environmental m anagement plan for cockburn sound and its ......cockburn sound and its catchment. 1....

Environmental Management Planfor Cockburn Soundand its Catchment

COCKBURN SOUND

MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

2005

For further information visit the

Cockburn Sound

Management Council

Shop 1/15 Railway TerraceRockingham Beach

WA 6168

Telephone: 9591 3837

Facsimile: 9528 5387

email: [email protected]

www.wrc.wa.gov.au/region/csmc

The recommended reference for this publication is:

Environmental Management Plan for Cockburn Sound

and its Catchment, Department of Environment, Perth

2005.

ISBN 1-920947-79-5

Printed on recycled stock

Reference details

i

Environmental Management Plan forCockburn Sound and its Catchment

PREPARED BY THE

COCKBURN SOUND

MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

2005

ii

Acknowledgments

Professor George Kailis Independent Chairperson

Bart Houwen Community Networking Inc.

John Polglaze Community representative

David Nelson Community representative

Professor Philip Jennings Conservation Council

Norman Halse Recfishwest

John Smedley Cockburn Power Boat Association

Dr Rod Lukatelich, Cameron Schuster Kwinana Industries Council

Glen Dibbin Western Australian Fishing Industry Council

David Anderson, Jim Turley Western Australian Vegetable Growers Association

Cr Martin Reeve-Fowkes City of Cockburn

Cr Barry Porter Town of Kwinana

Crs Chris Elliott, Barry Sammels, Frank Gibson City of Rockingham

John McIlhone South West Group

Commander Philip Orchard Royal Australian Navy

Dr John Keesing CSIRO

Robert Atkins, Paul Rosair Department of Environment

Alan Sands Department of Conservation and Land Management

Dr Peter Murphy Department of Industry and Resources

Peter Millington Department of Fisheries

Steve Wade Fremantle Ports

Mike Williams, Rob Griffiths Department for Planning and Infrastructure

Mark Nener, Dr David Luketina Water Corporation

This document was prepared by the Cockburn SoundManagement Council.

Members of the Management Council gatheredinformation, identified the main issues and developed theobjectives and recommendations. Anthony Sutton co-ordinated production of the Draft Plan, with assistance fromHeidi Bucktin (European Heritage, Nature-based Tourismand Guidelines for Developments Affecting the Shorelineand Seabed), Mark Cugley (Catchment Management), JohnCleary (Aesthetics), Rory O’Connor (Aboriginal Heritage),

Marg Wilke (Design), and Rhys Brown and June Hutchison(Editing). Much of the background information is drawndirectly from the State of Cockburn Sound report producedby D.A. Lord and Associates. The maps were produced bythe Regional Support Branch, Water and RiversCommission.

Heidi Bucktin coordinated the public submissions anddrafted amendments for the Interim Plan with endorsementfrom CSMC. Chris Coffey updated the Interim Plan toproduce this final document.

Cockburn Sound Management Council Membership

iii

Setting the scene

Cockburn Sound, which is located some 20 km south of

the Perth-Fremantle area (Figure 1a), is the most intensively

used marine embayment in Western Australia.

In response to increasing pressures on the Sound, theWestern Australian Government released a StateEnviromental Policy which outlines the environmentalvalues, objectives and criteria for managing CockburnSound.The Policy requires that an EnvironmentalManagement Plan for Cockburn Sound and its catchmentbe prepared by the Cockburn Sound Management Council.

The Minister for the Enviroment approved an interimEnvironmental Management Plan for Cockburn Sound andits Catchment in December 2002. Since this time theCockburn Sound Management Council has beencoordinating implementation of the Plan and as a resultmany of the recommendations contained in this finaldocument have commenced.

This document details a five point plan of action towardsimplementing the State Enviromental Policy andcoordinating environmental planning and management ofCockburn Sound and its Catchment.

1. Protecting the environmental values of CockburnSound.

2. Facilitating multiple use of Cockburn Sound andits foreshore.

3. Integrating management of the land and marineenvironments.

4. Coordinating research and investigations.

5. Monitoring and reporting on performance.

1. Protecting the environmental valuesof Cockburn Sound

The State Government is broadly adopting the nationalapproach to water quality management to protect CockburnSound from pollution, waste discharges (e.g. industrialeffluent) and deposits (e.g. dredge spoil). Theenvironmental values and objectives for Cockburn Soundhave been determined and form the basis of the State

Environmental Policy.

The environmental quality criteria (environmental

benchmarks) were prepared by the Environmental

Executive Summary

Protection Authority in consultation with major

stakeholders and are stated in the Revised Environmental

Quality Criteria Reference Document (Cockburn Sound).

Proposed management recommendations aimed at

protecting the ecological and social values of Cockburn

Sound include:

• Supporting the implementation of international,

national, State and local regulations and guidelines to

control the use and management of tributyltin.

• Developing and implementing a Nutrient Management

Strategy.

• Continuing the current approach of cooperative best

management towards reducing nutrient loads to

Cockburn Sound from industrial, urban and rural

sources.

• Promoting recolonisation and re-establishment of

seagrass in areas of Cockburn Sound where it once

occurred by investigating the major constraints to

seagrass regrowth and, where practicable,

implementing remedial action.

• CSMC to provide comment on development proposals

in accordance with guidelines in Section 1.3.

• Supporting the proposal to recycle waste water and

remove industrial discharges (other than cooling water)

from Cockburn Sound.

iv

2. Facilitating multiple use of CockburnSound and its foreshore

The need to balance competing uses of the marine and

foreshore environment of Cockburn Sound in an

ecologically sustainable manner presents major challenges.

A key role of the Cockburn Sound Management Council

is to integrate the uses of the Sound to reach an acceptable

balance of outcomes across the full range of uses and users.

In approaching this task the Management Council

established a working group for each of the four main uses

of Cockburn Sound: recreational and commercial (for

example, fishing); industry; natural and cultural heritage;

and defence. Each working group described and mapped

the individual uses and determined compatibility within

and between uses.

None of the current uses was found to cause a level of

environmental impact or community conflict that would

require total exclusion of the use from Cockburn Sound

and its foreshore.

The main area of concern is that community use of the

eastern foreshore of Cockburn Sound is becoming

increasingly limited due to the construction of foreshore

developments and the erosion of beaches at Wells Park,

Challenger Beach and Woodman Point.

Whilst recognising that industry is the primary land use in

the Jervoise Bay and Kwinana areas, the Management

Council will be taking a cooperative approach to investigate

ways of improving community access to, and use of, the

eastern foreshore. Key issues to be addressed include

enhancing beaches and facilities at existing public access

points such as Challenger Beach, and identifying the

constraints to public access within the Kwinana and

Jervoise Bay areas and developing practical solutions with

stakeholders.

Other key considerations for the future management of

multiple uses in Cockburn Sound include the following:

• Recreational fishing pressure is predicted to increase

by about 30% in the next 10 years and by more than

50% in the next 20 years.

• Water sports (such as jet skiing, water skiing, boating

and sailing) are concentrated in Mangles Bay.

Integrated boating facilities are required to minimise

the current environmental impacts on seagrass

meadows and to cater for future demand.

• Kwinana and Jervoise Bay are the State’s prime heavy

industry and marine construction sites, respectively.

The Kwinana Industrial Area alone is estimated to

produce goods worth at least $3 billion/year.

• Potential future developments include the James Point

Private Port (which could include the live sheep trade)

and the proposed Fremantle Ports Outer Harbour.

• Protecting the remaining healthy meadows of seagrass

in the Sound is a high priority.

• The level of shipping and boat traffic in Cockburn

Sound will increase dramatically in future years, with

recreational boating predicted to increase 43% by 2011

and commercial shipping by 5% per year.

The Cockburn Sound Management Council will be

coordinating a comprehensive survey to establish future

types of use, areas of use and intensity of use for the long-

term environmental management of Cockburn Sound and

its foreshore.

3. Integrating management of the landand marine environments

Land uses within the catchment of Cockburn Sound include

urban, industrial and rural. Expansions of urban areas and

industrial land use are either planned or expected, in many

cases encroaching into rural areas. The main way that land

uses affect the marine environment is by contamination of

groundwater and surface water that flows into the Sound.

At present, nutrient inputs to the Sound are largely from

groundwater contaminated by industry, but these are

decreasing and the relative role of rural areas is starting to

become significant. There is less information on other

sources, such as urban stormwater and drainage.

Proposed catchment management strategies aimed at

minimising the overall impact of ground and surface water

contamination on the environmental values of Cockburn

Sound include:

• Assessing the effectiveness of existing planning

controls to limit nutrient inputs from urban, rural and

industrial sources.

• Working with local government and planning agencies

to establish planning mechanisms to protect the waters

of Cockburn Sound.

v

• Initiating a Catchment Partnership with rural, urban

and industrial land users to implement Environmental

Best Management Practices.

• Mapping the stormwater catchments around the

urbanised areas of Rockingham, Cockburn and

Kwinana and identifying discharge points into the

Sound.

4. Coordinating research andinvestigations

Cockburn Sound is one of the most intensively studied

marine systems in Western Australia. Much of this work

is reported in the Cockburn Sound Environmental Study

(1976-1979), the Southern Metropolitan Coastal Waters

Study (1991-1994) and most recently, the State of Cockburn

Sound (2001) report. These studies provide us with a broad

understanding of the physical and ecological processes that

define the Cockburn Sound environment and the main

pressures that threaten the values of this system.

The Cockburn Sound Management Council is responsible

for coordinating and, where appropriate, undertaking

research and investigations to improve the information and

knowledge base required for management. Key

recommendations aimed at filling the gaps in our

knowledge base of Cockburn Sound include:

• Developing an agreed method for evaluating the

cumulative impacts of current and future activities and

developments.

• Collecting additional data to improve our understanding

of water movement and coastal processes.

• Developing an agreed understanding of the effects of

nutrient inputs to Cockburn Sound.

• Determining the influence of the Garden Island

Causeway on the environmental quality of the Sound

and the potential environmental benefits of modifying

its design.

• Updating the inventory of contaminated sites, giving

priority to sites within five kilometres of Cockburn

Sound.

• Developing a better understanding of the social and

cultural aspects of Cockburn Sound that the community

values.

5. Monitoring and reporting onperformance


is to monitor the management actions of government

agencies, industry, Defence, local councils and user groups,

and to report to the community on their collective progress

towards a healthier Cockburn Sound.

The Environmental Management Plan outlines a

Community Awareness and Involvement Program which

entails:

• Report annually to the Board of the Water and RiversCommission, Minister for the Environment, theWestern Australian Parliament and the community onthe state of Cockburn Sound (CSMC: Annually).

• Producing monthly updates on progress through a

newsletter, Sound News.

• Seeking feedback through regular community forums.

• Providing a ‘shop front’ office in Rockingham where

the latest information on Cockburn Sound is easily

accessible.

• Developing a Web Reporting System to provide details

on specific management strategies for localised areas

in Cockburn Sound.

The CSMC is also responsible for coordinating the

Environmental Quality Monitoring Program for Cockburn

Sound, which will identify current and proposed

monitoring by various stakeholders.

Implementing the plan

Implementing the recommendations of the EnvironmentalManagement Plan will take place over the next seven years.In many instances, actions are already under way.

It is proposed to take a cooperative approach toimplementing the Plan with at least 14 government agenciesat a local, State and Commonwealth level and manycommunity and interest groups responsible for workingtogether to ensure that various recommendations arecompleted. The State government agencies will primarilybe responsible for pursuing funding for implementing thePlan, although many actions within the Plan rely heavilyupon community, industry and local and Commonwealthgovernment involvement.

The implementation table (Table 11) is a summary of therecommendations in this Plan.

vi

ACWA Aquaculture Council of Western Australia

AMSA Australian Maritime Safety Authority

ANZECC Australian New Zealand Environmental Conservation Council

AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service

ARMCANZ Agriculture and Resources Management Council of Australiaand New Zealand

CoC City of Cockburn

CoR City of Rockingham

CSMC Cockburn Sound Management Council

CPBA Cockburn Power Boat Association

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

CALM Conservation and Land Management

DoA Department of Agriculture

DoD Department of Defence

DoE Department of Environment

DoF Department of Fisheries

DoH Department of Health

DIA Department of Indigenous Affairs

DoIR Department of Industry and Resources

DPI Department for Planning and Infrastructure

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

FP Fremantle Ports

IMO International Maritime Organisation

KIC Kwinana Industries Council

LGAs Local Government Authorities

MPRA Marine Parks and Reserves Authority

RAN Royal Australian Navy

SoE State of the Environment

SWG South West Group

ToK Town of Kwinana

WRC Water and Rivers Commission

WC Water Corporation

WAFIC Western Australian Fishing Industry Council

LandCorp Western Australian Land Authority

WAM Western Australian Museum

WAMPA Western Australian Mussel Producers Association

WATC Western Australian Tourism Commission

WAVGA Western Australian Vegetable Growers Association

Acronyms

vii

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... iii

Setting the Scene ............................................................................................................... 1Why have an Environmental Management Plan for Cockburn Sound? ................................................................. 1Format of this Plan ............................................................................................................................................................ 2

Management Context ........................................................................................................ 3Principles ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3Policy ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4Planning and Implementation .......................................................................................................................................... 5

Management Response .......................................................................................................8

1. Protecting the Environmental Values of Cockburn Sound .................................................... 81.1 Past Management of Cockburn Sound ........................................................................................................... 81.2 The New Approach ............................................................................................................................................ 8

1.2.1 Environmental Values and Objectives ................................................................................................. 91.2.2 Environmental Quality Criteria ............................................................................................................ 91.2.3 A Benchmarking Exercise ...................................................................................................................... 91.2.4 Management Response ........................................................................................................................ 10

1.3 Maintaining a Healthy Marine Ecosystem… .................................................................................................. 111.4 Ensuring Safe Seafood for Eating ................................................................................................................... 171.5 Protecting the Health of Aquaculture Species ........................................................................................... 191.6 Maintaining Clean Waters for Swimming, Boating and Aesthetics ........................................................ 211.7 Ensuring Suitable Water Quality for Industry ............................................................................................ 24

2. Facilitating Multiple Use of Cockburn Sound and Its Foreshore........................................ 252.1 The Approach – Multiple Use Planning ....................................................................................................... 252.2 Recreational and Commercial Uses ............................................................................................................. 32

2.2.1 Water Sports ......................................................................................................................................... 322.2.2 Coastal Uses .......................................................................................................................................... 332.2.3 Fishing ...................................................................................................................................................... 342.2.4 Aquaculture............................................................................................................................................ 372.2.5 Nature-Based Tourism ......................................................................................................................... 382.2.6 Aesthetics ............................................................................................................................................... 39

2.3 Industrial Uses ................................................................................................................................................... 402.3.1 Industrial Land Uses ............................................................................................................................. 402.3.2 Ports, Harbours and Shipping ............................................................................................................ 44

2.4 Natural and Cultural Heritage Uses ............................................................................................................ 472.4.1 Marine Habitats ..................................................................................................................................... 472.4.2 Foreshore Habitats .............................................................................................................................. 502.4.3 Aboriginal Heritage .............................................................................................................................. 532.4.4 European Heritage ............................................................................................................................... 55

2.5 Defence ......................................................................................................................................................... 56

3. Integrating Management of the Land and Marine Environments ........................ 58

4. Coordinating Research and Investigations............................................................... 62

5. Monitoring and Reporting on Performance ............................................................ 64

Implementing the Plan ................................................................................................... 66

References ......................................................................................................................... 92

Contents

viii

Tables

1 Roles and Responsibilities of the Agencies Representedon the Cockburn Sound Management Council .............................................................................................. 6

2 Roles and Responsibilities of Community and InterestGroups Represented on the Cockburn Sound Management Council ...................................................... 7

3 Environmental Values and Objectives for Cockburn Sound ........................................................................ 9

4a Report Card: Maintaining a Healthy MarineEcosystem in Areas of High Level of Protection ......................................................................................... 12

4b Report Card: Maintaining a Healthy MarineEcosystem in Areas of Moderate Level of Protection ............................................................................... 13

5 Report Card: Safe Seafood for Eating ............................................................................................................ 18

6 Report Card: Protecting the Health of Aquaculture Species .................................................................. 20

7 Report Card: Clean Waters for Swimming and Boating ........................................................................... 22

8 Report Card: Clean Waters for Aesthetics ................................................................................................. 23

9 Multiple Use Planning for Cockburn Sound and its Foreshores ............................................................. 31

10 Details of Commercial Fisheries Operating in Cockburn Sound ............................................................ 35

11 Implementation Table ......................................................................................................................................... 69

Figures

1a Cockburn Sound Locality Map .......................................................................................................................... iii

1b Environmental Management Plan Area ............................................................................................................. 1

2 Natural and Cultural Values and Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore .................................... 26

3 Recreational and Commercial Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore........................................ 27

4 Industrial Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore ............................................................................. 28

5 Defence Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore ............................................................................... 29

6 Level of Potential Conflict Between Users of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore ........................... 30

7 Annual Commercial Fish Catches in Cockburn Sound Fisheries Block 9600(excluding mussels from aquaculture) ........................................................................................................... 35

8 Estimated Nitrogen Inputs to Cockburn Sound from; Outfall Discharges;Ground and Surface Water; Atmospheric Deposition; and Spills from ShipUnloading in 1978, 1990 and 2000 ................................................................................................................ 41

9 Types of Commodities Handled by the Fremantle Port Authority (1999/2000) ................................. 44

10 Land Uses in the Cockburn Sound Catchment ........................................................................................... 59

11 Pressure-State-Response Model ..................................................................................................................... 64

1

Setting the Scene

Cockburn Sound, which is located some 20 km south of

the Perth-Fremantle area, is the most intensively used

marine embayment in Western Australia (Figure 1a).

With its sheltered waters, diversity of marine life and close

proximity to Perth’s southern suburbs, Cockburn Sound is

highly valued by the community for recreational and

commercial purposes such as swimming, sailing, fishing,

aquaculture and tourism.

The embayment also provides a safe shipping anchorage

and a protected setting for significant maritime facilities

for the State’s major industrial and ship building complexes

and Australia’s naval forces.

The hinterland of Cockburn Sound supports a full range

of land uses including urban, rural, industrial,

defence and nature conservation.

These many, and sometimes competing, uses are placing

increasing pressure on the Sound and they will intensify

as the population in the catchment is expected to increase

by over 30% within the next 10 years. The need to manage

these complex, multiple uses and the associated

environmental impacts has never been greater.

In response, the Cockburn Sound Management Council

(CSMC/the Management Council) was established in

August 2000 to coordinate environmental planning and

management of Cockburn Sound and its catchment

(Figure 1b). The Management Council comprises

23 members who represent the community; recreation and

conservation groups; industry; and Commonwealth, State

and local governments.

At the same time as the Management Council was formed,

the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) commenced

drafting an Environmental Protection Policy (later revised

as a State Environmental Policy) for Cockburn Sound. The

Policy outlines the environmental values, objectives and

criteria for managing Cockburn Sound, and requires the

preparation of an Environmental Management Plan by the

Cockburn Sound Management Council.

The Minister for the Enviroment approved an interimEnvironmental Management Plan for Cockburn Sound andits Catchment in December 2002. Since this time the

Cockburn Sound Management Council has beencoordinating implementation of the Plan and as a resultmany of the recommendations contained in this finaldocument have commenced.

This document details the following five point plan of

action towards implementing the State Environmental

Policy:

This Plan builds on the previous studies including the

Cockburn Sound Environmental Study (Department of

Conservation and Environment, 1979), the Southern

Metropolitan Coastal Waters Study (Department of

Why have an Environmental ManagementPlan for Cockburn Sound?

EMP for Cockburn Sound and its Catchment

1. Protect ing the envi ronmenta l va lues ofCockburn Sound.

2. Facilitating multiple use of Cockburn Soundand its foreshore.

3. Integrating management of the land and marineenvironments.

4. Coordinating research and investigations.

5. Monitoring and reporting on performance.

Figure 1b. Environmental Management Plan area

2

Environmental Protection, 1996) and, a compilation of the

most recent work, the State of Cockburn Sound report

(DAL, 2001). Much of the background information in

this Plan is drawn directly from the State of Cockburn

Sound report.

In relation to the management area, the primary focus of

the Environmental Management Plan is the marine

environment of Cockburn Sound. The extent to which the

Plan deals with the terrestrial environment is limited to

those issues that directly or indirectly impact on the water

quality of the Sound, for example groundwater and surface

water contamination.

Other important catchment issues, such as the conservation

of wetlands and management of air quality, are addressed

in a range of management documents, which link to and

complement the Environmental Management Plan for

Cockburn Sound and its Catchment.

Format of this PlanThe Plan consists of the following sections:

Management Context – This section outlines the

principles and policies that guide the management of

Cockburn Sound and describes the relationship between

the State Environmental Policy and the Plan. The roles

and responsibilities of the bodies involved in implementing

the Plan are also listed.

Setting the Scene

Management Response – This section details a five point

action plan for Cockburn Sound and its catchment. The

format of each of the five sub-sections broadly follows the

approach taken by the Department of Conservation and

Land Management in management planning for marine

areas in the conservation estate of Western Australia.

Adopting this approach ensures that there will be

consistency in future planning and management of

Cockburn Sound and adjacent marine areas, such as the

Shoalwater Islands Marine Park.

This approach involves: recognising the key ecological

and social values; identifying the main issues regarding

these values; and developing management objectives and

recommendations to address these issues. Listed next to

each recommendation in the Plan are the agencies/groupsresponsible for implementation, together with the timeframe for commencing and completing the task.

Many of the management issues and recommendations

overlap within sections of the Plan. For example, the

protection of seagrass meadows is addressed in Section

1.3 Maintaining a Healthy Ecosystem, and in Section 2.4.1

Marine Habitats. Rather than eliminate this duplication,

each section is written to stand alone, enabling the reader

to find most of the relevant information in one place in the

Plan.

Implementing the Plan – This section proposes a

cooperative approach to implementing the Environmental

Management Plan and provides an Implementation Table

to assist in tracking progress.

3

Management Context

At a national level, the planning and management of marine

waters is guided by a range of strategies, including the

National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable

Development (Commonwealth of Australia, 1992), the

National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia’s

Biological Diversity (Commonwealth of Australia, 1996),

Australia’s Oceans Policy (Commonwealth of Australia,

1998), and the National Water Quality Management

Strategy, Paper No.4 (ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2001).

Australia’s Oceans Policy, in particular, provides specific

guidance on applying the concept of ecologically

sustainable development to the marine environment. The

following Principles for Ecologically Sustainable Ocean

Use are relevant to the planning and management of

Cockburn Sound:

Ecosystem integrity

The maintenance of healthy and productive marine

ecosystems is fundamental to the management of the

marine and land environments. If the potential impact of

an action is of concern, priority should be given to

maintaining ecosystem health and integrity.

Multiple use

Environmental, social, cultural and economic aspirations

are to be accommodated through integrated planning and

management of multiple uses of marine resources.

Community participation

The benefits from the use of common marine resources,

and the responsibility for their continued health and

productivity, should be shared by the whole community.

Ecologically sustainable marine-based industries

Ecologically sustainable marine industries provide

opportunities for wealth generation, employment and

regional development, in a manner that does not

compromise the social and ecological values.

Decision-making

The processes for assessing, planning, allocating and

managing marine resources should:

• be easily understood;

• be certain;

• have clear lines of accountability;

• provide for equity within and between generations;

• be designed to deliver outcomes that are clearly

transparent and balance long and short-term

environmental, social, cultural and economic

considerations;

• encourage cooperation and ensure coordination

between government agencies and across user groups;

and

• take into account wider interests and ensure effective

community involvement.

Knowledge

Management of the human activities that affect our marine

environment will require progressive improvement in our

understanding of living and non-living marine resources

and processes. Marine planning and management decisions

should be based on the best available scientific and other

information, recognising that information regarding marine

resources will often be limited.

Precautionary measures

Incomplete information should not be used as a reason for

postponing precautionary measures intended to prevent

serious or irreversible environmental degradation of the

marine environment.


Principles

4

At a local level the State Government has incorporated

the national strategies and principles into a State

Environmental Policy for Cockburn Sound. Through this

policy the Government established the management

framework to declare and protect the environmental values

of Cockburn Sound.

The State Environmental (Cockburn Sound) Policy (SEP)

is structured into a number of clauses and schedules and

two accompanying reference documents

Introduction to the Policy

The purpose of the State Environmental Policy for

Cockburn Sound is to identify the Policy area and protected

area to which the Policy applies. The SEP broadly aimsto:

• establish environmental values, environmental qualityobjectives and environmental quality criteria for thewaters of Cockburn Sound;

• identify a program to protect the environmental values;

• integrate environmental planning and management ofthe land and marine environment;

• establish an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)to coordinate management;

• provide a mechanism for the Management Council tocoordinate environmental management efforts; and

• provide for regular reporting on progress againstobjectives.

Environmental values, environmental qualityobjectives, environmental quality criteria for theprotected area

These describe the actual values that are to be protected;the environmental quality objectives necessary to achieveor maintain those values; and the criteria used to measurewhether or not the objectives are being met, including thearea to which they apply. This approach is broadlyconsistent with the National Water Quality ManagementStrategy.

Program to protect environmental values andachieve environmental quality criteria

The Policy establishes a framework to protect the

environmental values of Cockburn Sound, and a

management program to implement the framework. The

EMP for Cockburn Sound is a key component of both the

framework and management program. It is through this

part of the State Environmental Policy that the CSMC is

required to prepare an Environmental Management Plan

for Cockburn Sound. The Policy states that the

Environmental Management Plan will be reviewed as

necessary and will include community consultation.

Schedules

The schedules contain the maps showing the location of

the SEP area and the environmental quality areas, together

with the decision schemes for applying the environmental

quality criteria.

Reference Document

The tables detailing the environmental quality criteria,

together with the standard procedures for collecting and

analysing samples and data, have been prepared by the

EPA and are located outside the SEP in accompanying

Reference Documents.

Policy

Management Context

5

The Cockburn Sound State Environmental Policy provides

the basis for the Environmental Management Plan.

Under this arrangement the Management Council is

charged with developing the Plan for the waters of

Cockburn Sound and its catchment which will:

• Incorporate the environmental quality objectives and

criteria of the SEP.

• Recognise and facilitate multiple use management of

Cockburn Sound.

• Foster the integration of environmental planning and

management for the land and marine environment.

Traditionally, environmental management plans have been

produced after the relevant policy for an area has been

completed. In the case of Cockburn Sound, the decision

was made to develop a Policy and EMP concurrently. This

ensured that the community and interested stakeholders,

such as industry and local user groups, were involved in

shaping the ‘on-ground’ management response.

The CSMC has developed this Plan, where Section 1 relates

directly to the SEP. The remaining sections relate to the

CSMC’s broader responsibilities including:

• Administering and coordinating the implementation ofthe Plan, and publicly reporting on its performance inachieving its stated objectives.

