environmental levels and source … levels and source emissions of ultrafine and nanoparticle size...
TRANSCRIPT
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ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND SOURCE EMISSIONS OF ULTRAFINE AND
NANOPARTICLE SIZE FRACTIONS
Stefano CERNUSCHIDICA Sezione AmbientalePOLITECNICO DI MILANO
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2
Background
UFP - NP• dimensions < 100 nm• base structures for
nanomaterials and nanotechnologiesapplications
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
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Background Industrial applications
• electronics (conductive coatings, transistors, semiconductors, photodetectors)• chemical/manufacturing (composite materials, paints, coatings)• medicine and bioapplications (drug delivery, advanced therapies, diagnostics)• energy production (solar cells, batteries, supercapacitors)• sensors/metrology (chemical & physical measurement/monitoring)• environmental technologies (soil remediation, air/water treatment)
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
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Background
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
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Background
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
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Environmental effects
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Health hazardsImpacted Particleregion size
Alveolar blood
translocation
Brain bloodnasal translocation
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Environmental effects
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Climatechange
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8S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Characteristics Origin
• primary • secondary gaseous precursors: SO2, NOx, NH3, COV
Size fractions• negligible in terms of mass (conventional measures)• detectable only in terms of number: particle counting (no standard
protocols) Conversion/transformation processes highly active
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9S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Characteristics
Modes of urban aerosol Sources Characterization
Nuclei Mode Combustion particles; gas-to-particle conversion
0.001-0.1 μm; high concentration; rapid coagulation; short lifetime
Accumulation Mode
Combustion particles; smog particles; coagulated nuclei-mode particles
0.1-2.5 μm; slow coagulation; long lifetime; accounting for most of visibility effects
Coarse Particle Mode
Windblown dusts; salt particles from sea spray; volcano eruptions; anthropogenic particles from agriculture and surface mining
2.5-100 μm; readily settle down on surface; short lifetime
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10S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Characteristics
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11S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Characteristics
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12S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Sources Natural processes background Additional contribution from human activities main
concerns for• nanotechnologies and nanomaterials• indoor sources• industrial processes involving high temperatures
Recent attention to combustion & industrial emissions• most data available for vehicle exhaust• limited investigations for stationary sources
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13S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Measurement challenges General issues
• no standard protocol• significance in terms of number rather than mass• chemical speciation rather troublesome
Source emissions• contribution of condensable fraction from semivolatiles
driven by atmospheric gas dilution• evaluation of condensation effects by diluting and
cooling exhaust gas prior to measurements
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14S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Measurement techniquesOptical techniques: CPC (condensation particle counter)
No size distribution evaluation
CPC1. Particle size growing2. Laser optical counting
Sample gas Mixing with additive(alcohol)
Size growing by additive surface condensation
1. Growing
2. Optical counter (laser scattering)
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15S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Measurement techniquesInertial impaction: ELPI (electrical low pressure impactor)
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16S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Measurement techniquesElectrical mobility: DMA (differential mobility analyzer)
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17S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Measurement techniques Aerosol time of flight MS: continuous concentration/size distribution/chemical
speciation
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18S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Air concentration levels
PU concentrations in selected environments
