ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN THE CONCERNS IN THE

CHILDBEARING CLIENTCHILDBEARING CLIENTDeveloped by Developed by

D. Ann Currie , R.N., M.S.N.D. Ann Currie , R.N., M.S.N.

ENIVRONMENTAL FACTORSENIVRONMENTAL FACTORS

• EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS AGENTS OR FACTORS

• OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

• HOME

• COMMUNITY

• RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSOCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

• EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS HAZARDOUS AGENTS IN DIFFERENT WORK SETTINGS THAT CAN EFFECT THE INDIVIDUAL,THE DEVELOPING FETUS,THE PREGNANCY’S OUTCOME,NEONATE, AND REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDSOCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

• WOMEN ARE A PART OF THE LABOR FORCE

• THE NUMBER OF WOMEN ARE INCREASING IN THE LABOR FORCE BETWEEN 18-64

• WOMEN ARE IN CIVIL AND MILITARY JOBS

• VARIOUS TYPES OF OCCUPATIONS.

EPAEPA

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY- FEDERAL AGENCY.

• IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WHICH MAYBE HAZARDOUS

• INDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

• PROTECTION OF PUBLIC AND WORKERS

EPAEPA

• HANDLING OF HAZARDOUS AGENTS

• STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS AGENTS

• MSDS-MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS-BY LAW EACH COMPANY MUST HAVE THESE AVAILABLE FOR EMPLOYEES TO READ ON EACH CHEMICAL/HAZARDOUS AGENT.

• DEPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

HAZARDOUS AGENTS HAZARDOUS AGENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIONON REPRODUCTION

ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOHALOGENATED HALOGENATED

HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONSHEAVY METALSHEAVY METALS

ORGANIC SOLVENTSORGANIC SOLVENTSIONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION

PESTICIDESPESTICIDESHERBICIDESHERBICIDES

ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOETHYLENE OXIDE-ETO

• USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL-FOR ANTIFREEZE,POLYESTER FIBER, FILMS, & DETERGENTS.

• USED IN STERILIZING EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

ETHYLENE OXIDE-ETOETHYLENE OXIDE-ETO

• USED A FUMIGANT IN MEDICAL PRODUCTS,FOODSTUFFS,IN LIBRARIES,& MUSEUMS

• EXPOSURE- HX OF EXPOSURE DURING ALL STAGES OF CELL DIVISION IS IMPORTANT

• EFFECTS- MAY PRODUCE MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OR SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS

HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS

• USED IN THE LAUNDRY AND DRY CLEANING INDUSTRIES AND RUBBER INDUSTRIES.

• EXPOSURE- OF THE MOTHER OR FATHER TO TERACHOROETHYLENE,VINYL CHLORIDE, CHOROPRENE MAY PRODUCE NEGATIVE EFFECTS.

HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS

• EFFECTS- EXPOSURE TO THESE AGENTS HAVE MUTAGENIC,TERATOGENIC, OR CARINOGENIC EFFECTS.

• MATERNAL &/or PATERNAL EXPOSURE BEFORE PREGNANCY MAY HAVE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PRGNANCY

HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTSHYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS

• EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY CAN HAVE NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON THE PREGNANCY OR FETUS.

• LOSS OF PREGNANCY.

• EARLY FETAL DEATH

• SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.

• STILLBORNS

• BIRTH DEFECTS.

HALOGENATED HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS.HYDROCARBONS-EFFECTS.

• WOMEN ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE EFFECTS OF THESE SUBSTANCES.

• INCREASED RISK OF CANCER IN WOMEN EXPOSED TO THESE AGENTS.

HEAVY METALSHEAVY METALS

• CADIUM

• LEAD

• MERCURY

CADMIUMCADMIUM

• USED IN BATTERIES,PIGMENTS/PAINTS, SOLDERING LIQUIDS, SEMICONDUCTORS, PHOTOCELLS, INSECTICIDES, AND FUNGICIDES.

• *cadmium is in cigarettes b/o insecticides used in growing tobacco

CADMIUMCADMIUM

• EXPOSURE ANYTIME DURING PREGNANCY ESPECIALLY IN FIRST TRIMESTER CAN NEGATIVE EFFECTS.

• EFFECTS-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS PREMATURE BIRTHS

• CAN DECREASE MALE FERTILITY

LEADLEAD

• USED IN GASOLINE, BATTERIES,PAINTS, INK, CERAMICS/POTTERY, AMMUNITION, AND TEXTILES.

• EXPOSURE CAN OCCUR IN STAIN GLASS ARTISTS,AUTOMOTIVE&/or AIRCRAFT PAINTERS TOO.

• EXPOSURE AT ANYTIME IN PREGNANCY

LEADLEAD

• EFFECTS-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS PREMATURE BIRTHS,EARLY FETAL DEATHS, FETAL DEATHS,IMPAIRED NEUROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT,COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT(MENTAL RETARDATION)

LEADLEAD

• EFFECTS- PREMATURE BIRTHS , LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, DECREASED MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

MERCURYMERCURY

• USED IN MECURY VAPOR LAMPS,PAINT,AND THERMOMETERS.

• EXPOSPURE AT ANYTIME TO AGENT DURING PREGNACY ESPECIALLY FIRST TRIMESTER.

• EFFECT-SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS, DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES,AND CP

ORGANIC SOLVENTS- ORGANIC SOLVENTS- BENZENEBENZENE

• USED IN CHEMICAL LABORATORIES.