• Investigating, monitoring, reviewing and reporting onenvironmental objectives, criteria and targets.

• Coordinating and/or undertaking research andinvestigations as a basis for development andimplementation of management objectives.

• Reporting annually to the Board of the Water and RiversCommission, Minister for the Environment, theWestern Australian Parliament and the community onthe state of Cockburn Sound.

In implementing the Plan, the Management Council will

draw upon the skills, experience and legislative powers of

its broad membership, which includes representatives of

the general community, recreation and conservation groups,

industry, Defence and local, State and Commonwealth

government agencies. Table 1 provides a summary of the

roles and responsibilities of the agencies represented on

the Management Council.

The Management Council also has community, recreation,

conservation, and local industry representatives. Council

membership of these groups, together with representatives

of the broader community, is one of several important

mechanisms used to directly obtain community views on

issues referred to the Council for consideration and

comment. Details of the representatives of community

groups and local industry are provided in Table 2.

Planning and Implementation

Management Context

6

Table 1. Roles and Responsibilities of the Agencies Represented on the Cockburn Sound Management Council

Land Management(CALM)

City of Rockingham(CoR)

Research Organisation (CSIRO)

Management Context

Agency Role and Responsibilities

Department of Environment (DoE) Assists the Environmental Protection Authority in the process of assessing proposals that maysignificantly affect the environment and in developing policies.Administers pollution control

legislation through planning approvals and licensing mechanisms under the EnvironmentalProtection Act 1986.

Water and Rivers Commission (WRC) Investigates, assists, plans and promotes the protection and efficient use of water resources.Manages the taking of groundwater and surface water under the Rights in Water and IrrigationAct 1914.

Department of Conservation and Provides the lead role in the conservation of native plants and animals through integrated

management of terrestrial and marine reserves. Roles include: implementation of managementplans; wildlife research; and management of nature-based tourism.

Department for Planning and Infrastructure(DPI) Coordinates land use and transport infrastructure planning, and service delivery in WesternAustralia. Principal focus and outcomes include:

• Strategic planning for land use and infrastructure.• Provision of infrastructure, transport, land development, and property administration

services.

In Cockburn Sound, DPI is responsible for maritime facilities, coastal management advice,marine safety and navigation, and co-ordination of pollution response.

Fremantle Ports (FP) Ensures that port services and facilities within Fremantle Harbour are provided in a reliable,competitive and efficient way. The outer boundary of Fremantle Harbour extends south to

include Cockburn Sound.

Department of Fisheries(DoF) Manages and conserves fish and fish habitat resources, licenses commercial and recreational

fishers, undertakes research and compliance activities to ensure the sustainable use of theresources. Provides research, development and licensing services for aquaculture production.

Water Corporation(WC) Provides water, waste water and drainage services throughout the Cockburn Sound catchment.

Department of Industry and Resources (DoIR) Manages State Agreements under which most of the major industries at Kwinana operate.

Assists development and establishment of major new resource processing projects. Advisesgovernment on strategic policy and planning for industrial land use and infrastructure. Overseesthe State’s economic development to maximise benefits deriving from new and emerging

industries and technologies, while supporting competitiveness of existing industries.

City of Cockburn (CoC),Town of Kwinana (ToK) Three local government authorities are partly situated within the Cockburn Sound catchment.

They have responsibility for local planning and development control. The Town Planning andDevelopment Act 1928 – 1986 also confers several important powers through the preparation oftown planning schemes, approval of development proposals and advice to the Western

Australian Planning Commission.

Royal Australian Navy (RAN) Protects Australia’s security interests as part of the Australian Defence Force. The Royal

Australian Navy operates the HMAS Stirling Naval base on Garden Island.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Performs research and development in areas of economic and social value, including:

agriculture, minerals and energy, manufacturing, communications, construction, health and theenvironment.

7

Table 2. Roles and Responsibilities of Community and Interest Groups Represented on the Cockburn SoundManagement Council

Growers Association

Management Context

Representative Group or Interest Roles and Responsibility

General CommunityMembers Represent the general community interests and facilitate opportunities for broad community

involvement in managing Cockburn Sound.

Cockburn Powerboat Association Offers a range of services for small recreational boat owners in areas of safety support, fishing

and diving activities, and social facilities. Located at the Woodman Point Marina.

Community Networking Inc. Actively presents the community position on issues affecting the future of the South West

Metropolitan Area. Facilitates communication between communities and raises awareness ofissues through information displays, public meetings and media channels.

Conservation Council Western Australia’s peak organisation for the conservation movement. Campaigns, lobbies andinforms the public and Governments regarding conservation and sustainability issues.

Kwinana Industries Council (KIC) Represents industries within the State’s major industrial complex. Coordinates the response ofKwinana industries to a range of issues, including environmental matters. Aims to provideeffective and positive liaison with the community.

Recfishwest Represents recreational fishers and aims to raise community awareness of the importance ofprotecting the aquatic environment. Ensures that responsible authorities are aware of potential

impacts that proposed developments can have on fish stocks and habitats.

South West Group A regional organisation of Councils comprising the Cities of Fremantle, Melville, Cockburn, and

Rockingham, and the Towns of East Fremantle and Kwinana.Acts as a regional advocate for thefuture development and wellbeing of South West Metropolitan Perth. It seeks to position localgovernment as a facilitator and senior partner in the region’s future.

Western Australian Fishing Industry Council Provides the formal link between the commercial fishing industry and government, Departmentof Fisheries, and other groups such as conservation and environmental groups, recreational

fishers and tourism operators.Represents the interests of the seafood, pearling and aquacultureindustries.

Western Australian Vegetable Represents the interests of horticulturists in the catchment of Cockburn Sound on sustainablerural land use issues.

8

This section relates directly to the State Environmental

(Cockburn Sound )Policy 2004 and details how the CSMC

proposes to implement the Policy. Section 1 details the

approach to protect the full range of ecological and social

values and uses of Cockburn Sound from pollution, waste

discharges (for example, industrial effluent) and deposits

(for example, dredge spoil).

1.1 Past Management ofCockburn Sound

The eastern foreshore of the Sound is home to the State’s

heavy industrial area and since 1955 liquid waste products

have been discharged into its waters.

The first comprehensive environmental study of the Sound

between 1976 and 1979 identified a large variety of

contaminants in industrial discharges entering the Sound.

The study recorded the deterioration of water quality and

widespread death and loss of seagrass beds (Department

of Conservation and Environment, 1979). Industry

responded by reducing contaminant and nutrient

discharges, particularly nitrogen, and by the early 1980s

the Sound’s water quality was much improved.

By the late 1980s the water quality in the Sound had

declined again, triggering a second comprehensive

investigation – the Southern Metropolitan Coastal Waters

Study (1991-1994). This study found that seagrass dieback

had slowed considerably, but nutrient-related water quality

was only slightly better than in the late 1970s.

Contaminated groundwater had replaced direct industrial

pipeline discharge as the main nitrogen input to the Sound,

and came mainly from the southern part of the Kwinana

Industrial Area and industries within the Jervoise Bay

hinterland.

Industrial discharge of metals and organic contaminants

(e.g. pesticides and petroleum products) had decreased

substantially, as had contamination of sediments and biota.

There was, however, widespread contamination of

sediments and mussels with tributyltin (TBT, a highly toxic

ingredient in antifoulant paints commonly applied to boats),

with particularly high levels near harbours, marinas, and

commercial and naval wharves. The introduction of foreign

marine organisms via shipping activities (ballast discharge,

hull fouling) was also raised as a concern.

A review of the most recent studies (DAL, 2001) has

confirmed that a mix of co-operative and regulatory

management has resulted in no further deterioration of the

overall health of surviving seagrass meadows, and no

significant losses related to water quality. Overall nutrient-

related water quality has improved slightly since the early

1990s, apart from in the Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour.

Nutrient inputs from human activities have declined from

an estimated 2000 tonnes/year in 1978 to about 300 tonnes/

year in 2000, about 70% of which is from groundwater.

However, tributyltin levels in sediments still remain high

in Jervoise Bay and Careening Bay.

1.2 The New Approach

To continue the positive trend towards a healthier marine

environment within Cockburn Sound, the State

Government has broadly adopted the national approach to

water quality management (ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2001).

This approach involves:

Step 1 Identifying the environmental values ofCockburn Sound, which cover ecologicalcomponents and social uses. Environmentalvalues are defined as ‘particular values or uses ofthe environment that are important for a healthyecosystem or for public benefit, welfare, safetyor health and which require protection from theeffects of pollution, waste discharges and deposits’(ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2001).

Step 2 Developing environmental quality objectivesfor each of the environmental values identifiedand determining the area to which they shouldapply. An environmental quality objective isdefined as a specific management goal that canbe either ecosystem-based by describing thedesired level of health for the ecosystem orsocially based by describing the specific uses tobe protected (for example, swimming).

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1. Protecting the Environmental Values ofCockburn Sound


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Step 3 Establishing the environmental quality criteria,which are numerical values or descriptivestatements that serve as benchmarks against whichto measure whether the environmental qualityobjectives have been achieved. Each criterionconsists of:

• a Guideline – used as an initial assessment ofenvironmental quality, which if exceeded willtrigger a more detailed assessment.

• a Standard – used to assess whether anenvironmental quality objective has beenachieved, which if exceeded will trigger amanagement response.

Step 4 Comparing the monitoring data for CockburnSound against the quality criteria to determine ifkey biological, chemical and physical indicatorsare within limits.

Step 5 Initiating appropriate management responses if theenvironmental quality criteria are exceeded.

1.2.1 Environmental Values andObjectives

Using this approach, the environmental values and

objectives for Cockburn Sound have been determined

(Table 3) and they form the basis of the Sound’s State

Environmental Policy.

For the objective of maintaining ecosystem integrity, three

levels of protection – high, moderate and low - have been

defined in terms of structure (e.g. biodiversity, biomass,

and abundance of biota) and function (e.g. food chains

and nutrient cycles). Schedule 2 of the SEP shows the

boundaries of these areas in Cockburn Sound.

These levels of protection reflect the community’s

expectation that Cockburn Sound should be a healthy,

abundant, and diverse natural environment, yet at the same

time accommodate other valid societal uses such as

industrial development, shipping, and harbours, even

though they can lower environmental quality or preclude

certain social uses in localised areas (Environmental

Protection Authority, 2000).

1.2.2 Environmental Quality Criteria

The Environmental Protection Authority has developed

environmental quality criteria (environmental benchmarks)

for the environmental objectives of the Sound, in

consultation with the main stakeholders. The types of

measurements for which criteria have been developed

include: nutrient-related effects; contaminant levels in

water and sediments; biological indicators of excessive

levels of contaminants or nutrients; safety of seafood forhuman consumption; recreational safety (e.g. faecalbacteria in water, harmful algal blooms); and aesthetics

(e.g. water clarity and colour, dust films, faunal deaths,

rubbish, maintenance of aesthetic features and natural

character of the area).

1.2.3 A Benchmarking Exercise

The environmental quality criteria for Cockburn Sound

will be compared against the current data available for the

Sound. In some cases additional data will need to be

collected before this comparison can be made.

This comparison, or ‘bench-marking’ exercise, will be

simplified and summarised in the form of ‘report cards’,

rather like a school report, to allow managers and the

community to clearly see the areas where a management

response is required.

Environmental Values Environmental Quality Objectives

Ecosystem Health Maintenance of ecosystem integrity in terms of structure (e.g. biodiversity, biomass, andabundance of biota) and function (e.g. food chains and nutrient cycles).

Seafood Safe for Eating Maintenance of aquatic life for human consumption, such that seafood is safe for humanconsumption when collected or grown.

Aquaculture Maintenance of aquaculture, such that water is of a suitable quality for aquaculture purposes.

Recreation and Aesthetics Maintenance of primary contact recreation values, such that primary contact recreation (e.g.swimming) is safe.Maintenance of secondary contact recreation values, such that secondarycontact recreation (e.g. boating) is safe.Maintenance of aesthetic values, such that the aesthetic

values are protected.

Industrial Water Supply Maintenance of industrial water supply values, such that water is of suitable quality for industrial

water supply purposes.

Section 1. relates directlyto the SE

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Table 3. Environmental Values and Objectives for Cockburn Sound

Section 1: Protecting the Values of Cockburn Sound

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It should be noted that the ‘report card’ assessment is very

general by nature, relating to the whole of Cockburn Sound.

It provides a broad assessment of the scale of the problems

and the overall management response. Localised events

that are often transient in nature (for example, algal blooms)

are not covered. It is also not practical to report on all of

the individual criteria as the list of indicators is very

extensive. For example, the criteria for toxicants in

sediments and water, which will be broadly based on the

Australian guidelines (ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2001), is

likely to cover more than 50 different chemical indicators.

Using this extensive list as a starting point, the Cockburn

Sound Management Council will coordinate a process to

identify the toxicants that pose the greatest potential risk

to the health of Cockburn Sound. These priority

contaminants will then form the basis of the monitoring

program and will be the key indicators listed on the ‘report

cards’.

Over time, as more information on the condition of

Cockburn Sound becomes available, the Management

Council intends to improve the reporting system by

providing more detailed ‘report cards’ for particular

locations within the Sound (for example, Jervoise Bay).

This will enable local communities to have a better

understanding of the condition of their particular section

of coastline.

1.2.4 Management Response

Where the existing data or monitoring programs indicate

environmental quality criteria have been exceeded, the

Cockburn Sound Management Council will be responsible

for coordinating a response and reporting to the

Environmental Protection Authority, the community and,

in some cases, the Minister for the Environment. The level

of the response is determined by whether a guideline or

standard has been exceeded.

In instances where the guideline is exceeded, the

Management Council will review the information before

it and assess whether in relation to the exceedance there is

a relevant public authority and then:

• where it identifies that there is a relevant public

authority, refer the exceedance of the environmental

quality guideline to be investigated and reported by

the relevant public authority against the environmental

quality criteria, within a timeframe agreed with the

Cockburn Sound Management Council.

• where it identifies that there is no relevant public

authority, investigate the exceedance.

Monitoring against the guidelines provides an early

warning of potential environmental problems.

At the next level of concern, if the standard is exceeded,

the Management Council will report the exceedance to the

Environmental Protection Authority and the Minister for

the Environment as soon as practicable.

The CSMC will then review the information before it and

assess whether in relation to the exceedance there is a

relevant public authority and then;

• Where it identifies a relevant public authority, refer

the exceedance to the authority to investigate and

implement an appropriate management response that

takes into account reasonable and practicable measures,

within a timeframe agreed with the Cockburn Sound

Management Council.

• where it identifies that there is no relevant public

authority, investigate the exceedance and advise the

Environmental Protection Authority and the Minister

for the Environment on the best means of meeting

environmental quality objectives for Cockburn Sound.

If the exceedence of an environmental quality standard is

assessed to be the result of a discharge and:

• the discharge is assessed as being from licensed

premises or approved under Part IV of the

Environmental Protection Act 1986, the management

response will be implemented by the licensee or the

proponent and the relevant public authority, within a

timeframe agreed with those parties and the Cockburn

Sound Management Council.

• the discharge is assessed as being caused by or found

to be from a diffuse source, unlicensed premise or from

other activities, a management response will be

coordinated through the Cockburn Sound Management

Council.

The CSMC will report to the Minister for the Environment

the results of any investigations and advise on the adequacy

of management responses in relation to the maintenance

of environmental quality objectives for Cockburn Sound.

The CSMC will also report what management action has

been implemented to the public.

Pollution events and breaches of industry licence

conditions will continue to be dealt with by the Department

of Environment under the existing regulatory and

enforcement powers of the Environmental Protection Act

1986.

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The management response to protecting the environmental

values is described in the remainder of Section 1 and

involves:

1.3 Maintaining a healthy marine ecosystem;

1.4 Ensuring safe seafood for eating;

1.5 Protecting the health of aquaculture species;

1.6 Maintaining clean waters for swimming, boating and

aesthetics; and

1.7 Ensuring suitable water quality for industry.

1.3 Maintaining a HealthyMarine Ecosystem

Perth’s coastal waters are within a region of

biogeographical ‘overlap’, that extends from Cape Leeuwin

to North West Cape. This overlap is between the main

temperate biogeographic region (Cape Leeuwin to South

Australia) and tropical biogeographic region (north-east

of North West Cape). Perth’s waters are at the southern

end of the overlap region, so temperate species

predominate.

Perth’s coastal waters have the highest number of species

of seagrass in Australia. There are only about 50 species

of seagrass worldwide, 13 of which are found in Perth’s

coastal waters. There are six main ‘meadow-forming’

species: Amphibolis griffithii, A. antarctica, Posidonia

australis, P. sinuosa, P. angustifolia and P. coriacea.

The most dense stands of seagrass occur in shallow

sheltered areas and consist of meadows of P. sinuosa or

P. australis. Cockburn Sound had extensive areas of these

species before the massive seagrass die-off that occurred

in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

The distribution of seagrass, sand, reef and silt habitats in

Cockburn Sound are shown in Figure 2.

The fauna of Cockburn Sound have been studied less

regularly and extensively than the flora. A 1960s benthic

survey of Cockburn Sound recorded 119 species of

prosobranch gastropods and 157 species of bivalve

molluscs. In total the mollusc fauna was estimated to be in

excess of 400 species – a very large and diverse fauna for

such a small area (pers. com., Dr B.R. Wilson – Marine

Parks and Reserves Authority 2002). The Department of

Fisheries believes that the whole of the Sound is significant

as a fish nursery and habitat (Department of Fisheries,

pers. com., 2001).

A population of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops sp.) resides

in Cockburn Sound, and has become a popular tourist

attraction. About 180 animals have been identified and

approximately a quarter of these are adult females with

calves, which is unusually high for dolphin populations

(Donaldson, unpublished data) see Text Box on Dolphins

Section 2.4.

Since at least 1986, a small colony of adult Little Penguins

(Eudyptula minor) has inhabited the limestone walling at

Careening Bay, Garden Island. Migratory birds also

regularly utilise Garden Island with14 species recognised

under the Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement and/

or China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement.

A healthy Cockburn Sound marine ecosystem is a

significant community asset, providing a range of

ecological (e.g. fish habitat, seagrass meadows) and social

values (e.g. swimming, fishing, aquaculture).

The integrity of an ecosystem, such as Cockburn Sound,

is maintained when the level of change resulting from

human activities remains within the limits that avoid an

unacceptable risk of irreversible change or decline.

Based on the best available information and expert advice,

an assessment of the health of the marine ecosystem is

reported in Tables 4a and 4b for areas afforded a high level

of protection (the broader area of Cockburn Sound) and a

moderate level of protection (the eastern foreshore),

respectively.

The Report Cards for Ecosystem Health (Tables 4a and b)

show that the main areas of concern are:

• tributyltin (TBT) levels in the sediments in Jervoise

Bay;

• seagrass health at sample locations in Garden Island

and Mangles Bay; and

• Chlorophyll ‘a’ and Light Attenuation levels along the

eastern foreshore and within Mangles Bay.

The CSMC will be developing a web reporting system

that will include maps showing the specific locations of

these areas of concern or ‘hot spots’.


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Table 4a. Report Card:Maintaining a Healthy Marine Ecosystem in Areas of High Level of Protection

Subject: Ecosystem Health in Areas of a High Level ofProtection (broader area of Cockburn Sound)

Environmental Quality *Management CommentsIndicators Response

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Metals and Metalloids

Non-metallic InorganicsOrganicsPesticidesHerbicides and FungicidesSurfactantsHydrocarbonsMiscellaneous / Others

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

LEGEND

* Management Response:

Monitor – Below guideline; continue monitoring. – Below normal laboratory detection limits.

Investigate – Above guideline; investigate and, where necessary, take precautionary action.

Action Required – Above standard; initiate management response.

Research – Additional information required to establish state of the Sound and/or criteria.

123412341234

Report Card 2004

For the range of water toxicants monitored todate (April 2003), levels are either below theguidelines or below normal laboratory detectionlimits.These parameters were not intended to besampled on an annual basis.

Additional sampling for TBT required.

For the range of sediment toxicants monitoredto date (April 2003), levels are either below theguidelines or below normal laboratory detectionlimits. Sampling did not ocurr this sampleperiod.


Organometallics (e.g. TBT)

Organics

Phytoplankton Blooms• Chlorophyll ‘a’

Seagrass

• Shoot density• Depth limits

Phytoplankton Biomass met the guideline.Most seagrass sites met the guideline. Seagrassshoot density exceeded the guideline at theshallowest northern Garden Island site andthe standard at the Garden IslandSettlement site. Mangles Bay may becomeaffected by continued poor water quality.(see Recommendations 14–17).

Algal Growth Potential• Periphyton

Periphyton growth has been discontinued. Anew measure for algal growth potential hasyet to be developed.

• Chlorophyll ‘a’• Light Attenuation• Dissolved Oxygen• Temperature• Salinity• pH

Chlorophyll ‘a’ met the guideline. Elevated levels didoccur around Jervoise Bay and Mangles Bay.Light Attenuation exceeded the guideline.Key areas of concern were around Jervoise Bayand Mangles Bay. Continue investigations andprecautionary actions (see Recommendations 9–13).Sampling for pH should be incorporated.

The ‘report cards’ provide a broad assessment of Cockburn Sound and indicate the overall management response required.

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Table 4b. Report Card:Maintaining a Healthy Marine Ecosystem in areas of Moderate Level of Protection

Subject: Ecosystem Health in Areas of a Moderate Levelof Protection (eastern foreshore)


Phy

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LEGEND






123123123

Report Card 2004

For the range of water toxicants monitored todate (April 2003), levels are either below theguidelines or below normal laboratory detectionlimits.

These parameters were not intended to besampled on an annual basis.

Metals and MetalloidsNon-metallic InorganicsOrganicsPesticidesHerbicides and FungicidesSurfactantsHydrocarbonsMiscellaneous / Others

Organometallics (e.g. TBT)


Organics

TBT met the guideline in the general moderate protectionarea. Key areas surrounding the harbours and theKwinana Bulk Jetty exceeded their guideline. The re-sample trigger was exceeded in Jervoise Bay NorthHarbour (map) (see Recommendations 5 and 6). TBTlevels are increasing in the harbours and no data isavailable for Careening Bay (naval waters).For the range of sediment toxicants monitored, levels aregenerally below guidelines or below normal laboratorydetection limits. Cadmium levels at the Kwinana Bulk Jettytriggered an investigation in 2003. Further testing inSeptember 2003 did not require re-sampling but were stillof concern. Current levels (April 2004) are below guidelines.

Phytoplankton Blooms• Chlorophyll ‘a’

Seagrass

• Median shoot density• Minimum shoot density

Phytoplankton biomass met the guideline in thegeneral moderate protection area. Jervoise Baysouth harbour exceeded its guideline. Thenorthern harbour exceeded its standard.Continue management actions to reduce nutrients,with priority on groundwater sources. (seeRecommendations 9–13).Seagrass shoot density met the standard.

Algal Growth Potential• Periphyton

Periphyton growth has beendiscontinued. A new measure for algalgrowth potential has yet to bedeveloped.

Chlorophyll ‘a’ and Light Attenuationexceeded the guidelines.Continue investigations and precautionaryactions. (see Recommendations 9–13).

Sampling for pH should be incorporated.

• Chlorophyll ‘a’• Light Attenuation• Dissolved Oxygen• Temperature• Salinity• pH

14

ISSUES

Sediment Contamination

• A 1999 sediment survey found that contaminant levels

were well below environmental guidelines, apart from

TBT in some areas. TBT levels in sediments were

generally lower than in 1994, but still high in the

Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour area and adjacent to

naval facilities in Careening Bay. Considerable action

is being taken to reduce the environmental impact of

TBT through complementary international guidelines,

State regulatory controls and port restrictions on

activities considered to present the greatest threat (see

Text Box on TBT below).

Water Quality

• Overall nutrient-related water quality has improved

only slightly since the early 1990s despite the large

decline in nitrogen inputs from human activities from

an estimated 1080 tonnes in 1990 to about 300 tonnes

in 2000. A better understanding of the relationship

between nutrient inputs (particularly with discharging

groundwater) and water quality indicators (e.g.

chlorophyll ‘a’ and light attenuation) is required. In

the interim, all practicable efforts will continue to be

made to reduce nitrogen inputs from human activities.

• The Water Corporation and local Kwinana industries

have jointly developed a proposal to construct a water

treatment plant to produce high quality, industrial grade

water from secondary treated effluent drawn from the

Cape Peron pipeline. Treated waste water from local

industries would re-enter the pipeline for disposal off-

shore (4.2 km) into the Sepia Depression. The end

result would be the removal of discharges of industrial

waste water into Cockburn Sound, other than the return

of seawater used for cooling purposes.

Seagrass

• The total area of seagrass within the management area

of the Management Council has declined from 2,821 ha

in 1965/67 to 632.3 ha in 1999, a reduction of 78%

(DAL, 2001). Recent surveys show there has been no

significant region-wide changes in the status of seagrass

medows between 1998 and 2004. Seagrass in the

Mangles Bay area however remains highly stressed

(Lavery and Westera, 2004).

Development Proposals

• Physical alterations to the shoreline and seabed, such

as dredging and rock breakwater construction, may

result in the direct loss of habitat and the suspension of

fine sediment and soil particles causing water turbidity

problems and the deposition of materials on benthic

communities. In future all such works will be required

to meet the environmental quality criteria for

maintaining ecosystem integrity detailed in the SEP for

Cockburn Sound.

Tributyltin (TBT), the principal toxic ingredient of

antifouling paints used on ships’ hulls since the mid-

1960s has been found to produce deformities in

various shellfish such as oysters and sea snails. TBT

antifouling paints work by releasing, in a controlled manner,

small quantities of TBT, which is toxic to fouling organisms.

Although TBT dissolved in the water column breaks down

into much less harmful products within days, its accumulation

in bottom sediments, particularly in heavily used areas such

as ports, marinas and ship maintenance areas, requires

longer periods for breakdown to occur.

The potential adverse environmental impacts of TBT-based

antifouling systems are understood at a local, national and

international level. Considerable action has been undertaken

to reduce the impact through complementary international

MANAGEMENT OF TRIBUTYLTIN (TBT)

guidelines, regulatory controls at a State level and Fremantle

Port restrictions on activities considered to present the greatest

threats, for example, use on small craft, hull cleaning and dry

dock maintenance facilities. A comprehensive 1999 sediment

contamination survey conducted in waters surrounding

Fremantle Port has confirmed that TBT levels have declined

dramatically since the previous 1996 study and that only three

of the 31 sites sampled had elevated TBT levels at which further

investigation for potential environmental impacts should be

undertaken.