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
rural and coastal areas
kitchens
restaurants
public buses
smoking areas
indoor domestic
urban areas
urban traffic sites
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
rural and coastal areas
kitchens
restaurants
public buses
smoking areas
indoor domestic
urban areas
urban traffic sites
Particle number/cm3
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19S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Air concentration levelsPU concentrations in selected urban environments
Type of site Typical concentration (particles/cm3)
Natural/rural background(distance relevant sources > 10 km) 2∙103 - 1∙104
Remote urban(distance relevant sources 3-10 km) 5∙103 - 1,5∙104
Urban background(< 2500 veh/h within 50 m) 5∙104 - 7∙104
Urban traffic (roadside) 1,5∙104 - 8,5∙104
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20S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Air concentration levels
PU concentrations in urban areas atroadside locations
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21S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Air concentration levels Nucleation event at South Pole
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22S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Air concentration levels Nucleation event in urban area
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23S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Air concentration levels Urban vs rural – Pianura Padana average daily values
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24S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Air concentration levels Urban vs rural – Pianura Padana hourly average values
TR SITE
UB SITE
RU
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Air concentration levels
25
Increase in difference between sites for smaller particle sizes Size distribution for traffic site (TR) affected by “fresh” vehicle emissions:
nucleation mode peak (dp < 30 nm) clearly visible Smaller size fractions affected by local source contributions (traffic), larger
size fractions mainly arising from whole area background levels
Urban vs rural – Pianura Padana average daily size distributions
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere 25
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Air concentration levels
Summer nucleation event
26S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere 26
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27S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Industrial working levels
Process Concentration within14 - 673 nm size range
(particles/cm³)
Typical size range( nm )
Background, indoor ≥ 10 000
Silica fusion ≥ 100 000 280-520
Metal grinding ≥ 130 000 17-170
Metal soldering ≥ 400 000 36-64
Plasma cutting ≥ 500 000 120-180
Bread baking oven ≥ 640 000 32-109Airport landing runway ≥ 700 000 < 45Electrode welding 54 000 - 3 500 000 33-126
Steel welding 100 000 - 40 000 000 40-600
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28S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Indoor residential levels
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
Café Hairdresser Supermarket Church service
Num
ber
conc
entr
atio
n (c
m-3
)
Indoor microenvironments
Home indoor
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29S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
0.0E+00
5.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.5E+05
2.0E+05
2.5E+05
3.0E+05
4.00
11.50
12.20
12.50
Time
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.00 -6.30
6.30-
10.00
10.40 -11.30
11.30 - 13.00
13.00 -14.00
14.00 -15.30
15.30 -18.00
18.00 -19.30
19.30 -
21.00
Home
Home Secondhand smoke
TravelCar
Hairdresser's salon
Travel car
Home Kitchen
Home
21.00 -22.30
22.30-
0.00
Travel car
Home
HomeKitchen
Home
Personal exposures
Saturday
0.0.E+00
5.0.E+04
1.0.E+05
1.5.E+05
2.0.E+05
2.5.E+05
Time
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
00.00 - 07.00
07.00 - 08.30
8.45 - 11.00
11.00 -12.30
12.45 -13.45
14.00 -15.30
15.45 - 16.45
17.00 - 19.00
19.30 - 22.00
22.00 - 00.00
Home
Travel Train
Office
Cafè
Office
TravelSubway & car
Home - Kitchen
Home
Weekday
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30S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Personal exposures
Sunday
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31S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source emissionsUP/NP emissions from combustion
Hot flue gas
Primary particles
Condensable particles(semivolatiles nucleation/condensation
driven by atmospheric gas dilutionimmediately at stack discharge)
Cormier et al.,Env. Health Persp. 2006
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32S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Sampling/measurement train
2. Controlled dilution with conditioned air
RESIDENCE CHAMBER
DILUTION AIR
DILU
RESIDENCE CHAMBER
DILUTION AIR
DILU
1. Hot sampling +FP capture (≥ 2,5 µm)
GAS IN
CYCLONES
GAS IN
CYCLONES
3. Particle counting(0.007 µm - 10 µm in 12 classes)
Inertial impactor ELPI™
DILUTED GAS
ELPI
DILUTED GAS
ELPIELPIELPI
