arg. x x x Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Müll.Arg. x x x Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster x x Phyllanthus alpestris Beille x Phyllanthus muellerianus (O. Kuntze) Exell x Protomegabaria stapfiana (Beille) Hutch. x x x Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Heckel x x x Shirakiopsis aubrevillei (Leandri) Esser x x x Tetrorchidium didymostemon (Baill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. x x x

Uapaca chevalieri Beille Species of conservation Interest x Uapaca corbisieri De Wild. x x FLACOURTIACEAE Dasylepis racemosa Oliv. x Homalium smythei Hutch. & Dalziel Species of conservation Interest x x x Scottellia klaineana Pierre x GRAMINEAE Leptaspis zeylanica Nees ex Steud. x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv. Widespread weed x Olyra latifolia L. x x Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P.Beauv. x x Panicum brevifolium L. x Panicum laxum Sw. x Panicum pilgeri Mez x Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) Dur. & Schinz x GUTTIFERAE Garcinia afzelii Engl. x Garcinia gnetoides Hutch. & Dalziel x x x Garcinia ovalifolia Oliv. x x Garcinia smeathmannii (Planch. & Triana) Oliv. x x Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. x x x Mammea africana Sabine x x x Pentadesma butyracea Sabine x x Vismia guineensis (L.) Choisy x x HUMIRIACEAE Sacoglottis gabonensis (Baill.) Urb. x x x ICACINACEAE Iodes liberica Stapf x x Leptaulus daphnoides Benth. x x x Polycephalium capitatum (Baill.) Keay Species of conservation Interest x x x Pyrenacantha glabrescens (Engl.) Engl. x x Pyrenacantha klaineana Pierre ex Exell & Mendonça x x

Pyrenacantha spec. x Rhaphiostylis ferruginea Engl. x Rhaphiostylis preussii Engl. x






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IRVINGIACEAE Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill.

x x x

Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre x x x LABIATAE Achyrospermum oblongifolium Baker x x Plectranthus epilithicus B.J.Pollard x x LAURACEAE Beilschmiedia mannii (Meisn.) Benth. & Hook.f. x x Napoleonaea vogelii Hook. & Planch. x x x Petersianthus macrocarpus (Beauv.) Liben x x x LEGUMINOSAE, CAES. Afzelia bella Harms var. gracilior Keay x x Anthonotha fragrans (Baker f.) Exell & Hillcoat x x x Anthonotha macrophylla P.Beauv. x Anthonotha vignei Hoyle Species of conservation Interest x Bussea occidentalis Hutch. ex Chipp. x x x Chidlowia sanguinea Hoyle Species of conservation Interest x x x Copaifera salikounda Heckel VU x x Cryptosepalum tetraphyllum Benth. x x x Daniellia ogea (Harms) Rolfe ex Holl. x x Detarium senegalense J.F.Gmel. x Dialium aubrevillei Pellegr. Species of conservation Interest x x x Dialium dinklagei Harms x x x Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. x Erythrophleum ivorense A.Chev. x x Gilbertiodendron limba (Scott, Elliot) J.Léonard Species of conservation Interest x Guibourtia ehie (A.Chev.) J.Léonard Black Hyedua VU x x x






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Guibourtia leonensis J.Léonard Species of conservation Interest x x Plagiosiphon emarginatus (Hutch. & Dalziel) J.Léonard

x

Tessmannia baikiaeoides Hutch. & Dalziel Species of conservation Interest x x LEGUMINOSAE, MIM. Acacia kamerunensis Gandoger x x Acacia pentagona (Schumach.) Hook.f. x Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W.Wight x x x Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth. x Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F.Macbr. x x x Aubrevillea platycarpa Pellegr. x x x Calpocalyx brevibracteatus Harms x x Entada rheedii Spreng. x Mimosa pudica L. Widespread weed x x Newtonia aubrevillei (Pellegr.) Keay x x x Newtonia duparquetiana (Baill.) Keay x x x Parkia bicolor A.Chev. x x x Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth. x x Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan x x x Samanea dinklagei (Harms) Keay x x Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub.

x

Xylia evansii Hutch. x x x LEGUMINOSAE, PAP. Aganope leucobotrya (Dunn) Polhill x x x Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms x x x Dalbergia adamii Berhaut x Dalbergia hostilis Benth. x x






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Dalbergia oblongifolia G.Don x x Dalbergia rufa G.Don x x x Dalbergia saxatilis Hook.f. x x Dalbergiella welwitschii (Baker) Baker f. x Leptoderris fasciculata (Benth.) Dunn x x x Leptoderris glabrata (Welw. ex Baker) Dunn x Leptoderris sassandrensis Jongkind x Millettia lane-poolei Dunn x x Millettia lucens (Scott-Elliot) Dunn x Rhynchosia pycnostachya (DC.) Meikle x LILIACEAE Chlorophytum orchidastrum Lindl. x Smilax anceps Willd. x LINACEAE Hugonia afzelii R.Br. ex Planch. x Hugonia planchonii Hook.f. x LOGANIACEAE Nuxia congesta R.Br. ex Fresen. High altitude species x Strychnos cuminodora Leeuwenberg x Strychnos icaja Baillon x MALPIGHIACEAE Acridocarpus plagiopterus Guill. & Perr. x x x MALVACEAE Sida acuta Burm.f. subsp. carpinifolia (L.f.) Borss.Waalk. Common wireweed * Widespread weed x

MARANTACEAE Hypselodelphys velutina Jongkind Species of conservation Interest x Marantochloa cuspidata (Rosc.) Milne, Redh. x x






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Marantochloa leucantha (K.Schum.) Milne, Redh. x x x Sarcophrynium brachystachyum (Benth.) K.Schum.

x x

Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. x x x MEDUSANDRACEAE Soyauxia floribunda Hutch. x x x MELASTOMATACEAE Calvoa monticola A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel x x Dicellandra barteri Hooker f. x x Dichaetanthera africana (Hook.f.) Jacq.-Fél. x x Dinophora spenneroides Benth. x Dissotis thollonii Cogn. ex Büttner x Heterotis jacquesii (A.Chev.) Aké Assi Species of conservation Interest x Memecylon aylmeri Hutch. & Dalziel x Memecylon lateriflorum (G.Don) Bremek. x Osbeckia tubulosa Sm. x Warneckea fascicularis (Planch. ex Benth.) Jacq.-Fél.

High altitude species x

Warneckea golaensis (Baker f.) Jacq.-Fél. Species of conservation Interest x MELIACEAE Entandrophragma candollei Harms x Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) Sprague x x x Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague

x x

Guarea cedrata (A.Chev.) Pellegr. Scented Guarea VU x x x Lovoa trichilioides Harms African Walnut VU x x x Trichilia djalonis A.Chev. Species of conservation Interest x Trichilia martineaui Aubrév. & Pellegr. x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Trichilia monadelpha (Thonn.) J.J.de Wilde x Trichilia ornithothera J.J.de Wilde x Trichilia prieuriana A.Juss. x x Trichilia tessmannii Harms x Turraeanthus africanus (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pellegr.

x x

MELIANTHACEAE Bersama abyssinica Fresen. x MENISPERMACEAE Stephania dinklagei (Engl.) Diels x x Tiliacora leonensis (Scott-Elliot) Diels x x x Tiliacora louisii Troupin x Triclisia patens Oliv. x MORACEAE Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. x x Dorstenia kameruniana Engl. x x Dorstenia turbinata Engl. x x Ficus exasperata Vahl x x x Ficus lutea Vahl x x Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho x Ficus natalensis Hochst. subsp. leprieurii (Miq.) C.C.Berg x Ficus ottoniifolia (Miq.) Miq. x Ficus sansibarica Warb. subsp. macrosperma (Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burrett) C.C.Berg x Ficus sur Forssk. x Ficus vogeliana (Miq.) Miq. x x Milicia regia (A.Chev.) C.C.Berg VU x x x Musanga cecropioides R.Br. ex Tedlie x x x Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv. x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Myrianthus libericus Rendle x x x Treculia africana Decne. x Trilepisium madagascariense Thouars ex DC. x MYRISTICACEAE Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. x x x Pycnanthus dinklagei Warb. x MYRTACEAE Eugenia calophylloides DC. x Eugenia leonensis Engl. & Brehmer x Syzygium rowlandii Sprague x NYMPHAEACEAE Nymphaea spec. x OCHNACEAE Campylospermum schoenleinianum (Klotzsch) Farron

x x

Campylospermum subcordatum (Stapf) Farron x x x Idertia morsonii (Hutch. & Dalziel) Farron Species of conservation Interest x x x Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn. Azobe VU x x x Ochna membranacea Oliv. x x Rhabdophyllum calophyllum (Hook.f.) Tiegh. x x OLACACEAE Coula edulis Baillon x x x Octoknema borealis Hutch. & Dalziel x x x Olax gambecola Baill. x x Strombosia pustulata Oliv. x x x ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia euglossa Rchb.f. x Manniella gustavi Rchb.f. High altitude species x x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Polystachya galeata (Sw. ex Pers.) Rchb.f. x Polystachya laxiflora Lindl. x Zeuxine elongata Rolfe x PALMAE Laccosperma secundiflorum (P.Beauv.) Kuntze

x

Raphia hookeri G.Mann & H.Wendl. x PANDACEAE Microdesmis keayana J.Léonard x x x PASSIFLORACEAE Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Benth.) Harms x

Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. x Androsiphonia adenostegia Stapf x x x Crossostemma laurifolium Planch. ex Benth. x x x Smeathmannia pubescens Sol. ex R.Br. x x PIPERACEAE Peperomia bangroana C.DC. x Peperomia fernandopoiana C.DC. x Peperomia spec. 1 x Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. x x x Piper umbellatum L. x x x POLYGALACEAE Carpolobia alba G.Don x x x Securidaca welwitschii Oliv. x PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes afzelii (Pax) Hutch. VU x x x Drypetes aubrevillei Léandri x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Drypetes chevalieri Beille ex Hutch. & Dalziel x x Drypetes inaequalis Hutch. x x Drypetes leonensis Pax x Drypetes principum (Müll.Arg.) Hutch. x RANUNCULACEAE Clematis grandiflora DC. x x x RAPATEACEAE Maschalocephalus dinklagei Gilg & K.Schum. Species of conservation Interest x RHAMNACEAE Gouania longipetala Hemsl. x Lasiodiscus fasciculiflorus Engl. x Lasiodiscus mannii Hook.f. x x x Maesopsis eminii Engl. x Ventilago africana Exell x x RHIZOPHORACEAE Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl. x x x Cassipourea afzelii (Oliv.) Alston x ROSACEAE Rubus pinnatus Willd. var. afrotropicus (Engl.) C.E.Gust. High altitude species x x RUBIACEAE Aidia genipiflora (DC.) Dandy x Argocoffeopsis afzelii (Hiern) Robbr. x Aulacocalyx jasminiflora Hook.f. x x Bertiera racemosa (G.Don) K.Schum. x x x Chassalia afzelii (Hiern) K.Schum. x x x Chassalia bicostata Lachenaud & Jongkind Species of conservation Interest x Chassalia subherbacea (Hiern) Hepper x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Chazaliella lophoclada (Hiern) E.M.A.Petit & Verdc. x x x Chazaliella sciadephora (Hiern) E.M.A.Petit & Verdc.

x x

Corynanthe pachyceras K.Schum. x Craterispermum caudatum Hutch. x Cuviera acutiflora DC. x x Dictyandra arborescens Hook.f. x Gaertnera paniculata Benth. x x Geophila afzelii Hiern x x Geophila obvallata (Schumach. & Thonn.) Didr. x

Hallea stipulosa (DC.) Leroy x Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G.Taylor x Hutchinsonia barbata Robyns x Hymenocoleus hirsutus (Benth.) Robbr. x x x Hymenocoleus multinervis Robbr. x x Hymenocoleus rotundifolius (A.Chev. ex Hepper) Robbr. x Ixora nimbana Schnell x x Keetia bridsoniae Jongkind x Lasianthus batangensis K.Schum. x x x Lasianthus repens Hepper x x x Macrosphyra longistyla (DC.) Hiern x Massularia acuminata (G.Don) Bullock ex Hoyle x x x

Morinda geminata DC. x x x Morinda longiflora G.Don x Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh. x Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild.) Merr. x x x Oxyanthus speciosus DC. x x Pauridiantha afzelii (Hiern) Bremek. x Pauridiantha hirtella (Benth.) Bremek. x Pauridiantha sylvicola (Hutch. & Dalziel) Bremek.

x x x Pausinystalia lane-poolei (Hutch.) Hutch. ex Lane-Poole x x x

Pavetta platycalyx Bremek. Species of conservation Interest x Psychotria biaurita (Hutch. & Dalziel) Verdc. x Psychotria dorotheae Wernham x x Psychotria limba Scott-Elliot x x x Psychotria louisii E.M.A.Petit x Psychotria ombrophila (Schnell) Verdc. Species of conservation Interest x x x Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.) Steyerm. x Psychotria rufipilis A.Chev. ex De Wild. x x Psydrax horizontalis (Schumach. & Thonn.) Bridson x x