The International Maritime Organisation intends to introduce

a complete prohibition on the presence of TBT antifouling

systems on ships from 1 January 2008. This, combined with

local controls, is expected to result in significant reductions in

TBT in the marine environment to levels that will not adversely

impact on any aspect of the marine environment.

Source: Fremantle Port Authority Environmental Fact Sheet No.1 The Management of Tributyltin (TBT) Anti-foulants in Western Australia, July 2001.

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• The cumulative impacts of developments along the

coastline are difficult to measure and predict. Future

developments in Cockburn Sound should be guided

by the following principles (see Text Box below):

• Events and activities which have the potential to impact

on the ecological and social values of Cockburn Sound,

yet are transient and often localised in nature (such as

algal blooms, beach erosion from storms, and fauna

deaths), can be difficult to routinely detect and manage.

An early alert system involving a network of

government, community and individual stakeholders

is required.


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OVERALL OBJECTIVE

• To maintain the integrity of the Cockburn Sound marine

ecosystem.

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

• To improve the overall quality of water and sediments

to levels that meet the environmental quality standards

for Cockburn Sound and, in the long term, the

environmental quality guidelines.

• To maintain the ecological value, abundance, species

diversity and range of habitat types.

• To ensure that development proposals do not have a

significant adverse impact on the ecological and social

values of Cockburn Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Environmental Quality Criteria

1. Continue to develop the environmental quality criteria

and refine the boundaries for the levels of protection

for marine ecosystem integrity (EPA: 2002 – Ongoing).

2. Develop and implement an Environmental Quality

Monitoring Program, in partnership with stakeholders.

The Program will be based on the environmental

indicators for ecosystem integrity, with priority on

monitoring TBT levels, seagrass health, and the water

quality indicators of chlorophyll ‘a’ and light

attenuation (CSMC, DoE, WRC, KIC, DoD, FP,

commercial users: 2002 - Ongoing).

3. Where the data for the environmental indicators exceed

the criteria, implement management action according

to Section 1.2.4 Management Response (CSMC: 2005

– Ongoing).

4. In consultation with major stakeholders, review and

evaluate the effectiveness of the environmental quality

criteria for ecosystem integrity and the ‘report card’

approach (EPA: Annually).

Sediment Quality

5. Support the implementation of international, national,

State and local regulations and guidelines to control

the use and management of TBT (IMO, AMSA, FP,

DoD, DoE, CSMC: 2002 – Ongoing).

6. Coordinate investigations into the cause of both diffuse

and point sources of the elevated TBT levels in Jervoise

Bay and Careening Bay and, in conjunction with

COCKBURN SOUND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENTS

AFFECTING THE SHORELINE AND SEABED

Guidelines that will be used by CSMC when providing adviceon future developments :

1. Proponents should take all reasonable efforts to limit(minimise) the environmental impacts resulting from theproposed development.

2. If despite taking all reasonable efforts, significant impactsremain, offsets will be required which address those impactson environmental values; without trade between ecologicaland social values.

3. Offsets should be:

• Appropriately located: preferably within the area affected,but must be within the management area of the Council.

• Enduring: the offset must be enduring in nature by permanentlyachieving a no net loss outcome in respect to permanentimpacts, while temporary impacts must be rehabilitated as soonas practicable but within a defined period of time.

• Targeted: the offset should replace the loss of ecological and/or social value wherever possible on a like-for-like basis.

When providing comment on a proposal for development, the CSMCwill consider:

• the extent to which the proposal includes measures that limit andmitigate the environmental impacts of the development in order toachieve guideline No. 1; and

• the offsets set out in the proposal and the extent to which theymeet guidelines No. 2 and No. 3.

Unless the CSMC is satisfied that the guidelines are adequately metby the development proposal, the CSMC may be unable to supportthe development. In providing its advice, the Council recognisesthat defining suitable “offsets” involves a degree of subjectivejudgement and may seek wide advice (including from the EPA) beforecoming to a view on the offsets contained in the proposal.

16

relevant authorities, take appropriate action. Report

to the Environmental Protection Authority on the

outcomes of the management response (CSMC, DoD,

FP, industry: 2002 - Ongoing).

7. Encourage investigations to look at the potential

impacts of alternative fouling control products (FP,

DPI, DoD, CSMC - 2002 - Ongoing).

8. Continue to monitor metals and metalloids in sediments

adjacent to jetties to ensure the ecological and social

values of Cockburn Sound are protected (CSMC, DoE,

Industry, FP, DoD: 2002 - Ongoing).

Water Quality

9. Continue the current approach of cooperative bestmanagement towards reducing nutrient loads toCockburn Sound from industrial, urban and ruralsources (CSMC, KIC, LGAs, rural industries, DoA,community: Ongoing).

10. Coordinate research and investigations so as to betterunderstand why reductions in nutrient inputs into theSound from human activities since the 1990s haveresulted in only a slight improvement in nutrient-relatedwater quality indicators (e.g. chlorophyll ‘a’ levels andlight attenuation readings). Report to the EnvironmentalProtection Authority on the outcomes of theinvestigations and implications for environmentalquality criteria (CSMC, DoE, WRC, KIC: 2005 -2007).

11. Develop and implement a Nutrient ManagementStrategy, in consultation with major stakeholders,consistant with the outcome of RecommendationNo. 10 above. The Strategy will cover: the sources ofnutrients; nutrient hot-spots; nutrient recovery fromgroundwater, stormwater disposal, drain management,industrial discharges, catchment management,community awareness, research, and fundingarrangements (CSMC: 2002 - Ongoing).

12. Support the proposal by the Water Corporation andlocal Kwinana industries to recycle waste water andremove industrial discharges (other than cooling water)that flow into Cockburn Sound (WC, KIC, CSMC:2002 – Ongoing).

13. Continue to work with managers of the Swan-Canning

and Peel-Harvey systems and the Perth coastal waters

to minimise nutrient and other inputs (e.g. oil spillage)

from adjacent waters to Cockburn Sound (CSMC,

WRC, CALM, DPI: Ongoing).

Seagrass Meadows

14. Conduct site specific studies in the Mangles Bay and

Kwinana area to determine sources of stress to seagrass

meadows (CSMC, DoE, WRC, CoR, KIC: 2003 -

2005).

15. Specify mooring and anchorage types and locations

which minimise seagrass damage (DPI: 2002 -

Ongoing).

16. Promote the recolonisation and re-establishment of

seagrass in areas of Cockburn Sound where it once

occurred. Investigate the major constraints to seagrass

regrowth and, if practicable, implement remedial action

(CSMC, DoE, WRC, industry: 2004-07).

17. Monitor seagrass health every year and seagrass

distribution every three years (CSMC, WRC, DoE:

Ongoing). Priority areas are

• the western margin of Cockburn Sound, as protecting

the remaining healthy meadows is a high priority;

and

• the eastern margin, to investigate anecdotal reports

of the existence of patches of healthy seagrass

adjacent to the industrial area.

Development Proposals

18. Ensure that the impacts associated with works from

future developments which may impact on

environmental values of Cockburn Sound, such as

dredging and rock breakwater construction, meet the

environmental quality criteria for ecosystem integrity

detailed in the SEP for Cockburn Sound (EPA:

Ongoing).

19. CSMC will provide comment on future developments

affecting the shoreline or seabed and associated

vegetation along the foreshore of Cockburn Sound.

(CSMC, EPA: Ongoing).

20. Actively involve the community and other stakeholders

in developing and implementing response procedures

for addressing transient, localised events (e.g. algal

blooms, beach erosion) that may result in significant

ecological and social impacts (CSMC: 2003 –

Ongoing).

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1.4 Ensuring Safe Seafood forEating

Cockburn Sound with its easily accessible sheltered waters

and close proximity to the population of Perth is an ideal

location for recreational and commercial fishing and

aquaculture.

There is a clear community expectation that seafood caught

in Cockburn Sound should be safe to eat (Jacoby et al., 1999).

The Sound is a particularly popular area for recreational

fishers and crabbers. Within the coastal waters from

Augusta to Kalbarri it is second in importance only to the

Hillarys area, with over 12 000 boating trips recorded

annually (Sumner and Williamson, 1999). The main

species caught are crabs, whiting (especially King George

whiting), Australian herring, squid, garfish, trevally,

dhufish, tailor and pink snapper (Sumner and Williamson,

1999). These are many of the species targeted by

commercial fishers.

The commercial fishery plays an important role in

providing fresh fish, crabs and bait to the local market.

The commercial catch comprises mainly baitfish, crabs,

garfish, Australian herring, tailor, skipjack trevally, King

George whiting, yellowtail scad and pink snapper (Fisheries

Western Australia, 1999a).

Mussel aquaculture in Cockburn Sound is also gaining in

prominence. With mussels destined for supermarkets, local

restaurants and, increasingly, export markets, the quality

of the product is strictly controlled under the Western

Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance Program (Health

Department of Western Australia and Fisheries Western

Australia, 2001). Regular monitoring in Cockburn Sound

under this Program for chemical toxicants, bacterial levels

and toxic algal blooms ensures all products meet seafood

health standards.

Mussels also act as indicators (or sentinels) of the quality

of recreational and commercial fish and crab species, as

they can be used to detect very low levels of contaminants

in seawater (Leighton, pers. com., 2001).

The ‘Report Card for Safe Seafood’ shows that current

levels of chemical toxicants, bacteria and toxic algal

blooms are not a concern for human consumption

(Table 5). Continued monitoring is required as algal

blooms and bacteria contamination are often site specific

and transient in nature.

ISSUES

• Surveys of contaminant levels in mussels in 1991 and

1994 found that, with one exception (TBT), levels of

organic contaminants and heavy metals were either

below detection limits or very low (Department of

Environmental Protection, 1996). More recent

monitoring under the Western Australian Shellfish

Quality Assurance Program indicates that TBT levels

in mussels do not pose a public health and safety

concern (Health Department of Western Australia and

Fisheries Western Australia, 2001).

• Monitoring of the near-shore waters of Cockburn Sound

occasionally shows elevated levels of bacteria (faecal

streptococci and thermotolerant coliforms) adjacent to

stormwater drains. Potential sources of bacterial

contamination include: animal faeces (for example,

from seagulls and pigeons) and seepage from septic

tanks (Bowman, Bishaw and Gorham, 2001).

OBJECTIVE

• To maintain aquatic life for human consumption.

RECOMMENDATIONS



and environmental indicators for the maintenance of

clean, safe aquatic life for human consumption (EPA:

2002 – Ongoing).

2. Continue to monitor water quality and shellfish health

under the WASQAP (DoH; DoF; Aquaculture industry:

Ongoing).




– Ongoing).

4. Investigate extending the current shellfish monitoring

program to include recreational and commercial fish

and crab species (CSMC, DoH, DoF and WAFIC: 2004

– Ongoing).



criteria for clean, safe, aquatic life for human

consumption (EPA: Annually).


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18

Bacterial Quality of Near-shoreWaters

6. Support efforts to control pigeons at the Co-operative

Bulk Handling Terminal to reduce faecal contamination

of stormwater entering Cockburn Sound (CBH, DoH,

CoR: Ongoing).

7. Implement the Palm Beach Catchment Strategic

Drainage Management Plan, with priority on

identifying sources of faecal pollution (CoR, WRC:

2002 – Ongoing).

8. Investigate extending the approach taken to stormwater

management at Palm Beach to other beaches with

elevated bacteria levels (CSMC: 2003 – Ongoing).

9. Assess the bacterial water quality in areas commonly

used for recreational shellfish harvesting. (DoH: 2004

- Ongoing)

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Table 5. Report Card: Safe Seafood for Eating

Subject: Safe Seafood for Eating


Bio

logi

cal

Co

ntam

inan

tsC

hem

ical

Co

nta

min

ants

in S

eafo

od

Fle

sh

LEGEND






• Metals

• Organic Chemicals

123123123

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

Report Card 2004

CSMC staff were assured by the Department ofHealth that bacteria levels in Cockburn Sound(waters and mussels) are generally belowguideline levels for commercial shellfishharvesting, although elevated readings canoccur in localised waters (e.g. Grain Terminal).

Species of potentially toxic algae may occur inCockburn Sound, but generally at densitiesbelow guideline levels and in localised areas(eg. Jervoise Bay).

• Thermotolerant faecalcoliforms in water

• Thermotolerant faecalcoliforms in seafood flesh

• Algal biotoxins


Mussels are sampled annually under the WAShellfish Quality Assurance Program. CSMC staffwere assured by the Department of Health thatmetal and organic chemical levels in CockburnSound are below guideline levels for commercialharvesting.

19

1.5 Protecting the Health ofAquaculture Species

With fisheries stocks under increasing pressure from

recreational and commercial users, aquaculture is

becoming an increasingly important source of seafood and

other products. It currently accounts for approximately

25% of total aquatic food production in Australia

(ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2001).

Mussel farming is currently the only aquaculture activity

in Cockburn Sound. Production commenced in 1988 to

overcome the declining catches of the wild mussel fishery

and to provide a more consistent quality and source of

product.

Currently mussels are produced at two lease areas:

Southern Flats and Kwinana Grain Jetty.

The increasing importance of aquaculture is recognised in

the National Water Quality Management Strategy

(ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2001) as it provides specific

criteria for protecting aquaculture species. These criteria

have been incorporated into the State Environmental Policy

for Cockburn Sound as a basis for determining an

appropriate level of water quality for existing and future

aquaculture activities in the Sound.

The ‘Report Card for Protecting the Health of Aquaculture

Species’ shows that there are no indications to date that

the growth or quality of mussels in Cockburn Sound have

been reduced (Table 6).

It needs to be noted that the criteria for protecting the health

of aquaculture species do not apply to recreational and

commercial fisheries, as the health of wild stocks is best

covered under the criteria for maintaining ecosystem

integrity (see Section 1.3). Also the criteria do not cover

waste discharges from aquaculture activities as this issue

is addressed through licence conditions (see Section 2.2.4).

ISSUE

• Regular monitoring is required to ensure that there is

no loss in growth or quality of aquaculture species

caused by changes in water quality.

OBJECTIVE

• To protect the health of aquaculture species by

maintaining an appropriate level of water quality.

RECOMMENDATIONS



aquaculture (EPA: 2002).

2. Continue to monitor water quality and shellfish health

under the WASQAP (DoH; DoF; aquaculture industry:

Ongoing).




– Ongoing).



criteria for aquaculture (EPA: Annually).


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Table 6. Report Card: Protecting the Health of Aquaculture Species

Subject: Protecting the Health of Aquaculture Species


Phy

sica

l-C

hem

cial

Str

esso

rsTo

xica

nts

in W

ater

LEGEND






123123123

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

•· Dissolved Oxygen

• Salinity

• Suspended Solids

• pH

• Metals and metalloids

• Non-metalic inorganic chemicals

• Organic chemicals

• Pesticides

Report Card 2004


No indication that current levels ofphysicochemical stressors have reducedgrowth or quality of mussels in CockburnSound.

Indicators of salinity and suspended solids areunder review.

Sampling for pH should be incorporated

For the range of water toxicants monitored todate (April 2003), levels are generally belowguidelines or below normal laboratorydetection limits.


21

1.6 Maintaining Clean Watersfor Swimming, Boating andAesthetics

The waters of Cockburn Sound are an important focus of

recreation and enjoyment by people who live in, or visit

the region. High water quality is required for primary

contact (direct contact with the water) sports such as

swimming, for secondary contact (less frequent contact)

activities like boating, and passive recreation uses (no

contact), for example admiring the view across the Sound.

Woodman Point, Kwinana, Wells Park, Rockingham and

Palm Beaches are the most popular beaches for swimming

(Dielesen, 1994). Water skiing and ‘free style’ driving of

personal water craft (i.e. jet ski) are restricted to areas in

Mangles Bay/Palm Beach. The area immediately offshore

from Churchill Park, Rockingham, is a regionally important

SCUBA diving and training site as it contains a number of

small wrecks. About two-thirds of Garden Island is open

to the public in daylight hours, and is ideally suited for

picnics, swimming, diving (snorkel and SCUBA) and

fishing.

Cockburn Sound also provides a sheltered expanse of water

for small motor boats, yachts and sailboards, particularly

during the summer months when strong sea-breezes can

make off-shore conditions hazardous.

The café strip and public walkways at Palm Beach are

very popular with locals and tourists, especially in January/

February. Enjoyment of passive recreation in these areas

(e.g. sitting in a café and admiring the view) depends greatly

on the scenic value of the coastal features, the clarity of

the water and ambience of the area.

This interplay between existing natural and cultural

characteristics, and the experience and enjoyment people

derive from them, creates the aesthetic values of the Sound.

These values are becoming increasingly important in

today’s society for maintaining a sense of wellbeing and

quality of life (Cleary, 2001).

Clean ocean water is an essential attribute of the recreation

and aesthetic values of Cockburn Sound. The Report Cards

show that the waters of Cockburn Sound are clean for

swimming, boating, and maintaining aesthetic values

(Tables 7 and 8), with the exception of surface debris. The

aesthetic criteria need further development and trialing.

Continued monitoring of algal blooms and bacteria levels

is required as these indicators are often site specific and

transient in nature.

ISSUES

• The Cockburn Sound Management Council has

received a number of complaints regarding the loss of

amenity in Cockburn Sound due to surface slicks of

grain dust on the water and shoreline of Cockburn

Sound. The dust originates from the ship loading

facilities at the Kwinana Grain Terminal.

• Activities such as dredging and rock breakwater

construction may result in the suspension of fine

sediment and soil particles causing plumes that limit

water clarity. This issue has caused problems for marine

nature-based tour operators, where swimming with and

viewing the dolphins underwater is the main attraction.

• Monitoring of the near-shore waters of Cockburn Sound

occasionally shows elevated levels of bacteria (faecal

streptococci and thermotolerant coliforms) adjacent to

stormwater drains. Potential sources of bacterial

contamination include: animal faeces (for example,

from seagulls and pigeons) and seepage from septic

tanks (Bowman, Bishaw and Gorham, 2001).

• A workshop held in March 2001 to assist in developing

aesthetic criteria for Cockburn Sound identified the

following threats: surface films, dust from grain

loading; nuisance organisms; dredging; algal blooms;

rubbish (floating and submerged); boat traffic; and

causes of fauna deaths and seagrass loss (Cleary, 2001)

OBJECTIVES

• To maintain primary contact (for example, swimming)

recreational values.

• To maintain secondary contact (for example, boating)

recreational values.

• To maintain aesthetic values.


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22

• Bacterial enterocci (swimming) Bacteria levels in marine water are generally below theguidelines. Elevated readings do occur in localisedareas, especially after heavy rains (e.g. RockinghamBeach, Barter Road, CBH jetty and Kwinana Beach). Changesto sites have occurred to reflect key swimming areas.

• Bacterial enterocci (boating). Species of potentially toxic algae may occur inCockburn Sound, but generally at densities belowguideline levels and in localised areas (e.g. Jervoise

• Toxic algae Bay). Occasional blue-green algae Trichodesmium(skin-irritant) from offshore waters drift intoCockburn Sound.

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Table 7. Report Card:Clean Waters for Swimming and Boating

• pH

• Water clarity

Subject: Clean Waters for Swimming and Boating


Bio

logi

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Mea

sure

sP

hysi

cal

Mea

sure

sTo

xica

nts

in W

ater

LEGEND






123123123

Rad

iolo

gica

lM

easu

res

• Gross alpha and beta activity.

• Inorganic chemicals

• Organic chemicals

• Pesticides

Report Card 2004

For the range of water toxicants monitored to date(April 2003), levels are below guidelines.


Previous monitoring (April 2003) has found noelevated levels of alpha or beta radioactivity inwater, sediments or mussels.



Additional sampling is required for pH.

Water clarity met guidelines.

23


P

Table 8. Report Card:Clean Waters for Aesthetics

Subject: Clean Waters for Aesthetics


Vis

ual

Indi

cato

rsO

do

ur

LEGEND






123412341234

Fis

h Ta

inti

ngS

ub

stan

ces

Additional research required to establish existingodour levels in Cockburn Sound.

Data for toxicants measured to date are generallybelow guidelines.

Report Card 2004

• Nuisance organisms

• Faunal deaths

• Water clarity

• Colour

• Reflectance

• Surface films

• Surface debris

Occasional blue-green algae Trichodesmium (skin-irritant) from offshore waters drift into CockburnSound.

Investigate and, where necessary, implementpractices to minimise the loss of grain dustfrom ship loading facilities (see Recommendation 6).

Additional information required to establish existingconditions in Cockburn Sound.


24

RECOMMENDATIONS




primary and secondary recreational values, and

aesthetic values (EPA: 2002).

2. Develop and implement, in partnership with

stakeholders, an Environmental Quality Monitoring

Program based on the environmental indicators for

primary and secondary recreational values, and

aesthetic values (CSMC, DoH, KIC, DoD, FP : 2002 -

Ongoing).




– Ongoing).



criteria for primary and secondary recreational values,

and aesthetic values (EPA: Annually).

Aesthetics

5. Undertake a community perception survey to determine

the relationship between the quality criteria (for

example, water colour and clarity) and aesthetic values

(for example, scenic beauty) (CSMC: 2004).

6. In partnership with Fremantle Ports and Co-operative

Bulk Handling, investigate and, where necessary,

implement practices to minimise the loss of grain dust

from ship loading facilities (CSMC, FP, CBH: 2004).

7. Ensure that aesthetic criteria for water quality are given

adequate weighting in environmental assessment of

future works and developments (EPA, CSMC:

Ongoing).

1.7 Ensuring Suitable WaterQuality for Industry

Under the National Water Quality Management Strategy,

industrial water use is recognised as an important

environmental value as it provides significant economic

benefit to the community (ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2001).

The Strategy, however, provides no specific guidance for

protecting the quality of industrial water, because industrial

water requirements vary greatly both within and between

industries. Sources of water for industry generally have

other coincidental environmental values (for example,

ecosystem health) that tend to drive management of the

resource.

Within the Kwinana Industrial Area marine waters are

currently used for cooling purposes: electricity generation

(Western Power) and oil refining (BP Refinery) being the

two main uses.

ISSUES

• The requirements of industrial water supply are specific

to industrial processes. In general, marine waters need

to be free of marine pests (that may grow prolifically,

blocking intake pipes) and plant debris, and contain

relatively low levels of contaminants.

• Marine fauna, such as juvenile fish, may be drawn into

marine water intake pipes.

OBJECTIVE

• To maintain industrial water supply values in Cockburn

Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Identify the key attributes of marine waters for

industrial users. Incorporate these requirements into

the broader planning and management of Cockburn

Sound (CSMC, Industry, DoIR: 2002 - Ongoing).

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2. Facilitating Multiple Use of Cockburn Soundand its Foreshore


2.1 The Approach – MultipleUse Planning

The need to balance competing uses of the marine and

foreshore environment of Cockburn Sound in an

ecologically sustainable manner presents major challenges.

The Sound’s deep, sheltered waters are extremely popular

for commercial and recreational activities yet, at the same

time, they support a busy port, a heavy industrial area and

a strategic naval base. All these uses are expected to

intensify in the near future.

Planning and management for multiple uses must ensure

that decisions about resource access or use and the

allocation of benefits are equitable, objective and

transparent. They should include explicit assessments of

impacts, in particular on other recognised uses and on

ecosystem integrity. Integrated management of multiple

uses should provide a capacity to manage conflicts between

uses and sensitive environmental concerns adaptively. It

should ensure that the mix of uses optimises the flow of

benefits to the community in terms of environmental, social,

cultural and economic outcomes in the longer term

(Commonwealth of Australia, 1998).


is to integrate the uses of the Sound to reach an acceptable

balance of outcomes across the full range of uses and users.

This is based on the principles of maintenance of ecosystem

integrity, wealth generation and resource use, equity, and

a participatory framework for decision-making.

In approaching this task the Management Council

established a working group for each of the four main uses

of Cockburn Sound and its foreshore.

Natural and Cultural Heritage Uses• Foreshore habitats/use • Indigenous heritage• Marine habitats/uses • European heritage

Recreational and Commercial Uses• Fishing • Nature-based tourism• Water sports • Aquaculture• Coastal uses

Industrial Uses• Heavy industry • Ports and harbours• Marine construction

Defence Uses• Shipping and shore facilities

Each working group described and mapped the current

individual uses (see Figures 2 to 5), developed management

objectives and strategies, and determined compatibility

within and between uses. None of the current uses were

found to cause a level of environmental impact or

community conflict that would require total exclusion of

the use from Cockburn Sound and its foreshore.

Using the results of the mapping exercise, the Management

Council then determined the current priority uses in specific

‘management areas’ for Cockburn Sound (Table 9) and

identified areas where there is potential for conflict between

uses (Figure 6).

It is acknowledged that the assessment of priority uses and

compatibility between uses is subjective and as such

provides only a broad guide for managing multiple use. It

should be noted that the maps were based on current use

and not intended to be prescriptive. More detailed mapping

of future uses, together with a better understanding of the

local community’s long-term vision for Cockburn Sound

and its foreshore, are required before this approach can be

used to assess the suitability of proposed uses and

developments.

Key considerations for the future management of multiple

uses in Cockburn Sound include the following:

• Recreational fishing pressure is predicted to increase

by about 30% in the next 10 years, and by more than

50% in the next 20 years.


and sailing) are concentrated in Mangles Bay.

Integrated boating facilities are required to minimise

the current environmental impacts on seagrass

meadows and to cater for future demand.

• Kwinana and Jervoise Bay are the State’s prime heavy

industry and marine construction sites, respectively.

The Kwinana Industrial Area alone is estimated to

produce goods worth at least $3 billion/year.

• Potential future developments include the James Point

Private Port (which could include the live sheep trade)

and the proposed Fremantle Ports Outer Harbour.

• Protecting the remaining healthy meadows of seagrass

in the Sound is a high priority.

26

Figure 2. Natural and Cultural Values and Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore

Section 2: Facilitating Multiple Use

27

Figure 3. Recreational and Commercial Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore


28

Figure 4. Industrial Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore


29

Figure 5. Defence Uses of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore


30

Figure 6. Level of Potential Conflict between Users of Cockburn Sound and its Foreshore


31


Sound will increase dramatically in future years, with

recreational boating predicted to increase 43% by 2011,

and commercial shipping by 5% per year.

OVERALL OBJECTIVE

• To recognise and facilitate multiple use management

of Cockburn Sound and its foreshore.

Garde

n Is

land

Rock

ingha

m

Kwin

ana

Challe

nger

Bea

ch

/C

liffs

Jerv

oise

Bay

Woo

dman

Poi

nt

Centra

l Bas

in

Multiple Use

Natural/Cultural ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✔ ✔ ✔✔ ✔(Cliffs)

Recreational/Commercial ✔ R ✔✔ ✔

R ✔✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

(Beach)

Industrial ✕ ✕ ✔✔ G ✔✔ ✔ ✔

Defence ✔✔ N/A N/A N/A ✔ N/A ✔

Table 9. Multiple Use Planning for Cockburn Sound and its Foreshores

Management Areas

✔✔ Primary Use Priority use of a management area.

