environmental categorization and screening of the dsl substances
DESCRIPTION
Environmental Categorization and Screening of the DSL Substances. Substances on the DSL. Persistent. and. or. Inherently Toxic. PHASE 1 :. Bioaccumulative. no. Categorization. No. further action. under this. Yes. program. PHASE 2:. Is the Substance a. Screening Assessment. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Environmental Categorization and Screening of the DSL Substances
Inherently ToxicPersistent
orBioaccumulative
Screening Assessment
Add to Schedule 1List of Toxic Substances forPossible Regulatory Actions
No Further Actionat this Time
Substances on the DSL
and
NoYes
PHASE 1:Categorization
PHASE 2:Screening levelrisk assessment
Outcomes
nofurther action
under thisprogram
Is the Substance a
Track 1 Substance?
Add to the Priority Substances List for
Further Assessment
Criteria for Inherently toxic (iT) in CEPA, UNEP
Proposed iT criteria for non-human organisms
– aquatic acute effects levels of < 1 mg/L
– above 1 mg/L professional judgment considering other factors (e.g. molecular weight, metabolism...)
– log Kow > 6 (consideration of effects to wildlife)
“The Dose makes the Poison”
Paracelcus (1567)
What is "Toxicity”?
TOXICITY IN GUPPIES(From : data from Abernethy et al. 1987)
Chemical log Kow LC50(umol/L)
Monochlorobenzene 2.8 170
Dichlorobenzene 3.4 50
Trichlorobenzene 4 12
Tetrachlorobenzene 4.5 3.7
Pentachlorobenzene 5 1
Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 none
Lipid Content of the guppies : 4%Solubility of Hexachlorobenzene in water: 1.7.10^-5 mmol/L
TOXICITY IN GUPPIES(From : data from Abernethy et al. 1987)
Chemical log Kow LC50 Cfish(umol/L) (umol/kg)
Monochlorobenzene 2.8 170 4291
Dichlorobenzene 3.4 50 5024
Trichlorobenzene 4 12 4800
Tetrachlorobenzene 4.5 3.7 4680
Pentachlorobenzene 5 1 4000
Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 none
Lipid Content of the guppies : 4%Solubility of Hexachlorobenzene in water: 1.7.10^-5 mmol/L
TOXICITY IN GUPPIES(From : data from Abernethy et al. 1987)
Chemical log Kow LC50 Cfish(umol/L) (umol/kg)
Monochlorobenzene 2.8 170 4291
Dichlorobenzene 3.4 50 5024
Trichlorobenzene 4 12 4800
Tetrachlorobenzene 4.5 3.7 4680
Pentachlorobenzene 5 1 4000
Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 none
Lipid Content of the guppies : 4%Solubility of Hexachlorobenzene in water: 1.7.10^-5 mmol/L
Criteria for Inherently toxic (iT) in CEPA, UNEP
Proposed iT criteria for non-human organisms
– aquatic acute effects levels of < 1 mg/L
– above 1 mg/L professional judgment considering other factors (e.g. molecular weight, metabolism...)
– log Kow > 6 (consideration of effects to wildlife)
1 mg/L
TOXICITY IN GUPPIES(From : data from Abernethy et al. 1987)
Chemical log Kow LC50 Cfish(umol/L) (umol/kg)
Monochlorobenzene 2.8 170 4291
Dichlorobenzene 3.4 50 5024
Trichlorobenzene 4 12 4800
Tetrachlorobenzene 4.5 3.7 4680
Pentachlorobenzene 5 1 4000
Hexachlorobenzene 5.5 none
Lipid Content of the guppies : 4%Solubility of Hexachlorobenzene in water: 1.7.10^-5 mmol/L
Potency
Exposure
Effect
Toxic Effect = f(concentration at the active site, concentration at the active site required to trigger the effect)
Toxic Effect = f(EXPOSURE, POTENCY)
Toxic Effect = f(EXPOSURE, TOXICITY)
What is the difference?
•Dose makes the Poison
•Toxic Effect = f(concentration at the active site, concentration at the active site required to trigger the effect)
What is the difference?
•Dose makes the Poison
•Toxic Effect = f(concentration at the active site, concentration at the active site required to trigger the effect)
External
Internal
To agree or not agree?
Chemicals that cause the same effect at the same internal concentration have the same potency / toxicity
Internal concentrationfor acute toxicity : 5 mmol/kg
Fish-water Bioconcentration Factor : 0.04 8 105.5 = 12,600
Water Concentration needed : 5 / 12,600 = 4 .10-4 mmol/L
Water Solubility : 1.7 .10-5 mmol/L
Ferguson cut-off
Chemical concentration in the water that is required to produce the internal concentration in the organism that is needed to trigger the effect exceeds the chemical’s water solubility.
Non-Polar Narcosis
similarity with anesthetics: chloroform
Lethality at an internal concentration: 3 to 6 mmol/kg
All chemicals & all organisms
mechanism unknown
likely affect membranes:
swells membranes causing a physical effect
affects membrane proteins
Narcosis is the most basic mode of toxic action.