Psydrax manensis (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) Bridson Species of conservation Interest x Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson x Rothmannia hispida (K.Schum.) Fagerlind x x x Rothmannia longiflora Salisb. x Rothmannia whitfieldii (Lindl.) Dandy x x Rutidea membranacea Hiern x Rutidea olenotricha Hiern x x Rutidea parviflora Benth. x Rytigynia canthioides (Bentham) Robyns x x Sabicea discolor Stapf x x Sabicea vogelii Benth. x x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Sacosperma paniculatum (Benth.) G.Taylor x Schizocolea linderi (Hutch. & Dalziel) Bremek. Species of conservation Interest x x x Sherbournia calycina (G.Don) Hua x x Spermacoce verticillata L. Widespread weed x Stelechantha ziamaeana (Jacq.-Fél.) N.Hallé x x x Tarenna bipindensis (K.Schum.) Bremek. x Tarenna nitidula (Benth.) Hiern x x Tarenna vignei Hutch. & Dalziel x x Tricalysia anomala E.A.Bruce x Tricalysia reflexa Hutch. x Uncaria africana G.Don var. africana x x x Vangueriella discolor (Benth.) Verdc. Species of conservation Interest x Vangueriella vanguerioides (Hiern) Verdc. x RUTACEAE Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle x Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman x x x SAPINDACEAE Allophylus spec. "spiny Allophylus" (also on Nimba in Guinea) x x Blighia unijugata Baker x x Blighia welwitschii (Hiern) Radlk. x x x Cardiospermum grandiflorum Swartz x Deinbollia pinnata (Poir.) Schumach. & Thonn. x Glenniea adamii (Fouilloy) Leenh. Species of conservation Interest x x x Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planch. ex Benth. x Lychnodiscus dananensis Aubrév. & Pellegr. x SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum africanum A.DC. x x x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Chrysophyllum pruniforme Pierre ex Engl. x Chrysophyllum subnudum Baker x x Chrysophyllum ubangiense (De Wild.) D.J.Harris x

Ituridendron bequaertii De Wild. x Manilkara obovata (Sabine & G.Don) J.H.Hemsl.

x x

Neolemonniera clitandrifolia (A.Chev.) Heine Species of conservation Interest x Pouteria altissima (A.Chev.) Baehni x Synsepalum afzelii (Engl.) Pennington x x x Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex A.Chev. x SIMAROUBACEAE Hannoa klaineana Pierre ex Engl. x x SOLANACEAE Physalis lagascae Roem. & Schult. Widespread weed x Solanum erianthum D.Don x Solanum terminale Forssk. x Solanum torvum Sw. x STERCULIACEAE Cola caricifolia (G.Don) K.Schum. x Cola lateritia K.Schum. var. maclaudi (A.Chev.) Brenan & Keay x x x Cola reticulata A.Chev. Species of conservation Interest x x Heritiera utilis Sprague x x x Octolobus spectabilis Welw. x x x Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. x x Triplochiton scleroxylon K.Schum. x THYMELAEACEAE Craterosiphon scandens Engl. & Gilg x x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Dicranolepis disticha Planch. x x x TILIACEAE Desplatsia chrysochlamys (Mildbr. & Burret) Mildbr. & Burret x Glyphaea brevis (Spreng.) Monachino x Grewia malacocarpa Mast. x x x Grewia pubescens P.Beauv. x ULMACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume x x x UMBELLIFERAE Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Widespread weed x URTICACEAE Elatostema paivaeanum Wedd. x x VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach. & Thonn.

x

Clerodendrum splendens G.Don x x Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir. x x Premna hispida Benth. x x x Vitex micrantha Gürke x Vitex rivularis Gürke x Vitex thyrsiflora Baker x x x VIOLACEAE Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze x x x Rinorea oblongifolia (C.H.Wright) Marquand ex Chipp

x x

Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze x x x VITACEAE Cissus aralioides (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. x






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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Cissus producta Afzel. sensu lato x x x Cissus smithiana (Baker) Planch. x Leea guineensis G.Don x x ZINGIBERACEAE Aframomum exscapum (Sims) Hepper x Aframomum longiscapum (Hook.f.) K.Schum. Species of conservation Interest x Renealmia aff. cincinnata (K.Schum.) Baker x




Table B-2: Primates

+ = presence confirmed ? = presence suspected WNPA 1988 = Wildlife and National Parks Act 1988


IUC

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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

Procolobus verus Olive colobus nt WNPA 1988 ?

Colobus polykomos polykomos Western black and white colobus VU

WNPA 1988 critically endangered at the local scale + ? ?

Cercopithecus diana diana Diana guenon VU WNPA 1988 ? ?

Cercopithecus campbelli campbelli

Campbell’s guenon widespread but popn decreasing in many forests inc Nimba county + + +

Cercopithecus nictitans stampflii Greater spot-nosed monkey ? ? ? Cercopithecus petaurista buettikofferi

Lesser spot-nosed monkey widespread but popn decreasing in many forests inc Nimba county

? + +

Cercocebus atys atys Sooty mangabey VU rapid popn decline & extinction from many forests in Cote D'Ivoire + + +

Pan troglodytes verus Western chimpanzee EN WNPA 1988

most popns unprotected; alarming declines + + +

Perodicticus potto Western potto + + +

Galagoides demidoff Demidof’s bush baby + + +

Galagoides thomasi Thomas’bush baby ? ? ?

Galago senegalensis Northen lesser bush baby + + +




Table B-3: Large mammals



IUC

N

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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

AFROSORICIDA

Micropotamogale lamottei Pygmy Otter-shrew EN ? ? +

ARTIODACTYLA

Cephalophus dorsalis Bay Duiker + + + + + +

Cephalophus maxwelli Maxwell's Duiker + + + + + +

Cephalophus jentinki Jentink's Duiker EN WNPA 1988 ? ?

Cephalophus niger Black Duiker + + + + + +

Cephalophus ogilby Ogilby's duiker WNPA 1988 ? + ?

Cephalophus rufilatus Red-flanked Duiker ? ? ?

Cephalophus silvicultor Yellow-backed Duiker WNPA 1988 + + + + + +

Cephalophus zebra Zebra Duiker VU WNPA 1988 ? ?

Neotragus pygmaeus Royal Antelope + ? +

Hyemoschus aquaticus Water Chevrotain ? ? +

Potamochoerus porcus Red River Hog + ?

Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck + + + + + +

Tragelaphus eurycerus Bongo NT WNPA 1988 ? ?

Sincerus cafer nanus Forest buffalo ? +

Choeropsis liberiensis Pygmy Hippopotamus EN WNPA 1988

Reported in Wider area of influence

CARNIVORA

Atilax paludinosus + + + +

Caracal aurata African Golden Cat NT WNPA 1988

Listed originally as Profelis - ref IUCN ? ? + +

Civettictis civetta African Civet + + + + + +

Crossarchus obscurus Common Cusimanse + + + + + +

Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose ? ? ?





IUC

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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Liberiictis kuhni Liberian Mongoose VU ? ? ?

Mungos gambianus Gambian Mongoose ? ? ?

Herpestes ichneumon Large Grey Mongoose ? ? ?

Genetta bourloni Bourlon's Genet NT ? ? ?

Genetta johnstoni Johnston's Genet VU ? ? ?

Genetta maculata Central African Large-spotted Genet ? ? ?

Genetta pardina West African Large-spotted Genet ? ? ?

Genetta servalina Servaline Genet ? ? ?

Poiana leightoni Leighton's Linsang DD ? ? ?

Aonyx capensis African Clawless Otter ? ? + +

Lutra maculicollis Spotted-necked Otter ? ? + +

Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose + ? +

Nandinia binotata African Palm Civet + + + + +

Mellivora capensis Honey Badger ? + +

Panthera pardus Leopard NT WNPA 1988 + + ?

HYRACOIDAE

Dendrohyrax arboreus Southern Tree Hyrax + + + + + +

Procavia capensis Rock Hyrax + + + + ?

PHOLIDOTA

Phataginus tricuspis African White-bellied Pangolin NT + +

Uromanis tetradactyla Black-bellied Pangolin + + + + +

RODENTIA

Atherurus africanus African Brush-tailed Porcupine + + + + + +

Cricetomys spp Pouched Rat + + + + + +

Thryonomys swinderianus Greater Cane Rat + + + + + +

Hystrix cristata North African Crested Porcupine + + ?

Epixerus ebii Western Palm Squirrel DD ? ? + +





IUC

N

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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Xerus erythropus Geoffroy's Ground Squirrel + + + + + +

Funisciurus pyrropus Fire-footed Rope Squirrel + + + Heliosciurus gambianus punctatus Gambian Sun Squirrel + ? +

Heliosciurus rufobrachium Isabelline Red-legged Sun Squirrel ? ? + +

Paraxerus poensis Green Bush Squirrel ? + +

Protoxerus aubinnii Slender-tailed Squirrel DD ? + ?

Protoxerus stangeri African Giant Squirrel ? + ?

Anomalurus derbianus Lord Derby's Scaly-tailed Squirrel ? ? +

Anomalurops beecrofti Beecroft's Scaly-tailed Squirrel ? ? +

TUBULIDENTATA

Orycteropus afer Aardvark Hunters report it as present but very rare ? ? ?




Table B-4: Small mammals



IUC

N

En

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Bio

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Na

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Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

Bats

Epomophorus gambianus Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat +

Hipposideros caffer Sundevall's Roundleaf Bat + +

Hipposideros ruber Noack's Roundleaf Bat +

Lissonycteris angolensis Angolan Fruit Bat +

Megaloglossus woermanni Woermann's Fruit Bat +

Micropteropus pusillus Peter's Dwarf Epauletted Fruit Bat +

Miniopterus schreibersi Schreibers's long-fingered bat NT Listed originally as Micropteropus +

Nanonycteris veldkampi Veldkamp's Bat +

Nanonycteris woermanni + +

Roussetus aegyptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bat + +

Nycteris grandis Large Slit-faced Bat +

Hypsignathus monstrosus Hammer-headed Bat +

SORICIDAE

Crocidura bottegi Bottego's Shrew DD + + +

Crocidura buettikoferi Buettikofer's Shrew NT + +

Crocidura douceti Doucet's Musk Shrew DD + +

Crocidura crossei Crosse's Shrew + + + + +

Crocidura jouvenetae Jouvenet's Shrew +

Crocidura lamottei Lamotte's Shrew +

Crocidura muricauda West African Long-tailed Shrew +

Crocidura nanilla Tiny White-toothed Shrew +

Crocidura nigeriae Nigerian Shrew +

Crocidura obscurior Obscure White-toothed Shrew +

Crocidura odorata + + +





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Crocidura olivieri African Giant Shrew + + + +

MUROIDAE

Arvicanthis niloticus African Grass Rat + +

Dephomys defua Defua Rat + + +

Hybomys trivirgatus Temminck's Striped Mouse + + + +

Hylomyscus alleni Allen's Wood Mouse + + +

Hylomyscus simus + +

Lophuromys sikapusi Rusty-bellied Brush-furred Rat + + + + +

Malacomys edwardsi Edward's Swamp Rat + + + + + +

Mastomys natalensis Natal Multimammate Mouse +

Mus musculoides Temminck's mouse + + +

Praomys rostratus Forest Soft-furred Mouse + + +

Praomys tullbergi Tullberg's Soft-furred Mouse + +

Cricetomys emini Forest Giant Pouched Rat +

GLIRIDAE

Graphiurus murinus Woodland Dormouse +




Table B-5: Birds

Endemism Sites :

UG = endemic to the Upper Guinea Forest block 1 = Species recorded during the wet season (28 June–18 July 2008)

2 = Species recorded during the dry season (13–31 January 2009)

Biome Code:

GC = confined to the Guinea-Congo Forests biome IUCN Threat Status (BirdLife International 2000, 2004 and updates) :

VU = Vulnerable: species facing a high risk of extinction in the medium-term future

NT = Near Threatened: species coming very close to qualifying as Vulnerable

Habitat Code:

a = arial and flying overhead Status :

b = farmbush / scrub R = Resident

c = forest canopy AM = Afrotropical migrant

e = forest edge PM = Palearctic migrant

f = farmland

l = lower forest storey and forest floor Encounter rate :

m = mid forest storey C = Common: encountered daily, either singly or in significant numbers

r = bare or sparsely vegetated rocky areas F = Fairly common: encountered on most days

s = savanna and similar open habitats U = Uncommon: irregularly encountered and not on the majority of days

w = water (includes rivers, streams, swamps, marshes, pools) R = Rare: rarely encountered, one or two records of single individuals or pairs


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PODICIPEDIDAE

Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe w R R U – – – –

ARDEIDAE

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret w R/AM – R – – – –

Butorides striata Green-backed Heron w R – R – – – –

Egretta gularis Western Reef Egret a R – – R – – –





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CICONIIDAE

Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked Stork a R – – – – – R

ANATIDAE

Dendrocygna viduata White-faced Whistling Duck w R – U – – – –

Pteronetta hartlaubii Hartlaub's Duck GC major decline, now v scarce in W Africa

w R R – – – – –

ACCIPITRIDAE

Pernis apivorus European Honey Buzzard WNPA 1988 a PM – – – – – R

Gypohierax angolensis Palm-nut Vulture WNPA 1988 a R C F U – F F

Polyboroides typus African Harrier Hawk WNPA 1988 a R F U F F F U

Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk WNPA 1988 a, l R R R R R R U