✔ Secondary Use Use compatible with primary use and management area.

✔

R Restricted Use Use restricted within a management area by legal constraints.

G Gap in Knowledge Additional information required to assess compatibility withother uses and/or management area.

✕ Incompatible Use incompatible with other uses and/or management area.

N/A Not Applicable Assessment of use is not relevant.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Coordinate a comprehensive survey to establish future

types, areas and intensities of use as the basis for the

long-term multiple use management (sustainable use

framework) of Cockburn Sound and its foreshore

(CSMC: 2005-2007).


32

2.2 Recreational and CommercialUses

2.2.1 Water Sports

Based on surveys conducted in 1978 (Feilman &

Associates, 1978) and 1994 (Dielesen, 1994) swimming

is the most popular water sport in Cockburn Sound.

Kwinana, Wells Park, Rockingham and Palm beaches and

Woodman Point are the most popular for swimming.

Sailing (yachting and windsurfing) is popular in Mangles

Bay. SCUBA diving is undertaken extensively within

Cockburn Sound, and the area immediately offshore from

Churchill Park, Rockingham, is a regionally important

diving and training site as it contains a number of small

wrecks.

About two-thirds of Garden Island is open to the public in

daylight hours, and is also popular for picnics, swimming,

diving (snorkel and SCUBA), fishing, and sailing (yachting

and windsurfing). There is an Industrial Exclusion Area

between Kwinana and Challenger Beaches (see Figure 4),

within which Fremantle Ports may restrict the access of

water craft that present a safety hazard to shipping and

port operations.

Water skiing and ‘free style’ driving of personal water craft

(jet ski) are restricted to areas in Mangles Bay/Palm Beach

and there is a Department of Defence ban on personal water

craft all year round within naval waters around Garden

Island. Outside these areas, personal water craft are

permitted but for the purposes of boating regulations are

considered as power boats, and must be driven accordingly.

There are no recent surveys of water activities in Cockburn

Sound, but a snapshot survey of Owen Anchorage in 1998

by Annandale (1999) that included Woodman Point, found

a similar pattern of use to the 1978 and 1994 surveys

mentioned.

The issue of potential conflict between users was alsoinvestigated, and in most cases the potential was greatestin the summer months when there were more people usingthe water. Swimmers were affected by the greatest rangeof other users, with people using boats and/or jet skis citedmost by other users as affecting, or interfering with, theirrecreational use of the area. Fishers were the next mostlikely to affect other users of the area. Users in conflictwith other users were often engaged in the same activity,for example, pleasure boats versus other pleasure boats,and fishers versus other fishers.

ISSUES

• The main requirements of water sports are high water

quality, easy access to water, separation of incompatible

uses and adequate shore-based facilities. A

comprehensive survey is urgently required to establish

types of use, areas of use and intensity of use for

environmental management and planning.


and sailing) are concentrated in Mangles Bay. These

craft can cause damage to marine flora and fauna from

moorings, anchors and landings; scouring of the seabed;

discharge of sullage; spillage of fuel and oil; emission

of engine exhaust pollutants, and litter. The seagrass

in Mangles Bay is under stress and elevated bacteria

levels have been recorded in waters at Palm Beach.

Integrated boating facilities are required within

Cockburn Sound to minimise the current environmental

impacts and to cater for future demand.

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that water sports are managed in a manner

that is consistent with protecting Cockburn Sound’s

ecological and social values.

• To recognise and facilitate water sports as one of the

multiple uses of Cockburn Sound.

• To work cooperatively with Department for Planning

and Infrastructure, local government and user groups

to integrate environmental planning and management

for the water sports in Cockburn Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Determine the nature, spatial and temporal patterns,

compatibility and potential environmental impacts of

water sports in Cockburn Sound (CSMC: 2004-06).

2. Incorporate the requirements of water sports (high

water quality, separation of incompatible uses, easy

access, adequate shore-based facilities) and growth

trends into the future planning for Cockburn Sound

(CSMC: Ongoing).

3. Use a combination of regulations, community

education, codes of conduct and enforcement to

maintain marine safety standards and manage conflicts

within and between water sports (DPI, recreational user

groups: Ongoing).


33

4. Promote the use of low impact moorings in areas where

seagrass is being damaged, particularly in Mangles Bay

and the northern shallows of Garden Island (DPI, DoD:

Ongoing).

5. Investigate the advantages and disadvantages of

integrating boating requirements (for example,

launching, mooring, repairing, fuelling, sullage and

bilge disposal) into common facilities in the Mangles

Bay area (DPI, CoR, Land Corp: 2005-06).

2.2.2 Coastal Uses

Coastal uses include activities, such as boat launching,

picnics, visits associated with swimming, walking,

relaxation and exercising dogs and horses.

Cockburn Sound is particularly popular for small boat use

due to its sheltered nature. The estimated 44,270 boats

launched at public ramps each year along the Cockburn

Sound foreshore is the highest in the southern metropolitan

coastal area. The busiest times are September to April,

especially January and February. Use is predicted to

increase significantly to 63 280 boat launches (43%) by

2011 and 77 451 (75%) by 2021 (Department of Transport,

1999).

Local governments play a key role in the management of

coastal areas by separating incompatible uses, ensuring

suitable facilities (rubbish bins, toilets, boat ramps) are

available and providing suitable paths and/or barriers to

control erosion.

There are a number of coastal, foreshore and/or recreation

management plans in place: City of Cockburn has a Coastal

Management Plan, the Town of Kwinana has a Coastal

Management Plan (currently being updated), and the City

of Rockingham has a Strategic Coastal Management Plan.

Community use of the eastern foreshore of Cockburn

Sound is becoming increasingly limited due to the

construction of foreshore developments and the erosion

of beaches at Wells Park, Challenger Beach and Woodman

Point.

Community concerns have been expressed that more and

more people are wanting beach access, while less and less

beach is available. The lack of recreational opportunities

along the eastern foreshore is leading to increased

congestion and conflict between users (Community

Forums, 2001).

ISSUES

• The main requirements of coastal users are clean

beaches, a stable coastline, easy and safe access, and

good facilities. A comprehensive survey of users is

urgently required to establish types of use, areas of use

and intensity of use for environmental management and

planning.

• Whilst recognising that industry is the primary land

use in the Jervoise Bay and Kwinana areas (see

Table 9), a cooperative approach is required to identify

the opportunities and constraints for improved

community use of the eastern foreshore of Cockburn

Sound. The retention and enhancement of Wells Park,

Challenger Beach and Woodman Point beaches are

critical issues for the local community (Community

Forums, 2001).

• Coastal erosion and deposition is occurring in

Cockburn Sound. Major areas of erosion can be seen

at Mangles Bay, Kwinana Beach, Challenger Beach

and Woodman Point. This is of considerable concern

to local beach users (Community Forums, 2001). There

is no standard approach presently available for detailed

assessment of coastal erosion measures and adapting

them for local conditions in Cockburn Sound.

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that coastal uses are managed in a manner

that is consistent with maintaining Cockburn Sound’s


• To recognise and facilitate coastal uses as one of the


• To work cooperatively with the Department of Planning

and Infrastructure, local government, industry and the

local communities to integrate coastal planning and

management in Cockburn Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Determine the nature, spatial and temporal patterns,

compatibility and potential environmental impacts of

the use of the coastal environment of Cockburn Sound

(CSMC: 2004-2006).

2. Seek to better undestand the implications of predicted

changes in sea level (for example, due to global

warming) and incorporate this understanding into future

planning (CSMC: 2005).


34

3. Ensure the requirements of coastal use (clean beaches,

coastal stability, easy and safe access and good

facilities) are considered in the future planning for, and

management of, Cockburn Sound and its foreshore

(CSMC: Ongoing).

4. In cooperation with industry, local government and

local communities, investigate ways to improve

community access to, and use of, the eastern foreshore

including:

• enhancing beaches and facilities at Wells Park,

Challenger Beach and Woodman Point; and

• identifying the constraints to public access in coastal

areas within Kwinana and Jervoise Bay areas and

developing practical solutions with stakeholders

(CSMC, LGAs, industry, Land Corp, CALM, local

communities: 2002 - Ongoing).

5. In partnership with community groups, and local and

State government agencies, investigate the causes of

coastal erosion and deposition, and develop a set of

beach protection and restoration guidelines for the

Cockburn Sound foreshore. Priority areas for

management are Mangles Bay, Challenger Beach and

Woodman Point (CSMC, DPI, DoIR, LGAs, CALM,

community groups: 2002 – Ongoing).

2.2.3 Fishing

Over 130 species of fish and 14 large crustacean and

mollusc species have been found in various habitats in

Cockburn Sound (Dybdahl, 1979). The major commercial

and recreational species include:

• Open and deep water – Snapper, pilchards, bonito,

whiting, squid, cuttlefish, butterfish, sampson fish,

skipjack and crabs (Penn, 1977).

• Shallow water with sandy seabed – Whiting, juvenile

king prawns, anchovies, blue sprat, whitebait.

• Seagrass meadows – Leatherjackets, wrasse, crabs,

herring, garfish.

• Jetties and groynes – Herring, yellowtail, scad, trevally,

samson fish, mussels.

Considerable overlap of species occurs between the various

habitats.

The Sound is an important fish nursery (particularly the

sheltered seagrass areas) and feeding habitat for many of

the important commercial and recreational species listed

above. It is an ecosystem that needs to be protected and

carefully managed.

Commercial fishing

The level of fish harvesting from Cockburn Sound has been

recorded annually from 1977 onwards using Department

of Fisheries statutory commercial catch data from block

9600. This block includes all waters within Owen

Anchorage and Cockburn Sound, although the great

majority of commercial fishing occurs within the Sound.

Annual commercial catches of finfish and molluscs

(excluding mussels from aquaculture) are shown in

Figure 7. Wild harvest mussel data are only available from

1982 to 1992, however catches before 1982 and after 1992

were extremely low. Mussel aquaculture has now virtually

replaced wild mussel harvesting.

The greater part of the commercial catch until about the

last three years has been plankton-feeding baitfish. Recent

low catches of baitfish are most likely due to environmental

factors, market pressure, changes in gear type and fishing

effort, and poor recruitment levels. King George and

western sand whiting, squid and octopus have also declined

and the same factors may be responsible.

There are four commercial fisheries that operate within

Cockburn Sound (fisheries block 9600) and a further two

commercial fisheries that operate partly within the Sound.

The six fisheries are summarised in Table 10 (Fisheries

WA, 2000a).

A restricted entry regime was introduced for Cockburn

Sound in 1985. Management of major fishing activities is

now by way of formal management plans declared in 1995

under the Fish Resources Management Act 1994. Minor

fishing activities are managed through a combination of

regulations (Fish Resources Management Regulations

1995); orders under the Act; and conditions attached to

fishing boat and commercial fishing licences.

Management is achieved via controls on access (number

of fishers, seasons, closed areas), catch size, and type of

fishing gear. For example, there is a temporary closure

for line fishing for snapper during the spawning season.

Due to increasing levels of competition between

commercial and recreational crabbers, a voluntary resource

sharing agreement was recently reached by the fishing

industry, Recfishwest, and Department of Fisheries

(Fisheries WA, 2000b). The agreement will reduce the

number of crab traps used by professional fishers from

1,600 to 800 over three years, or will achieve a share of

the catch of five-eighths commercial and three-eighths

recreational.


35

Figure 7. Annual Commercial Fish Catches in Cockburn Sound Fisheries Block 9600 (excludingmussels from aquaculture)

Fishery and Boundaries Target Species No. of LIcences

Cockburn Sound (Crab) Managed Fishery Blue manna crab 16(Block 9600)

Cockburn Sound (Fish Net) Managed Fishery Garfish and Australian herring 4(Block 9600) (lesser amounts of shark, whiting

and mullet)

Cockburn Sound (Line and Pot) Whiting, pink snapper, Australian herring, 32Managed Fishery (Block 9600) shark, garfish, squid, octopus (not all currently utilised)

Cockburn Sound (Mussel) Managed Fishery(Block 9600) Mussels 3

The West Coast Beach Bait (Fish Net)Managed Fishery (Moore River to south of Mandurah) Whitebait and bluebait 13

West Coast (Purse Seine) Managed Fisheries Pilchards, some scaly mackerel. 14(Lancelin to Cape Bouvard) Majority of fishing occurs outside

the Sound.

Annual commercial fish catches

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

180019

77

197

8

197

9

198

0

198

1

198

2

198

3

198

4

198

5

198

6

198

7

198

8

198

9

199

0

199

1

199

2

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

200

0

Year

Cat

ch (

ton

nes

live

wei

gh

t)

BaitfishFinfish/molluscsCrabsMusselsTotal

Table 10. Details of Commercial Fisheries Operating in Cockburn Sound (2002)

The long-term management of commercial fisheries in

Cockburn Sound is being addressed as part of a broader

strategic approach to managing Western Australia’s

estuarine and marine embayment fisheries (Fisheries

Management Paper No. 131, Fisheries Western Australia,

1999b).


36 Section 2: Facilitating Multiple Use

Recreational fishing

Cockburn Sound is very popular for recreational boat

fishing. A 1996/97 survey of coastal waters from Augusta

to Kalbarri found that the Sound is second in importance

only to the Hillarys area, with over 12 000 boating trips

recorded annually (Sumner and Williamson, 1999).

The main fish species caught in Cockburn Sound by boat-

based recreational fishers are: Australian herring

(13 tonnes), squid (58,000 animals, weight not known),

King George whiting (9 tonnes), whiting other than King

George (7 tonnes), skipjack trevally(5 tonnes), tailor

(3 tonnes) and garfish (2 tonnes) (Sumner pers. com.,

2001).

By comparison the commercial finfish catch (excluding

baitfish) reported for 1998 (commercial fisheries block

9600) comprised mainly garfish (22 tonnes), Australian

herring (21 tonnes), tailor, skipjack trevally, King George

whiting, yellowtail scad and pink snapper (Fisheries WA,

1998). The total commercial catch of finfish (excluding

baitfish) was 60 tonnes, compared to the recreational catch

of 39 tonnes for the fish listed above (excluding squid).

As these data do not include shoreline recreational fishing,

it is estimated that the recreational finfish catch is of a

similar magnitude to the commercial catch (Sumner and

Williamson, 1999).

Cockburn Sound is also particularly popular with

recreational crabbers, who caught an estimated 19 tonnes

in 1996/97. The boat-based recreational catch was

approximately 5% of the commercial catch for the same

period (347 tonnes; Fisheries WA, 1998).

Recreational boat-based fishing effort is fairly widespread

throughout the Sound, although fishing for pink snapper

tends to occur near the channel markers south of Parmelia

Bank, including Woodman Channel, Three Fathom Bank

and the main FP entrance channel. Recreational crabbers

tend to fish in shallower waters than their commercial

counterparts (Figure 3).

Although the level of recreational fishing has certainly

increased, fishers are now more environmentally aware

and the catch is managed by means of licences, bag limits,

minimum sizes and gear controls set by the Department of

Fisheries (Sumner and Williamson 1999).

A review of recreational fisheries management

arrangements for the broader west coast region (Fisheries

Management Paper No. 139) recommends minimum sizes

for various fish species according to their size at sexual

maturity, and sets bag limits for most species according to

how ‘prized’ or vulnerable they are (Fisheries WA, 2000c).

Implementation of these fishing strategies will help protect

vulnerable fish species and manage the recreational catch

in Cockburn Sound. The Department of Fisheries also

produces a variety of educational brochures aimed at

promoting environmentally responsible fishing.

Community groups such as the Cockburn Power Boat

Association (CPBA) and Recfishwest play an active role

in encouraging environmentally responsible fishing in

Cockburn Sound. For instance, the CPBA promotes single

species fishing competitions, where only one fish can be

weighed in for each species.

ISSUES

• The main requirements of fishers are continued beach

and boat access; healthy fish stocks; and clean,

relatively unpolluted and productive waters.

• Both commercial and recreational fishing are generally

compatible with other uses, with current controls and

the level of management that are in place. Shore access

is becoming increasingly limited as industry, ports and

harbours expand along the eastern foreshore of

Cockburn Sound.

• As the level of recreational fishing pressure increases,

the main management issues are likely to be the

sustainability of the combined catches of commercial

and recreational fishing, creating the need for greater

resource sharing.

• Better estimates of recreational catches will be needed

for integrated catch management (commercial and

recreational) fisheries.

• To ensure sustainable fishing, more information is

needed on the biology and life history of commercially

and recreationally important fish species. Management

measures will be different depending on whether

species are resident in the Sound, or have important

links with adjacent waters such as the Swan River and

the open ocean.

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that fishing activities are managed in a

manner that is consistent with maintaining Cockburn

Sound’s ecological and social values.

• To recognise and facilitate fishing as one of the multiple

uses of Cockburn Sound.

37

• To work cooperatively with the Department of

Fisheries, the Western Australian Fishing Industry

Council, and Recfishwest to integrate the requirements

of fishers into the environmental planning and

management for Cockburn Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Consolidate existing information on recreational andcommercial fishing in Cockburn Sound to betterunderstand current levels of use and future trends (DoF,Recfishwest, WAFIC, ACWA, WAMPA, CSMC: 2004-06).

2. Incorporate the requirements of recreational andcommercial fishing (healthy fish stocks, productivewaters and continued access) into the future planningfor Cockburn Sound (CSMC: Ongoing).

3. Work with the Department of Fisheries to sustainablymanage Cockburn Sound’s fisheries throughimplementing Management Directions for WesternAustralia’s Estuarine and Marine EmbaymentFisheries (Fisheries Management Paper No. 131) andA Quality Future for Recreational Fishing on the WestCoast (Fisheries Management Paper No. 139) (DoF,CSMC: On-going).

4. Provide community information and maps showingpoints of public access along the eastern foreshore ofCockburn Sound and details of the industry and portexclusion areas (DoF, DPI, WAMPA, Recfishwest:Ongoing).

5. Minimise the risk of introducing marine pests intoCockburn Sound’s fisheries by supporting theimplementation of the mandatory ballast waterrequirements and hull fouling management measures(AQIS, ACWA, WAMPA, WAFIC, FP, DoD, CSMC:Ongoing).

2.2.4 Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms including

fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and aquatic plants, with some

sort of intervention to enhance production, such as regular

stocking, feeding or protection from predators. It provides

the potential for an environmentally sustainable industry

(Commonwealth of Australia, 2001).

Mussel farming is currently the only aquaculture activity

in Cockburn Sound. Mussel production in the Sound

commenced in 1988 to overcome the declining catches of

the wild capture fishery and to provide a more consistent

quality and source of product.

Currently mussels are produced annually from two lease

areas: Southern Flats and Kwinana Grain Jetty .

All health aspects of aquaculture are carefully controlled

under the Western Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance

Program. Freedom from contamination and meticulous

hygiene are essential for successful marketing of the

product (Health Department and Fisheries Western

Australia, 2001).

The potential for adverse effects on sensitive benthic

habitats due to the shading effects of mussel lines and waste

products from the mussels is considered low as the lease

areas are generally not located over seagrass meadows.

As a positive impact, mussels filter (clean) the water and

the mussel lines provide fish habitat. On the negative side,

the buoys of the long mussel lines are viewed by some as

an eyesore that lessen the aesthetic value of the Sound.

Mussel aquaculture leases are regulated in accordance with

an agreement between the Minister for Fisheries and the

Fremantle Ports. Navigation is a major factor constraining

further aquaculture development in Cockburn Sound,

although small recreational boats are able to move among

the aquaculture lines to fish.

ISSUES

• Aquaculture is generally compatible with other uses

with controls and management in place. However, in

locating leases there is a need to consider navigation

issues; aesthetics of the buoyed lines; and the potential

impact on benthic habitat.

• The mussel industry requires relatively deep water

(>10 m), good circulation, excellent water quality (low

levels of faecal bacteria, contaminants, and toxic

species of phytoplankton), and sufficient phytoplankton

for the mussels to feed on.

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that aquaculture is managed in a manner that

is consistent with maintaining Cockburn Sound’s


• To recognise and facilitate aquaculture as one of the


• To work cooperatively with Department of Fisheries,

the aquaculture industry and the broader community

to integrate environmental planning and management

for aquaculture within Cockburn Sound.


38

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Consolidate existing information on aquaculture in

Cockburn Sound to better understand current levels of

use and future trends. Develop an Aquaculture

Management Strategy (DoF, ACWA, WAMPA, CSMC:

2004-06).

2. Incorporate the requirements of aquaculture (relatively

deep water; good circulation; low levels of faecal

bacteria, contaminants, and toxic phytoplankton

species; and sufficient phytoplankton for good mussel

growth) into the future planning for Cockburn Sound

(CSMC: Ongoing).

3. Ensure that aquaculture licences include conditions

covering: assessment and monitoring of potential

impacts on benthic habitat; aesthetic impact; night

lighting and navigational markings; and access by other

users (for example, recreational boat fishers) (DoF,

DPI, FP, ACWA, WAMPA, Recfishwest, CSMC:

Ongoing).

4. Encourage the use of purpose-built buoys for mussel

lines that blend with the surroundings, particularly in

highly visual areas such as Kwinana Beach (DoF,

ACWA, WAMPA: Ongoing).

5. Integrate phytoplankton monitoring and tissue testing

conducted for aquaculture with the broader water

quality monitoring program for Cockburn Sound

(CSMC, ACWA, WAMPA, DoF, DoH: 2002 – Ongoing).

2.2.5 Nature-Based Tourism

Cockburn Sound with its easily accessible, sheltered

waters, diversity of marine and coastal habitats and close

proximity to Perth provides a range of opportunities for

people to enjoy the marine environment. The adjacent

Regional Parks of Woodman Point, Beeliar and

Rockingham Lakes complement this setting by providing

a diversity of coastal environs for nature study and

appreciation activities, such as bird watching. Each year

the area is increasingly attracting local, interstate and

international visitors.

Currently the dolphin tours are the only nature-based

tourism operator licensed by the Department of

Conservation and Land Management, which applies strict

conditions regarding the interaction with dolphins. The

dolphins in Cockburn Sound have built up a relationship

based on trust with the tour operator over the past 14 years,

and interact out of curiosity and not as a result of food

rewards. The current tour operator in Cockburn Sound

has been recognised with both State and National

Ecotourism awards.

The operator runs one trip of dolphin watching and

swimming with the dolphins per day for nine and half

months (spring to autumn), but has the potential to run all

year. The tours cover the entire area of the Sound,

depending on the location of the dolphins. There are eight

groups totalling 180 individuals within Cockburn Sound

(see Text Box on Dolphins Section 2.4).

The Department of Fisheries also has initiated a major

Charter Fishing and Ecotourism initiative which may result

in additional tour operations in Cockburn Sound.

ISSUES

• Nature-based tourism depends on retaining clean

beaches, high water quality, healthy marine plants and

animals, high aesthetic quality and access to natural

values. Nature-based tourism is experiencing rapid

growth worldwide.

• Nature-based tourism is generally compatible with most

other uses in Cockburn Sound, however there may be

times when shipping, naval and industrial activities

limit access to some areas of the Sound.

• Some dolphins have taken to begging for food

alongside recreational and commercial fishing boats

and jetties within Cockburn Sound. This can result in

their entanglement in fishing lines and hooks as well

as being fed an unsuitable diet that may lead to sickness.

The dolphin tour operator is working with the

Department of Conservation and Land Management

and local government authorities to implement a Keep

the Dolphins Wild program. The program aims to

protect the wild nature of the dolphins through

providing a direct response to animals in distress,

education and prevention, and research and monitoring.

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that nature-based tourism is sustainable and

managed in a manner that is consistent with maintaining

the ecological and social values of Cockburn Sound.

• To recognise and facilitate nature-based tourism as one

of the multiple use values of Cockburn Sound.

• To work cooperatively with local tour operators,

Department of Conservation and Land Management,

the WA Tourism Commission and local government to

integrate environmental planning for, and management

of, nature-based tourism in Cockburn Sound.


39

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Incorporate the requirements of nature based-tourisminto the broader planning and management of CockburnSound (CSMC: Ongoing).

2. Work with the Western Australian TourismCommission, Department of Conservation and LandManagement, Department of Fisheries and local touroperators to develop an overall strategy for nature-based tourism in Cockburn Sound. The strategy needsto include a Code of Practice for operators (WATC,CALM, DoF, local tour operators, CSMC: 2005-06).

3. Develop in consultation with the Department forPlanning and Infrastructure and Fremantle Portsstrategies to manage conflict between tour operatorsand shipping and port operations within the Sound(DPI, FP, tour operators: 2002 – Ongoing).

4. Support tour operators’ efforts to raise communityawareness through programs such as the Keep theDolphins Wild (CSMC, LGAs, CALM: 2002-Ongoing).

5. Provide opportunities to integrate dolphin research intothe overall monitoring program for Cockburn Sound(CSMC, tour operators: 2002 – Ongoing).

2.2.6 Aesthetics

Cockburn Sound provides a rich combination of naturaland cultural characteristics that attracts people and providespositive experiences and enjoyment. Together these createthe important aesthetic values of the area.

Cockburn Sound is a very attractive setting for human useand enjoyment. The relatively sheltered waters provide asafe anchorage and an ideal location for swimming, fishing,boating and sailing. Enhancing this attractiveness is a rangeof natural and cultural features including rugged limestonecliffs, sweeping beaches, prominent landforms, diversevegetation and the expansive waters. The Sound has alsobeen an important place for indigenous people and wasthe landing place for the first European settlers in the Pertharea.

There are extensive opportunities for passive enjoymentof the area, with many people coming to experience theopen space, solitude, and expansive views.

There is a need to better understand, identify and managethese aesthetic values. It is expected that there will beincreased development pressure on areas surrounding theSound and that recreation use will also increase as thisdevelopment occurs. These changes may threaten aestheticvalues by restricting access, affecting water quality, creatingconflicts between uses and users, degrading natural and

cultural features, reducing the extent of natural areas, andspoiling views.

There are opportunities to manage aesthetic values of theSound by managing human activity to provide forappropriate activities while protecting the natural andcultural features, and increasing awareness andunderstanding of the environmental values of the Sound.

ISSUES

• To date, there has been no comprehensive assessmentof recreation use, aesthetic values or communityperceptions of aesthetic value. A working documenthas recently been prepared to provide a basis for futuremanagement of aesthetic values, particularly in relationto water pollution. A key challenge is to build anadequate knowledge base for planning andmanagement.

OBJECTIVES

• Provide positive experiences and enjoyment for peoplethrough good land and water use planning,environmental care and community activity planning.

• Maintain, and where possible enhance, existingaesthetic values, or ensure that potential impacts areminimised.

