I IFORN A

Environmental Justice Research Update

DECEMBER 13, 2019

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v

ORNIA CAL I F CES BOARD A I R RESOUR

ft Triennial Strategic Plan

Holistic Projects

Health Environmental Justice

Economics

Climate

Air Quality

CARB Expertise

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/;

NE'$ADA

' GREAT B A S I N

Legend ~ X

CalEnviroScreen 3.0 Results (June 2018 Update)

91 - 100% (Hig hest Score s)

81 - 90%

71 - 80%

61 - 70%

51 - 60%

41 - 50%

31 - 40%

21 - 30%

lilllla 11 - 20%

lilllla 1 - 10% (Lowest Sco res)

CalEnviroScreen 3.0 Results

Hig.h Po llution, Lo w Pop uletion

Disadvantaged Communities

CalEPA designates the highest scoring 25% (75th percentile) of census tracts from CalEnviroScreen (CES) 3.0 as disadvantaged communities.

https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen

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Outline

• We have made encouraging progress

• Exposure and health disparities still exist

• We are learning more about the sources of the disparities

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10

10

EF (g

/kg

fuel

) EF

(g/k

g fu

el)

Reduced vehicular emission rates HC low-SES

high-SES • Fleet-average emission rates of hydrocarbon (HC) and nitric oxide

8

6

4 (NO) have decreased. 2

0 1999 2005 2008 2015 2018 • The disparity between low- and

high-socioeconomic status has 8

6

4

2

0

NO low-SES high-SES been narrowed as well.

1999 2005 2008 2015 2018 Campaign Year Zhan et al. CRC Real-World Emissions Workshop, 2019

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I-710 communities have elevated cancer risk due to vehicular diesel PM emissions…

CES 3.0 Percentile

Most of the communities near the I-710 study area are disadvantaged

20% 40% 60% 80% Source: CARB internal analysis

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0 5 10 Kilometers 0 5 10 Kilometers

Modeled Annual BC Concentration (ug/m3}

0.006 0 .014 0.028 0.056 0.140 0.280 0.560 1.400

10 25 50 100 250 500 1000 2500

Estimated Cancer Risk (chances per million)

…but the estimated cancer risk from vehicular diesel PM from the I-710 has been reduced

Thanks to the Diesel Risk Reduction Plan, estimated cancer risk due to diesel PM from the I-710 has been reduced by 83% from 2009 to 2016

Source: CARB internal analysis

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However, disparities still exist 2016 PM2.5 satellite data

PM2.5 (μg/m3)For instance, much of

≤ 3 the worst PM2.5 3 - 6

6 - 9pollution is located in 9 - 12

> 12 the San Joaquin Valley and the South Coast air basins

Lee, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 12774-12783

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Who is more likely to live with poor airquality?

≤ 3

3 - 6

6 - 9

9 - 12

> 12

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

People of Color (census tracts in the 75th percentile of

proportion of Hispanics, African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and

Other in the population)

Low Income (census tracts in the 75th

percentile of proportion living two times below the federal

poverty level)

Disadvantaged (census tracts in the 75th

percentile of CES scores)

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What sources are contributing to thisdisparity?

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

Identifying sources

In-House Contract

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What sources are contributing to thisdisparity?

•Mobile sources

•Stationary sources

•Emerging issues

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■ ■

-

Mob

ile

More highway vehicle traffic indisadvantaged communities

Disadvantaged Nondisadvantaged

In-House

Annu

al a

vera

ge d

aily

traf

fic

coun

t per

cen

sus t

ract

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0

Source: CARB internal analysis

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Passenger Vehicle Truck

Mob

ile

PM2.5 exposure from on-road mobile sources can be higher for people of color

On-Road Mobile Sources 2.5

2

PM2.

5 (μ

g/m

3 )

Average 1.5

1

0.5

0

Source: Joshua Apte, UT Austin

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White Black Hispanic Asian

Contract

--------------·~----- --------------

Mob

ile

PM2.5 exposure from off-road mobile sources can be higher for people of color

Contract

Off-Road Mobile Sources 0.7

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

PM2.

5 (μ

g/m

3 ) Average

White Black Hispanic Asian Source: Joshua Apte, UT Austin

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■ ■

Stat

iona

ry

Disadvantaged communities have more industrial sources

In-House

Disadvantaged Nondisadvantaged 1.6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4 N

umbe

r per

cen

sus t

ract

5.2x 3x

1.8x

Gas Station Autobody shop Chrome Plater Other Sources

Source: CARB internal analysis

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St

atio

nary

PM2.5 exposure from industrial sourcescan be higher for people of color

Industrial 2.5

PM2.

5 (μg/m3)

2

Average 1.5

1

0.5

0

Source: Joshua Apte, UT Austin

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White Black Hispanic Asian

Contract

-------------------------~--------

Stat

iona

ry

Contract PM2.5 exposure from natural gas and petroleumsources can be higher for people of color

Natural Gas and Petroleum 0.35

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

PM2.

5 (μg/m3)

Average

White Black Hispanic Asian Source: Joshua Apte, UT Austin

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0

• 0 0

0 - 25

26 - 50

- 51 - 75

- 76 - 100

Met

hane

Contract In-House

Methane hotspots • Methane itself is non-toxic, but can be

typically co-emitted with toxic pollutants and odors depending on the source (i.e., benzene from oil and gas)

• Methane sources are prevalent in communities with high CalEnviroScreen scores

• These sources may produce odors and other emissions – follow up work planned

CalEnviroScreen 3.0

Source Sector Energy Oil and Gas Dairies Waste

Duren et al., Nature 2019, 575, 180–184

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Bord

er

Air pollution from Mexico canreach CA border communities

Contract

• Several CA communities close to the Mexican border are disadvantaged o Red areas are

census tracts in the 75th

percentile of CES scores

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Bord

er

Contract Air pollution from Mexico canreach CA border communities

• Red dots are emissions sources in Mexico (Mexicali)

• The yellower plume colors indicate a larger impact on local concentrations

Source: Penelope J.E. Quintana, SDSU

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Conclusions • Disadvantaged communities often have more sources of air

pollution, including mobile and stationary. • Staff continue to analyze the emissions and health impacts

from these sources. o In progress: air monitoring in AB 617 communities.

• Identifying sources of air quality disparities can inform theselection of AB 617 communities, opportunities fortargeting incentive programs, and in focusingrules/regulations.

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