Chemicals will have at least this toxicity or they may have
a greater toxicity.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 5 10 15
Time (days)
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pg
/kg
)
1 pg/L
0.5 pg/L
0.1 pg/L
1
0.5
0.1
Water Concentration
pg/L
Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
Lethal Body burden
Mixtures of Chemicals
For chemicals that share Non-Polar Narcosis Mode of Toxic Action:
If
cinternal > 5 mmol/kg
Then
50% lethality
For Chemicals Acting by Non-Polar Narcosis
Mixture Toxicity
cinternal > ~ 5 mmol/kg)
Dioxin Toxicity in Lake Trout
Dose-Response Curve for TCDD
Substances with Dioxin-like Toxicity
Dioxin Toxicity
10 Angstrom
4 Angstrom
+ Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
Mechanism of Toxic Action
Cytochrome P450
Cycle
Phase I Reaction
Phase II Reaction
Role of Cytochrome P450 in Bioactivation
For Chemicals with Dioxin like mode of toxic action
Dioxin-like Mixture Toxicity
Toxic Equivalent Concentration (ng/kg) =
(CPCDDi × TEFi) + (CPCDFi × TEFi) + (CPCBi × TEFi)
Recipe for a Toxic Effect
•Ingredients :
•Exposure:
Relationship between external concentration and the concentration at the active site
•Potency :
concentration at the active site required to trigger the effect
•Directions:
•concentration at the active site > concentration at the active site required to trigger the effect
FISH 1 FISH 2
Volume Total (m3) 1 1Volume Water (m3) 0.9 0.5Volume Lipid (m3) 0.1 0.5Concentration in water 1.10-6 1.10-6
(mol/m3)
ZW 1 1fW 1.10-6 1.10-6
fL 1.10-6 1.10-6
ZL 104 104
Cw 1.10-6 1.10-6
CL 1.10-2 1.10-2
VW.CW 0.9 . 10-6 0.5 . 10-6
VL.CL 0.1 . 10-2 0.5 . 10-2
Vi.Ci ~0.1 . 10-2 ~0.5 . 10-2
Ci ~0.1 . 10-2 ~0.5 . 10-2
Toxic Effect =
f(fugacity at the active site, fugacity at the active site associated with the effect)
f(f at the active site, f at the active site associated with the effect)
Toxic Effect =
f(fugacity at the active site, fugacity at the active site associated with the effect)
f(f at the active site, f at the active site associated with the effect)
Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 5 10 15
Time (days)
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pg
/kg
)
1 pg/L
0.5 pg/L
0.1 pg/L
So what??
You want to protect all aquatic life by setting a water quality criterion for chemical X, i.e. a water concentration that should not be exceeded.
So, what do you do?
So what??
You want to protect all aquatic life by setting a water quality criterion for chemical X, i.e. a water concentration that should not be exceeded.
So, what do you do?
This WQC is derived from a study of LC50 or NOAEC derived in the lab, and you take the lowest LC50 divide it by a safety factor (e.g. 10), and this becomes your criterion.
So what??
You want to protect all aquatic life by setting a water quality criterion for chemical X, i.e. a water concentration that should not be exceeded.
So, what do you do?
This WQC is derived from a study of LC50 or NOAEC derived in the lab, and you take the lowest LC50 divide it by a safety factor (e.g. 10), and this becomes your criterion.
Then you manage environmental quality by a monitoring program that measures water concentrations & compares them with the WQC.
Tissue Residue Approach for Characterizing Toxicity
Merits:
eliminates transport/bioaccumulation from the external environment (Exposure), including:
•bioavailability
•dietary uptake and biomagnification
•metabolism
•accumulation kinetics
Mixtures of Chemicals
If Shared Mode of Toxic Action:
Toxic Effect = f(Cinternal, Potency)
Species Differences
Toxic Effect =
f(fugacity at the active site, fugacity at the active site associated with the effect)
Dose - Response Relationship
Application of Toxicity Data to conduct Hazard and Risk Assessment
General Problem:
The Concentration of Trichlorobenzene in River Water is: 5.10-6 mmol/L
LC50 in guppies (48 hr) : 5.10-4 mmol/kg
What is the hazard and/or risk to rainbow trout?
Application of Toxicity Data to conduct Hazard and Risk Assessment
General Problem:
The ingested dose of Trichlorobenzene by (humans or sea otters) in food items is: 5.10-2 mg/kg/day
LD50 in rats (14 days) : 50 mg/kg/day
LOAEL : 5 mg/kg/day
What is the hazard and/or risk to humans or sea otters?
Hazard :
Potential for a toxicological effect occurring
Assessment of Hazard
Reference Dose
Is an estimate of the daily dose to a population that is unlikely to produce an appreciable risk of adverse effect during a life time. Similar to an acceptable daily intake.
Reference Concentration
Is an estimate of the concentrations to a population that is unlikely to produce an appreciable risk of adverse effect during a life time. Similar to an acceptable concentration.
Hazard Index
H = dose / Rfd
< 1.0 There is no hazard
> 1.0 There is a hazard
Hazard Index
Rfd = 5 mg/kg/day(LOAEL)/1000 = 5.10-3
H = 5.10-2 / 5.10-3 = 10
There is a hazard
> 1.0 There is a hazard
Risk
Probability of a toxicological effect occuring
Single-Point Exposure and Effects Comparison
Quotient-Method
•Cexposure / Ceffect
•Ceffects can be: LC50, LD50, EC50, NOAEL, LOAEL, LC5 etc.
•Sometimes combined with a safety-factor
Example:
LC5 = 50 ng/L
Exposure Concentration : 30 ng/L
Cexposure/LC5 = 60%
Cell B4 Frequency Chart
Certainty Range is from -Infinity to 1.00
5,000 Trials Shown
.000
.009
.018
.028
.037
0
46
92
138
184
-0.75 -0.13 0.50 1.13 1.75
Forecast: B4
Example:
LC5 = 50 ng/L
Exposure Concentration : 30 15 ng/L (normal)
8.3%
Example:
LC5 = 50 ng/L
Exposure Concentration : 30 15 ng/L (log-normal)
Cell B4 Frequency Chart
Certainty Range is from -Infinity to 1.00
4,990 Trials Shown
.000
.013
.026
.039
.052
0
64.7
129
194
259
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Forecast: B4
22%