environmental issues and regulations for fly ash management

7/31/2019 Environmental Issues and Regulations for Fly Ash Management

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Environmental Issues and RegulationsEnvironmental Issues and Regulations

with respect to Flyash Managementwith respect to Flyash Management

Dr. S.K. Paliwal, Scientist

Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi


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FlyashFlyash

Flyash is categorised as high volume low effect

waste under Hazardous Wastes ( Management,Handling & Transboundary movement ) Rules ,

2008

Chemically , flyash mainly consists of oxides of

silica, aluminium, Iron and calcium., besidestrace of elements like arsenic, beryllium, boron,cadmium, chromium, chromium VI, cobalt, lead,manganese, mercury, molybdenum etc.


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Coal based plants contribute about 53% of totalcapacity

Consumed about 355 million tonnesmillion tonnes of coal with ash

content 35-45% during 20082008--0909 NearlyNearly 140140 million tonnesmillion tonnes perper annumannum coal ash is

generated.

Occupied nearly 40,000 hectares,000 hectares of land forconventional disposal of ash.

Require about 1040 million Mmillion M33 water annually fordisposal of coal ash as in slurry formslurry form, if not utilised


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Flyash Generation


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Environmental issues

Air Pollution ( Dust emission from ash pond) Water Pollution ( Contamination of ground &

surface water

Land degradation


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Environmental Regulations( 1999)


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Objectives

To protect the environment, conserve top

soil and prevent the dumping and disposal offly ash from coal or lignite based thermalpower plants


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Directions /Notification

Vide notification No.S.O.763(E), [14/9/1999], Dumping

and disposal of fly ash discharged from coal or

lignite based thermal power plants on land

Use of flyash, bottom ash or pond ash in themanufacture of bricks and other construction activities

Utilisation of flyash by thermal power plants and

Specifications for use of flyash based products byGovernment agencies


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No person shall within a radius of 100 kms from thermalpower plants, manufacture clay bricks, tiles or blockswithout mixing atleast 25% of flyash or pond ash with soil

Thermal power Plants New Power PlantsNew Power Plants

30 % flyash utilisation within 3 year30 % flyash utilisation within 3 year

100 % flyash utilisation within 9100 % flyash utilisation within 9 years

Existing Power PlantsExisting Power Plants 20 % flyash utilisation within 3 year20 % flyash utilisation within 3 year

100 % flyash utilisation within 15 years100 % flyash utilisation within 15 years


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Amendments

First Amendment

1. S.O.979(E), [27/8/2003] - Amendments toS.O.763(E) dated 14/9/1999


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No person shall within a radius of 100 kms from thermal powerNo person shall within a radius of 100 kms from thermal power plants, manufactureplants, manufacture

clay bricks, tiles or blocks without mixing atleast 25% of flyasclay bricks, tiles or blocks without mixing atleast 25% of flyash or pond ash with soil.h or pond ash with soil.

Construction Agency including private sector builders shall useConstruction Agency including private sector builders shall use minimum of followingminimum of following

percentage of ash based products such as : bricks, block & tilespercentage of ash based products such as : bricks, block & tiles in their constructionin their construction

work:work: 25 % by 31st March, 2004

50% by 31st December, 2005



Authority sanctioning or renewing mining lease shall not grant oAuthority sanctioning or renewing mining lease shall not grant or extend the lease if ther extend the lease if the

manufacturer does not use the 25% of the Flyash in the manufactumanufacturer does not use the 25% of the Flyash in the manufacturing of bricks, blocksring of bricks, blocks

and tiles.and tiles.

Utilisation of Flyash for reclamation of sea subject to complianUtilisation of Flyash for reclamation of sea subject to compliance of the rules madece of the rules made

under the EPA, 1986.under the EPA, 1986.


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Second Amendment

2.S.O. 2804(E), [ 03.11.2009]- Amendments toS.O. 763 (E) dated 14/09/1999

[ Flyash means and includes ash collected from ESP, dryflyash, bottom ash, pond ash & mound ash generated from

coal/lignite based thermal power plants including CPP]


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Amendment dated 3rd November

2009 (1A) Every construction agency engaged in the construction

of buildings within a radius of hundred kilometers (by road)from a coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall use onlyfly ash based products for construction, such as:cement/concrete, fly ash bricks or blocks or tiles or clay fly ash

bricks, blocks or tiles or cement fly ash bricks or bricks orblocks or similar products or a combination or aggregate ofthem in every construction project.