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33S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Heating boilers• advanced wood pellet (150 kWth) with
cyclone for particulate removal• light fuel oil and natural gas boiler
(100 kWth), conventional design• wood log closed fireplace (11 kWth)
Waste to energy (WTE)• 7 plants, capacity 200 - 1200 tpd,
urban/commercial waste• BAT design for flue gas treatment dry removal + SCR (4 plants) dry/wet removal + SCR (2 plants) dry/wet removal + SNCR (1 plant)
Industrial sources• biomass power plant (virgin wood
chops) with SNCR + ESP/FF• regenerative oxidizer for VOCs
removal from thermal soil desorption
Source emissions
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34S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Number concentration (particles cm-3)
Wood pellet combustion
5.2E+07
2.9E+04
4.5E+07 3.8E+07
IQR average min max median
Ambient air Dilution sampling
1·108
1·109
1·105
1·104
1·106
1·107
Average = 4,5·107
Part
icle
num
ber
conc
entr
atio
n (c
m-3
)
Background air Low dilution Medium dilution High dilution
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35S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Size fractions
Wood pellet combustion
19% 19%28%
74% 73%68%
6% 7% 5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Size
frac
tion
(%)
0.007<dp<0.05 0.04<dp<0.1 0.1<dp<10
Low dilution Medium dilution High dilution
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37 Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Closed fireplace
Backgroundair
Lowdilution
Mediumdilution
Highdilution
Hot sampling
Campionamento a caldo Campionamento a freddo
1.5 104
5.1 1076.3 1078.1 107
7.4 1077.8 1076.0 107
A: alta diluzioneM: media diluizioneB: bassa diluizione
1·108
1·109
1·105
1·104
1·106
1·107
1·103
1·102
Average = 6,4·107 Average = 7·107
Part
icle
num
ber
conc
entr
atio
n (c
m-3
)
Number concentration (particles cm-3)
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38S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Size fractions
Closed fireplace
Size
frac
tions
(%)
Backgroundair
Lowdilution
Mediumdilution
Highdilution
Hot sampling
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39S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Size distributions
Closed fireplace
0
1
2
3
4
0.01 0.1 1 10Dp [µm]
Hot samplingC = 8.1·107 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n(1
0 8 cm
-3)
0
1
2
3
4
0.01 0.1 1 10Dp [µm]
p [
µ] Low dilution
C = 5.6·107 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n(1
0 8 cm
-3)
0
1
2
3
4
0.01 0.1 1 10Dp [µm]
High dilutionC = 6.9·107 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n(1
0 8 cm
-3)
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40S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Dilution ratio
Light fuel oil combustionNumber concentration (particles cm-3)
8.6E+06
2.9E+04
1.3E+06
6.7E+072.2E+07
Ambient air 0 15-20 25-35 40-50
IQR average min max median
Ambient air Dilution samplingHot sampling
1·108
1·109
1·105
1·104
1·106
1·107
Average = 3,3·107
Part
icle
num
ber
conc
entr
atio
n (c
m-3
)
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41S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Light fuel oil combustionSize fractions
74%
97% 96%89%
23%
2% 4%10%
3% 1% 0% 1%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 15-20 25-35 40-50
Dilution ratio
Size
frac
tion
(%)
0,007<dp<0,05 0,05<dp<0,1 0,1<dp<10µm
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42S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Light fuel oil combustionSize distributions
0.0E+00
1.0E+07
2.0E+07
3.0E+07
4.0E+07
5.0E+07
6.0E+07
7.0E+07
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Low dilutionC = 6.7·107 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
1.0E+07
2.0E+07
3.0E+07
4.0E+07
5.0E+07
6.0E+07
7.0E+07
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
High dilutionC = 8.6·106 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
1.0E+07
2.0E+07
3.0E+07
4.0E+07
5.0E+07
6.0E+07
7.0E+07
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Medium dilutionC = 2.2·107 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
1.0E+05
2.0E+05
3.0E+05
4.0E+05
5.0E+05
6.0E+05
7.0E+05
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
Hot samplingC = 1.3·106 cm-3
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43S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
WTE - flue gas treatment systems
Dry system
Wet/dry system
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44S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Number concentration (particles cm-3)
WTE - Dry systems
25.695
9.592 9.343 8.04511.798
2.164
< 1.000 < 1.0001.000
10.000
100.000
Background air Hot Low dilution Medium dilution High dilution
TN (
part
icle
s/cm
3 )
IQR mean min max
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45S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Size fractions
WTE - Dry systems
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46S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Size distributions
WTE - Dry systems
0.0E+00
2.0E+03
4.0E+03
6.0E+03
8.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.2E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Hot samplingC = 3000 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