• Provide a framework for identifying, planning for andmanaging aesthetic values.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Identify aesthetic values, in particular:• assess the natural and cultural characteristics that

contribute to aesthetic values;

• assess community use (particularly recreation);

• survey community perceptions related to aestheticvalues;

• research the correlation between natural andcultural characteristics and community perceptions(CSMC: 2006-2008).

2. Undertake a social history study to document oralhistory relating to environmental values of CockburnSound from long term residents (CSMC: 2006-2008).

3. Develop general treatments or guidelines that meetobjectives for managing aesthetic values (CSMC; 2006).

4. Ensure that aesthetic values are adequately consideredin the preparation and evaluation of developmentproposals (CSMC, LGAs, DoD, DPI, CALM: Ongoing).

5. Monitor changes to aesthetic values, particularly naturaland cultural characteristics and community perceptions(CSMC: Ongoing).


40

2.3 Industrial Uses

2.3.1 Industrial Land Uses

Heavy industry is centred on the suburbs of East

Rockingham, Kwinana Beach and Naval Base, and

includes an oil refinery, chemical production, an alumina

refinery, power generation, a titanium dioxide plant, cement

production and a nickel refinery.

Heavy industry is of considerable importance to the State

economy, with the Kwinana Industrial Area alone estimated

to produce goods worth at least $3 billion/year (KIC,

pers. com., 2004).

An international ship building precinct (construction, repair

and maintenance of steel and aluminum-hulled vessels) is

also based at Henderson, at the Jervoise Bay Northern

Harbour. The ship building industry is now recognised as

a world leader in construction of high speed lightweight

vessels and other marine craft (Department of Commerce

and Trade, 2000).

A waste water treatment plant, which services a large

portion of Perth’s southern metropolitan area, is located

in the Woodman Point area.

The attraction of the Cockburn Sound foreshore for

industry lies in the shipping facilities, road and rail

transport, energy, cooling water, and proximity of

synergistic industries.

Current plans involve optimising the use of the Kwinana

area (Ove Arup, 1999); developing the East Rockingham

Industrial Park (Taylor Burrell, 1998); developing

Southern Harbour and the Marine Technology Park at

Jervoise Bay (Department of Commerce and Trade, 2000);

and, in the long term, expanding into the Hope Valley-

Wattleup area (Western Australian Planning Commission,

2000b; Government of Western Australia, 2001).

Proposals for future development include the HIsmelt pig

iron plant, the Western Power electricity generation

facilities upgrade, the James Point Private Port (which

could include the live sheep trade) and the proposed

Fremantle Ports Outer Harbour.

The multiple use planning exercise conducted by the

Cockburn Sound Management Council recognises that

industry is the primary use of Kwinana and Jervoise Bay

(see Table 9). Secondary uses include: natural and cultural

heritage in both areas, as well defence in the Jervoise Bay

area. Recreational and commercial uses are restricted in

the Kwinana area (Table 9).

A review of recent environmental studies has found no

further broadscale deterioration in the health of surviving

seagrass meadows, and no significant losses related to

water quality (DAL, 2001). Overall nutrient-related water

quality has improved slightly since the early 1990s, apart

from in the Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour.

Estimated discharges of metals and oil by industry have

continued to decrease due to improved waste treatment

practices. Depending on the contaminant, they are

presently about one sixth to one thousandth of discharge

levels recorded in 1978.

A 1999 sediment survey found that contaminant levels,

apart from TBT in some areas, were well below

environmental guidelines (see Section 1.3 Maintaining a

Healthy Marine Ecosystem and 2.3.2 Ports, Harbours and

Shipping).

Nitrogen input from human activities has declined from

an estimated 2000 tonnes/year in 1978 to about 300 tonnes/

year in 2000 (see Figure 8). Industrial sources - pipeline

discharges plus inputs from groundwater contamination -

currently contribute approximately 75% of the total

nitrogen load that enters the Sound (DAL, 2001).

There are five industrial outfalls presently discharging into

Cockburn Sound: Western Power, BP Refinery, Tiwest

Joint Venture, Wesfarmers CSBP, and Millenium

Chemicals. The amount of nitrogen entering the Sound

from the industrial outfalls has declined from more than

1600 tonnes per year in 1978 to an estimated load of 55

tonnes per year in 2001.

In addition, the Water Corporation has recently upgraded

the Woodman Point Waste Water Treatment Plant to

advanced secondary treatment, reducing total discharge

of nitrogen and faecal micro-organisms) to the Sepia

Depression, south of Cockburn Sound.

The upgrade of the treatment plant also provides the

opportunity for industrial reuse of some of the highly

treated waste water via the Water Corporation’s Kwinana

Water Reuse project. This will provide the opportunity

for removing all industrial effluent discharges (except for

cooling water) from Cockburn Sound, subject to the

resolution of technical and financial issues.

There have also been concerted efforts by industry to

reduce nitrogen inputs from groundwater sources to

Cockburn Sound (Figure 8). Much of the nutrient

enrichment of groundwater is a legacy of past practices

and a number of industries are now in the process of treating

or removing the nutrients. For example, as a result of


41

Groundwater Remediation Programs, the groundwater

nitrogen contributions to Cockburn Sound from beneath

the Kwinana Nickel Refinery site have been reduced from

about 500 tonnes per year in 1990 to eight tonnes per year.

Nitrogen inputs to the Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour from

groundwater are expected to decrease from 66 tonnes per

year to 26 tonnes per year within a year (DAL, 2001).

N inputs in 1990 (Total ~1,080 tonnes/year)

Outfall discharge49%

Others7%

Groundwater42%

Atmosphere2%

N inputs in 1978 (Total ~2,000 tonnes/year) Groundwater

9%

Others9%

Outfall discharge81%

Atmosphere1%

N inputs in 2000 (Total ~ 300 tonnes/year)

Other 3%

Outfall discharge19%Atmosphere

7%

Groundwater71%

Figure 8. Estimated Nitrogen Inputs to Cockburn Sound from: Outfall Discharges; Ground and Surface Water;Atmospheric Deposition; and Spills from Ship Unloading in 1978, 1990 and 2000

Note: The areas of the pie graphs are proportional to their relative inputs (excludes recycling of nutrients from marinesediments).


42

There is, however, still considerable groundwater

contamination under industrial sites due to metals and

organic compounds. For example, as a result of past

practices, a plume of groundwater pollution containing high

concentrations of phenols and herbicides 2.4.D and 2.4.5.T

exists within the Kwinana Industrial Area (DAL, 2001).

Recreational and commercial uses are categorised as

‘restricted use’ within the Kwinana area (Table 9), as the

level of noise, odour, waste water discharge and public

safety risk associated with industrial land use limits the

community’s use of these areas. In many cases the

foreshore is owned by private companies or vested ingovernment development agencies, such as Land Corp.

Nevertheless, the local community has expressed a strongdesire to enjoy the remaining natural values (for example,foredunes) of the eastern foreshore of Cockburn Soundand to have access, albeit restricted, for recreationalactivities (Community Forums, 2001).

A key role of the Cockburn Sound Management Councilwill be to facilitate an acceptable balance of outcomesbetween different uses along the eastern foreshore ofCockburn Sound.

The upgrade of the Woodman Point Waste Water

Treatment Plant (WWTP) from primary to advanced

secondary treatment was undertaken to accommodate

increased waste water flows from the growing population south

of the Swan River while at the same time maintaining the

protection of public health and the marine environment. The

upgrade included the construction of:

• A new high capacity sewage pump station and the

eventual decommissioning of the existing Munster pump

station;

• New inlet works and upgraded primary treatment with

odour controls;

• Methane capture and use for heating, generation of

electricity and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions;

• A new sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to treat the

primary effluent to advanced secondary standard;

• Additional sludge handling facilities to treat and dewater

the increased sludge volumes from the secondary

treatment process; and

• Storage of treated secondary effluent in an open

85 megalitre storage dam, which will allow the balancing

of flows.

The introduction of advanced secondary treatment at the

Woodman Point WWTP has:

• Enable dthe total nitrogen load discharged to the Sepia

Depression to be held to below the 1994 loading

(estimated as 1,778 tonnes of nitrogen per year);

• Al lowed for addit ional treatment capacity at the

completion of the upgrade to achieve a further nitrogen

reduction to 75% of 1994 loadings;

• Substantially reduced the discharge of faecal micro-

organisms to the Sepia Depression; and

• Substantially reduced the metal loads discharged to the

Sepia Depression.

WOODMAN POINT WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

The establishment of the industrial complex in the

Kwinana area has brought with it many benefits to

the State and community. However, as with any

industrial operation, there are also attendant risks. The

responsibility for managing these risks is shared by those

owning the plant, those working on the plant and the regulatory

authorities.

Guidelines have been set by the regulatory authorities for the

level of acceptable risk for different land uses. Unrestricted

access by the public to the eastern foreshore in the Kwinana

Industrial Area could result in an unacceptable risk exposure to

the public. In such circumstances industry would be required to

reduce the level of risk, which could result in severe operational

limitations and/or significant costs. Also the types of heavy

industry that could be located in the Kwinana Industrial Area in

the future would be severely restricted.

Unrestricted beach access by the public at large to the eastern

foreshore in the Kwinana Industrial Area has public liability

implications for industry that would be difficult to manage, and

appropriate insurance cover, if available, would be very

expensive.

CONSIDERATION OF ‘RISK’


43

ISSUES

• Industry generally requires: access to a deep water port

or sheltered harbour as well as main roads and rail

routes; close proximity to supporting services, a

workforce and metropolitan markets; adequate buffers;

and opportunities for vertical and horizontal integration

of industries. The Kwinana and Jervoise Bay industrial

areas have all of these attributes.

• Despite the large declines in nitrogen inputs to

Cockburn Sound, particularly by industry, overall

nutrient-related water quality has improved only

slightly since the early 1990s. Therefore, better

understanding of the relationship between nutrient

inputs and water quality is required. In the interim, the

current cooperative approach of reducing all sources

of nitrogen inputs from human activities needs to

continue.

• The Water Corporation and local Kwinana industries

have jointly developed a proposal to construct a water

treatment plant to produce high quality, industrial grade

water from secondary treated effluent drawn from the

Cape Peron pipeline. Treated waste water discharges

from local industries would re-enter the pipeline for

disposal off-shore (4.2 km) into the Sepia Depression,

south-west of Cockburn Sound. The end result would

be the removal of discharges of industrial waste water

into Cockburn Sound, other than the return of seawater

used for cooling purposes, and less use of the

groundwater. The groundwater resource can then be

re-allocated to other uses.

• An inventory of contaminated sites likely to impact on

Cockburn Sound was compiled in 1993 (Martinick and

Associates and Mackie Martin and Associates, 1993),

updated five years later (Hine, 1998) and reviewed as

part of the State of Cockburn report (DAL, 2001). A

systematic approach needs to be developed whereby

the inventory is linked to the monitoring undertaken

by industry under licence conditions set by the

Department of Environment and Water and Rivers

Commission. Under this arrangement a large

component of the inventory would be updated annually.

• Whilst recognising that industry is the primary land

use in the Jervoise Bay and Kwinana areas (see

Table 9), a cooperative approach is required to identify

the opportunities and constraints for improved

community use of the eastern foreshore of Cockburn

Sound. The retention of beaches and enhancement of

facilities at Wells Park, Challenger Beach and

Woodman Point are critical issues for the local

community (Community Forums, 2001).

• The beaches and foredunes of the eastern foreshore

are an integral component of the ecosystems of

Cockburn Sound. Future industrial uses should be

planned to minimise the impact on the coastal

environment.

• Coastal erosion and accretion are natural processes;

however, the construction of structures both on beaches

(e.g. breakwaters) and on the foredunes (e.g. land

reclamation) has altered these coastal processes. There

are now ongoing problems in predicting and managing

sand transport along the Sound’s beaches, in particular,

at Mangles Bay, Kwinana Beach, Challenger Beach

and Woodman Point (Community Forums, 2001).

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that industrial activities are managed in a

manner that is consistent with maintaining Cockburn

Sound’s ecological and social values.

• To recognise and facilitate industrial use as one of the

multiple uses of Cockburn Sound and its foreshore.

• To work cooperatively with industry and the local

community to integrate the requirements of industrial

land use into the environmental planning and

management of Cockburn Sound and its foreshore.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Incorporate the requirements of industry into the

broader planning for Cockburn Sound and its foreshore

(CSMC: Ongoing).

2. Work with government departments, industry groups

and local communities to implement environmental

components of existing industrial management

strategies, such as Cleaner Production Statement

developed by the DoE, with particular focus on areas

in Kwinana, East Rockingham and Jervoise Bay. Key

issues to be addressed include: land contamination,

noise, visual impact, Aboriginal heritage, public safety

risks, and marine impacts (CSMC, DoIR, industry,

LGAs, local communities: Ongoing).

3. Continue the current approach of cooperative best

management towards reducing nutrient loads to

Cockburn Sound from industrial, urban and rural

sources (KIC, LGAs, WAVGA and other rural industry

groups, DoA: Ongoing).

4. Develop and implement a Nutrient Management

Strategy. The Strategy will be developed in consultation

with major stakeholders and will cover: the sources of

nutrients; nutrient hot-spots; nutrient recovery from


44

groundwater, stormwater disposal, drain management,

industry discharges, catchment management,

community awareness, research, and funding

arrangements (CSMC: 2002 – Ongoing).

5. Implement investigations to better understand the

current relationship between nutrient inputs into the

Sound from human activities and water quality,

particularly chlorophyll ‘a’ levels and seagrass

regeneration (CSMC, WRC, DoE, KIC: 2002)

6. Support the proposal by the Water Corporation and

local Kwinana industries to recycle waste water and

remove industrial discharges (other than cooling water)

that flow into Cockburn Sound. Encourage the

develoment and application of best management

practices for remaining discharges (WC, KIC, CSMC:

2002 – Ongoing).

7. Update the inventory of contaminated sites within the

catchment using data collected by industry under DoE

and WRC licence requirements, giving priority to sites

within five kilometres of the foreshore. Encourage

remediation of contaminated sites, particularly if there

is a potential threat to Cockburn Sound (EPA, DoE,

WRC: 2004).

8. In assessing the ecological and social impacts of future

development proposals ensure that all practicable

measures are taken to protect the foreshore environment

(e.g. beaches and foredunes) and maintain coastal

processes (e.g. sand movement) (CSMC: 2002 -

Ongoing).

9. In cooperation with industry, local government and

local communities, investigate ways to improve

community access to and use of the eastern foreshore,

including:

• restoring beaches and enhancing facilities at WellsPark, Challenger Beach and Woodman Point; and

• identifying the constraints to public access in coastalareas within industrial areas and developingpractical solutions with stakeholders. (CSMC,LGAs, industry, Land Corp, CALM, localcommunities: 2002 - Ongoing).

10. Initiate a Coast Care program between industry, localand State government and local community user groupsto protect and rehabilitate the beaches and foredunesalong the eastern foreshore of Cockburn Sound(CSMC: 2004 - Ongoing).

2.3.2 Ports, Harbours and Shipping

Cockburn Sound comprises the main part of the OuterHarbour of the Port of Fremantle, and the navigationchannel dredged through Parmelia and Success Banks isthe only means of access to Cockburn Sound for largercargo and naval vessels. There were approximately 967ship arrivals recorded by Fremantle Ports for CockburnSound in 2000, of which 232 were naval vessels.

There are five main commercial shipping jetties withinCockburn Sound: the Alumina Refinery Jetty, the KwinanaBulk Terminal, the BP Oil Refinery Jetty, the KwinanaBulk Jetty and the Kwinana Grain Jetty.

A breakdown of the commodities handled in the InnerHarbour (Fremantle) and Outer Harbour (Cockburn Sound)

is shown in Figure 9. In the 1999/2000 year, the Fremantle

Ports handled a total of 23.4 million tonnes of commodities.

Figure 9. Types of Commodities Handled by the Fremantle Port Authority (1999/2000)


Cement clinker 1%Petroleum products

35%

Other 18%

Alumina 11%

Fertilisers 3%

Caustic soda 2%

Mineral sands 1%

Chemicals 1%

Animal feeds 2%

Grain 24%

Silica sands 1%

Live sheep 1%

45

Based on available data, the Fremantle Ports believes it

will be approximately 10 years before the capacity of theInner Harbour is reached and additional facilities arerequired in Cockburn Sound. A variety of designs (forexample, an offshore port) will be considered by FremantlePorts to minimise the potential environmental impacts(Fremantle Port Authority, pers. com., 2001).

In addition to the main commercial jetties in CockburnSound, the Northern Harbour in Jervoise Bay supports sixmajor shipbuilding enterprises which use the Sound to seatrial vessels.

Shipping activities are controlled by a number ofInternational Maritime Organisation (IMO) andCommonwealth regulations. These cover the varioussources of ship generated marine pollution including oil,noxious liquid substances in bulk, harmful substances inpackaged form, sewage and garbage.

At the Commonwealth Government level, the AustralianQuarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) has recentlyimplemented new mandatory ballast water requirementsfor international vessels visiting Australian waters.

Other relevant Commonwealth guidelines include:

• Best Practice Guidelines for the Provision of Waste

Reception Facilities at Ports, Marinas and Boat

Harbours in Australia and New Zealand (ANZECC,1996).

• Code of practice for the use of antifoulants (HyderConsulting, 2000).

• International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code

implemented by the Australian Maritime SafetyAuthority. The Code ensures that any cargoes intendedfor carriage by sea, including fuel, stores or othercommodities whether packaged or in bulk, that havedangerous properties are handled in accordance withAustralian Standard AS 3846-1998.

ISSUES

• A 1999 sediment survey found high levels of TBT inthe Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour area and adjacentto naval facilities in Careening Bay. Considerableaction is being taken to reduce the environmentalimpact of TBT through complementary internationalguidelines, State regulatory controls and portrestrictions on activities considered to present thegreatest threat, for example hull cleaning and dry dockmaintenance facilities (see also Section 1.3 Maintaining

a Healthy Marine Ecosystem).

• The replacement of TBTs with more environmentally

friendly ship hull fouling control, may increase the risk

of introducing marine pests if these new products prove

less effective.

• A 1999 survey of introduced marine species in Perth’s

coastal waters found at least 18 exotic species. Of

concern, two known marine pests – the European fan

worm and the Asian date mussel – were recorded in

Cockburn Sound. These two pests are prolific growers

and can out-compete native species, affecting

biodiversity. However, this does not seem to be

occurring in the Sound at present (see Text Box on

Ballast Water Management).

• The construction of breakwaters for harbour

developments can modify coastal processes and may

cause direct loss of seagrass meadows and shallow sand

habitats (see also Section 1.3 Maintaining a Healthy

Marine Ecosystem).

• There is potential for reduced water quality on the

eastern and southern margin of the Sound due to altered

circulation patterns and flushing characteristics

associated with several large-scale developments that

are proposed (FP Outer Harbour, James Point Private

Port and Mangles Bay Marina) (see Section 1.3

Maintaining a Healthy Marine Ecosystem).

• The dredging of harbours and shipping channels can

result in: increased turbidity, release of contaminants

previously trapped in the sediments, and changes to

the flushing rates of harbours and ports (Environmental

Protection Authority, 1999). Disposal of dredge spoil

can also result in water turbidity problems and can

smother benthic communities.

• Ship loading spillage contributes approximately 5.6

tonnes per year of nitrogen to the Sound and dust from

grain loading impacts on the visual amenity of the water

and foreshore. The FP has adopted a ‘no spillage’

policy at the Bulk Cargo Jetty in the past few years,

involving new drainage and bunding systems, deflector

plates and unloading equipment.


Sound will increase dramatically in future years. The

estimated 44 270 recreational boats launched at public

ramps each year are predicted to increase by 43% to

63 280 boat launches by 2011 (Department of

Transport, 1999). Commercial shipping is increasing

at a rate of approximately 5% per year, although this

could increase significantly if the proposed James Point

Port proceeds.


46

• Within Northern Harbour Jervoise Bay there is potential

for conflict between large commercial vessels (up to

100 m in length) which have been constructed, repaired

or serviced within the harbour and small recreational

boats launched from the boat ramp located in the north-

west of the harbour .

• Low-frequency high-impact accidents such as ship

collisions may cause substantial ecological damage,

put workers’ and the community’s health at risk and

incur massive clean-up costs. The risk of such accidents

in Cockburn Sound is currently minimised by strictly

adhering to international and Commonwealth

guidelines. Both the Fremantle Ports and the Royal

Australian Navy have comprehensive environmental

management systems in place.

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that port facilities and shipping activities are


Cockburn Sound’s ecological and social values.

• To recognise and facilitate shipping activities and port

facilities as one of the multiple uses of Cockburn Sound.

• To work cooperatively with Department of Planning

and Infrastructure, Fremantle Ports, jetty and harbour

operators and the local community to integrate

environmental planning and management of port

facilities and shipping activities within Cockburn

Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Incorporate the requirements of port facilities andshipping activities (sheltered waters, managedexclusion areas, dredged channels, low sandmovement) into the broader planning for CockburnSound (CSMC: Ongoing).

2. Ensure all aspects of port, harbour and shippingoperations comply with relevant international, nationaland State legislation, policy and guidelines. A priorityfor management are low-frequency high-impactaccidents, TBT and marine pests (AQIS, AMSA, FP,RAN, DPI: Ongoing).

3. Encourage all port and harbour operators to developan Environmental Management System consistent withthe Australian Standards AS/NZS ISO 1400 series. Apriority for management is reduction in accidentalspillage (FP, RAN, DPI: Ongoing).

4. Ensure that all dredging operations are managedaccording to a Dredging and Dredge Spoil ManagementPlan. The plans need to address a range of issuesincluding: dredging method; assessment of potentialimpacts; contamination assessment; disposal ofsediments and slurry; monitoring plans and waterquality criteria; management practices and contingencymeasures for accidents. Proponents need to physicallydemonstrate prior to commencement that theiroperations comply with the Management Plan (EPA:Ongoing).

5. Work with port and harbour operators and the localboating community to minimise potential safety issuesarising between large ships and small recreational boats(FP, RAN, DPI, commercial fishers, boat user groups:Ongoing).

The use of sea water as ballast in ships presents an

opportunity for marine organisms to transfer from one

marine environment to another. Because many

organisms are extremely small, it is possible for them to be

taken aboard a ship with its incoming ballast water. If the

organism survives the various physical and chemical changes

and stresses that occur during the voyage and the transfer

operations it may become established in the waters of the

destination port. As the factors that contribute to the successful

translocation are very complex, most species transported in

ships’ ballast do not survive. However, it is likely there have

been several thousand successful translocations worldwide,

some with very significant effects, the majority with little or no

impact.

Australia is leading the way in attempting to have international

controls for ballast water management introduced by the

BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT

International Maritime Organisation. Recognising this is a slowprocess, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service

(AQIS) has developed a leading edge risk-based system tosupport ballast water management. These controls havegained mandatory status as of 1 July 2001 under the

Quarantine Act and require ships’ masters to obtain writtenpermission from AQIS to discharge any ballast water withinAustralian waters.

A thorough baseline survey of local waters, including CockburnSound, has been conducted to support the AQIS controls. This

baseline survey has confirmed the existence of two knownmarine pests and that they are not presenting any significantenvironmental impacts. The Fremantle Ports is encouraging

and supporting the research efforts to develop practicalmonitoring programs and to further reduce the risk of anyintroductions.

Source: Fremantle Port Authority Environmental Fact Sheet No.2 Ballast Water Management in Western Australia, July 2001.


47

2.4 Natural and CulturalHeritage Uses

2.4.1 Marine Habitats

Cockburn Sound is unique along Perth’s metropolitan coast

due to the degree it is sheltered from ocean swells, and its

depth. These physical features are responsible in turn for

its regional significance in ecological terms, namely,

extensive areas of species of seagrass that prefer sheltered

conditions, and organic-rich silts on the bottom of the deep

basin.

Marine Flora

The marine flora that provide the basis of the food webs in

Cockburn Sound include seagrasses, seagrass epiphytes,

phytoplankton, microphytobenthos (microscopic algae

similar to phytoplankton, which live on and in the seabed

throughout the Sound), and macroalgae (seaweed) found

on small patches of reef in the Sound.

SeagrassesIn 1967 seagrass was widespread in waters less than 10 m

deep, and covered an area of 2821 ha within the CMSC

boundary. Much of the seagrass on the eastern flats of the

Sound was lost between 1967 and 1972. Between 1972

and 1982 further losses occurred on Southern Flats, and

on the eastern shore of Garden Island in Careening Bay

and around the Armaments Jetty. There has been little

loss since 1982 except for small areas on the eastern shore

of Garden Island. A survey in 1999 estimated that only

632.3 ha of seagrass remained, approximately 22% of the

original area (DAL, 2000).

There have also been several reports of healthy clumps of

seagrass on the eastern flats of the Sound, in areas where

the historical dieback took place, although these are not

apparent in the aerial photographs due to their small size

(Paling, pers. com., 2001: Astill, pers. com., 2001).

Reef communitiesThere are patches of limestone reef along the eastern shore

of the Sound between Challenger Beach and the Jervoise

Bay Northern Harbour, and isolated hummocks on the

eastern flats. The shoreline reefs are mainly covered with

brown algae (kelps and Sargassum), while on the reefs

further offshore red algae are more common. Green algae

(Ulva, Cladophora) are also common, and some of the

reefs have patches of coral, including the reef-building

species Flavites (Halpern Glick Maunsell, 1997).

Phytoplankton and microphytobenthosThere are over 300 species of phytoplankton present in

the Sound, the four main groups being diatoms

(Bacillariophyta), dinoflagellates (Dinophyta),

silicoflagellates (Chrysophyta) and blue-green algae

(Cyanophyta). Diatoms typically predominate in south-

west waters of Western Australia, including the Sound

(Chaney, 1978; Helleren and John, 1995).

Occasionally, the blue-green algae Oscillatoria erythraea

(Trichodesmium), which can cause skin irritations to

swimmers, appears as surface slicks in the Sound. This

species often blooms in offshore waters up and down the

south-west coast of WA in late summer/early autumn (when

conditions are calm), and sometimes drifts into nearshore

areas.

Marine Fauna

The fauna of Cockburn Sound have been studied less

regularly and extensively than the flora. This is partly

because faunal studies are time consuming and expensive,

and results are often very difficult to interpret due to the

considerable natural variations (e.g. seasonal) that occur

in fauna populations.

ZooplanktonZooplankton in Cockburn and Warnbro Sounds were

studied from 1992 to 1994 as part of the Southern

Metropolitan Coastal Waters Study (SMCWS). The type

and abundance were found to be typical of temperate

coastal regions, apart from large blooms of radiolarians

during late winter and early spring (Department of

Environmental Protection, 1996). Zooplankton in

Cockburn Sound were about twice as abundant as in

Warnbro Sound, presumably in response to the greater

phytoplankton food supply.