Urotriorchis macrourus Long-tailed Hawk GC WNPA 1988 m R – – – – U R

Kaupifalco monogrammicus

Lizard Buzzard WNPA 1988 f, e R – R – R R U

Buteo auguralis Red-necked Buzzard WNPA 1988 a R – U – R – U

Hieraaetus ayresii Ayres's Hawk Eagle WNPA 1988 a R – – – – R –

Spizaetus africanus Cassin's Hawk Eagle GC WNPA 1988 a R U R – – R R

Stephanoaetus coronatus Crowned Eagle WNPA 1988 a, c R – – R R R R

FALCONIDAE

Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel WNPA 1988 a R/PM – – – – – R

Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon WNPA 1988 a R – R – – – R

Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon WNPA 1988 a R/PM – – – – – R

PHASIANIDAE

Francolinus lathami Latham's Forest Francolin GC l R R – R – U R





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Francolinus ahantensis Ahanta Francolin GC e, b R – R F R U –

Francolinus bicalcaratus Double-spurred Francolin b R – R – – U –

RALLIDAE

Himantornis haematopus Nkulengu Rail GC l R – – R – – –

Sarothrura pulchra White-spotted Flufftail GC w R C C C C C C

JACANIDAE

Actophilornis africanus African Jacana w R R U – – – –

SCOLOPACIDAE

Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper w PM – U – – – –

Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper w PM – R – – – –

COLUMBIDAE

Treron calvus African Green Pigeon c, a R C C C C C C

Turtur brehmeri Blue-headed Wood Dove GC m, l R F C F C C C

Turtur tympanistria Tambourine Dove l, e R F C F C F C

Turtur afer Blue-spotted Wood Dove f, b R U F F F F C

Columba iriditorques Western Bronze-naped Pigeon

GC c R C C C C C C

Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove f, b, a R F F C C C C

MUSOPHAGIDAE

Corythaeola cristata Great Blue Turaco c R – – – – R –

Tauraco persa Green Turaco GC c, m R C C C F C C

Tauraco macrorhynchus Yellow-billed Turaco GC c, m R C C C C C C

CUCULIDAE

Oxylophus levaillantii Levaillant's Cuckoo e AM – – – – – R

Cercococcyx mechowi Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoo GC c R – – – – R –

Cercococcyx olivinus Olive Long-tailed Cuckoo GC c R – – R U F R





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Chrysococcyx cupreus African Emerald Cuckoo c R/AM F – C C C R

Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas's Cuckoo e, b R/AM F U C C C F

Ceuthmochares aereus Yellowbill m R C C C C C F

Centropus leucogaster Black-throated Coucal GC l R F R F F F –

Centropus senegalensis Senegal Coucal b R F U C F F F

STRIGIDAE

Bubo poensis Fraser's Eagle Owl GC WNPA 1988 l R – – – – – R

Strix woodfordii African Wood Owl WNPA 1988

m R R R R R R –

CAPRIMULGIDAE

Caprimulgus inornatus Plain Nightjar s R – – – R – R

Macrodipteryx longipennis Standard-winged Nightjar s AM – R – – – R

APODIDAE

Rhaphidura sabini Sabine's Spinetail GC a R R F R R R R

Neafrapus cassini Cassin's Spinetail GC a R R – – – U –

Apus batesi Bates's Swift GC In Liberia, known only from the Nimba area a R U – – – U –

Apus apus Common (European) Swift a PM – U – – – C

Apus affinis Little Swift a R U – – – – –

Tachymarptis melba Alpine Swift a PM – – – – – U

TROGONIDAE

Apaloderma narina Narina's Trogon m R U – – R – –

ALCEDINIDAE

Halcyon badia Chocolate-backed Kingfisher GC m R F U U F F F

Halcyon leucocephala Grey-headed Kingfisher s, e, f AM – U – F – F

Halcyon malimbica Blue-breasted Kingfisher m R F R – R F U

Halcyon senegalensis Woodland Kingfisher f R – – R – R –





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Ceyx pictus African Pygmy Kingfisher f R/AM R R – – R R

Alcedo cristata Malachite Kingfisher w R – – – R – –

Alcedo quadribrachys Shining-blue Kingfisher w R – – – – R –

MEROPIDAE

Merops muelleri Blue-headed Bee-eater GC Rare local forest resident in West Africa

c R F R U R U R

Merops gularis Black Bee-eater GC c, e R F F R – U U

Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater s R – F – – – U

Merops albicollis White-throated Bee-eater e, f, s

AM – C – F – F

CORACIIDAE

Eurystomus gularis Blue-throated Roller GC c, e R R – U – R –

Eurystomus glaucurus Broad-billed Roller e AM – R – – – –

PHOENICULIDAE

Phoeniculus castaneiceps Forest Wood-hoopoe GC Evidence of a population decline in West Africa

e R – – R R – R

BUCEROTIDAE

Tropicranus albocristatus White-crested Hornbill GC m R U U R R U R

Tockus hartlaubi Black Dwarf Hornbill GC m R R – R – – –

Tockus fasciatus African Pied Hornbill GC c, a R C C C C C F

Bycanistes fistulator Piping Hornbill GC c, a R – – – – F U

Bycanistes subcylindricus Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill

GC c, a R – – – – U R

Ceratogymna elata Yellow-casqued Hornbill nt GC

Very local in Liberia: recorded only in Nimba area, northern Lofa county, & extreme SE

c, a R – – – – R U

CAPITONIDAE

Gymnobucco calvus Naked-faced Barbet GC b R C C C C C C

Pogoniulus scolopaceus Speckled Tinkerbird GC m, e, b R C C C C C C





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Pogoniulus atroflavus Red-rumped Tinkerbird GC m, c R C C C C C C

Pogoniulus subsulphureus Yellow-throated Tinkerbird GC m, c, e

R C C C C C C

Pogoniulus bilineatus Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird s, e R – – – – – U

Buccanodon duchaillui Yellow-spotted Barbet GC m, c R C C C C C C

Tricholaema hirsuta Hairy-breasted Barbet GC m, c R – R C F R –

Trachylaemus purpuratus Yellow-billed Barbet GC e R – – C R C U

INDICATORIDAE

Prodotiscus insignis Cassin's Honeybird GC Rare to uncommon resident in Liberia

e R – R F U R R

Indicator maculatus Spotted Honeyguide GC e R – – – – R –

Indicator exilis Least Honeyguide c R – – – – R –

PICIDAE

Jynx torquilla Eurasian Wryneck s PM – R – – – –

Campethera maculosa Little Green Woodpecker GC m R U R U F R U

Campethera nivosa Buff-spotted Woodpecker GC m, l R U R U F – U

Campethera caroli Brown-eared Woodpecker GC m R – R – R R –

Dendropicos gabonensis Gabon Woodpecker GC m, e R F F F F F F

Dendropicos pyrrhogaster Fire-bellied Woodpecker GC e R – R F F F U

EURYLAIMIDAE

Smithornis rufolateralis Rufous-sided Broadbill GC m R – – U – U R

HIRUNDINIDAE

Psalidoprocne nitens Square-tailed Saw-wing GC a R C U C F C –

Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped Swallow a R – R – – – U

Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow a PM – C – C – C

Delichon urbicum Common House Martin a PM – F – – – F

MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail s PM – U – – – U





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Motacilla clara Mountain Wagtail w R – – – – – U

Anthus similis Long-billed Pipit r R R R – – – C

Anthus leucophrys Plain-backed Pipit r R F U – – – –

Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit s PM – F – U – F

CAMPEPHAGIDAE

Campephaga phoenicea Red-shouldered Cuckoo-shrike

b R – – – R – –

Campephaga quiscalina Purple-throated Cuckoo-shrike

c, e R U – C C F F

Lobotos lobatus Western Wattled Cuckoo-shrike

VU UG GC c R – – – – – R

Coracina azurea Blue Cuckoo-shrike GC c R – – R U R –

PYCNONOTIDAE

Andropadus virens Little Greenbul b, e R C C C C C C

Andropadus gracilis Little Grey Greenbul GC e R C C C C C C

Andropadus ansorgei Ansorge's Greenbul GC c, m R C C C C C C

Andropadus curvirostris Cameroon Sombre Greenbul GC l, e R C F C F C F

Andropadus gracilirostris Slender-billed Greenbul c, e R C C C C C C

Andropadus latirostris Yellow-whiskered Greenbul l R C F C C C F

Calyptocichla serina Golden Greenbul GC c R F F C C C F

Baeopogon indicator Honeyguide Greenbul GC c R C C C C C C

Ixonotus guttatus Spotted Greenbul GC c R F C U – U F

Chlorocichla simplex Simple Leaflove GC b R F C U C U F

Thescelocichla leucopleura Swamp Palm Bulbul GC w R C C C C C F

Pyrrhurus scandens Leaflove GC e R – – F – – R

Phyllastrephus baumanni Baumann's Greenbul GC Classified as Data Deficient until 2008 b R – U R R R –

Phyllastrephus icterinus Icterine Greenbul GC m R F F U – F F

Bleda syndactylus Red-tailed Bristlebill GC l R U U U U R U





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Bleda eximius Green-tailed Bristlebill VU UG GC l R R – R – U –

Bleda canicapillus Grey-headed Bristlebill GC l, e R F C C C C F

Criniger barbatus Western Bearded Greenbul GC l, m R C C C C C C

Criniger calurus Red-tailed Greenbul GC l, m R C C C C C C

Criniger olivaceus Yellow-bearded Greenbul VU UG GC l, m R – R R F U U

Pycnonotus barbatus Common Bulbul f, b, e R C C C C C C

Nicator chloris Western Nicator GC m, e R C F C F C F

TURDIDAE

Stiphrornis erythrothorax Forest Robin GC l R U – U U C R

Luscinia megarhynchos Common Nightingale b PM – U – – – F

Cossypha cyanocampter Blue-shouldered Robin Chat GC l, e R – – – – U –

Cossypha niveicapilla Snowy-crowned Robin Chat e R – – – – – R

Alethe diademata Fire-crested Alethe GC l, e R C U C F C U

Neocossyphus poensis White-tailed Ant Thrush GC l R U R F U U U

Stizorhina finschi Finsch's Flycatcher Thrush GC m R C F C C C F

Saxicola torquatus Common Stonechat r R – – – – – F

Saxicola rubetra Whinchat s, r PM – U – – – U

Monticola saxatilis Common Rock Thrush r PM – – – – – R

Turdus pelios African Thrush s, e R – R – – – U

SYLVIIDAE

Bathmocercus cerviniventris

Black-headed Rufous Warbler

nt UG GC w R R R R R R R

Melocichla mentalis African Moustached Warbler s R – R – – – –

Hippolais polyglotta Melodious Warbler b PM – U – U – U

Cisticola erythrops Red-faced Cisticola b R – – – – R –

Cisticola lateralis Whistling Cisticola b, f R C F C U C F

Cisticola brachypterus Short-winged Cisticola b R U U – – U R





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Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia b, f R C U U U U F

Schistolais leontica Sierra Leone Prinia VU UG GC e R – – – – – R

Apalis nigriceps Black-capped Apalis GC c R C F C C C F

Apalis sharpii Sharpe's Apalis UG GC c, m R C C C C C C

Camaroptera brachyura Grey-backed Camaroptera b R C F U C U F

Camaroptera superciliaris Yellow-browed Camaroptera GC e R C C C C C C

Camaroptera chloronota Olive-green Camaroptera GC e R C C C C C C

Macrosphenus kempi Kemp's Longbill GC e R C C C C C F

Macrosphenus concolor Grey Longbill GC e, m R C C C C C C

Eremomela badiceps Rufous-crowned Erememela GC c, e R C C C C C C

Sylvietta virens Green Crombec GC e R R U C C F F

Sylvietta denti Lemon-bellied Crombec GC e R C C C C C C

Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler s, e PM – R – – – R

Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler e PM – – – U – U

Sylvia borin Garden Warbler s, e PM – – – – – U

Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap s, e PM – – – – – F

Hyliota violacea Violet-backed Hyliota GC c, e R R – R F – F

Hylia prasina Green Hylia GC m, l, e R C C C C C C

MUSCICAPIDAE

Fraseria ocreata Fraser's Forest Flycatcher GC m, c, e

R C F C C F F

Melaenornis annamarulae Nimba Flycatcher VU UG GC c R – – R R R R

Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher e PM – R – R – –

Muscicapa olivascens Olivaceous Flycatcher GC m R R – – – – –

Muscicapa epulata Little Grey Flycatcher GC m, e R R R R U – –

Muscicapa comitata Dusky-blue Flycatcher GC e R R – R – – –

Muscicapa ussheri Ussher's Flycatcher GC e R F U C C F U





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Myioparus griseigularis Grey-throated Flycatcher GC m, l R R – U R R R