2.0E+03
4.0E+03
6.0E+03
8.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.2E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Low dilutionC = 10600 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0 55 a t
0.0E+00
2.0E+03
4.0E+03
6.0E+03
8.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.2E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
High dilutionC = 17000 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
2.0E+03
4.0E+03
6.0E+03
8.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.2E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Medium dilutionC = 11000 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
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47S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Number concentration (particles cm-3)
WTE – Wet/dry systems
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48S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Size fractions
WTE – Wet/dry systems
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49S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Size distributions
WTE - Wet/dry systems
0.0E+00
1.0E+04
2.0E+04
3.0E+04
4.0E+04
5.0E+04
6.0E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Hot samplingC = 24500 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
1.0E+04
2.0E+04
3.0E+04
4.0E+04
5.0E+04
6.0E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Low dilutionC = 42000 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
1.0E+04
2.0E+04
3.0E+04
4.0E+04
5.0E+04
6.0E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
High dilutionC = 70000 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
0.0E+00
1.0E+04
2.0E+04
3.0E+04
4.0E+04
5.0E+04
6.0E+04
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00Dp
Medium dilutionC = 50000 cm-3
Con
cent
ratio
n (c
m-3
)
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50S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Fabric filter - removal efficiency
99,00
%
99,03
%
98,85
%
98,54
%
97,21
%
95,14
%
100%
100%
99,98
%
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,01 0,10 1,00 10,00
Diameter (µm)
Part
icle
num
ber
rem
oval
eff
icie
ncy
(%)
Total efficiency• UP+NP (< 100 nm) = 96,8%• FP (100 nm - 1 µm) = 98,9% - >99,9%
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Source emissions
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere 51
LEAP (2011-15)
Comparative assessment
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Source emissions EU inventory
S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere 52
IIASA (2013) - Aerosol particle number emissions and size distributions: implementation in the GAINS model and initial results.
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53S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source apportionment Integrated measurements source/atmosphere: comparison with “background”
levels
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54S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source apportionment Integrated measurements source/atmosphere: comparison with “background”
levels 3∙103 - 7∙103
Site A
Site B
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55S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source apportionmentModelling evaluations: source (simulation challenges) or receptor oriented
(emissions chemical speciation requirements)
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56S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source apportionment
WTE ultrafine WTE ultrafine fractionfraction chemicalchemical compositioncomposition
TC: total carbon; ND: unidentified Background airBackground air
Ultrafine Ultrafine fractionfraction chemicalchemical compositioncomposition
TC: total carbon; ND: unidentified
Background airBackground airUltrafine Ultrafine fractionfraction chemicalchemical compositioncomposition
TC: total carbon; ND: unidentified
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57S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source apportionment
WTE nanoparticle WTE nanoparticle fractionfraction chemicalchemical compositioncomposition
TC: total carbon; ND: unidentified
WTE nanoparticle WTE nanoparticle fractionfraction chemicalchemical compositioncomposition
TC: total carbon; ND: unidentified
TC: total carbon; ND: unidentified
Background air Background air Nanoparticle Nanoparticle fractionfraction chemicalchemical compositioncomposition
TC: total carbon; ND: unidentified
Background air Background air Nanoparticle Nanoparticle fractionfraction chemicalchemical compositioncomposition
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58S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source apportionment
1E-02
1E-01
1E+00
1E+01
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
Al As B Ba Cd Co Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Mo Na Ni Pb Sb Sr Ti V Zn
Enric
hmen
t fac
tor (
EF)
EF=50
EF=3
Piacenza summer season
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59S. Cernuschi - Ultrafine and nanoparticles in the atmosphere
Source apportionment