Invertebrate faunaThe benthic invertebrate fauna of the deep basin have been

studied in 1978 (Department of Conservation and

Environment, 1979) and 1993 (Department of

Environmental Protection, 1996). The deep basins of

Cockburn Sound, Warnbro Sound and Owen Anchorage

contain fine organic-rich silts due to accumulation of

detritus from surrounding areas, and have species of flora

and fauna that, to date, have been found nowhere else on

the central west coast of Western Australia (Wilson et al.,

1978).

It is difficult to interpret the spatial patterns of invertebrates

in the Sound. The southern end of the Sound has sediments


48

with a higher proportion of fine particles, more nutrients

and more frequent periods of low oxygen than the northern

half. These are all factors that influence benthic

invertebrate populations, and is the explanation favoured

by Chalmers (1993) for the differences in their distribution

and abundance.

FishCockburn Sound provides a very important fish nursery

and feeding habitat. Over 130 species of fish and 14 large

crustacean and mollusc species have been recorded in the

Sound (Dybdahl, 1979). The important commercial and

recreational species known to frequent various habitats in

the Sound are listed in Section 2.2.3 Fishing.

Marine mammals, reptiles and seabirdsA resident population of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops sp.)

lives in Cockburn Sound, and has become a popular tourist

attraction. Eight groups totalling 180 animals have been

identified as using Cockburn Sound, and approximately a

quarter of these are adult females with calves, which is

unusually high for dolphin populations (Donaldson,

unpublished data) see Text Box on Dolphins opposite.

A colony of Australian Sea Lions (Neophoca cinerea)

inhabit the adjacent Shoalwater Islands, occasionally

visiting Cockburn Sound. Whales have also been sighted

in the Sound.

Loggerhead, Leatherback and Green turtles sometimes

stray as far south as Cockburn Sound, but this is rare.

There are many species of seabirds and waders found in

the Cockburn Sound/Warnbro Sound area, but as the

eastern shores of Cockburn Sound are heavily developed,

they are less important as a nesting, feeding and roosting

area than the Shoalwater Islands Marine Park and Garden

Island. A small colony (approximately 90 adults) of Little

Penguins (Eudyptula minor) inhabit the limestone walling

at Careening Bay, Garden Island and there is evidence that

they also feed in Cockburn Sound (B. Cannell, unpublished

report to the DoD).

ISSUES

• The main requirements of the marine flora and fauna

of Cockburn Sound are good quality water,

maintenance of coastal processes, and protection of

habitat.

• Recent surveys show there has been no significant

region-wide changes in the status of seagrass medows

between 1998 and 2004. Seagrass in the Mangles Bay

area however remains highly stressed (Lavery and

Westera, 2004). Most of the remaining healthy seagrass

meadows are located along the western margins of

Cockburn Sound (Garden Island). Extending the

Shoalwater Islands Marine Park to encompass these

areas would offer greater habitat protection.

• Two acknowledged marine pests have also been found

in the benthic fauna of Cockburn Sound: the European

fan worm Sabella cf. spallanzanii, and the Asian date

mussel Musculista senhousia (see Section 2.3.2 Ports,

Harbours and Shipping).

• Physical alterations to the shoreline, such as the

construction of breakwaters, may restrict community

access, can cause direct or indirect loss of seagrass

meadows and shallow sands and may modify coastal

processes. The cumulative impacts of these

developments along the coastline are difficult to

measure and predict. A guiding principle for future

developments is incorporated in Section 1.3,

Maintaining a Healthy Marine Ecosystem.

• Bottlenose Dolphins are the icon species in Cockburn

Sound and there is a history of human-dolphin

interaction. Little is known about the specific

requirements of dolphins, although ecological research

by Murdoch University on the Cockburn Sound

population is ongoing. As the top predators in

Cockburn Sound, dolphins are useful for detecting

changes in the food chain and are sensitive indicators

of the overall health of the ecosystem (Finn, pers. com.,

2001).

• Key gaps in the information base required for

management are in the areas of: modelling of water

movement in Cockburn Sound, coastal processes,

nutrient cycling in Cockburn Sound and the assessment

of cumulative environmental impacts (see Section 4

Coordinating Research and Investigations).

OBJECTIVES

• To protect and conserve marine flora, fauna and

associated habitats.

• To recognise and facilitate natural heritage values and

uses as one of the multiple uses of Cockburn Sound.

• To work cooperatively with local and State government

agencies and the community to integrate planning and

management for the marine and coastal environment

of Cockburn Sound.


49Section 2: Facilitating Multiple Use

BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS IN COCKBURN SOUND

Source: Finn H., 2002, unpublished data, Murdoch University of Western Australia.

One of the more familiar examples of the marine fauna of

Cockburn Sound is the bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) that

occupy relatively small (about 100 km2) home ranges in which

they reside year-round and for the duration of their lives. Of

the approximately 200 dolphins identified in the area between

Rockingham and Fremantle, over half include the Sound within

their home range. Adult females represent an unusually large

component of the animals regularly seen in the Sound,

suggesting that these protected waters may be significant as

a dolphin nursery area.

Dolphins use the 3–5 years they depend on their mother and

their subsequent adolescence to map out the physical and

social landscape. Rather than living in stable ‘pods’, adult

dolphins may associate with a range of different individuals.

However, two relationships are stable and enduring:

1) the bond between a female and her dependent calf and

2) the almost equally tight bond between adult males in small

‘alliances.’

The Jervoise Shelf (located in north-eastern corner between

Woodman Point and James Point) appears to provide critical

habitat of reef and remnant seagrass meadow. From autumn

to spring, large feeding aggregations of up to 40 dolphins (plus

seabirds) can be seen in this area.

The dolphins in Cockburn Sound appear to be under at least

moderate ecological stress. Management issues include the

potential impacts of future development on critical dolphin

habitat areas and adverse human-dolphin interactions such

as “boat-begging” and vessel disturbance. Murdoch University

is currently investigating the ecological importance of Jervoise

Shelf to dolphins. The local eco-tourism operator is also

developing a “Keep the Dolphins Wild” educational program

to encourage responsible interactions with marine mammals.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Incorporate the requirements of the marine flora and

fauna of Cockburn Sound (good water quality,

maintenance of coastal processes, and protection of

habitat) into the broader planning for Cockburn Sound

(CSMC: Ongoing).

2. Work with the Marine Parks and Reserves Authority

and the Department of Defence to investigate the

benefits and constraints of extending the Shoalwater

Islands Marine Park to include the seagrass meadows

of the western waters of the Sound (CSMC, MPRA,

DoD: 2003-05).

3. Provide information on the marine flora, fauna and

habitats as part of community awareness and

involvement programs (CSMC: Ongoing).

4. Minimise the impact of recreational and commercial

uses on major habitats, particularly on seagrass

meadows, through information, education and

enforcement (CSMC, CALM, DoF: Ongoing).

5. Survey and map the marine habitat types of Cockburn

Sound and monitor trends and distributions of flora

and fauna (CSMC, WRC, DoE: Ongoing).

6. In partnership with research institutions, supportprojects on the marine flora, fauna and associatedhabitats of Cockburn Sound, with priority on seagrassand dolphins (CSMC: Ongoing).

7. Monitor seagrass health every year and seagrassdistribution every three years (CSMC, WRC, DoE:Ongoing). Priority areas are the western margin ofCockburn Sound, as protecting the remaining healthymeadows is a high priority, and the eastern margin, toprotect existing patches of healthy seagrass adjacentto the industrial area.

8. Promote the recolonisation and re-establishment ofseagrass in areas of Cockburn Sound where it onceoccurred. Investigate the major constraints to seagrassregrowth and, if practicable, implement remedial action(CSMC, DoE, WRC, KIC: 2004-07).

9. Periodically survey and sample marinefauna, particularly mussels and marinesnails, to determine long-termtrends in levels ofcontaminants (DoF,DoH: Ongoing).

50

2.4.2 Foreshore Habitats

The coastline of Cockburn Sound consists of wind blown

deposits, which through time have developed the

Spearwood Dune System and the younger Quindalup Dune

System. In the Challenger Beach area the soils of the

Spearwood Dunes have been leached and the carbonate

precipitated to form the coastal limestone (Seddon ,1972).

The different soils and topography of both Dune Systems

create a distinctive flora and fauna.

Coastal Flora and Fauna

Eastern shore of Cockburn SoundThere are two main vegetation complexes along the eastern

coastal fringe of Cockburn Sound:

• The Quindalup Vegetation Complex, which comprises

herblands, sedgeland and Acacia shrubland. The two

main areas are within the Woodman Point Regional

Park, and Mangles Bay/Cape Peron area (part of the

Rockingham Lakes Regional Park). There are also

isolated patches from James Point to Cape Peron.

• The Cottesloe Complex-Central-South which is

associated with the coastal limestone of the Spearwood

Dunes and consists of low, closed heath dominated by

Acacia saligna or Melaleuca huegelii; and dense low

closed heath/thicket dominated by Dryandra sessilis.

This Complex occurs within the Beeliar Regional Park

on the coastal strip from Challenger Beach to the

Jervoise Bay Southern Harbour. The vegetated

limestone cliffs in this area are unique in the Perth

metropolitan region. Its very high conservation value

is reflected by its interim listing on the Register of the

National Estate (Environmental Protection Authority,

1998b).

There are three threatened flora species recorded for the

coastal strip of the Sound -Grevillea olivacea, Dodonaea

hackettiana and Verticordia plumosa and three terrestrial

fauna species of special conservation significance likely

to occur in the area - Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon

obesulus fusciventer), Peregrine Falcon (Falco

peregrinus), and the Carpet Python (Morethia spilota

imbricata).

Garden IslandGarden Island is listed on the Register of the National

Estate for a variety of natural and cultural heritage values.

The Quindalup Vegetation Complex on Garden Island

includes sedgeland, heathland, shrubland, and extensive

tracts of ‘low, closed coastal forest’ of Callitris preissii

(Rottnest Island Cypress) and Melaleuca lanceolata

(Rottnest Island Tea Tree) a community that is classified

as restricted and threatened in WA.

Fauna surveys have identified 94 species of birds, 14

species of reptile including the Carpet Python (Morethia

spilota imbricata), and one native mammal (the Tammar

Wallaby) (Brooker et al., 1995; Robinson et al., 1987).

Garden Island is a regionally important nesting site for

several bird species including Fairy Tern and Osprey and

is visited by 14 migratory species recognised under the

Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement and/or China

Australia Migratory Bird Agreement.

Coastal Processes

Two forces principally shape the foreshore of Cockburn

Sound: southerly wind systems that set up longshore

sediment transport through local wind, waves and

longshore currents during the spring and summer months;

and north-west storm systems consisting of swell waves,

local wind waves and wind-driven currents.

While the shores of Cockburn Sound are sheltered from

extreme wave action, they are subject to erosion on the

rare occasions when elevated sea levels are accompanied

by strong winds which create erosive waves (Andrews,

pers. com., 2001).

Coastal processes and shoreline stability have been

investigated at some specific areas around Cockburn

Sound, generally due to proposed developments (James

Point and Mangles Bay) or as a result of existing

developments (Jervoise Bay and Woodman Point).

Artificial structures such as groynes, causeways, and

breakwaters have altered the natural patterns of longshore

sediment movement. There are now ongoing problems in

predicting and managing sand transport along the Sound’s

beaches.

James PointSevere erosion of the small sand cliffs at James Point has

occurred since 1953 and has been attributed to the passage

of north-west storms (Hsu, 1992). To prevent further

erosion of the beach at James Point, offshore breakwaters

were constructed to increase the beach width and therefore

reduce the effect of the storm surge.

Mangles BayThe causeway to Garden Island prevents the natural pattern

of sediment movement from Cape Peron into Cockburn

Sound (Department of Marine and Harbours, 1992), and

so there is accumulation of sand on the western side of the

causeway and erosion on the eastern side to as far as the


51

Bell Street Boat ramp. This erosion is still continuing,

and is mitigated by transport (by truck) of sand from the

western side of the causeway to the eastern side (Middle,

pers. com., 2001).

Woodman Point and Jervoise BayThe greatest changes to the foreshore of Cockburn Sound

have occurred between Woodman Point and the limestone

cliffs of Challenger Beach. Between 1913 and 1918

Woodman Point was built out approximately 400 m and

extended south-westward a similar distance by means of a

rubble structure, as part of a plan to develop the peninsula

into a naval facility (Powell and Emberson, 1981).

Jervoise Bay has also undergone development, particularly

in the past 30 years. Modifications to the coastline in this

region include dredging, infilling, and the establishment

of breakwaters to encompass the Northern Harbour and

Southern Harbour. The shoreline has been extensively

modified and severe erosion on the western side of the

Northern Harbour breakwater has caused the loss of beach

amenity and risks to public safety.

Foreshore Management

The City of Cockburn, the Town of Kwinana and the City

of Rockingham each have management policies, plans or

strategies to manage coastal areas by separating

incompatible uses, providing and maintaining suitable and

safe recreational facilities and paths, and undertaking

erosion control measures.

The Department of Defence has an Environmental

Management Plan for Garden Island and HMAS Stirling,

which has been revised to reflect and complement

initiatives at the regional level (DoD 2001).

Community groups such as Com-Net, Cockburn Power

Boat Association, Recfishwest, Kwinana Watchdog Group

and the Conservation Council play a vital role as

‘environmental watchdogs’ and in raising community

awareness about environmental issues.

The management of foreshore issues is further complicated

in that , all beaches (accessible to the public) are under the

control of Local Governments and CALM manages coastal

parks and reserves. Also some industrial sites (both private

and government owned) within the Kwinana and Jervoise

Bay areas extend across beaches into the water. The

Department for Planning and Infrastructure also has a role

advising on the technical aspects of coastal erosion and

has developed a State Coastal Planning Policy (Statement

of Planning Policy No. 2.6).

ISSUES

• Coastal erosion and accretion are natural processes;

however, the construction of structures both on beaches

(e.g. harbour breakwaters) and on the foredunes (e.g.

carparks and paths) has altered these coastal processes.

There are now ongoing problems in predicting and

managing sand transport along the Sound’s beaches,

in particular at Mangles Bay, Kwinana Beach,

Challenger Beach and Woodman Point.

• Coastal erosion is technically difficult to manage, with

many options resulting in damage to flora and fauna

habitats, a reduction in water quality and loss of

recreational use.

• Management of coastal issues is complex, involving

Commonwealth, State, and local government as well

as industry. The local community is often confused by

these arrangements and frustrated by the lack of

consultation in developing management options

(Community Forums, 2001).

• Future planning for the Kwinana and Jervoise Bay

industrial areas needs to make provision for maintaining

coastal processes and beach stability.

• Garden Island and the Regional Parks (Woodman,

Beeliar and Rockingham) contain important

representative samples of coastal landforms and flora

and fauna communities. They also provide important

ecological links to inland communities and wetlands.

The secure long-term conservation of these coastal

landforms and communities is integral to maintaining

the biodiversity of the region.

• Areas of foreshore vegetation outside the Regional Park

system also play an important role in that they provide

ecological links along the coastline and, to some degree,

provide a visual and physical buffer to Cockburn Sound

from inland uses.

• Management of recreational and commercial activities

should aim to encourage non-disruptive, passive uses,

that protect and enhance the special environmental

qualities of the beaches and foreshores of Cockburn

Sound.


52

OBJECTIVES

• To maintain the integrity, function and environmental

values of foreshore areas.

• To ensure existing and proposed developments do not

have a significant impact on coastal processes and

beach stability.

• To protect representative landform systems.

• To maintain the abundance, diversity, geographic

distribution and productivity of vegetation community

types.

• To recognise and facilitate natural heritage values and

uses as one of the multiple uses of Cockburn Sound.

• To work cooperatively with the Department of

Conservation and Land Management, local government

and the community to integrate planning and

management for the foreshore environment of

Cockburn Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Incorporate the requirements of the coastal flora, fauna

and habitats of Cockburn Sound (maintenance of

coastal processes, conservation of representative

communities, protection of habitat) into the broader

planning for Cockburn Sound (CSMC: Ongoing).

2. Provide information on the coastal flora, fauna and

habitats as part of community awareness and

involvement programs (CSMC, CALM: Ongoing).

3. Minimise the impact of recreational and commercial

uses on major habitats, particularly on coastal limestone

communities, through information, education and

enforcement (CSMC, CALM: Ongoing).

4. Survey and map the coastal habitat types of Cockburn

Sound and monitor trends and distributions of flora

and fauna (CSMC, CALM: Ongoing).

5. Initiate a Coast Care program involving industry,

Commonwealth, State and local government and local

community user groups, to protect and rehabilitate the

beaches and foredunes along the eastern foreshore of

Cockburn Sound. Priority areas are Mangles Bay,

Kwinana Beach, Challenger Beach and Woodman Point

(CSMC: 2004 - Ongoing).

6. In partnership with the Department for Planning and

Infrastructure, and local government authorities,

develop an understanding of the key coastal processes

of Cockburn Sound and assess the effectiveness of

existing erosion control measures. Develop and

implement Best Management Practices to protect the

Sound’s foreshore (CSMC, DPI, LGAs: 2002).

7. Assist CALM in the production of Management Plans

for Woodman Point, Beeliar, and Rockingham Lakes

Regional Parks (CSMC: Ongoing).

8. Support local government authorities in implementing

coastal management plans for the Cockburn Sound

foreshore in a coordinated manner (CSMC: Ongoing).

9. In assessing the ecological and social impacts of future

development proposals on the Sound’s coastal

environment, apply the following guiding principles:

• maintain coastal processes and beach stability;

• conserve coastal landforms and flora and fauna

communities contained in the Regional Parks; and

• provide advice in accordance with the guidelines

in Section 1.3 (CSMC: Ongoing).


53

2.4.3 Aboriginal Heritage

This section is based on a report commissioned by

Cockburn Sound Management Council on the Aboriginal

heritage in Cockburn Sound and its hinterland (O’ Connor,

2001). Additional background information and detailed

references can be found in this report.

Evidence from an archaeological site at Upper Swan shows

that humans have occupied the Swan Coastal Plain for at

least 38,000 years. Occupation patterns over this time span

would have been affected by fluctuations in sea levels,

with the present level being reached approximately six

thousand years ago when Garden, Carnac and Rottnest

Islands were separated from the mainland by rising waters.

At the time of European settlement in the south-west of

Western Australia, the area forming a rough triangle from

the Dongara region to Esperance, was populated by

Aboriginal people who shared a common language, albeit

divided into separate dialects, and a common culture, again

with regional variations on a fundamental theme.

Early records suggest that the Cockburn Sound and its

hinterland were within the lands of the Whadjug dialect

group. ‘Beeliar’ was recorded by Lyon (1833) as the name

of the district between the Canning River and the northern

extremity of the Murray River Aborigines’ land. Armstrong

(1836) and Symmons (1840) referred to the Aborigines of

Beeliar as the ‘Mangles Bay tribe’. The Beeliar Aborigines

were thus a local sub-group of the Whadjug dialect group.

The Beeliar Aborigines shared the same social organisation

as their immediate neighbours - the group was divided into

two matrilineal moieties (divisions of society), known as

manitjmat (white cockatoo) and wardungmat (crow), with

at least four exogamous (marrying outside) matrilineal

divisions grouped under each moiety. This system, coupled

with a preference for marriage with persons from outside

the individual’s home country, meant that complex family

relationships were built up across the dialect group and

beyond it with members of other dialect groups.

Such relationships inevitably led to interlinking rights of

access to country and to its resources across a wide area,

with the result that, when a plenitude of any given resource

occurred in one area, neighbours would share in its use

and would, in turn, bestow reciprocal rights on their hosts

when appropriate.

Beeliar was part of an Aboriginal track or pad from the

Swan River to the Murray River, which passed from

Fremantle, through North and Bibra Lakes and the chain

of freshwater lakes leading to Mandurah. A pad led also

from this north-south track west to the present Rockingham

area. Access to this route was guaranteed by the patterns

of resource sharing noted above.

Cockburn Sound and its hinterland incorporate two distinct

Aboriginal resource complexes - one associated with the

marine environment and the other with Thomsons Lake,

Folly Pool and The Spectacles. Molluscs, crustaceans,

fish and other marine resources were utilised from

Cockburn Sound, while ducks, swans, gilgies and tortoises

were food sources from the wetlands.

The entire traditional social, geographical and economic

universe was underwritten and supported by an overarching

mythic world view, fragments of which remain to the

present day amongst the survivors of the Beeliar Aborigines

and their neighbours.

Although social organisation broke down among the

Aboriginal people of the south-west as a result of European

settlement, some Aboriginal families tended to retain

contact with their traditional countries.

In the area east of the Cockburn Sound hinterland

Aboriginal people continued to work on farms and to cut

timbers for bean and tomato supports for market gardeners

until at least the nineteen-sixties. ‘Fringe camps’ associated

with these economic activities are still remembered by

today’s elders. Families also continued to utilise the marine

resources on occasions, along with the wider community.

This latter usage continues to the present day.

This historical situation has resulted in the lodgement of

three Applications for Determination of Native Title over

lands which include all or part of the Cockburn Sound

Management Area, namely the Gnaala Karla Booja

application (WC98/58), the Combined Metropolitan

Working Group application (WC99/6) and the Ballaruk

application (WC95/86).


54

ISSUE

• Thirty-three listed Aboriginal heritage surveys have

been carried out in or adjacent to the Cockburn Sound

Management Area, resulting in the recording of thirty-

five Aboriginal heritage sites. All site identification

and recording has been a result of development-specific

heritage surveys. Many more sites may exist in the

area, particularly in the vicinity of sand dunes, less

disturbed coastal areas and lakes. Future development

in the vicinity of these areas needs to be managed

appropriately to avoid conflict.

OBJECTIVES

• To involve Aboriginal people in environmental

protection.

• To recognise the known Aboriginal heritage

environment.

• To ensure that future development is carried out in such

a way that potential conflict over Aboriginal heritage

is avoided.


RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Communicate with relevant native title groups and

invite input into developing and implementing the

Environmental Management Plan (CSMC, DIA,

Aboriginal representative groups: Ongoing).

2. Invite Aboriginal participation in the decision-making

of the Management Council (CSMC: Ongoing).

3. Ensure that future development in Cockburn Sound and

its catchment is preceded by appropriate Aboriginal

consultation and heritage surveys (DIA: Ongoing).

4. Ensure that Aboriginal heritage sites within the

Cockburn Sound Management Area are protected

(DIA: Ongoing).

5. Involve the relevant Aboriginal people in designing

appropriate protection measures for heritage sites (DIA:

Ongoing).

55

2.4.4 European Heritage

Cockburn Sound, with its naturally deep waters and shelter

from Garden Island, has a long history as one of the states

major shipping harbours. In 1827 Captain James Stirling

in his ship Success first landed in Cockburn Sound before

making his passage to explore the Swan River. Two years

later Captain Stirling returned to establish the Swan River

colony, with the first settlement being established on

Garden Island, near Cliff Head. During the early stages of

the colony Cockburn Sound provided a natural harbour

for ships loaded with settlers from Europe.

In 1872 the first jetty was constructed on Rockingham

Beach to service the rapidly growing town and timber trade.

Cockburn Sound became a major shipping port for the

timber trade with a direct rail link to the forestry operations

in the Darling Scarp. Careening Bay on Garden Island

was named after its use during this time and became a ship

maintenance facility for the numerous visiting vessels.

With the construction of the Fremantle port in the early

1900s, the role of Cockburn Sound as a port was greatly

reduced. It was not until the dredging of the Parmelia and

Success Banks, which previously restricted the entry of

larger vessels, that Cockburn Sound again gained

prominence as a port.

Several World War II coastal defence structures remain

around the Cockburn Sound coastline including at

Woodman Point, Cape Peron and Garden Island. Remnant

submarine barriers from WW II operations are still evident

at each end of the Sound. The barriers stretch from Cape

Peron and Woodman Point on the mainland across to

Garden Island. The Island was also the base for

reconnaissance operations, such as the Z force.

From the late 1950s to early 1960s onwards large industrial

shipping facilities were constructed along the north-eastern

foreshore of Cockburn Sound to cater for the rapidly

expanding industry and export trade. The settlements

supporting the busy port of Cockburn Sound and associated

industrial area grew steadily over time. The three townsites

of Rockingham, Kwinana and Cockburn each have an

individual and unique history reflecting the gradual growth

and establishment.

Throughout this time, Cockburn Sound has been known

for its abundance of marine life and has been recognised

as an important commercial and recreational fisheries

resource. With its protected waters, sandy beaches and

abundance of fish, the Sound has been enjoyed for

generations as a beach-side holiday destination.


ISSUES

• Under the Maritime Archaeology Act 1973, all wrecks

or objects dated prior to 1900 are deemed to be

‘historic shipwrecks or relics’ and subject to the

provisions of the Act. The Western Australian

Maritime Museum is to be notified of any discovery

of maritime objects or a wreck site and all activity is

to be halted until the importance of the site has been

assessed.

• Four wrecks in Cockburn Sound are recognised as

historic wreck sites - the Day Dawn (1890) and Dato

(1893) located in Careening Bay and the Contest

(1874) and Amur (1887). The Day Dawn and Dato

are listed on the Register of the National Estate.

• At least 37 other known wreck sites exist in Cockburn

Sound. Many of these sites are popular recreational

dive sites.

OBJECTIVES

• To recognise and protect the European heritage of

Cockburn Sound.

• To recognise, and facilitate the protection of, European

heritage as one of the multiple use values of Cockburn

Sound.

• To work cooperatively with local governments,

historical societies, WA Museum and WA Tourism

Commission to integrate cultural heritage into the

environmental planning and management of Cockburn

Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Consolidate the existing historical information on

Cockburn Sound, in particular focusing on identifying

wreck sites within Cockburn Sound (CSMC, WAM,

LGAs: 2006-08).

2. Work with local dive schools, tour operators and dive

clubs to ensure the protection of historically important

wreck sites (WAM, commercial dive operators,

recreational dive clubs, CSMC: Ongoing).

3. Support the WA Museum in identifying and

researching the significance of wreck sites within

Cockburn Sound (CSMC: Ongoing).

56

2.5 Defence

Garden Island (1200 ha) is vested in the Commonwealth

Government and HMAS Stirling is homeport to

approximately half the major vessels of the Royal

Australian Navy (RAN). It is surrounded by a further

2500 ha of declared Naval Waters (see Figure 5).

Approximately 30% of the Island is designated for naval

development the full complex of facilities on Garden Island

is termed Fleet Base West. The remainder is managed for

conservation and is open to the public under specific

conditions; for example, public access is only allowed by

boat and restricted to daylight hours (DoD, 2001). The

Navy also controls 3.6 ha of land where the causeway joins

the mainland at Cape Peron. The boundary of the Cockburn

Sound Management Area abuts, but does not include,

Garden Island.