Myioparus plumbeus Lead-coloured Flycatcher First records of this sp. in the Nimba area

e R U R – – – –

Ficedula hypoleuca Pied Flycatcher e PM – C – C – F

MONARCHIDAE

Erythrocercus mccallii Chestnut-capped Flycatcher GC c, m R – – U F U R

Elminia nigromitrata Dusky Crested Flycatcher GC l R R – R R U –

Trochocercus nitens Blue-headed Crested Flycatcher

GC m, e R U – R U U U

Terpsiphone viridis African Paradise Flycatcher m AM – – – – – R

Terpsiphone rufiventer Red-bellied Paradise Flycatcher

GC m, e R C C C C C C

PLATYSTEIRIDAE

Megabyas flammulatus Shrike Flycatcher GC c, m, e R C R C C C U

Bias musicus Black-and-white Flycatcher e R – – – R – R

Dyaphorophyia castanea Chestnut Wattle-eye GC m R C C C C C F

Dyaphorophyia blissetti Red-cheeked Wattle-eye GC e R R – U R U U

Dyaphorophyia concreta Yellow-bellied Wattle-eye l R – – R R – –

Platysteira cyanea Common Wattle-eye e R – – – – – F

Batis poensis Bioko Batis GC Considered rare in Liberia c R – R R F – U

TIMALIIDAE

Illadopsis rufipennis Pale-breasted Illadopsis l R R – U – U –

Illadopsis fulvescens Brown Illadopsis GC l, e R C R C C C F

Illadopsis cleaveri Blackcap Illadopsis GC l R – – R U F U

Illadopsis rufescens Rufous-winged Illadopsis nt UG GC l R U – U U U –

Illadopsis puveli Puvel's Illadopsis GC l, e R R R R R U –

Phyllanthus atripennis Capuchin Babbler GC l R – – – U – –

REMIZIDAE





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Anthoscopus flavifrons Forest Penduline Tit GC Rare in Liberia; Nimba & N Lofa county only c R – – R – – –

Pholidornis rushiae Tit-hylia GC c, m, e

R C – F U U –

NECTARINIIDAE

Anthreptes rectirostris Green Sunbird GC c, e R C C C C C C

Deleornis fraseri Fraser's Sunbird GC m R U C U C F C

Cyanomitra cyanolaema Blue-throated Brown Sunbird GC c R C F C F C F

Cyanomitra olivacea Olive Sunbird l, m R C C C C C C

Chalcomitra adelberti Buff-throated Sunbird GC f R – – U R – –

Hedydipna collaris Collared Sunbird e, m R C C C C C C

Cinnyris chloropygius Olive-bellied Sunbird b R F F F U F U

Cinnyris minullus Tiny Sunbird GC e R R – – – – –

Cinnyris venustus Variable Sunbird s, e R – – – – – F

Cinnyris johannae Johanna's Sunbird GC c R U – U R – –

Cinnyris superbus Superb Sunbird GC c, e R F R R U R R

Cinnyris cupreus Copper Sunbird e R – – R – – –

ZOSTEROPIDAE

Zosterops senegalensis Yellow White-eye e R R R F F – F

LANIIDAE

Lanius collaris Common Fiscal b R – R R R – R

Lanius senator Woodchat Shrike s PM – – – – – R

MALACONOTIDAE

Malaconotus cruentus Fiery-breasted Bush-shrike GC Scarce to uncommon in Upper Guinea forest block

m R – R R R U U

Malaconotus multicolor Many-coloured Bush-shrike c, m R F U F C F C

Tchagra australis Brown-crowned Tchagra b R R – – – – F

Dryoscopus sabini Sabine's Puffback GC c, m R U U U F U F

Dryoscopus gambensis Northern Puffback e, b R – – R R – R





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Laniarius leucorhynchus Sooty Boubou GC e R U U C F C F

PRIONOPIDAE

Prionops caniceps Red-billed Helmet-shrike GC c R – – F F U U

ORIOLIDAE

Oriolus nigripennis Black-winged Oriole GC c R – – – – – R

Oriolus brachyrhynchus Western Black-headed Oriole GC c, m R C C C C C C

DICRURIDAE

Dicrurus ludwigii Square-tailed Drongo e R – – F R – R

Dicrurus atripennis Shining Drongo GC m R F F F C C C

Dicrurus modestus Velvet-mantled Drongo e R U U F F U U

STURNIDAE

Onychognathus fulgidus Forest Chestnut-winged Starling

GC c R – U C F F R

Lamprotornis cupreocauda Copper-tailed Glossy Starling nt UG GC c, e R U R U F R R

PLOCEIDAE

Malimbus scutatus Red-vented Malimbe GC c, e R U – – – U U

Malimbus malimbicus Crested Malimbe GC m R U F F F C R

Malimbus nitens Blue-billed Malimbe GC l R U R U R U F

Malimbus rubricollis Red-headed Malimbe GC c, m R – R U R R R

Ploceus nigricollis Black-necked Weaver b R – R – – – R

Ploceus nigerrimus Vieillot's Black Weaver GC b R – – – – U –

Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver b, f R – – – – C C

Ploceus tricolor Yellow-mantled Weaver GC c, m R – – U – – –

ESTRILDIDAE

Nigrita canicapillus Grey-headed Negrofinch c, m, e R C C C C C C

Nigrita bicolor Chestnut-breasted Negrofinch

GC c, m, e

R F U F C U F

Nigrita fusconotus White-breasted Negrofinch GC m, e R – – R – – R





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Mandingoa nitidula Green Twinspot e R – – R R – –

Estrilda melpoda Orange-cheeked Waxbill b R F U – – U F

Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill s R – – – – – R

Spermophaga haematina Western Bluebill GC e, b R R R U – U R

Lagonosticta rubricata Blue-billed Firefinch b R – – – R – –

Spermestes cucullatus Bronze Mannikin f, b R – – – – U U

Spermestes bicolor Black-and-white Mannikin e R F C C F F U

VIDUIDAE

Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Whydah f R – – – – U –

Totals 242 species / 48 families 9 9 130

242 132 148 147 146 152 179

173 166 206




Table B-6: Reptiles

1 = Species recorded during the wet season (28 June–18 July 2008) 2 = Species recorded during the dry season (13–31 January 2009) WNPA 1988 = Wildlife and National Parks Act 1988



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TESTUDINIDAE

Kinixys erosa Serrated Hinge-backed Tortoise DD x

CROCODYLIDAE

Osteolaemus tetraspis Dwarf Crocodile VU WNPA 1988

Recorded in Wider area of influence

AGAMIDAE

Agama agama Red-headed Agama * x x x x x

SCINCIDAE

Mabuya affinis x x x x x Mabuya quinquetaeniata Blue-tailed Skink * x Lygodactylus conraui Cameroon Dwarf Gecko * x x Panaspis togoensis x ATRACTASPIDIDAE

Polemon acanthias x

VIPERIDAE

Causus maculatus West African night adder * x

COLUBRIDAE

Thelotornis kirtlandii Vine Snake * x x




Table B-7: Amphibians

1 = Species recorded during the wet season (28 June–18 July 2008) 2 = Species recorded during the dry season (13–31 January 2009) WNPA 1988 = Wildlife and National Parks Act 1988 SEG/N = south-east Guinea/Mount Nimba UG = Upper Guinea WA = West Africa (Senegal to E Nigeria) f = forest fb = degraded forest/farm-bush s = savanna



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ARTHROLEPTIDAE

Arthroleptis sp UG f, fb x x x x x

Cardioglossa leucomystax WA f, fb x x x

ASTYLOSTERNIDAE

Astylosternus occidentalis WA f x x x x

BUFONIDAE

Bufo maculatus Flat-backed Toad fb, s x x

Bufo togoensis VU UG f x

HYPEROLIIDAE

Afrixalus dorsalis Brown Banana Frog x x

Afrixalus fulvovittatus Banded Banana Frog UG fb, s x x x

Afrixalus vittiger Spiny Reed Frog * x x

Hyperolius concolor WA f, fb, s

x x x x x

Hyperolius fusciventris Ghana Reed Frog * WA f, fb x x x

Hyperolius lamottei x x

Hyperolius picturatus UG x x x x x

Hyperolius sylvaticus UG f x x

Kassina arboricola Ivory Coast Running Frog * VU x

Kassina cochranae NT UG f x x

Leptopelis macrotis NT WA f x x

Leptopelis spiritusnoctis WA f, fb x x x x

Leptopelis viridis x x

PETROPEDETIDAE

Petropedetes natator Sierra Leone water frog * NT UG f x x x x x x






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Phrynobatrachus accraensis Accra river frog * WA fb, s x x x x

Phrynobatrachus alleni NT UG f x

Phrynobatrachus annulatus Ringed river frog * EN UG f x

Phrynobatrachus fraterculus Macenta river frog * UG f x

Phrynobatrachus guineensis Guinea river frog * NT x x

Phrynobatrachus gutturosus Guttural river frog * WA f, fb x

Phrynobatrachus liberiensis Liberia river frog * NT UG x x

Phrynobatrachus plicatus Coast river frog * WA f x x

Phrynobatrachus sp f x x x

Phrynobatrachus tokba Tokba river frog * UG f x x x x x x

PIPIDAE

Silurana tropicalis Tropical Clawed Frog f, fb x

RHACOPHORIDAE

Chiromantis rufescens African foam-nest tree frog * x

RANIDAE

Amnirana albolabris White-lipped frog * f, fb x x x

Amnirana fonensis DD SEG/N f x x

Conraua alleni Allen's slippery frog * VU UG f x x x x x x

Hoplobatrachus occipitalis Crowned Bullfrog x x

Ptychadena bibroni Broad-banded grass frog * fb,s x

Ptychadena longirostris Snouted grassland frog * WA f, fb x x x x x

Ptychadena mascareniensis Mascarene Ridged Frog fb, s x x

Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Sharp-nosed Ridged Frog s x x x

Ptychadena pumilio s x x

Ptychadena sp fb, s x x Ptychadena submascareniensis

DD UG fb, s x x x

Ptychadena tournieri UG fb x




Table B-8: Fish

w = widespread d = disjunct r = restricted



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Mormyridae

Petrocephalus pellegrini d + + +

Marcusenius sp. +

Brienomyrus sp. +

Alestidae

Brycinus longipinnis w + +

Cyprinidae

Barbus ablabes w + + +

Barbus boboi r + +

Barbus eburneensis r + + +

Barbus trispilos w + + +

Barbus wurtzi w +

Labeo parvus w +

Labeo sp. +

Amphiliidae

Amphilius atesuensis d + + + Amphilius platychir marmoratus

r + + +

Doumea chappuisi r + + +

Clariidae

Clarias buettikoferi w +

Clarias laeviceps laeviceps d +

Clarias salae r + +

Clarias sp. +

Heterobranchus isopterus w + + +






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Poecilidae

Rhexipanchax nimbaensis r + + +

Aplocheilidae

Epiplatys olbrechtsi d + + +

Epiplatys sp. +

Archiaphyosemion sp. +

Archiaphyosemon guineense d + +

Archiaphyosemion viride r + +

Archiaphyosemion petersii r + +

Archiaphyosemion maeseni r + + +

Cichlidae

Hemichromis bimaculatus w + +

Hemichromis fasciatus w +

Oreochromis niloticus w +

Tilapia dageti w + +

Tilapia guineensis w + + +

Eleotridae

Kribia kribensis w + + +




Table B-9: Crustaceans

1 = Species recorded during the wet season (28 June–18 July 2008) 2 = Species recorded during the dry season (13–31 January 2009)


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Atyidae

Caridina africana x x x Caridinopsis chevalieri x x x

Caridinopsis sp. x x x Palaemonidae

Macrobrachium raridens x x x Macrobrachium sp. x x x Potamonautidae

Liberonautes latidactylus Common Creek Crab x x x

Liberonautes paludicolis Pale Swamp Crab x x

Liberonautes lugbe Lugbe River Crab CR Known from 100 sq km only and only 2 specimens

x x x

Liberonautes rubigimanus Lobster Claw Crab EN x x x

Liberonautes nanoides Dwarf River Crab EN x x x




Table B-10: Lepidoptera

1 = Species recorded during the wet season (28 June–18 July 2008) 2 = Species recorded during the dry season (13–31 January 2009)

BIOME Codes: gui = species of the Guinean savannah and the forest edge (stand-edge species) sud = species of the Sudanese savannah aaf = partout en Afrique dans des habitats convenables wwt = de l’ouest de l’Afrique de l’ouest à l’est de la Rift Valley. Wwu = de l’ouest de l’Afrique de l’ouest à l’Ouganda ou l’ouest du Kenya wwz = de l’ouest de l’Afrique de l’ouest au Zaire ou à la frontière Zaire – Ouganda. Wwc = de l’ouest de l’Afrique de l’ouest à la zone Cameroun – Gabon – Congo wwn = de l’ouest de l’Afrique de l’ouest à la frontière Nigeria – Cameroun. Wwe = seulement de l’ouest de l’Afrique de l’ouest geq = du Ghana au Zaire – Ouganda. Gca = du Ghana à la zone Cameroun – Gabon – Congo veq = de la région de la Volta au Zaire – Ouganda vca = de la région de la Volta à la zone Cameroun – Gabon – Congo end = endémique ou presque endémique au Ghana. Saa = espèce en savane en général, partout en Afrique sae = espèce des savanes de l’Afrique de l’ouest au Kenya / nord Tanzanie.