(1B) Applicable to all construction agencies of Central or Stateor Local Government and private or public sector. Submitannual returns to the concerned State Pollution Control Board

or Pollution Control Committee.;

(2A) State Government or Union territory Government shall be theenforcing and monitoring authority for ensuring compliance of theprovisions of sub-paragraph (1A) and (1B).;


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(1C) Minimum fly ash content for building materials orproducts to qualify as fly ash based products

S.

No.

Building Materials or Products Minimum % of fly ash by

weight

(1) (2) (3)

1. Fly ash bricks, blocks, tiles, etc. made with

fly ash, lime, gypsum, sand, stone dust,cement, etc. (without clay).

50% of total raw

material.

2. Paving blocks, paving tiles, checker tiles,

mosaic tiles, roofing sheets, pre-cast

elements, etc. wherein cement is used as

binder.

Usage of PPC (fly ash)

or 20% of OPC content.

3. Cement. 20% of total rawmaterials.

4. Clay based building materials such as

bricks, blocks, tiles, etc.

25% of total raw

materials.

5. Concrete, mortar and plaster. Usage of PPC (fly ash)

or 20% of total raw

material.


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(4) Each coal or lignite based thermal power plantshall constitute adispute settlement committee

Composition:

General Manager of the thermal power plant

Representative of the relevant Construction and fly ash BrickManufacturing Industry Association / Body

TOR

Ensure unhindered loading and transport of fly ash without anyundue loss of time.


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Reclamation and compaction of low-lying areas

No agency, person or organisation shall within a radius of hundred

kilometers (by road) of a coal or lignite based thermal power plantundertake or approve or allow reclamation and compaction of low-lying areas with soil. Only fly ash shall be used for compaction andreclamation. They shall also ensure that such reclamation andcompaction is done in accordance with the specifications andguidelines laid down

Stowing of mine

No person or agency shall within fifty kilometers (by road) from coal orlignite based thermal power plants, undertake or approve stowing ofmine without using at least 25% of fly ash on weight to weight basis,of the total stowing materials used and this shall be done under theguidance of the DGMS or CMPDIL

Back Filling of open cast mines

No person or agency shall within fifty kilometers (by road) from coalor lignite based thermal power plants, undertake or approve withoutusing at least 20% of fly ash on volume to volume basis of the totalmaterials used for external dump of overburden and same percentagein upper benches of back filling of opencast mines and this shall be

done under the guidance of DGMS or CMPDIL


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Sale of flyash

All coal or lignite based thermal power stations would be free to sellfly ash to the user agencies subject to the following conditions:

The pond ash and mound ash should be made available free of anycharge on as is where is basis to manufacturers of bricks, blocks ortiles including clay fly ash product manufacturing unit(s), farmers, theCentral and the State road construction agencies, Public WorksDepartment, and to agencies engaged in backfilling or stowing ofmines.

At least 20% of dry ESP fly ash shall be made available free of chargeto units manufacturing fly ash or clay-fly ash bricks, blocks and tileson a priority basis over other users. If the demand from such

agencies falls short of 20% of quantity, the balance quantity can besold or disposed of by the power station. Provided that the fly ashobtained from the thermal power station should be utilized only for thepurpose for which it was obtained failing which no fly ash shall bemade available to the defaulting users.


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All coal and, or lignitebased thermal powerstations and, or expansionunits in operation beforethe date of thisnotification are to achievethe target of fly ashutilization as per the table

The unutilized fly ash inrelation to the target

during a year, if any, shallbe utilized within next twoyears in addition to thetargets stipulated forthose years. The balanceunutilized fly ashaccumulated during firstfour years (the difference

between the generationand the utilization target)shall be utilizedprogressively over nextfive years in addition to100% utilization of currentgeneration of fly ash.