• EXPOSURE TO AGENTS CAN PRODUCE-TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OR CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS.

• TERATOGENIC EFFECTS CAN HAPPEN DURING EARLY UNDIFFERENTIATION PHASE.

IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION

• USED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTICAL PROCEDURES IN THE HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY

• AIRPORT SECURITY

• SECURITY FOR BUILDINGS.

• X-RAYS…...

IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION

• TIME OF EXPOSURE MAY EFFECT THE PREGNANCY/FETUS

• MAY EFFECT FERTILITY IN BOTH MEN AND WOMEN.

• IF PREGNANT-A WOMENS EXPOSURE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 1.5 RAD DURING PREGNANCY.

•

IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION

• EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE-HIGH DOSES- SPONTANEOUS ABORTION, LATE FETAL DEATH, NEONATAL DEATH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, MICROCEPHALY,MENTAL RETARDATION,INCREASE RISK OF CHILHOOD MORTALITY

• INCREASE RISK OF CANCER

IONIZING RADIATIONIONIZING RADIATION

• EFFECTS-DECREASE FERTILITY IN MEN AND WOMEN.

• CHROMOSONAL ABERRATIONS

• LOW DOSES- ALTERED SEX RATIO, CHILDHOOD MALIGANCIES,CHILDHOOD MORTALITY

VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALSVIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS

• ??? DANGER OF VDT IS INCONCLUSVE FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED

PESTICIDES-CHORINATED PESTICIDES-CHORINATED HYDROCARBONS-HYDROCARBONS-

CHLORDANECHLORDANE• USED IN CONTROLLING UNWANTED

INSECTS IN CROPS, HOME, BUSINESS.• FARMWORKERS MAYBE EXPOSED

MORE• EXPOSURE AT ANY STAGE OF

PREGNANCY.• EFFECTS-MUTAGENIC,

CARCINOGENIC,TERATOGENIC.& DECREASE FERTILITY.

HERBICIDES-2T,4T,5THERBICIDES-2T,4T,5T

• USED IN CONTROLLING UNWANTED VEGETATION--WEEDS.

• EXPOSURE IN FIRST TRIMESTER.

• EFFECTS- TERATOGENIC, SPONTANEOUS ABORTIONS.

• *agent orange-herbicide used in Vietnam- reproductive problems and other health problems-DM,GI problems, etc.

WASTE ANESTHETIC WASTE ANESTHETIC AGENTS- AGENTS-

HALOGENATED GASESHALOGENATED GASES• USED IN HEALTH CARE AREAS SUCH

AS HOSPITALS/SURGERY,DENTAL OFFICES,VETERINIAN CLINICS FOR ANESTHETIA

• EXPOSURE IN ANY STAGE INCLUDING BEFORE PREGNANCY. * ALSO ALL HEALTH CARE WORKERS SHOULD HAVE CBC, LIVER STUDIES.

WASTE ANESTHETIC WASTE ANESTHETIC AGENTSAGENTS

• EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE-EARLY FETAL DEATHS, ALTERED SEX RATIO,LATE FETAL FETAL DEATHS, LOW BIRTH WEIGHTS,BIRTH DEFECTS,MUTAGENIC,TERATOGENIC,CARCINOGENIC, DECREASED FERTILITY IN MEN

• GASES TEND TO DECREASE B VITAMINS

NOISENOISE

• AMOUNT OR LEVEL ?• SEEN IN MANUFACTURING

PROCESSES,HEAVY MACHINERY/EQUIPMENT OPERATION,ENVIRONMENT,AND PERFORMING(ROCK CONCERTS)

• EXPOSURE-TO MORE THAN 85 DECIBELS(dB),CUMULATIVE EXPOSURE

NOISENOISE

• UNCERTAIN WHICH TIME IS MOST CRITICAL----POSSIBLY ALL STAGES.

NOISE EFFECTSNOISE EFFECTS

• SGA-GROWTH RESTRICTION

• LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

• PREMATURITY

• CHILD HAVING HIGH FREGUENCY HEARING LOSS

• DECREASED FERTILITY

• SPONTANEOUS ABORTION

• CONGENITAL ABNOMALIES

NOISE LEVELSNOISE LEVELS

• 30DB-QUIET LIBRARY/SOFT WHISPER

• 40DB-QUIET OFFICE/BEDROOM AWAY FROM TRAFFIC

• 50DB-LIGHT TRAFFIC,REFRIGERATOR.

• 60DB-AIR CONDITIONER@20FT.,CONVERSAT- ION,SEWING MACHINE

• 70DB- BUSY TRAFFIC, NOISY RESTAURANT-CONSTANT.

NOISE LEVELSNOISE LEVELS

• 80DB-SUBWAY,HEAVY CITY TRAFFIC,ALARM CLOCK @ 2ft.,FACTORY NOISE-*DANGEROUS IF MORE THAN 8HRS.

• 90DB- TRUCK TRAFFIC,NOISY HOME APPLIANCES,SHOP TOOLS,LAWN MOWER- * DANGEROUS IF MORE THAN 2HRS.

NOISE LEVELSNOISE LEVELS

• 100DB- CHAINSAW, BOILER SHOP PNEUMATIC DRILL- *dangerous if more than 2 hrs.

OTHER FACTORSOTHER FACTORS

• TEMPERATURE- • Internal • External • PHYSICAL

DEMANDS-