Habitat Codes: wef = species present in wet/humid forest (real rain forest) mef = species of humid forest, semi evergreen or semi-deciduous drf = species of dry/ drier forest alf = species which generally fly in forest ubq = ubiquitous species or species which are generally considered to occur outside virgin forest spe = species dependent on specialised habitat, e.g. swamp / wetland

Scientific name (Families in taxonomic order; species in

alphabetical order within families)

Common name (* = non-IUCN-derived name) IU

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Hepialidae

Hepialidae non déterminé x

Psychidae

Bourgognea Dierl, 1972 non déterminé x x x

Eumeta cervina (Druce, 1888) x x x

Cossidae

Cossidae non déterminé x x

Metarbelinae non déterminé x

Xyleutes cf . cretacea (Butler, 1878) x

Xyleutes cf. geminatus x

Xyleutes crassa (Drury, 1780) x

Sesiidae







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Sesiidae non déterminé x

Hylaeidae

Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777) x

Tortricidae

Tortricidae non déterminé x x

Zygaenidae

Pompostola hypparchus x

Trichobaptes auristrigata (Plötz, 1880) x

Zygaenidae non déterminé x

Chrysopolomidae

Chrysopoloma theorini Aurivillius, 1892 x

Limacodidae

Chrysamma purpuripulchra Karsch, 1896 x

Cosuma rugosa Walker, 1855 x x x

Ctenolita anacompa Karsch, 1896 x x

Delorhachis nigrivenosa Karsch, 1896 x

Delorhachis viridiplaga Karsch, 1896 x x x

Latoia nana Holland, 1893 x

Latoia non déterminé x x x x x

Latoia non déterminé, grande espèce x x

Latoia phlebodes (Karsch, 1896) x x x

Limacodidae non déterminé x

Omocena syrtis (Schaus & Clemens, 1893) x

Parasa ananii Karsch, 1896 x

Parasa karschi Strand, 1912 x x x

Rhypteira sordida Holland, 1893 x

Semyrilla lineata (Holland, 1893) x

Tryphax vigoratus Karsch, 1896 x

Pterophoridae







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Pterophoridae non déterminés x x x

Pterophorus lampra (Bigot, 1969) x

Thyrididae

Thyrididae non déterminé x

Pyralidae

Pyralidae non déterminé x x x

Crambidae

Cadarena pudoraria (Hübner, 1781) x x x x x

Crambidae non déterminé x x x

Glyphodes indica x

Glyphodes non déterminé x

Stemorrhages sericea (Drury, 1773) x x x x x x

Zebronia phenice Cramer x

Zinckenia non déterminé x

Drepanidae

Drepanidae non déterminé x

Lasiocampidae

Bombycopsis indecora (Walker, 1865) x x x

Gonobombyx angulata Aurivillius, 1893 x

Gonometa nysa Druce, 1887 x x

Gonometa titan Holland, 1893 x

Hypotrabala castanea Holland, 1893 x

Lasiocampidae non déterminé x x x

Lechriolepis basirufa Strand, 1912 x

Lechriolepis non déterminé x

Leipoxais non déterminé x x

Mimopacha non déterminé x

Pachypasa cf. morosa x

Pachypasa imitans (Aurivillius, 1893) x x x







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Pachypasa non déterminé x x x

Philotherma non déterminé x

Pseudometa non déterminé x x x

Streblote non déterminé x x x x x

Streblote vesta (Druce, 1887) x

Trabala lambourni Bethune–Baker, 1911 x

Eupterotidae

Eupterotidae non déterminé x x

Jana strigina Westwood, 1849 x

Parajana gabunica Aurivillius, 1892 x x x

Phasicnecus non déterminé x x x

Viana non déterminé x x

Bombycidae

Ocinara non déterminé x x

Sphingidae

Acanthosphinx guessfeldti (Dewitz, 1879) x x x

Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x

Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758) x x

Antinephele achlora Holland, 1892 x

Antinephele anomala anomala Butler, 1882 x

Atemnora westermanni (Boisduval, 1875) x x x

Basiothia medea (Fabricius, 1781) x x

Centrocnema rutherfordi (Druce, 1882) x x x Chloroclanis virescens virescens (Butler, 1882) x x x x x

Coelonia fulvinotata (Butler, 1875) x x x x x

Daphnis nerii (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x x Euchloron megaera megaera (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x x x x

Hippotion balsaminae (Walker, 1856) x







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Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus, 1758) x x x

Hippotion eson (Cramer, 1779) x x x x x x

Hippotion irregularis (Walker, 1856) x x

Hippotion osiris (Dalman, 1823) x x

Neopolyptychus non déterminé x x Nephele accentifera (Palisot de Beauvois, [1821]) x x x x x x

Nephele aequivalens (Walker, 1856) x x x x x x

Nephele bipartita Butler, 1878 x x x

Nephele comma Hopffer, 1857 x

Nephele comma Hopffer, 1857 x x x x x x

Nephele funebris (Fabricius, 1793) x x x

Nephele oenopion continentis Rothschild & Jordan, 1903

x x

Nephele peneus (Cramer, 1776) x x x x x x

Nephele rosae Butler, 1875 aaf alf x x x

Phylloxyphia bicolor (Rothschild, 1894) x x x x Phylloxyphia illustris (Rothschild & Jordan, 1906) x x x x x

Phylloxyphia oberthueri Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 x

Phylloxyphia oweni (Carcasson, 1968) x

Platysphinx non déterminé x x x

Polyptychus andosus andosus (Walker, 1856) x x x x x x Polyptychus anochus Rothschild & Jordan, 1906 x

Polyptychus carteri (Butler, 1882) x x x x x

Polyptychus girardi Pierre, 1993 x x

Polyptychus lapidatus Joicey & Kaye, 1917 x x x x

Polyptychus murinus Rothschild, 1904 x x x x

Polyptychus non déterminé x x







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1 2 1 2 1 2 Polyptychus orthographus Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 x x x x x

Polyptychus rhadamistus rhadamistus (Fabricius, 1781) x x x x x x

Polyptychus trisectus (Aurivillius, 1901) x

Pseudoclanis non déterminé x x x x x x

Rufoclanis rosae (Druce, 1882) x x

Temnora crenulata (Holland, 1893) x x x x x x

Temnora elegans elegans (Rothschild, 1894) x

Temnora eranga (Holland, 1889) x

Temnora fumosa fumosa (Walker, 1856) x x

Temnora iapygoides (Holland, 1889) x x x

Temnora non déterminé x x

Temnora sardanus (Walker, 1856) x x x

Temnora scitula (Holland, 1889) x x x

Temnora spiritus akissi Pierre 1989 x x x x x

Temnora stevensi Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 x

Theretra jugurtha (Boisduval, 1875) x x x x x

Theretra non déterminé x Theretra orpheus pelius Rothschild & Jordan, 1903

x x x x x

Xanthopan morgani morgani (Walker, 1856) x x x x

Brahmaeidae

Dactyloceras lucina Drury, 1782 x x

Geometridae

Athletes non déterminé x x x

Aurivillius aratus (Westwood, 1849) x

Aurivillius non déterminé x x

Aurivillius triramis Rothschild, 1907 x

Bunaea alcinoe alcinoe (Stoll, 1780) x x







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Epiphora non déterminé 1 x

Epiphora non déterminé 2 x x

Goodia nubilata Holland, 1893 x

Hyperchirioides angulata (Aurivillius, 1893) x

Imbrasia alopia (Westwood, 1849) x x x

Imbrasia eblis (Strecker, 1876) x

Imbrasia emini (Butler, 1888) x x x

Imbrasia epimethea (Drury, 1773) x x x x

Imbrasia obscura (Butler, 1878) x x x

Imbrasia petiveri (Guérin-Méneville, 1845) x x x

Imbrasia xanthomma (Rothschild, 1907) x x

Lobobunaea acetes (Westwood, 1849) x x x x

Lobobunaea goodii Holland, 1893 x x

Ludia non déterminé x x Micragone agathylla agathylla (Westwood, 1849) x

Orthogonioptilum non déterminé x x x x x

Pselaphelia neglecta Darge x x x

Pseudantheraea discrepans (Butler, 1878) x x x

Pseudimbrasia deyrollei (J. Thomson, 1858) x x

Pseudobunaea alinda (Drury, 1770) ? x

Pseudobunaea non déterminé x x x x x

Famille des Hesperiidae

Archichlora viridimacula Warren, 1898 x

Cf. Cleora non déterminé x x x

Chorodnodes rothi Warren, 1897 x

Geometridae non déterminés x x x

Hyposidra excavata (Herbulot, 1954) x x x x x

Miantochora non déterminé x







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Pingasa non déterminé x x x x

Victoria gordoni Prout, 1912 x x

Zamarada non déterminé x x x x x x

Celaenorrhinus cf. galenus x x

Celaenorrhinus cf. leona x

Celaenorrhinus cf. plagiatus x Celaenorrhinus proxima maesseni Berger, 1976 wwu alf x

Ceratrichia non déterminé x x x x

Coeliades forestan forestan (Stoll, 1782) aaf ubq x x

Eagris denuba denuba (Plötz, 1879) wwu mef x x

Hesperiidae non déterminés x x x

Paracleros non identifié x

Pardaleodes incerta (Snellen, 1872) aaf drf x

Paronymus non identifié x

Pteroteinon caenira (Hewitson, 1867) wwu alf x

Rhabdomantis galatia (Hewitson, 1868) wwu mef x

Tagiades flesus (Fabricius, 1781) aaf alf x x x

Papilionidae

Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779]) aaf alf x x

Graphium groupe policenes x x x Graphium latreillianus latreillianus (Godart, 1819) wwu wef x x x

Graphium leonidas leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) aaf ubq x

Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793) wwz wef x

Papilio chrapkowskoides nurettini Koçak, 1983 wwt alf x x

Papilio cynorta cynorta Fabricius, 1793 wwu alf x

Papilio cyproeofila cyproeofila Butler, 1868 wwc mef x x x

Papilio dardanus dardanus Brown, 1776 wwt alf x x x







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Papilio demodocus demodocus Esper, 1798 aaf ubq x x x

Papilio groupe nireus x

Papilio horribilis Butler, 1874 wwe wef x x x x

Papilio menestheus menestheus Drury, 1773 wwn alf x x x x

Papilio nireus nireus Linnaeus, 1758 wwu wef x x x x

Papilio phorcas phorcas Cramer, 1775 wwt alf x x x x x

Pieridae

Appias non déterminé x

Appias phaola phaola (Doubleday, 1847) wwt mef x

Appias sabina sabina (Felder, 1865) aaf alf x

Appias sylvia sylvia (Fabricius, 1775) wwu alf x X x x

Belenois calypso calypso (Drury, 1773) wwu alf x x x x

Belenois theora theora Doubleday, 1846 wwu alf x x

Catopsilia florella (Fabricius, 1775) aaf ubq x x x

Colotis euippe euippe (Linnaeus, 1758) aaf ubq x x x x x

Eurema brigitta brigitta Stoll, 1780 aaf ubq x x

Eurema floricola leonis (Butler, 1886) aaf ubq x x

Eurema hecabe solifera (Butler, 1875) aaf ubq x x x x x x

Eurema non déterminé x

Eurema senegalensis (Boisduval, 1836) wwu alf x x x x

Leptosia non déterminé x x x x x x

Mylothris chloris chloris (Fabricius, 1775) aaf ubq x x

Mylothris non déterminé x x x x

Mylothris poppea (Cramer, 1777) wwe alf x x

Nepheronia argia argia (Fabricius, 1775) aaf alf x x x Nepheronia thalassina thalassina (Boisduval, 1836)

wwt alf x x x x x x

Lycaenidae

Aethiopana honorius divisa Butler, 1901 wwu mef x







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Anthene larydas (Cramer, 1780) wwu alf x x x x x x

Anthene lysicles (Hewitson, 1874) wwz wef x

Anthene non déterminé x x x x x x

Anthene rubricinctus (Holland, 1891) wwz mef x

Axiocerces non déterminé x

Azanus isis (Drury, 1773) wwu alf x

Azanus mirza (Plötz, 1880) gui/aaf x x x x

Cacyreus lingeus (Stoll, 1782) aaf drf x

Cf. Triclema non déterminé x x

Citrinophila erastus erastus (Hewitson, 1866) wwu wef x x

Citrinophila non déterminé x x x x

Cupidesthes non déterminé x x x x

Cupidopsis cissus cissus (Godart, 1824) gui/aaf x

Dapidodigma non déterminé x x

Deudorix galathea galathea (Swainson, 1821) wwc mef x x

Deudorix non déterminé x x

Eicochrysops hyppocrates (Fabricius, 1793) aaf spe x x

Eicochrysops malathana (Boisduval, 1833) aaf ubq x

Epitola posthumus (Fabricius, 1793) wwu mef x

Epitola urania Kirby, 1887 wwu wef x x

Epitolina non déterminé x x x x

Eresina non déterminé x

Eresiomera cf. bicolor x

Falcuna leonensis Stempffer & Bennett, 1963 wwe wef x x x x x x

Geritola subargentea continua Libert, 1999 x Hypolycaena antifaunus antifaunus (Westwood, [1851])

wwz mef x

Hypolycaena groupe lebona x x x

Hypolycaena non déterminé x x x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Iolaus non déterminé x x x