Most the Navy’s facilities are concentrated in the south-

east corner of Garden Island and within Careening Bay,

with main wharves and workshops, small boats harbour,

administration and stores, and accommodation being based

in these areas. Precincts external to the south-east area

contain the Helicopter Support Facility, armaments and

explosive area, an explosives demolition and burning

ground, sewage treatment plant and the School of

Survivability and Ship Safety. Other minor developments

around the Island include various aerial sites, a disused

quarry and the Kalkara launch site. The defence facilities

are also shared by the Army and Air Force (DoD, 2001).

The main pressures on Cockburn Sound due to Navy

facilities and shipping are:

• Construction of the causeway and future defence

developments on the Island;

• Dredging and dredge spoil disposal (see Section 2.3.2);

• TBT contamination (see Sections 1.3 and 2.3.2);

• Potential for introduction of foreign marine species

from ballast water and ships’ hulls (see Section 2.3.2);

• Oil spillage during loading and unloading and

bunkering (see Section 2.3.2); and

• Handling of explosives and other dangerous goods.

The Department of Defence is committed to environmental

management, and the Royal Australian Navy has a

comprehensive environmental policy manual which sets

out its environmental obligations and commitments in all

areas of environmental management and impact

assessment.

An Environmental Management Plan is in place for HMAS

Stirling and Garden Island (URS, 2001) and the Garden

Island Environmental Advisory Committee advises on

environmental matters. It is an inter-governmental body,

with community representation, which helps integrate the

management objectives of both the Commonwealth and

State Governments to maintain the natural values of the

Island while meeting Defence objectives and allowing for

compatible public recreational access.

Defence, as a Commonwealth Authority, is bound by the

obligations of international treaties and Commonwealth

legislation, except where expressly exempt from

complying. The Royal Australian Navy also seeks to

comply with all relevant State provisions except where

emergency conditions or operational imperatives dictate

otherwise.

The Commonwealth Explosives Act 1961 and Explosives

Regulations 1991 specify the requirements Defence must

meet in the transport, storage and handling of explosives

by land, sea or air. There are a number of Defence policies

and procedures that are specifically aimed at ensuring the

RAN’s compliance with this legislation.

HMAS Stirling also serves as a designated port for visits

by nuclear-powered ships.

ISSUES

• The Navy generally requires: access to a deep water

port, sheltered waters south of the cyclone belt, access

to ship maintenance yards and fuel supplies, and

restricted public access. Garden Island has all of these

attributes.

• The Navy’s presence on Garden Island is expected to

expand as part of the ‘Two Oceans’ defence policy.

The increase in naval vessels, together with the

predicted rise in commercial shipping (5% per year)

and recreational boating (43% by 2011) means there

will be increasing need to manage the traffic in the open

waters and navigational channels of Cockburn Sound.

• High levels of TBT in the sediments, along with 100%

imposex in marine snails, have been found in surveys

of Careening Bay, Garden Island. The Royal Australian

Navy has banned TBT use on ships less than 40 m in

length, and is replacing TBT on larger naval vessels

with a copper-based paint (see Section 1.3 Maintaining

a Healthy Marine Ecosystem).


57

• The causeway linking Garden Island to the mainland

has reduced water flow through the Sound’s southern

entrance by approximately 40% (Maritime Works

Branch, 1977a and b). Additional research work is

required to assess the influence of the causeway on the

environmental quality of the southern portion of

Cockburn Sound, and the potential environmental

benefits of modifying its design (Environment

Protection Authority, 1998a).

• Low-frequency high-impact accidents such as ship

collisions may cause substantial ecological damage,

put workers’ and the community’s health at risk and

incur substantial clean-up costs. The HMAS Stirling

Emergency Response Plan is the basis for addressing

all emergency situations and details the response to

major issues such as fire, oil spills and nuclear

accidents.

• Investigations are proceeding to determine whether

there are any localised impacts on seagrass due to

groundwater nutrients inputs from the waste water

treatment plant which services HMAS Stirling (Wykes,

pers. com., 2001).

OBJECTIVES

• To ensure that defence facilities and activities are


Cockburn Sound’s ecological and social values.

• To recognise and facilitate defence facilities and

activities as one of the multiple uses of Cockburn

Sound.

• To work cooperatively with Department of Defence to

integrate environmental planning and management of

defence facilities and activities within Cockburn Sound.


RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Incorporate the requirements of defence facilities and

activities (access to a deep water port, sheltered waters

south of cyclone belt, access to ship maintenance yards

and fuel supplies, and restricted public access) into the

broader planning for Cockburn Sound (CSMC:

Ongoing).

2. Support the Department of Defence, port and harbour

operators and the local boating community in efforts

to minimise potential safety issues arising between large

ships and small recreational boats (DoD, FP, DPI,

commercial fishers, boat user groups: Ongoing).

3. Support the Department of Defence in implementing

the international ban on applying TBT to ship hulls

(DoD, CSMC: 2003 – Ongoing).

4. Support the Department of Defence in implementing

the Commonwealth Government’s new (July 2001)

mandatory ballast water requirements for international

vessels visiting Australian waters, and for vessel

movements between Australian ports (DoD, CSMC:

Ongoing).

5. Assess the influence of the Garden Island causeway

on the environmental quality of Cockburn Sound, and

the potential environmental benefits of modifying its

design (CSMC, CoR, DoE, DoD, DPI: 2002-03).

6. Ensure all aspects of defence operations comply with

relevant policies, plans and guidelines. A priority for

management are low-frequency high-impact accidents

(DoD: Ongoing).

7. Support investigations to determine whether there are

any localised impacts on seagrass due to groundwater

nutrient inputs from the waste water treatment plant

which services HMAS Stirling. Implement remedial

action, if required (DoD: Ongoing).

58

The extent to which this Environmental Management Plan

deals with the terrestrial environment is limited to those

issues that directly or indirectly impact on the water quality

of Cockburn Sound.

Much of the historical deterioration in water quality and

loss of marine habitat in the Sound can be attributed to

waste inputs from land-based sources.

In the past most of the waste inputs were via pipeline

discharges directly into the Sound. With the tightening of

licence conditions and a concerted effort by industry to

employ environmental best practices in waste management,

direct discharges now account for a much smaller

proportion of the total input. For example, the direct

pipeline discharge of nitrogen to Cockburn Sound has

fallen dramatically from more than 80% of the total

nitrogen inputs in 1978 to less than 20% in 2000.

Under a proposal by the Water Corporation and Kwinana

industries, in which treated waste water discharged from

local industries would enter the Point Peron pipeline for

disposal off-shore (4.2 km) into the Sepia Depression, there

would be ‘zero’ pipeline discharge to Cockburn Sound,

other than the return of seawater used for cooling purposes.

Groundwater contamination, mainly as a result of past

practices, is now the major source of waste inputs into

Cockburn Sound. Groundwater flow is estimated to

contribute more than 70% of the nitrogen load to the Sound.

Surface water drains and emissions from motor vehicles

and industry (via atmospheric fallout) also contribute to

contaminant inputs to the Sound, but to a much lesser extent

(DAL, 2001).

Clearly any initiative to manage the marine waters of

Cockburn Sound must be fully integrated with the planning

and management of land-based activities in the catchment.

Land uses within the Cockburn Sound catchment that

currently impact on the quality of surface and groundwaters

include urban areas, industry and rural holdings

(Figure 10).

Urban Areas

The three local government authorities located within the

Cockburn Sound catchment area are the City of Cockburn,

the Town of Kwinana and the City of Rockingham. The

two main urban areas are centred around Rockingham,

Shoalwater, Safety Bay and Cooloongup; and Medina,

Orelia, Calista, Kwinana and Parmelia. These are also the

areas where urban expansion is planned, for example some

areas of Beeliar around Thomsons Lake. A population

increase of 30% in the next 10 years is anticipated (Western

Australian Planning Commission, 2000a).

In urban areas, gardening practices can contribute nutrients,

metals and pesticides to groundwater, while a range of

contaminants are present in urban stormwater runoff.

Surface runoff from a large proportion of the Rockingham,

Shoalwater, Safety Bay area is collected by the Lake

Richmond drain, which discharges into Mangles Bay. The

South Jandakot Main Drain also discharges to the Sound

through the Woodman Point Pipeline.

New residential subdivisions in the catchment are planned

using the principles of water sensitive urban design, where

the emphasis is on water retention, treatment, use and

quality, rather than drainage and disposal. These practices

have the potential to greatly reduce the contamination of

surface and groundwater from urban sources.

Urban areas also require sewage collection (or septic tanks)

and rubbish collection, which in turn means that increased

capacity at rubbish tips and waste water treatment plants

is needed to process these wastes. Inappropriate storage

and/or disposal of waste has the potential to contaminate

land, groundwater and surface water. For example, the

old sludge drying beds of the Woodman Point waste water

treatment plant were one of the two main contributors to

nutrient-rich groundwater entering the Jervoise Bay

Northern Harbour.

Rural Land Uses

The main rural activities are: market gardens (346

hectares); cut flower production (60 hectares); turf farms

(38 hectares); and orchards (11 hectares). Rural residential

blocks, usually 2 to 4 ha in size, are also located in the

catchment. These land uses are centred on Mandogalup,

Hope Valley, Wattleup and Munster.

There is a general pattern of encroachment on these areas

by urban and industrial uses.

Agricultural practices can contribute nutrients and metals

to the groundwater, with potential sources being fertilisers,

pesticides, herbicides and fuel from fuel storage areas.


3. Integrating Management of the Land andMarine Environments

59

Figure 10. Land Uses in the Cockburn Sound Catchment

Section 3: Integrating Management

60

Losses of nutrients can be considerable due to the porous

nature of the local soils, and the amounts of nutrients and

water needed to grow commercially viable crops.

Rural industry groups, together with the Department of

Agriculture, Water and Rivers Commission and the

Department of Environment, recognise these problems and

are now in the process of developing and implementing

environmental best management practices or ‘codes of

practice’ for specific rural uses. Those most relevant to

the rural activites in the Cockburn Sound catchment are:

vegetable and potato growing, turf establishment and

maintenance, horse activities, poultry and nurseries.

Industrial Land Uses

The existing industrial areas within the Cockburn Sound

catchment were described previously in Section 2.3.1.

Heavy industry is centred on the suburbs of East

Rockingham, Kwinana Beach and Naval Base. An

international ship building precinct (construction, repair

and maintenance of steel and aluminum-hulled vessels) is

based at Jervoise Bay, with support facilities and services

at Henderson.

The most severe groundwater contamination problems in

the Cockburn Sound catchment have resulted from spills

and leakages on industrial sites and from seepages from

waste disposal ponds. Large groundwater plumes exist

within the Kwinana and Jervoise Bay industrial areas as a

result of past waste disposal practices. The contaminants

within the groundwater include ammonium sulphate,

sodium hydroxide, hydocarbons, nitrogen and herbicides.

Contaminant loads to Cockburn Sound that occur via

groundwater from the eastern shore were estimated as part

of the recent State of Cockburn Sound study (DAL, 2001).

The available data were quite variable in quality, and data

for all contaminants were not available for all sites.

Nitrogen data were available for all the facilities included

in the survey and thus provide the most reliable information

(DAL, 2001).

Estimated nitrogen contributions to the Sound from

groundwater are thought to be declining given efforts at

source reduction (see Figure 8). For example, groundwater

remediation at the Kwinana Nickel Refinery site has

reduced nitrogen discharges from approximately

500 tonnes/year to the current estimate of eight tonnes.

There has also been a 14% improvement in ammonium

discharges from the Wesfarmers CSBP site in the four years

to 2000 (DAL, 2001).

Water quality inside Northern Harbour is expected to

improve as a result of the Jervoise Bay groundwater

recovery operations which has removed up to 40 tonnes

per year of nitrogen from the inland aquifers.

As a result of these reductions by industry and the overall

decline in nitrogen loads, the relative role of catchment

land uses is starting to become significant.

There is significant groundwater contamination under

industrial sites due to metals and organic compounds. For

example, as a result of past practices, a plume of

groundwater pollution containing high concentrations of

phenols and herbicides 2-4-D and 2-4-5-T exists within

the Kwinana Industrial Area (DAL, 2001).

There has been a major proposal for new industrial land

made in the Fremantle-Rockingham Industrial Area

Regional Strategy (Western Australian Planning

Commission, 2000b). Under this Strategy it is proposed

to extend heavy industry into the Hope Valley area and to

develop the existing townsite of Wattleup and surrounding

rural areas as general industrial land. The exact mix of

industrial, urban and rural land is currently being

determined through the development of a master plan for

the area (Government. of WA, 2001).

Although the impacts on groundwater quality from existing

rural and urban land uses will be reduced, there may be

additional cumulative impacts from industry on

groundwater quality unless comprehensive groundwater

controls are put in place (Environmental Protection

Authority, 1999).

ISSUES

• Long-term improvement in groundwater quality

throughout the catchment will involve working with

the rural, urban and industrial users to identify those

activities that presently have the greatest impacts on

groundwater quality, and to develop cooperative

approaches (e.g. best management practices) to

minimise future impacts.

• The relative contribution of catchment land uses will

become increasingly significant, as industrial

discharges to the Sound reduce and the overall nitrogen

loads declines. A coordinated approach to planning

across the catchment is required to determine

acceptable land uses and to develop environmental

conditions to reduce nutrient export to Cockburn

Sound.


61












• As a first step to improving stormwater management,

information on the urban drainage system of Cockburn,

Rockingham and Kwinana needs to be consolidated.

• Very little information is available on the contributions

of runoff from road reserves and urban areas, or from

atmospheric deposition into Cockburn Sound.

• The groundwater resources of the Cockburn Sound

catchment are almost fully allocated to rural, urban and

industrial land uses. A key environmental consideration

will be to ensure adequate flow through to Cockburn

Sound, maintaining any benthic communities or

ecosystem processes that may be dependent on

freshwater flow.

• Further work is required on estimates of nutrient fluxes

in groundwater discharging to the Sound.

OBJECTIVES

• To integrate planning and management of catchment

land uses to minimise the overall impact of ground and

surface water contamination on the environmental

values of Cockburn Sound.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Assess the effectiveness of existing planning controls

to limit nutrient inputs from urban, rural and industrial

sources (CSMC, LGAs, MPI, DoE, WRC: Ongoing).

2. Develop a better understanding of the implications that

the environmental quality criteria (e.g. seagrass health)

for protecting the environmental values of Cockburn

Sound will have on planning and management of land

uses in the catchment (CSMC, DoE: 2003 - Ongoing).

3. Work with local government and planning agencies to

establish planning mechanisms to protect the waters

of Cockburn Sound. This may involve developing a

Memorandum of Understanding and appropriate

statutory arrangements, if required (CSMC, LGAs,

DPI, DoE, WRC: 2002-2004).

4. Initiate a Catchment Partnership between industry,

urban and rural land uses; local and State government;

schools and the local community, to identify those

activities that presently have the greatest impact on

groundwater quality, and to develop and implement best

management practices to minimise future impacts


5. Ensure comprehensive groundwater management plans

are incorporated into new industrial projects proposed

under the Fremantle-Rockingham Industrial Area

Regional Strategy (Land Corp: Ongoing).

6. Update the inventory of contaminated sites within the

catchment using data collected by industry under DEP

and WRC licence requirements, giving priority to sites

within five kilometres of the foreshore. Encourage

remediation of contaminated sites, particularly if there

is a potential threat to Cockburn Sound (EPA, DoE,

WRC: 2004).

7. Map the storm water catchments around the urbanised

areas of Rockingham and Kwinana and the

identification of discharges to the Sound. This should

include the estimation of contributions to groundwater

by the urban areas, location of major infiltration basins

and the identification of stormwater pipes that discharge

directly to the Sound (CSMC, LGAs, WRC: 2002-

2006).

8. Initiate a community monitoring program to better

estimate the nutrient contributions of runoff from road

reserves and urban areas, and from atmospheric

deposition into Cockburn Sound (CSMC: 2005 -

Ongoing).

9. Ensure that planning for the allocation of the

groundwater resource aims to maintain an adequate

flow of fresh water through to the Cockburn Sound

ecosystem (WRC: 2002 - Ongoing).


62

Cockburn Sound is one of the most intensively studied

marine systems in Western Australia. Much of this work

is reported in the Cockburn Sound Environmental Study

1976-1979 (Department of Conservation and Environment,

1979), the Southern Metropolitan Coastal Waters Study

1991-1994 (Department of Environmental Protection,

1996) and in Bulletin 907 The Marine Environment of

Cockburn Sound – Strategic Environmental Advice

(Environment Protection Authority, 1998a).

These studies and reports provide a broad understanding

of the physical, biological and chemical processes that

define the Cockburn Sound environment and the main

pressures that threaten the values of this system.

A review of the most recent information suggests that more

focused studies are now required for managers to better

understand specific marine, terrestrial and social issues,

and to further develop management actions (DAL, 2001).

The key issues identified in Sections 1, 2 and 3 of this

Plan that require research and investigation are listed

below.

ISSUES

• To better assess the potential impacts of port and

harbour developments on Cockburn Sound and its

foreshore more specific, spatial and temporal

information is required on: freshwater and groundwater

nutrient discharge; the circulation and mixing of waters

along the eastern foreshore; the sources and movement

of toxicants; groundwater-pore water interaction;

nutrient recycling and algal blooms; and the biological

assemblages of the eastern foreshore.

• Overall nutrient-related water quality has improved

only slightly since the early 1990s despite the large

decline in nitrogen inputs from human activities from

an estimated 1080 tonnes in 1990 to about 300 tonnes

in 2000. A better understanding of the relationship

between nutrient inputs and water quality indicators

(e.g. chlorophyll ‘a’ and light attenuation) is required.

• The causeway linking Garden Island to the mainland

has reduced water flow through the Sound’s southern

entrance by approximately 40% (Maritime Works

Branch, 1977a and b). Additional research work is

required to assess the influence of the causeway on the

environmental quality of the southern portion of

Cockburn Sound, and the potential environmental

benefits of modifying its design.












• The Cockburn Sound Management Council’s current

approach to multiple use management is relatively

subjective and as such provides only a broad guide for

managing multiple use. More detailed mapping of

future uses, together with a better understanding of the

local community’s long-term vision for Cockburn

Sound and its foreshore, are required before this

approach can be used to assess the suitability of

proposed uses and developments.

4. Coordinating Research and Investigations


63

OBJECTIVE

• To coordinate research and investigations to improve

the information and knowledge base required for

management of Cockburn Sound and its catchment.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. In partnership with major stakeholders, develop and

implement a five year research and investigations

program for Cockburn Sound based on the priorities

listed below (CSMC, KIC, DoE, WRC, CSIRO, DoF,

CALM, DoIR, FP, WAFIC, community groups: 2003-

2008).

Marine Environment

• Develop an agreed conceptual model of the

discharge and the effects of nutrient inputs to

Cockburn Sound.

• Develop an agreed method for evaluating the

cumulative impacts of current and future activities

and developments.

• Gather additional data and develop methodologies

to improve modelling of freshwater discharge, water

movement and coastal processes along the eastern

foreshore of Cockburn Sound.

• Determine the influence of the Garden Island

Causeway on the environmental quality of the

Sound and the potential environmental benefits of

modifying its design.

• Maintain the monitoring of seagrass health and

distribution.

• Initiate studies on the local populations of fish and

shellfish and the connections between these

populations, the commercial and recreational

fisheries and adjacent areas such as the Swan River.

Terrestrial Environment

• Produce a full inventory of contaminated sties

within five kilometres of Cockburn Sound.

• Map stormwater catchments around the urbanised

areas of Rockingham, Cockburn and Kwinana.

• Develop a systematic approach to quantifying the

quality and spatial distribution of groundwater

discharging to the Sound.

Social and Cultural Uses

• Develop a better understanding of the social and

cultural aspects of Cockburn Sound that the

community values.

• Conduct a comprehensive user survey that

establishes the future types, areas and intensity of

multiple use of Cockburn Sound and its foreshore.·

• Obtain better estimates of recreational fish catches,

both boat and shore-based, for integrated catch

management of fisheries.

2. Facilitate opportunities for local community groups,agencies, educational institutions, volunteers andindividuals to be involved in research and investigationprojects within Cockburn Sound and its catchment(CSMC: 2003 – Ongoing).

3. Establish a data-base of the main past, current andproposed research and investigation programs (CSMC:2002 – Ongoing).

Section 4: Co-ordinating Research and Investigations

64


is to monitor the management actions of government

agencies, industry, Defence, local government authorities

and user groups, and to report to the community on their

collective progress towards a healthier Cockburn Sound.

As part of this process the Management Council has

commissioned the first State of Cockburn Sound report

(DAL, 2001). This report follows the Pressure-State-

Response model of the Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development, that has been adopted by the

Commonwealth and State governments in Australia for

State of the Environment (SoE) reporting (Figure 11).

The ‘report cards’ (Tables 4 to 8) illustrated in Section 1

of this Plan will form the basis of future reporting to the

community on the ‘state of Cockburn Sound’.

5. Monitoring and Reporting on Performance

Figure 11. Pressure-State-Response Model

In addition to reporting annually to government and the

community, the Management Council provides

comprehensive communication channels to the community

by producing monthly up-dates on progress through its

newsletter, Sound News, seeking feedback through regular

community forums, and providing a ‘shop front’ office in

Rockingham where the latest information on Cockburn

Sound is easily accessible.

These communications will form the basis of an ongoing

Community Awareness and Involvement Program that will

be an important part of implementing the Environmental

Management Plan.


65

OBJECTIVES

• To encourage and facilitate community involvement

in the implementation of the Environmental

Management Plan.

• To publicly report on performance in implementing this

Management Plan.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. In consultation with major stakeholders, develop and

implement a Community Awareness and Involvement

Program. The Program will be guided by the following

principles:

• link and add value to current programs;

• raise awareness of marine and catchment issues

across the whole of the community to back up other

specific issues or local area projects;

• empower local action by responding to community

needs for information, providing opportunities for

involvement, and developing local initiatives;

• develop partnerships so that stakeholders, including

local government, community groups, industry, and

government agencies, work co-operatively to

address problems;

• ensure accountability to the community;

• provide opportunities for community feedback; and

• be responsive to changing environmental and

community issues. (CSMC: 2003 - Ongoing).

2. Report on the state of Cockburn Sound through

community forums and other public events and provide

a progress update (based on the “report cards” in

Section 1) to the local community (CSMC: Annually).

3. Report annually to the Board of the Water and RiversCommission, Minister for the Environment, theWestern Australian Parliament and the community onthe state of Cockburn Sound (CSMC: Annually).

4. In consultation with key stakeholders coordinate the

Environmental Quality Monitoring Program for

Cockburn Sound. The Monitoring Porgram should be

- linked to the report cards;

- easily accessible and verfiable, and

- transparent and monitored independently.


5. Further develop a web reporting system to deal in detail

with specific environmental quality monitoring and

related management strategies for localised areas in

Cockburn Sound. This web reporting system will relate

directly to objectives and recommendations in the EMP

(CSMC: Ongoing).

Section 5: Monitoring and Reporting on Performance

66

Implementing the recommendations of the EnvironmentalManagement Plan will take place over the next seven years.

The Minister for the Enviroment approved an interimEnvironmental Management Plan for Cockburn Sound andits Catchment in December 2002. Since this time theCockburn Sound Management Council has beencoordinating implementation of the Plan and as a resultmany of the recommendations contained in this finaldocument have commenced.

Implementation 2002–2004

Recommendations from the 2002 Interim Plan, as referred

to in this document and Table 11, remain relevant and

current. In many cases various recommendations have

commenced and as such the timing in Table 11 reflects the

fact that some actions have been initiated.

A summary of key recommendations which have already

been completed or substantially progressed prior to the

release of this final Plan are provided below. Please see

the relevant section or Table 11 for further information, or

alternatively contact the Cockburn Sound Management

Council office.

Section 1. Protecting the EnvironmentalValues of Cockburn Sound

• 1.3-2: Develop and implement an Environmental

Quality Monitoring Program.

• 1.3-17: Monitor seagrass health every year and seagrass

distribution every three years.

• 1.3-18: Ensure that the impacts associated with works

from future developments which may impact

environmental values of Cockburn Sound, such as

dredging and rock breakwater construction, meet the

environmental quality criteria for ecosystem integrity

detailed in the SEP for Cockburn Sound.

• 1.3-19: CSMC will provide comment on future

developments affecting the shoreline or seabed and

associated vegetation along the foreshore of Cockburn

Sound.

Section 2. Facilitating Multiple Use ofCockburn Sound and its Foreshore

• 2.2.2-4: In co-operation with industry, local government

and local communities, investigate ways to improve

Implementing the Plan


community access to, and use of, the eastern foreshore

including:

• Enhancing beaches and facilities at Wells Park,

Challenger Beach and Woodman Point; and

• Identifying the constraints to public access in coastal

areas within Kwinana and Jervoise Bay areas and

developing practical solutions with stakeholders.

Section 3. Integrating Management of theLand and Marine Environment

• 3-3: Work with local government and planning agencies

to establish planning mechanisms to protect the waters

of Cockburn Sound. This will involve a memorandum

of understanding that will lead to appropriate statutory

arrangements, if required.

Section 4. Research and Investigation

• 4-1: Determine the influence of the Garden Island

causeway on the environmental quality of Cockburn

Sound, and the potential environmental benefits of

modifying its design.

• 4-1: Maintain the monitoring of seagrass health and

distribution.

Section 5. Monitoring and Reporting

• 5-2: Report on the State of Cockburn Sound through

community forums and other public events and provide

a progress update (based on the report cards in

section 1) to the local community.

• 5-4: In consultation with key stakeholders coordinate

the Environmental Quality Monitoring Program for

Cockburn Sound.

• 5-5: Further develop a web reporting system to deal in

detail with specific environmental quality.

Approach

It is proposed to take a cooperative approach toimplementing the Plan with at least 14 government agenciesat a local, State and Commonwealth level and manycommunity and interest groups responsible for workingtogether to ensure that various recommendations arecompleted. The State government agencies will primarilybe responsible for pursuing funding for implementing the

67

Plan, although many actions within the Plan rely heavilyupon community, industry and local and Commonwealthgovernment involvement.

The Implementation Table summarises all therecommendations contained in the Plan, and indicates:

• The expected outputs and outcomes;

• The potential impact on water quality from theimplementation of the recommendation;

• The timing for implementing the recommendation;

• The agency responsible for the recommendation; and

• The expected status of each recommendation after fiveyears of implementation.

Performance indicators against which the success of theplan is to be measured will also be developed, as well asdefining the frequency and form for reportingimplementation progress.

Table 11 shows the Implementation Table.

Interpreting the ImplementationTable

CodeThis is the recommendation’s reference number, as usedin the Management Response sections of the Plan. Forexample, Code 1.3-1 refers to Section 1.3 Maintaining aHealthy Marine Ecosystem, Recommendation 1.