S,No Percentage Utilizationof Fly Ash Target Date

1. At least 50% of fly ashgeneration

One year from thedate of issue of this

notification.

.2 At least 60% of fly ashgeneration

Two year from thedate of issue of thisnotification

3 At least 70% of fly ashgeneration

Three year from thedate of issue of thisnotification

4. At least 90% of flyash

generation

Four year from the

date of thisnotification

5 100 % fly ash generation Five year from thedate of issue of thisnotification


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New coal and, or lignitebased thermal power stationsand, or expansion units

commissioned after thisnotification to achieve thetarget of fly ash utilization asper table

The unutilized fly ash inrelation to the target during ayear, if any, shall be utilizedwithin next two years in

addition to the targetsstipulated for these years.The unutilized fly ashaccumulated during firstthree years (the differencebetween the generation andutilization target) shall beutilized progressively overnext five years in addition to

100% utilization of currentgeneration of fly ash.;

S.No. Fly ash utilizationlevel

Target date

1 At least 50% of flyash generation

One year from

the date of


Two years from

the date of

commissioning ..


Three years

from the date of

commissioning ..


Four years from

the date of

commissioning.


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Annual Implementation Report

Annual implementation report (for the period 1st April to31st March) providing information about the complianceof provisions in this notification shall be submitted by the30th day of April, every year to the Central Pollution

Control Board, concerned State Pollution Control Boardor Committee and the concerned Regional Office of theMinistry of Environment and Forestsby the coal or lignitebased thermal power plants, and also be made a part ofthe annual report of the thermal power plant as well as

thermal power plant wise information be provided in theannual report of thermal power producing agency owningmore than one thermal power plant.;


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Directions to all agencies undertaking construction of roads or fly

over bridges and reclamation and compaction of low lying areas,including Department of Road Transport and Highways (DORTH),National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Central Public WorksDepartment (CPWD), State Public Works Departments and otherState Government Agencies,

a. make provisions in their tender documents, schedules of approvedmaterials and rates as well as technical documents for implementation ofthis notification, including those relating to soil borrow area or pitb. make necessary specifications or guidelines for road or fly overembankments that are not covered by the specifications laid down by theIndian Road Congress (IRC).

All local authorities shall specify in their respective tender

documents, building bye-laws and regulations, the use of fly ashand fly ash-based products and construction techniques inbuilding materials, roads embankments or for any usage withimmediate effect.


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Land for ash disposal for future plants

The Central Electricity Authority and other approvingagencies may permit the land area for emergency ashpond or fly ash storage area up to 50 hectares for a 500MW unit, based on 45% ash content coal, or in thesame proportion for units in other capacities takinginto account the ash content in coal or lignite to beused.


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Impact of the directions/ notification


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Ash Utilisation Trend


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Sector wise share of flyash utilisation

Ash Dy keRaising

15%

Mine Filling

Stowing

6% Land Filling

22%

Cement

Industries

31%

Bricks

6%

Roads &

Embankment

6%

Agricultural

1%

Others

13%


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Highlights

Four fold increase in ash utilisation was achieved during the period of

10 yrs (from 1999 to 2009), as ash utilsation increased from 12 % (

1999) to 47% ( 2009)

Fifteen power plants have achieved hundred percent flyash utilisation Cement sector has taken lead in ash utilsation followed by land

filing, ash dyke raising & construction of Roads & embankments

New plants particularly to be located in coastal areas are committed

for achieving 100% ash utilisation from the commissioning of plants.

Flyash has become Exportable item as number of plants are

exporting the flaysh


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Future strategiesTo achieve the hundred percent ash utilisation, efforts are needed by all theconcerned

Besides ash utilisation in cement manufacturing, mine backfillingshould be made hassle free through better inter-departmental co-ordination

Power plants should be linked with dedicated cement plant or coalmines

Power plants should not encourage third parties/ agencies for supplyof flyash.

Power Plants should provide Silos for collection and storage of dry

flyash with proper unloading facility

Power Plants should provide hassle free entry to the entrepreneurswilling to take up the flyash.

Consent to operate to the power plants should be issued/ renewedincluding flyash utilisation as per notification as one of the condition


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Thank You

environmental issues and regulations for fly ash management

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