Lachnocnema non déterminé x

Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) aaf ubq x x

Larinopoda eurema (Plötz, 1880) wwe mef x x x x x x

Leptotes non déterminé x x x

Liptena cf. albicans x

Liptena cf. alluaudi x

Liptena cf. ferrymani x

Liptena cf. griveaudi x x x

Liptena non déterminé x

Liptena rochei Stempffer, 1951 wwn alf x x x

Liptena simplicia Möschler, 1888 wwn mef x

Lycaenidae non déterminé x

Micropentila adelguitha (Hewitson, 1874) wwz mef x

Micropentila non déterminé x x x

Mimacraea darwinia Butler, 1872 wwc wef x

Mimeresia non déterminé x

Myrina silenus silenus (Fabricius, 1775) gui/aaf x

Neurellipes non déterminé x

Neurellipes lusones lusones (Hewitson, 1874) wwu wef x

Oboronia non déterminé x x x x

Ornipholidotos non déterminé x

Oxylides faunus faunus (Drury, 1773) wwu mef x x x

Pentila abraxas abraxas (Westwood, [1851]) wwz mef x x x x

Pentila non déterminé x x x

Phlyaria cyara stactalla Karsch, 1895 wwt alf x

Pilodeudorix non déterminé x x

Ptelina carnuta (Hewitson, 1873) wwu mef x x x x x

Spindasis non déterminé x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Stempfferia michelae michelae Libert, 1999 x

Stempfferia non déterminé x x x

Telipna non déterminé x x x

Tetrarhanis non déterminé x x x x x

Thermoniphas micylus (Linnaeus, 1767) wwc mef x

Tuxentius non déterminé x x x

Uranothauma belcastroi Larsen, 1997 wwt mef x

Uranothauma falkensteini (Dewitz, 1879) aaf alf x x x x x x

Nymphalidae

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe Felder & Felder, 1865 wwu mef x

Acraea bonasia bonasia Fabricius, 1775 wwu alf x x x

Acraea caecilia caecilia Fabricius, 1781 sud/sae x

Acraea circeis Drury, 1782 wwc alf x

Acraea egina egina Cramer, 1775 wwt alf x x x

Acraea encedana Pierre, 1976 aaf spe x

Acraea epaea epaea (Cramer, 1779) wwt alf x x x x x x

Acraea groupe endoscota x x x

Acraea groupe. alciope x x

Acraea jodutta jodutta Fabricius, 1793 wwu alf x x x

Acraea lycoa lycoa Godart, 1819 wwu alf x

Acraea macaria (Fabricius, 1793) wwu mef x

Acraea non déterminé x x x x x x

Acraea orina orina Hewitson, 1874 wwc mef x

Acraea parrhasia parrhasia Fabricius, 1793 wwn mef x

Acraea peneleos Ward, 1871 ? wwu mef x

Acraea perenna perenna Doubleday, [1847] wwu mef x x

Acraea pharsalus pharsalus Ward, 1871 wwc alf x x

Acraea polis Pierre, 1999 x x

Acraea quirina quirina Fabricius, 1781 wwt alf x x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Acraea rogersi rogersi Hewitson, 1873 wwu wef x x

Acraea serena Fabricius, 1775 aaf ubq x x

Acraea vestalis vestalis Felder & Felder, 1865 wwu alf x x x

Acraea zetes zetes Linnaeus, 1758 wwt drf x

Amauris niavius niavius (Linnaeus, 1758) gui/aaf x x x x x

Amauris non déterminé wwt x

Amauris tartarea tartarea Mabille, 1876 wwu alf x

Antanartia delius delius (Drury, 1782) mef x x x x

Ariadne non déterminé wwt x x x x x

Aterica galene galene (Brown, 1776) wwe alf x x x x x x

Bebearia arcadius (Fabricius, 1793) wwu wef x

Bebearia carshena (Hewitson, 1871) mef x

Bebearia cf. demetra demetra x

Bebearia cf. osyris x

Bebearia cf. tentyris x

Bebearia cf. warrengashi x

Bebearia non déterminé wwu x x x x x x

Bebearia oxione oxione (Hewitson, 1866) wwu alf x

Bebearia sophus sophus (Fabricius, 1793) wwz alf x

Bicyclus auricruda auricruda Butler, 1868 wwc mef x x x

Bicyclus dorothea dorothea (Cramer, 1779) wwz alf x x x

Bicyclus ephorus ephorus (Weymer, 1892) wwu mef x x

Bicyclus funebris (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) wwu drf x x x

Bicyclus martius martius (Fabricius, 1793) mef x

Bicyclus non déterminé x x x x

Bicyclus safitza safitza (Hewitson, 1851) gui/aaf x

Bicyclus taenias (Hewitson, 1877) wwz mef x x x x

Bicyclus vulgaris (Butler, 1868) aaf alf x x

Bicyclus zinebi (Butler, 1869) wwe mef x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Byblia anvatara crameri Aurivillius, 1894 aaf ubq x

Byblia non déterminé x x x

Catachroptera cloanthe ligata Rothschild & Jordan, 1903

gui/aaf x x x x

Catuna angustata (Felder & Felder, 1867) wwu mef x x x

Catuna crithea (Drury 1773) wwu alf x x x

Catuna niji Fox, 1965 wwc wef x x x x Charaxes achaemenes atlantica Van Someren, 1970 gui/aaf x

Charaxes ameliae doumeti Plantrou, 1984 wwz alf x x x x x x

Charaxes anticlea anticlea (Drury, 1782) wwu alf x x x x x

Charaxes brutus brutus (Cramer, 1779) wwt alf x x x x x x

Charaxes candiope candiope (Godart, 1823) gui/aaf x x

Charaxes castor castor (Cramer, 1775) wwt drf x x x

Charaxes cynthia cynthia Butler, 1865 wwu alf x x x x x

Charaxes etesipe etesipe (Godart, 1823) aaf drf x x x x x

Charaxes eudoxus eudoxus (Drury, 1752) wwu alf x

Charaxes eupale eupale (Drury, 1782) wwu alf x x x x x x

Charaxes groupe etheocles non déterminé x x x x x x

Charaxes imperialis imperialis Butler, 1874 wwu drf x x x x

Charaxes lucretius lucretius (Cramer, 1777) wwu mef x x x x x

Charaxes lycurgus lycurgus (Fabricius, 1793) wwu alf x

Charaxes nichetes bouchei Plantrou, 1974 wwu drf x Charaxes numenes numenes (Hewitson, 1859) wwu alf x x x x x x

Charaxes paphianus falcata (Butler, 1872) wwu wef x x x x

Charaxes pleione pleione (Godart, 1824) wwt alf x x x x x x

Charaxes pollux pollux (Cramer, 1775) wwt mef x Charaxes protoclea protoclea Feisthamel, 1850 wwt alf x x x x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2 Charaxes smaragdalis butleri Rothschild, 1900 wwu alf x x x

Charaxes subornatus couilloudi Plantrou, 1976 wwu wef x

Charaxes tiridates tiridates (Cramer, 1777) wwu alf x x x x x x

Charaxes varanes vologeses (Mabille, 1876) gui/aaf x

Charaxes zingha (Stoll, 1780) wwu alf x x x x x x

Cymothoe caenis (Drury, 1773) wwu alf x

Cymothoe egesta egesta (Cramer, 1775) wwu mef x x x x

Cymothoe gr. sangaris x x x

Cymothoe groupe sangaris x x x

Cynandra opis opis (Drury, 1773) wwu mef x x Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)

aaf ubq x x

Euphaedra crockeri crockeri Butler, 1869 wwe mef x

Euphaedra edwardsii Hoeven, 1845 wwz alf x

Euphaedra eleus eleus (Drury, 1782) wwu alf x

Euphaedra eupalus (Fabricius, 1781) wwe mef x

Euphaedra francina francina Godart, 1823 wwe wef x

Euphaedra groupe ceres x x x x x

Euphaedra groupe gausape x x x x

Euphaedra groupe themis x

Euphaedra groupe xypete x x x x x

Euphaedra harpalyce harpalyce Cramer, 1779 wwn alf x x x

Euphaedra janetta janetta (Butler, 1871) wwn alf x Euphaedra laboureana eburnensis Hecq, 1979

wwe wef x

Euphaedra medon medon (Linnaeus, 1763) wwu drf x

Euphaedra non déterminé x

Euphaedra sarcoptera ssp. wwz mef x

Euphaedra zampa [Westwood, 1850] wwe wef x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Euriphene ampedusa (Hewitson, 1866) wwn alf x

Euriphene cf. barombina x x x

Euriphene cf. leonis x x

Euriphene gambiae ssp wwz alf x x

Euriphene gambiae vera Hecq, 2002 wwz alf x x

Euriphene non déterminé x x x x

Euriphura non déterminé x

Euryphura cf. chalcis x x x

Euryphura non déterminé x

Eurytela dryope dryope Cramer, 1775 wwt drf x

Euxanthe eurinome eurinome (Cramer, 1775) wwu alf x x x Gnophodes betsimena parmeno Doubleday, 1849 aaf alf x x x x

Gnophodes chelys (Fabricius, 1793) wwt mef x

Hallelesis halyma (Fabricius, 1793) wwe mef x x

Hallelesis non déterminé x x

Hamanumida daedalus (Fabricius, 1775) gui/aaf x x x x x

Harma theobene theobene (Doubleday, 1848) wwt alf x

Heteropsis peitho (Plötz, 1880) wwu mef x Hypolimnas anthedon anthedon Doubleday, 1845 aaf alf x x x x x x

Hypolimnas misippus Linnaeus, 1764 aaf ubq x x

Hypolimnas salmacis salmacis Drury, 1773 wwu alf x x x x

Junonia hierta cebrene Trimen, 1870 sud/saa x

Junonia non déterminé x x x

Junonia oenone oenone Linnaeus 1758 aaf ubq x x

Junonia stygia stygia (Aurivillius, 1874) aaf ubq x x

Junonia terea terea (Drury, 1773) wwu alf x

Junonia terea terea (Drury, 1773) wwt alf x x x x

Kallimoides rumia rumia (Doubleday, [1849]) wwu alf x x x x x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Lachnoptera anticlia Hübner, 1816 wwu mef x

Lybithea labdaca labdaca Westwood, [1851] aaf alf x

Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758) aaf ubq x x x

Melanitis libya Distant, 1882 gui/aaf x x

Mesoxantha ethosea ethosea (Drury, 1782) wwu mef x x

Neptidopsis ophione ophione (Cramer, 1777) x

Neptis groupe agatha x x x x

Neptis groupe melicerta x x

Neptis groupe nicoteles x Neptis metella metella Doubleday & Hewitson, 1850 wwu alf x x x x

Neptis nemetes nemetes Hewitson, 1868 wwu alf x x x

Neptis non déterminé x x x x x x

Neptis paula Staudinger, 1895 wwn wef x

Neptis quintilla Mabille, 1890 x x x

Palla decius (Cramer, 1777) wwz mef x x x

Palla non déterminé x x

Palla publius publius Staudinger, 1892 wwz mef x x

Palla ussheri ussheri (Butler, 1870) wwu alf x x

Palla violinitens violinitens (Crowley, 1890) wwu alf x x

Phalanta eurytis eurytis (Doubleday, 1847) aaf alf x x x x

Precis octavia octavia (Cramer, 1777) gui/aaf x x

Precis pelarga (Fabricius, 1775) wwu alf x x x

Precis sinuata Plötz, 1880 wwu wef x

Protogoniomorpha cytora (Doubleday, 1847) wwe mef x

Protogoniomorpha parrhassus (Drury, 1782) aaf alf x x x Pseudacraea boisduvalii boisduvalii Doubleday, 1845 wwt drf x

Pseudacraea eurytus (Linnaeus, 1758) wwu alf x x x x

Pseudacraea lucretia lucretia (Cramer, 1775) wwt alf x x x x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Pseudacraea semire (Cramer, 1779) wwu alf x x

Pseudacraea warburgi Aurivillius, 1892 wwu mef x x

Pseudathyma non déterminé x x x Pseudoneptis bugandensis ianthe Hemming, 1964

wwz mef x x x x

Salamis cacta Fabricius, 1793 wwu alf x Sevenia occidentalium occidentalium (Mabille, 1877)

wwu alf x

Tirumala petiverana (Doubleday & Hewitson, 1847) gui/aaf x x x

Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) aaf ubq x Vanessula milca angustifascia Joicey & Talbot, 1928 wwu mef x x

Ypthima non déterminé x x x x x x

Uraniidae

Acropteris costinigrata (Warren, 1897) x

Dissoprumna erycinaria Guenée, 1857 x x x

Epipleminae non déterminé x

Notodontidae

Anaphe venata Butler, 1878 x

Antheua spurcata (Walker, 1865) x x

Antheua woerdeni (Snellen, 1872) x

Arciera grisea (Holland, 1893) x x

Catarctia divisa (Walker, 1855) x x

Chadisra anvinea Swinhoe x x

Disracha synceros Kiriakoff, 1962 x x x x

Epanaphe carteri Walsingham x x x

Harpandrya aeola Bryk, 1913 x x

Notodontidae non déterminé x x x

Scalmicauda bicolorata Gaede, 1928 x x x x x

Scalmicauda hoesemannii x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Scalmicauda non déterminé x x x x x x

Scrancia leucopera Hampson, 1910 x x x

Thaumetopoeinae non déterminé x

Tmetopteryx bisecta (Rothschild, 1917) x x x x x

Lymantriidae

Cf. Petit Otroeda x

Crorema mentiens Walker, 1855 x x x x

Dasychira cf. melochlora x

Dasychira punctifera (Walker, 1857) x x x x

Euproctis melaleuca (Holland, 1893) x x

Euproctis molunduana Aurivillius, 1925 x x x

Euproctis non déterminé x x x x x x

Hemerophanes enos (Druce, 1896) x

Leucoma luteipes (Walker, 1855) x x x x

Leucoma non déterminé x x x

Lymantriidae non déterminé x x x

Marbla non déterminé x x

Otroeda cafra (Drury 1782) x

Otroeda non déterminé x x x x

Stracena bananoides (Hering, 1927) x

Stracena non déterminé x

Arctiidae

« Eilemic » non déterminé x x x

Alpenus maculosa (Stoll, 1781) x

Alpenus non déterminé x x

Amata tomasina (Butler, 1876) x x

Amerila fennia (Druce, 1887) ? x x

Amerila luteibarba (Hampson, 1901) x x x x x

Amerila niveivitrea (Bartel, 1903) x x x x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Amerila non déterminé x x x

Amerila thermochroa (Hampson, 1916) x

Apisa cf. parachoria x

Arctiidae non déterminé x

Asura atricraspeda Hampson, 1914 x

Asura hyporhoda Hampson, 1900 x

Asura non déterminé x

Asura numida (Holland, 1893) x x x

Asura obliterata (Walker, 1864) x x x x

Asura pectinella Strand, 1922 x x x

Automolis melinos (Mabille, 1880) ? x x

Balacra batesi (Druce, 1910) x

Balacra non déterminé x x x x x x

Caryatis phileta (Drury, 1780) x x x x x x

Caryatis syntomina Butler, 1878 x

Cf. Apisa non déterminé x

Cf. Syntomis non déterminé x

Cyana non déterminé x x x x x x

Cyana non déterminé sans ligne rouge x

Euchromia interrupta Grünberg, 1910 x x x x x x

Euchromia lethe (Fabricius, 1775) x x x x x x

Meganaclia perpusilla (Walker, 1856) x x x

Miltochrista non déterminé x

Nanna montana Birket-Smith, 1965 x x x x x

Neophemula vitrina (Oberthür, 1909) x

Nyctemera non déterminé x x x x x

Pliniola nigristriata (Holland, 1893) x

Siccia non déterminé x x x

Spilosoma aurantiaca (Holland, 1893) x x x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Spilosoma bifurca (Walker, 1855) x x x x

Spilosoma non déterminé x x x x

Stenarctia non déterminé x

Thyretes negus Oberthür, 1878 x

Thyretes non déterminés x x x

Trichaeta bivittata (Walker, 1864) x x x

Noctuidae

Acanthodelta catella (Guenée, 1852) x

Acanthodelta catocaloides (Guenée, 1852) x x x

Acanthodelta cf. indicabilis x

Acanthodelta ezea (Cramer, 1780) x x x x x

Acanthodelta faber (Holland, 1894) x

Acanthodelta illustrata Walker, 1858 x x x

Acanthodelta lienardi (Boisduval, 1833) x x

Acanthodelta non déterminé x x x x

Acanthodelta obvia (Hampson, 1913) x x x

Acanthodelta occidens (Hampson, 1913) x x x x x

Acanthodelta xanthodera (Holland, 1894) x

Aegocera non déterminé x

Agaristinae non déterminé x

Anomis flava (Fabricius, 1775) x

Anomis non déterminé x x x x x x

Asota speciosa (Drury, 1773) x x x x x

Audea endophaea Hampson, 1913 x x x x x

Audea humeralis Hampson, 1902Ha x x x

Caligatus angasii Wing [1850] x x x x

Callopistria maillardi maillardi (Guenée, 1862) x x x x x x

Callopistria non déterminé x x x x x

Calpe non déterminé x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Calpinaee non déterminé x

Catocalinae non déterminé x

Cf. Giria non déterminé x x x

Cf. Mythimna non déterminé x x x

Chloephorinae non déterminé x x x

Chrysodeixis non déterminé x x x

Colbusa euclidica Walker, 1865 x

Conservula cinisigna J. de Joannis, 1906 x x

Conservula non déterminé x

Cyligramma amblyops (Mabille, 1891) x x

Cyligramma magus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) x x x

Cyligramma non déterminé x x x

Dysgonia non déterminé x

Earias biplaga Walker, 1866 x x x

Earias non déterminé x x x

Eligma hypsoides (Walker, 1869) x

Entomogramma pardus Guenée, 1852 x x

Episparis non déterminé x x x x x

Episparis prostrata x

Erebus atavistis (Hampson, 1913) x x x x

Erebus macrops (Linnaeus, 1770) x

Eudocima divitiosa (Walker, 1873) x x x

Eudrapa mollis Walker, 1857 x x

Euminucia ligulifera Strand, 1913 x

Eutelia subrubens (Mabille, 1890) x

Euteliinae non déterminé x x

Godasia sidae Fabricius, 1793 x

Gorua partita Walker, 1865 x x x x

Grammodes non déterminé x x







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Halochroa aequatoria (Mabille, 1879) x x x x x x

Heliophisma catocalina (Holland, 1894) x x x x

Heliophisma klugii (Boisduval, 1833) x x x

Heliothis non déterminé x x x

Hypeninae non déterminé x x x

Hypocala deflorata (Fabricius, 1794) x x x x

Hypopyra capensis Herrich-Schäffer, [1854] x x x x x x

Hypsinae non déterminé x x

Iscada glaucograpta (Hampson, 1912) x x

Lacera alope (Cramer, 1780) x

Leoniloma convergens Hampson, 1926 x

Lophocrama non déterminé x x x

Marcipa non déterminé x x x x x x

Massaga hesparia (Cramer, 1775) x

Massaga non déterminé x

Maurilia non déterminé. x x x x

Mazuca strigicincta Walker, 1866 x

Metagarista triphaenoides Walker, 1854 x x x

Miniodes maculifera Hampson, 1913 x x

Miniodes phaeosoma Hampson, 1913 x x

Mocis mayeri (Boisduval, 1833) x

Neonegeta atriflava Hampson, 1912 x x

Neonegeta purpurea Hampson, 1912 x x x x x

Neostichtis nigricosta (Hampson, 1908) x

Noctuidae non déterminé x x x

Noctuinae non déterminé x

Nolinae non déterminé x x x

Nyodes non déterminé x x x x

Ochropleura cenescens (Berio, 1962)







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Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Ogovia pudens (Holland, 1894) x

Ophiusa non déterminé x x

Parachalciope benitensis (Holland, 1894) x

Parachalciope binaria (Holland, 1894) x

Parachalciope non déterminé x

Parallelia non déterminé x x x x x

Parallelia palpalis (Walker, 1865) x

Parallelia rectivia Hampson, 1913 x x

Periplusia cinerascens Holland, 1894 x x x

Petrinia lignosa Walker, 1869 x x x x

Plusiinae non déterminé x x x

Plusiocalpe pallida Holland, 1894 x x

Plusiopalpa adrasta (Felder, 1874) x

Polydesma umbricola Boisduval, 1833 x x x

Pseudoarcte non déterminé x x x x x

Sarothroceras alluaudi Mabille, 1889 x

Serrodes non déterminé x

Serrodes trispila (Mabille, 1890) x x

Soloë trigutta Walker, 1854 x x x x x x

Soloella guttivaga (Walker, 1854) x x x x x x

Sphingomorpha chlorea (Cramer, 1777) x x

Stictopterinae non déterminé x x

Tachosa acronyctoides Walker, 1869 x

Taviodes excisa Hampson, 1926 x

Thyas metaphaea Hampson, 1913 x x

Thyas rubricata (Holland, 1894) x x x x x

Tolna sinifera Hampson, 1913 x x x x

Tolna sypnoides (Butler, 1878) x x

Trichoplusia roseofasciata Carcasson, 1965 x







CN

En

de

mis

m

Bio

me

Na

tio

na

l s

tatu

s

Other importance

Ha

bit

at

Sta

tus Sites

Tokadeh Gangra ENNR

1 2 1 2 1 2

Trichoplusia vittata (Wallengren 1856) x x x

Uripao albizonata Hampson, 1926 x

Westermannia cuprea Hampson, 1905 x x x x x




Table B-11: Molluscs

Scientific name

IUC

N

En

de

mis

m

Bio

me

Na

tio

na

l s

tatu

s

Other importance

Ha

bit

at

Sta

tus Sites

Tokadeh Gangra ENNR


Maizaniidae

Maizaniella (Spirulozania) hiemalis van Bruggen, 1990

+

Veronicellidae

Pseudoveronicella sp. + + +

Vallonidae

Ptychopatula ? sp. +

Pachnodidae

Rhachistia sp. +

Achatinidae

Achatina achatina (Linnaeus, 1758) + + +

Lignus interstinctus (Gould, 1843) var. insignis (Pfeiffer, 1877)

+ +

Subulinidae

Subulona martensi (Dupuis & Putzeys, 1901) +

Subulona involuta (Gould, 1843) + + +

Ischnoglessula sp. 1 + + +

Ischnoglessula sp. 2 + +

Ischnoglessula sp. 3 +

Kempioconcha fischeri (Germain, 1908) + +

Kempioconcha sp. +

Striosubulina striatella (Rang, 1831) var. striata Lea, 1841

+ + +

Striosubulina cf. striatella (Rang, 1831) + + +

Striosubulina aff. striatella (Rang, 1831) +

Curvella concentrica (Reeve, 1850) + +

Curvella liberiana Pilsbry, 1906 + + +




Scientific name

IUC

N

En

de

mis

m

Bio

me

Na

tio

na

l s

tatu

s

Other importance

Ha

bit

at

Sta

tus Sites

Tokadeh Gangra ENNR


Curvella decepta (Reeve, 1849) + + +

Curvella blacklocki Connolly, 1928 +

Curvella redfieldi Pilsbry, 1906 + + +

Curvella sulcata Chaper, 1885 + + +

Curvella aff. sulcata Chaper, 1886 + +

Curvella cf. sulcata Chaper, 1887 + + +

Curvella sp. +

Pseudopeas foliatum Connolly, 1928 + +

Pseudopeas aff. foliatum Connolly, 1928 +

Pseudopeas cf. foliatum Connolly, 1928 +

Pseudopeas sp. 1 + + +

Pseudopeas sp. 2 + + +

Pseudopeas plebeum (Morelet, 1885) + + +

Pseudopeas aff. plebeum (Morelet, 1885) + +

Streptaxidae

Afristreptaxis monrovius (Rang, 1831) + + +

Gonaxis montisnimbae Binder, 1960 + +

Gonaxis maugerae (Gray, 1837) + +

Gonaxis gouldi Adam, 1962 + +

Gonaxis blacklocki Connolly, 1928 + + +

Ennea elegantula (Pfeiffer, 1848) + + +

Parennea sulciferum (Morelet, 1883) + + +

Gulella (Paucidentella) monodon (Morelet, 1873) + + +

Gulella (Pupigulella) pupa (Thiele, 1911) + + +

Gulella (Paucidentina) cf. eximia Degner, 1934 + +

Gulella (Molarella) kemblei Degner, 1934 +

Ptychotrema deruptum Degner, 1934 + + +




Scientific name

IUC

N

En

de

mis

m

Bio

me

Na

tio

na

l s

tatu

s

Other importance

Ha

bit

at

Sta

tus Sites

Tokadeh Gangra ENNR


Gulella (Molarella) incisa Degner, 1934 + +

Gulella (Molarella) styloidea Degner, 1934 +

Gulella (Conogulella) opoboensis liberiana Degner, 1934

+ +

Gulella (Tortigulella?) sp. +

Gulella trifolium Degner, 1934 + +

Gulella glyptothauma Connolly, 1928 +

Gulella arthuri (Dautzenberg, 1890) + + +

Gulella angustespirata Degner, 1934 +

Gulella arthuri (Dautzenberg, 1890) var. cardiostoma Degner, 1934

+

Gulella simplex Degner, 1934 + +

Gulella stolidodea Degner, 1934 +

Streptostele (Raffraya) sp. +

Gulella sp. +

Endodontidae

Gen. sp. +

Prositala fernandopoensis (Germain, 1915) + + +

Prositala sp. 1 + + +

Euconulidae

Afropunctum seminium (Morelet, 1873) +

Afroconulus aff. diaphanus (Connolly, 1922) + + +

Urocyclidae

Trochozonites adansoniae (Morelet, 1848) + +

Trochozonites circumfilaris (Morelet, 1879) + +

Trochozonites talcosa (Gould, 1850) + + +

Trochozonites bifilaris (Dohrn, 1878) + + +

Thapsia sp. 1 + + +




Scientific name

IUC

N

En

de

mis

m

Bio

me

Na

tio

na

l s

tatu

s

Other importance

Ha

bit

at

Sta

tus Sites

Tokadeh Gangra ENNR


Thapsia sp. 2 + + +

Thapsia sp. 3 +

Gymnarion coronatus Binder, 1976 + + +

Granularion sp. 1 + +

Granularion lamottei van Mol, 1970 + + +

Granularion sp. 2 + +

Granularion nimbaensis van Mol, 1970 + + +

Aspidotonium dubiosum Degner, 1932 + +

cf. Aspidotonium dubiosum Degner, 1932 + +




Table B-12: Ants

Subfamilies Genera Species Tokadeh Gangra-Yuelliton

ENNR

Dorylinae Dorylus Dorylus sp.01 0 3 1

Dorylus sp.04 4 0 0

Cerapachyinae Cerapachys Cerapachys sp.01 0 1 1

Dolichoderinae Tapinoma Tapinoma sp.01 5 0 0

Tapinoma sp.02 1 0 0

Technomyrmex Technomyrmex sp.01 15 5 3

Formicinae Anoplolepis Anoplolepis sp.01 1 0 0

Lepisiota Lepisiota sp.01 4 0 0

Lepisiota sp.02 6 0 0

Lepisiota sp.06 1 0 0

Paratrechina Paratrechina sp.03 1 0 0

Paratrechina sp.04 0 0 1

Paratrechina sp.05 0 0 1

Oecophylla Oecophylla longinoda 1 0 0

Camponotus Camponotus acvapimensis 8 0 0

Myrmicinae Carebara Carebara (Oligomyrmex) sp.01 0 0 3

Carebara (Oligomyrmex) sp.3 0 0 2

Carebara sp.04 0 0 1

Cardiocondyla Cardiocondyla emeryi (sp.02) 1 0 0

Microdaceton Microdaceton tibialis (sp.01) 0 0 1

Pyramica Pyramica sp.02 0 0 2

Pyramica sp.03 1 2 0

Strumigenys Strumigenys sp.02 0 1 0

Tetramorium Tetramorium flavithorax 0 2 0

Tetramorium sericeiventre 11 0 0

Tetramorium sp.04 0 1 0
















Tetramorium zambezium 0 0 3

Pheidole Pheidole sp. 16 1 1 2

Pheidole sp.08 1 0 1






Subfamilies Genera Species Tokadeh Gangra-Yuelliton

ENNR



Myrmicinae Pheidole Pheidole sp.18 5 0 0




Crematogaster Crematogaster sp.13 1 0 12

Crematogaster sp.18 1 0 1

Crematogaster sp.20 0 1 1

Monomorium Monomorium invidium 0 0 2

Monomorium sp.01 1 0 0



Meranoplus Meranoplus sp.01 1 0 0

Pristomyrmex Pristomyrmex orbiceps 0 0 1

Ponerinae Anochetus Anochetus sp.02 1 1 1

Centromyrmex Centromyrmex sellaris 0 1 1

Hypoponera Hypoponera sp.01 0 0 1

Hypoponera sp.02 0 0 1

Leptogenys Leptogenys sp.02 0 0 2

Leptogenys sp.03 0 1 0

Leptogenys sp.04 0 0 1

Odontomachus Odontomachus assiniensis 0 0 2

Pachycondyla Pachycondyla brunoi (sp.06) 0 0 1

Pachycondyla sp.10 2 0 0

Pachycondyla sp.11 0 0 1

Pachycondyla tarsata 38 12 16

Phrynoponera Phrynoponera gabonensis 1 1 2

6 27 74 Table B-13: Termites

Families Subfamilies Genera Species Tokadeh Gangra/ Yuelliton

ENNR

Termitidae Termitinae Basidentitermes Basidentitermes potens 0 1 1

Cubitermes Cubitermes sp.1 1 1 1

Pericapritermes Pericapritermes appellans 0 1 2

Pericapritermes chiasognathus 1 0 3

Macrotermininae Acanthotermes Acanthotermes acanthothorax 1 1 2

Macrotermes Macrotermes bellicosus 0 1 0

Microtermes Microtermes havilandi 0 0 1

Odontotermes Odontotermes sp.7 0 0 4

Odontotermes sp.08 0 2 2

Odontotermes sp.9 1 0 1

Nasitutermitinae Nasitutermes Nasitutermes arborum 0 1 2

Nasitutermes elegantulus 1 0 1

1 3 8 12




APPENDIX C: AQUATIC SPECIES OBSERVATIONS FROM THE RAILWAY CORRIDOR Table C-1: Vegetation along the corridor of the railway and port

Prospected sites

Degree of alternation/

disturbance of the vegetation

Occupation of banks (%) Aquatic vegetation

(% cover)

Coastal swamp (Buchanan)

+ Mangroves (100%) Alga (1 %), mangroves (85 %), water lily (14%)

Gbewin (Karkpa’s town)

+ Forest (100%) macrophytes (2 %)

Gernie (Kennedy’s town)

+ Forest (100%) Alga (5 %), macrophytes 15 %) water lily (1%)

Bleisi (Blezy town)

+ Forest (100%) 0

St-John (St-john's town)

+ Forest (100%) 0

Sea (Bue’s town)

+ Forest (100%) 0

Bonle (Camp two)

+ Forest (100%) 0

Gbanjuya (Koligbo’s town)

++ Palm oil plantation 30%, forest (70%)

water lily 5%

St-John (Duotown)

+ Forest (100%) 0

Railway pond (Duotown)

++ Cassava farm (40%), forest (60%) Ferns (10 %) sedges (10%) water lily (30%)

Balah (Gbedin)

+++ Rice farm, cassava and corn (70%), forest (30%)

Periphytic alga (20%)

Dayea (Yekepa)

++ Rice and cassava farms (40%), savanna mosaics (60%)

0

Seka valley (Old Yekepa)

++ Former zone of storage of iron ores (30%), savanna mosaics

(70%)

0




Table C-2: Molluscs collected along the railway and port

(KEY: +: 1 - 5 individuals; ++: 5 - 10 individuals; A: aquatic; T: terrestrial)

Taxa

Aquatic areas and surroundings surveyed Distribution

area Coastal swamp

Gbewin

Gernie

Bleisi

St-John (St-John's

town)

Sea creek

Bonle Gbanjuya St-John

(Duotown) Railway

pond Balah Dayea

Seka valley

Unionidea Caelatura aegyptica

+

+

A

Ampullariidae Afropomus balanoideus

+ + + + + A

Melanidae Potadoma liberiensis

+ + + ++ + + A

Mollusque indéterminé

++ A

Achatinidae Limicolaria aurora + + + + + + + T Achatina achatina + + + + + T Subulinidae Subulona involuta + ++ ++ ++ T Curvela sp. + + + ++ ++ T Pseudoglessula fischeri

+ T

Streptaxidae Gonaxis gouldi + T Goulella pangumana

+ T

Gonaxis maugerae + T Urocyclidae Granularion nimbaensis

+ T




Taxa

Aquatic areas and surroundings surveyed Distribution

area Coastal swamp

Gbewin

Gernie

Bleisi

St-John (St-John's

town)

Sea creek


(Duotown) Railway

pond Balah Dayea

Seka valley

Trochozonite talcosa

+ T

Granularion lamottei

+ T

Vaginulidae Pseudoveronicella sp.

+ + + T

Total number of species

1 5 0 4 6 4 6 3 6 5 0 3 2




Table C-3: Crustaceans collected along the railway and port

(KEY: + : 1 individual ; ++ : 2 - 5 individuals ; +++ : 5 - 10 individuals ; r : restricted ; d : discontinuous ; l : large)

CRUSTACEANS

Aquatic sites surveyed Distribution

area (literature data)

Gbewin

Gernie

Bleisi

St-John (St-John's

town)

Sea creek Bonle Gbanjuya St-John

(Duotown) Railway

pond Balah Dayea Seka valley

Shrimps: Palaemonidae

Macrobrachium vollenhovenii

+ + + l

Macrobrachium macrobrachion

++ ++ + l

Macrobrachium sollaudii +++ +++ d

Macrobrachium dux ++ r

Macrobrachium raridens ++ ++ r

Macrobrachium zariquieyi + r

Macrobrachium sp.

Total no. shrimp species 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 3

Crabs: Potamidae

Liberonautes latidactylus +++ ++ + l

Liberonautes chaperi ++ +++ d

Liberonautes paludicolis ++ ++ r

Liberonautes grandbassa ++ ++ r

Liberonautes sp. ++

Total no. crab species 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2




Table C-4: Amphibians collected along the railway and port

(KEY: + : 1 individual ; ++ : 2 - 5 individuals ; ++ +: 5 - 10 individuals ; ++++ : more than 10 individuals ; r : restricted ; d : discontinued ; l : large)

FAMILY SPECIES

Surveyed sites Distribution area

(literature data)

Gbanjuya Boin Sea

Creek Blezy

St-John's town

Gernie Gbewin Coastal swamps

St- John

(Duotown)

Railway pond

Balah Dayea Seka valley

HEMISOTIDAE Hemisus marmoratus + d

PIPIDAE Silurana tropicalis + + d

BUFONIDAE Bufo regularis ++ + ++ l

Bufo maculatus ++ ++ l

RANIDAE Hoplobatrachus occipitalis

++ +++ +++ ++ +++ l

Aubria subsigillata ++ ++ d

Amnirana occidentalis + ++ + r

Amnirana albolabris + ++ + +++ + ++ l

Ptychadena pumilio + +++ l

Ptychadena bibroni ++ l

Ptychadena sp. ++ + + +

Ptychadena aequiplicata ++ + d

Ptychadena mascarenienis

++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ l

Conraua alleni + r

ASTYLOSTERNIDAE Astylosternus occidentalis + + d

PETROPEDETIDAE Petropedetes natator ++

d

Phrynobatrachus sp. ++

Phrynobatrachus calcaratus

+ l

Phrynobatrachus gutturosus

+ d




FAMILY SPECIES

Surveyed sites Distribution area

(literature data)

Gbanjuya Boin Sea

Creek Blezy

St-John's town

Gernie Gbewin Coastal swamps

St- John

(Duotown)

Railway pond

Balah Dayea Seka valley

Phrynobatrachus alleni + + ++ d

Phrynobatrachus guineensis

+ r

Phrynobatrachus accraensis

++ + +++ ++ l

Phrynobatrachus tokba ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ d

Phrynobatrachus liberiensis

+ ++ d

Phrynobatrachus plicatus + + l

Phrynobatrachus fraterculus

+ d

HYPEROLIIDAE Hyperolius picturatus +++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++ d

Hyperolius sylvaticus + d

Hyperolius fusciventris + ++ d

Hyperolius concolor ++ ++ ++++ ++ +++ +++ +++ l

Leptopelis spiritusnoctis ++ ++ ++ d

Leptopelis viridis l

Leptopelis occidentalis ++ ++ d

Leptopelis macrotis ++ ++ d

Afrixalus dorsalis ++ +++ ++++ l

Afrixalus vittiger +++ + +++ +++ ++++ +++ l

Phlyctimantis boulangerie + l

ARTHROLEPTIDAE Arthroleptis sp. ++

Cardioglossa leucomystax

+ l

Total number of amphibian species

39 9 14 12 4 5 7 11 8 10 4 11 1 3




Table C-5: Fish collected along the railway and port

(KEY: +: 1 individual; ++: 2-5 individuals; +++: 5 - 10 individuals; ++++: more than 10 individuals r: restricted; d: discontinued; l: large)

Taxa

Aquatic areas surveyed Distribution area

(literature data)

Coastal swamp

Gbewin Gernie Bleisi St-John

(St-John's town)

Sea creek


(Duotown) Railway

pond Balah Dayea

Seka valley

Mormyridae

Petrocephalus pellegrini + + d

Isichthys henryi + + d

Marcusenius thomasi + d

Marcusenius ussheri + ++ l

Mormyrops anguilloides + l

Clupeidae

Pellonula leonensis + l

Hepsetidae

Hepsetus odoe + ++ + l Alestidae

Brycinus longipinnis + +++ + ++++ + + ++++ l

Brycinus macrolepidotus ++++ + + l

Brycinus nurse ++++ + + l

Micralesles occidentalis + l Cyprinidae

Barbus ablabes ++ + ++ ++ + + + l

Barbus eburneensis + ++ ++ + d

Barbus parawaldroni d

Barbus boboi +++ ++ r

Barbus inaequalis + d

Labeo curriei +++ d

Labeo parvus +++ l

Claroteidae

Chrysichthys johnelsi + d Amphiliidae

Amphilius atenuensis + ++ d

Amphilius platychir marmoratus

+ +++ r

Clariidae

Clarias salae +++ r




Taxa

Aquatic areas surveyed Distribution area

(literature data)

Coastal swamp

Gbewin Gernie Bleisi St-John

(St-John's town)

Sea creek


(Duotown) Railway

pond Balah Dayea

Seka valley

Heterobranchus isopterus

+ + + l

Mochokidae

Synodontis waterloti ++ d

Schilbeidae

Schilbe mandibularis ++ ++++ + ++++ l

Poecilidae

Rhexipanchax nimbaensis

++ r

Aplocheilidae

Archiaphyosemion maeseni

++++ d

Archiaphyosemion petersii

++++ d

Epiplatys dageti dageti + ++ + + d

Epiplatys dageti monroviae

++ ++++ ++++ r

Callopanchax sp. +

Anabantidae

Ctenopoma kingsleyae + + + l

Cichlidae

Anomalochromis sp. +

Hemichromis bimaculatus

+ l

Hemichromis fasciatus + + + ++ + + l

Tilapia brevimanus + + r

Tilapia cessiana + r

Tilapia guineensis ++ l

Tilapia dageti + l

Tilapia zillii ++++ l

Oreochromis niloticus + l Eleotridae

Kribia kribensis ++ L

Total number of species 4 3 6 6 7 6 9 8 13 4 6 6 8

environmental baseline studies volume 3 flora and fauna

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