DescriptionThis is the recommendation statement, as used in theManagement Response sections in the Plan.

OutputThis identifies the type of product delivered from therecommendation. The following categories of outputs areproposed:

• Water quality model, a computer model where variouscombinations of physical, chemical and biologicalvariations can be simulated to assess changes in ambientwater quality.

• Community awareness, includes structured awareness-raising or educational activities targeted generally at thecommunity, as well as specific groups. It also includesitems such as information packages and community forums.

• Best management practice, represents non-statutorydocumentation that provides guidance, such asenvironmental codes of practice and industry guidelinesand non-statutory statements of government policy.

• Inventory, refers to the publicly available collation ofdata, such as water quality data.

• Monitoring program, refers to the environmental qualitymonitoring, and includes industry, government and othermonitoring.

• Strategy, refers to a group of integrated actions that willbe implemented as a set, and includes site specific or issuespecific plans (e.g. nutrient management strategy).

• Report, includes a one-off report or reports required onan annual, biennial, triennial or five yearly basis.

• Investigation, indicates a field activity undertaken toprove, clarify or define a management issue to determineif a management response is required.

• Research, refers to the collection, analysis andinterpretation of data to improve the knowledge base fordecision-making.

• Guidelines and Standards, refers to the environmentalquality criteria for the environmental objectives forCockburn Sound.

• Management response, represents a tangible ‘on-the-ground’ or ‘in-the-water’ response to investigations of amanagement issue.

Expected OutcomesThis is currently a description of the perceived result fromthe recommendation. The following categories are:

• Basis for future decision-making, refers to actions thatwill deliver information crucial to making scientific andinformed decision, either at a policy or action level.

• Behaviour change, refers to recommendations that:- Will influence a change in general community action

or specific stakeholder activity, through the provisionof general or targeted information, including specificprograms and training courses.

- Aim to improve awareness within the community ingeneral or specifically.

•Defining problem, refers to recommendations that areof an investigative or research nature that will lead toclarification, such as water quality problem.

• Improvement to the system, refers to actions that:- Bring about effectiveness in data or information

gathering;- Lead to additional information being accessed;- Identify knowledge gaps or duplications in functions;- Provide information not currently available; or- Bring about consistency across jurisdictions.


68

• Improvement in meeting the environmental qualitycriteria, refers to quantifiable actions towards:

- Maintaining a healthy marine ecosystem;- Ensuring safe seafood for eating;- Protecting the health of aquaculture species;- Maintaining clean waters for swimming, boating and

aesthetics; or- Ensuring suitable water quality for industry.

Expected Impact on Water QualityThe expected impact is currently defined by a subjectivestatement. The two categories used are:

• Direct impact on water quality, an action that willdirectly influence the waters of Cockburn Sound; and

• Indirect impact on water quality, an action that willinfluence water quality, but not directly (e.g. changesin community behaviour). It also includes supportiveactions such as undertaking essential data gathering tomanage an improvement in quality, or an action thatwill add to the understanding about the magnitude of awater quality issue.

Agency ResponsibleThis identifies the State government agency or authorityresponsible for ensuring that the recommendation isundertaken. Details are taken directly from theManagement Response section of the plan. In somecircumstances two or more agencies may be identified (e.g.Department of Planning and Infrastructure and FremantlePorts). This indicates that both agencies are responsiblefor the recommendation and that cooperation between thenamed agencies will be agreed and arranged.Abbreviations for all of the government agencies and otherauthorities are defined at the front of the EnvironmentalManagement Plan.

Timing – StartThis indicates the year in which the action is expected tocommence. In many instances actions are alreadyunderway.

Status after Five YearsThis indicates the expected progress of eachrecommendation in the first five years of implementation.Some actions will be completed within this period.

Timing – EndThis indicates the year in which implementation of therecommendation is expected to be completed.

Reviewing the EnvironmentalManagement Plan

It is intended that the Environmental Management Planwill be reviewed:

• After seven years, for progress made on implementationof the recommendations, applicability of therecommendations and prioritisation of subsequent orfuture actions (including emerging issues); and

• Annually, with a report of progress being submitted tothe Minister for the Environment.

OBJECTIVE

• To implement the Environmental Management Plan ona priority basis.

RECOMMENDATION

1. Work through all recommendations and identifypriorities within the Implementation Table (CSMC:annually).

2. Review the EMP seven years after its finalisation

(CSMC).


69

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y in

dica

tors

of c

hlor

ophy

ll ‘a

’Im

prov

emen

t to

syst

em.

and

light

atte

nuat

ion.

1.3-

3W

here

the

data

for t

he e

nviro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

sIn

vest

igat

ions

.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2005

Rep

ort o

n ex

ceed

ence

s.O

ngoi

ngex

ceed

the

crite

ria, i

mpl

emen

t man

agem

ent a

ctio

nM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.M

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

wat

er q

uality

.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

acco

rdin

g to

sec

tion

1.2.

4 M

anag

emen

t Res

pons

e.R

epor

t.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yen

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

ycr

iteria

.cr

iteria

.

1.3-

4In

con

sulta

tion

with

maj

or s

take

hold

ers,

revi

ew a

ndG

uide

lines

and

Sta

ndar

ds.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

indi

rect

impa

ct o

n w

ater

EPA:

Annu

ally

Furth

er d

evel

opm

ent o

fO

ngoi

ngev

alua

te th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

Rep

ort.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.cr

iteria

.qu

ality

crit

eria

for e

cosy

stem

inte

grity

and

the

‘repo

rt ca

rd’ a

ppro

ach.

1.3-

5Su

ppor

t the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

inte

rnat

iona

l,Be

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

eD

irect

impa

ct o

nIM

O,

2002

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gO

ngoi

ngna

tiona

l, st

ate

and

loca

l reg

ulat

ions

and

gui

delin

essy

stem

.w

ater

qua

lity.

AMSA

, FP,

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

to c

ontro

l the

use

and

man

agem

ent o

f TBT

. M

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

DoD

, DoE

,cr

iteria

.th

e en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yC

SMC

crite

ria.


70

1.3-

6C

oord

inat

e in

vest

igat

ions

into

the

caus

e of

bot

hIn

vest

igat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

, DoD

,20

02R

epor

t on

exce

eden

ces.

Ong

oing

diffu

se a

nd p

oint

sou

rces

of t

he e

leva

ted

TBT

Res

earc

h.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

wat

er q

uality

.FP

, ind

ustry

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gle

vels

in J

ervo

ise

Bay

and

Car

eeni

ng B

ay a

nd,

Man

agem

ent R

espo

nse.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

in c

onju

nctio

n w

ith re

leva

nt a

utho

ritie

s, ta

keR

espo

nse.

crite

ria.

appr

opria

te a

ctio

n. R

epor

t to

the

Envi

ronm

enta

lEn

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yPr

otec

tion

Auth

ority

on

the

outc

omes

of t

hem

onito

ring

prog

ram

man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

im

plem

ente

d.

1.3-

7En

cour

age

inve

stig

atio

ns to

look

at t

he p

oten

tial

Inve

stig

atio

n.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nFP

, DPI

,20

02Be

tter

unde

rsta

ndin

gO

ngoi

ngim

pact

s of

alte

rnat

ive

foul

ing

cont

rol p

rodu

cts.

Res

earc

h.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

oDof

impa

cts.

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

mim

plem

ente

d.

1.3-

8C

ontin

ue to

mon

itor m

etal

s an

d m

etal

loid

s in

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, D

oE,

2002

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

sedi

men

ts a

djac

ent t

o je

tties

to e

nsur

e th

e ec

olog

ical

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.w

ater

qua

lity.

Indu

stry

, FP,

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

man

d so

cial

val

ues

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d ar

e pr

otec

ted.

DoD

impl

emen

ted.

1.3-

9C

ontin

ue th

e cu

rrent

app

roac

h of

co-

oper

ativ

e be

stBe

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

, KIC

,Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

Ong

oing

man

agem

ent t

owar

ds re

duci

ng n

utrie

nt lo

ads

toSt

rate

gy.

Impr

ovem

ent i

nw

ater

qua

lity.

LG

As, r

ural

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lityC

ockb

urn

Soun

d fro

m in

dust

rial,

urba

n an

d ru

ral

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

mee

ting

the

envi

ronm

enta

lin

dust

ries,

DoA

,cr

iteria

.so

urce

s.

qual

ity c

riter

ia.

com

mun

ityN

utrie

nt m

anag

emen

tst

rate

gy im

plem

ente

d.

1.3-

10C

oord

inat

e re

sear

ch a

nd in

vest

igat

ions

to b

ette

rW

ater

qua

lity m

odel

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eD

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

, DoE

,20

05N

utrie

nt m

anag

emen

t20

07un

ders

tand

why

redu

ctio

ns in

nut

rient

inpu

ts in

toR

epor

t.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

WR

C, K

ICst

rate

gy im

plem

ente

d.th

e So

und

from

hum

an a

ctiv

ities

sin

ce th

e 19

90s

Inve

stig

atio

n.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.Be

tter

unde

rsta

ndin

gha

ve re

sulte

d in

onl

y a

slig

ht im

prov

emen

t in

nutri

ent

Res

earc

h.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

of n

utrie

nt b

alan

ce.

rela

ted

wat

er q

ualit

y in

dica

tors

(eg.

Chl

orop

hyll

‘a’

Gui

delin

es a

nd s

tand

ards

.th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

leve

ls a

nd li

ght a

ttenu

atio

n re

adin

gs).

Rep

ort t

o th

equ

ality

crit

eria

.En

viro

nmen

tal P

rote

ctio

n Au

thor

ity o

n th

e ou

tcom

esof

the

inve

stig

atio

ns a

nd im

plic

atio

ns fo

r env

ironm

enta

lqu

ality

crite

ria.

1.3-

11D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent a

Nut

rient

Man

agem

ent

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eD

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Stra

tegy

impl

emen

ted.

Ong

oing

Stra

tegy

, in

cons

ulta

tion

with

maj

or s

take

hold

ers

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g. w

ater

qua

lity.

Bette

r und

erst

andi

ng o

fan

d co

nsis

tent

with

the

outc

ome

of R

ecom

men

datio

nIn

vent

ory.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.nu

trien

t bal

ance

.N

o. 1

0 ab

ove.

The

Stra

tegy

will

cove

r: th

e so

urce

s of

Stra

tegy

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

nutri

ents

; nut

rient

hot

-spo

ts; n

utrie

nt re

cove

ry fr

omIn

vest

igat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent i

ngr

ound

wat

er, s

torm

wat

er d

ispo

sal,

drai

n m

anag

emen

t,M

anag

emen

t Res

pons

e.m

eetin

g th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

indu

stria

l dis

char

ges,

cat

chm

ent m

anag

emen

t,qu

ality

crit

eria

.co

mm

unity

aw

aren

ess,

rese

arch

, and

fund

ing

arra

ngem

ents

.

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


71

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

1.3-

12Su

ppor

t the

pro

posa

l by

the

Wat

er C

orpo

ratio

n an

dBe

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gD

irect

impa

ct o

nW

C, K

IC,

2002

Impr

ovem

ent i

nO

ngoi

nglo

cal K

win

ana

indu

strie

s to

recy

cle

was

te w

ater

and

Man

agem

ent R

espo

nse.

the

envi

ronm

enta

lw

ater

qua

lity.

CSM

Cw

ater

qua

lity.

rem

ove

indu

stria

l dis

char

ges

(oth

er th

an c

oolin

gqu

ality

crit

eria

.w

ater

) tha

t flo

w in

to C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.

1.3-

13C

ontin

ue to

wor

k w

ith m

anag

ers

of th

e Sw

an-

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, W

RC

,20

02En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yO

ngoi

ngC

anni

ng a

nd P

eel-H

arve

y sy

stem

s an

d th

e Pe

rthBe

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gw

ater

qua

lity.

CAL

M, D

PIm

onito

ring

prog

ram

coas

tal w

ater

s to

min

imis

e nu

trien

t and

oth

er in

puts

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

impl

emen

ted.

(eg.

oil

spilla

ge) f

rom

adj

acen

t wat

ers

to C

ockb

urn

crit

eria

.N

utrie

nt m

anag

emen

tSo

und.

stra

tegy

impl

emen

ted.

1.3-

14C

ondu

ct s

ite s

peci

fic s

tudi

es in

the

Man

gles

Bay

Inve

stig

atio

n.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,20

03En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y20

05an

d Kw

inan

a ar

ea to

det

erm

ine

sour

ces

of s

tress

toR

esea

rch.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

oE, W

RC

,m

onito

ring

prog

ram

seag

rass

mea

dow

s.

CoR

, KIC

impl

emen

ted.

Dev

elop

sea

gras

s pr

ogra

m.

1.3-

15Sp

ecify

moo

ring

and

anch

orag

e ty

pes

and

loca

tions

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

PI20

02D

evel

op s

eagr

ass

prog

ram

.Ong

oing

whi

ch m

inim

ise

seag

rass

dam

age.

M

anag

emen

t Res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

wat

er q

uality

.th

e en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

ycr

iteria

.

1.3-

16Pr

omot

e th

e re

colo

nisa

tion

and

re-e

stab

lishm

ent o

fIn

vest

igat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, D

oE,

2004

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

2007

seag

rass

in a

reas

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d w

here

it o

nce

Res

earc

h.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

wat

er q

ualit

y.W

RC

, ind

ustry

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

moc

curre

d. I

nves

tigat

e th

e m

ajor

con

stra

ints

to s

eagr

ass

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

impl

emen

ted.

regr

owth

and

, if p

ract

icab

le, i

mpl

emen

t rem

edia

l act

ion.

c

riter

ia.

Dev

elop

sea

gras

s pr

ogra

m.

1.3-

17M

onito

r sea

gras

s he

alth

eve

ry y

ear a

nd s

eagr

ass

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2002

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

dist

ribut

ion

ever

y th

ree

year

s. P

riorit

y ar

eas

are

wat

er q

ualit

y.W

RC

, DoE

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m•

the

wes

tern

mar

gin

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d, a

sim

plem

ente

d.pr

otec

ting

the

rem

aini

ng h

ealth

y m

eado

ws

is a

Dev

elop

sea

gras

s pr

ogra

m.

high

prio

rity;

and

•

the

east

ern

mar

gin

to in

vest

igat

e an

ecdo

tal

repo

rts o

f the

exi

sten

ce o

f pat

ches

of h

ealth

yse

agra

ss a

djac

ent t

o th

e in

dust

rial a

rea.

1.3-

18En

sure

that

that

the

impa

cts

asso

ciat

ed w

ith w

orks

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

Dire

ct im

pact

on

EPA

2002

Coo

pera

tive

man

agem

ent

Ong

oing

from

futu

re d

evel

opm

ents

whi

ch m

ay im

pact

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

wat

er q

ualit

y.to

redu

ce im

pact

s.en

viro

nmen

tal v

alue

s of

Coc

kbur

n So

und,

suc

h as

Rep

ort e

xcee

denc

es.

dred

ging

and

rock

bre

akw

ater

con

stru

ctio

n, m

eet t

heFu

rther

dev

elop

crit

eria

.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

for e

cosy

stem

inte

grity

deta

iled

in th

e SE

P fo

r Coc

kbur

n So

und.


72

1.3-

19C

SMC

will

prov

ide

com

men

t on

futu

re d

evel

opm

ents

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,C

oope

rativ

e m

anag

emen

tO

ngoi

ngaf

fect

ing

the

shor

elin

e or

sea

bed

and

asso

ciat

eden

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.w

ater

qua

lity.

EPA

to re

duce

impa

cts.

vege

tatio

n al

ong

the

fore

shor

e of

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

1.3-

20Ac

tivel

y in

volv

e th

e co

mm

unity

and

oth

erC

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

03Im

plem

ent t

he c

omm

unity

Ong

oing

stak

ehol

ders

in d

evel

opin

g an

d im

plem

entin

gM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

ualit

y.aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

.re

spon

se p

roce

dure

s fo

r add

ress

ing

trans

ient

,lo

calis

ed e

vent

s (e

g. a

lgal

blo

oms,

bea

ch e

rosi

on)

that

may

resu

lt in

sig

nific

ant e

colo

gica

l and

soc

ial

impa

cts.

1.4

Ensu

ring

Safe

Sea

food

for E

atin

g

1.4-

1C

ontin

ue to

dev

elop

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Res

earc

h.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nEP

A20

02Fu

rther

dev

elop

men

tO

nglin

gcr

iteria

and

env

ironm

enta

l ind

icat

ors

for t

heG

uide

lines

and

sta

ndar

ds.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

wat

er q

ualit

y.of

crit

eria

.m

aint

enan

ce o

f cle

an, s

afe

aqua

tic li

fe fo

rhu

man

con

sum

ptio

n.

1.4-

2C

ontin

ue to

mon

itor w

ater

qua

lity

and

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

deci

sion

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DoH

; DoF

;20

02En

viro

nmen

tal

Ong

oing

shel

lfish

hea

lth u

nder

the

WAS

QAP

.m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

Aqua

cultu

requ

ality

mon

itorin

gin

dust

rypr

ogra

m im

plem

ente

d.

1.4-

3W

here

the

data

for t

he e

nviro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

sR

esea

rch.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

05R

epor

t on

exee

denc

es.

Ong

oing

exce

ed th

e cr

iteria

, im

plem

ent m

anag

emen

tIn

vest

igat

ion.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ew

ater

qua

lity.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gac

tion

acco

rdin

g to

sec

tion

1.2.

4 M

anag

emen

tM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

Res

pons

e.qu

ality

crit

eria

.

1.4-

4In

vest

igat

e ex

tend

ing

the

curre

nt s

hellf

ish

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

CSM

C,

2004

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m to

incl

ude

recr

eatio

nal a

ndIn

vest

igat

ion.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

on w

ater

qua

lity.

DoH

,m

onito

ring

prog

ram

com

mer

cial

fish

and

cra

b sp

ecie

s.

Res

earc

h. Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

DoF

and

impl

emen

ted.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

eW

AFIC

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

1.4-

5In

con

sulta

tion

with

maj

or s

take

hold

ers,

revi

ewIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nEP

A20

02Fu

rther

dev

elop

men

tAn

nual

lyan

d ev

alua

te th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

of c

riter

ia.

qual

ity c

riter

ia fo

r cle

an, s

afe,

aqu

atic

life

for

Gui

delin

es a

nd s

tand

ards

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

hum

an c

onsu

mpt

ion.

Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


73

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


1.4-

6Su

ppor

t effo

rts to

con

trol p

igeo

ns a

t the

Co-

oper

ativ

eBe

st m

anag

emen

tBa

sis

for f

utur

eD

irect

impa

ct o

nC

BH,

2002

Red

uced

impa

cts

from

Ong

oing

Bulk

Han

dlin

g Te

rmin

al to

redu

ce fa

ecal

con

tam

inat

ion

pra

ctic

es.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

oH,

stor

mw

ater

.of

sto

rmw

ater

ent

erin

g C

ockb

urn

Soun

d M

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

CoR

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

eN

utrie

nt m

anag

emen

ten

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.st

rate

gy.

1.4-

7Im

plem

ent t

he P

alm

Bea

ch C

atch

men

t Stra

tegi

cIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CoR

, WR

C20

02R

educ

ed im

pact

s fro

mO

ngoi

ngD

rain

age

Man

agem

ent P

lan,

with

prio

rity

onR

esea

rch.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y. s

torm

wat

er.

iden

tifyi

ng s

ourc

es o

f fae

cal p

ollu

tion.

M

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

enu

trien

t man

agem

ent

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

stra

tegy

.

1.4-

8In

vest

igat

e ex

tend

ing

the

appr

oach

take

n to

Best

man

agem

ent

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2003

Red

uced

impa

cts

from

Ong

oing

stor

mw

ater

man

agem

ent a

t Pal

m B

each

to p

ract

ices

.w

ater

qua

lity.

stor

mw

ater

.ot

her b

each

es w

ith e

leva

ted

bact

eria

leve

ls.

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Nut

rient

man

agem

ent

stra

tegy

.

1.4-

9As

sess

the

bact

eria

l wat

er q

ualit

y in

are

asIn

vest

igat

ion.

Def

inin

g pr

oble

m.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DoH

2004

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

com

mon

ly u

sed

for r

ecre

atio

nal s

hellf

ish

Res

earc

h.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

uality

. m

onito

ring

prog

ram

harv

estin

g.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

eim

plem

ente

d.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.R

epor

t exc

eede

nces

.

1.5

Pro

tect

ing

the

Heal

th o

f Aqu

acul

ture

Spe

cies

1.5-

1C

ontin

ue to

dev

elop

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

EPA

2002

Furth

er d

evel

opm

ent

Ong

oing

crite

ria a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

s fo

r the

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.on

wat

er q

ualit

y. o

f crit

eria

.m

aint

enan

ce o

f aqu

acul

ture

. G

uide

lines

and

sta

ndar

ds.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

1.5-

2C

ontin

ue to

mon

itor w

ater

qua

lity

and

shel

lfish

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DoH

;20

02En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yO

ngoi

nghe

alth

und

er th

e W

ASQ

AP.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

oF;

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

mIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

Aqua

cultu

reim

plem

ente

d.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.in

dust

ry

1.5-

3W

here

the

data

for t

he e

nviro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

sIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

05R

epor

t exc

eede

nces

.O

ngoi

ngex

ceed

the

crite

ria, i

mpl

emen

t man

agem

ent a

ctio

nR

esea

rch.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

uality

.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

acco

rdin

g to

sec

tion

1.2.

4 M

anag

emen

t Res

pons

e.M

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.th

e en

viro

nmen

tal

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gqu

ality

crit

eria

.th

e en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

ycr

iteria

.

74

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


1.5-

4In

con

sulta

tion

with

maj

or s

take

hold

ers,

revi

ew a

ndIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nEP

A20

02Fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t of

Annu

ally

eval

uate

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

crite

ria.

crite

ria fo

r aqu

acul

ture

. G

uide

lines

and

sta

ndar

ds.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

1.6

Mai

ntai

ning

Cle

an W

ater

s fo

r Sw

imm

ing,

Boa

ting

and

Aest

hetic

s

1.6-

1C

ontin

ue to

dev

elop

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

riaIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nEP

A20

02Fu

rther

dev

elop

men

t of

Ong

oing

and

envi

ronm

enta

l ind

icat

ors

for t

he m

aint

enan

ce o

fR

esea

rch.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.cr

iteria

.pr

imar

y an

d se

cond

ary

recr

eatio

nal v

alue

s, a

ndG

uide

lines

and

sta

ndar

ds.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.ae

sthe

tic v

alue

s.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

1.6-

2D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent,

in p

artn

ersh

ip w

ithM

onito

ring

prog

ram

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2002

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

stak

ehol

ders

, an

Envi

ronm

enta

l Qua

lity

Mon

itorin

gde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

DoH

,m

onito

ring

prog

ram

Prog

ram

bas

ed o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

s fo

rD

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.KI

C, D

oD,

impl

emen

ted.

prim

ary

and

seco

ndar

y re

crea

tiona

l val

ues,

and

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

eFP

aest

hetic

valu

es.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

1.6-

3W

here

the

data

for t

he e

nviro

nmen

tal i

ndic

ator

sIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C:

2002

Rep

ort e

xcee

denc

es.

Ong

oing

exce

ed th

e cr

iteria

, im

plem

ent m

anag

emen

t act

ion

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gac

cord

ing

to s

ectio

n 1.

2.4

Man

agem

ent R

espo

nse.

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

e th

e en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yen

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

. c

riter

ia.

1.6-

4In

con

sulta

tion

with

maj

or s

take

hold

ers,

revi

ew a

ndG

uide

lines

and

sta

ndar

ds.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nEP

A20

03Fu

rther

dev

elop

men

tAn

nual

lyev

alua

te th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yde

cisi

on m

akin

g. w

ater

qua

lity.

of c

riter

ia.

crite

ria fo

r prim

ary

and

seco

ndar

y re

crea

tiona

l val

ues,

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

and

aest

hetic

val

ues.

1.6-

5U

nder

take

a c

omm

unity

per

cept

ion

surv

ey to

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

04Be

tter

unde

rsta

ndin

gO

ngoi

ngde

term

ine

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

qual

ity c

riter

iaM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

of a

esth

etic

val

ues.

(for e

xam

ple,

wat

er c

olou

r and

cla

rity)

and

aes

thet

icD

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.Su

rvey

com

plet

ed.

valu

es (f

or e

xam

ple,

sce

nic

beau

ty).

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

75Implementing the Plan

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

1.6-

6In

par

tner

ship

with

Fre

man

tle P

orts

and

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eD

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,20

04R

educ

ed o

ccur

renc

esO

ngoi

ngC

o-op

erat

ive

Bulk

Han

dlin

g, in

vest

igat

e an

d, w

here

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.FP

, CBH

of g

rain

dus

t.ne

cess

ary,

impl

emen

t pra

ctic

es to

min

imis

e th

e lo

ssD

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eof

gra

in d

ust f

rom

shi

p lo

adin

g fa

cilit

ies.

Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.

1.6-

7En

sure

that

aes

thet

ic c

riter

ia fo

r wat

er q

ualit

y ar

eM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

EPA,

2002

Rep

ort e

xcee

denc

es.

Ong

oing

give

n ad

equa

te w

eigh

ting

in e

nviro

nmen

tal

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.C

SMC

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gas

sess

men

t of f

utur

e w

orks

and

dev

elop

men

ts.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

eth

e cr

iteria

.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.

1.7

Ens

urin

g Su

itabl

e W

ater

Qua

lity

for I

ndus

try

1.7-

1Id

entif

y th

e ke

y at

tribu

tes

of m

arin

e w

ater

s fo

rG

uide

lines

and

sta

ndar

ds.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,20

02Fu

rther

dev

elop

men

tO

ngoi

ngin

dust

rial u

sers

. In

corp

orat

e th

ese

requ

irem

ents

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.In

dust

ry,

of c

riter

ia.

into

the

broa

der p

lann

ing

and

man

agem

ent o

fIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

DoI

RC

ockb

urn

Soun

d.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

SECT

ION

2. F

ACIL

ITAT

ING

MUL

TIPL

E US

E O

F CO

CKBU

RN S

OUN

D AN

D IT

S FO

RESH

ORE

2.1

The

App

roac

h –

Mul

tiple

Use

Pla

nnin

g

2.1-

1C

oord

inat

e a

com

preh

ensi

ve s

urve

y to

est

ablis

hSt

rate

gy.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o sy

stem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

05Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e20

07fu

ture

type

s, a

reas

and

inte

nsiti

es o

f use

as

the

Res

earc

h.w

ater

qua

lity.

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.ba

sis

for t

he lo

ng-te

rm m

ultip

le u

se m

anag

emen

t(s

usta

inab

le u

se fr

amew

ork)

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d an

dits

fore

shor

e.

22.1

Wat

er S

ports

2.2.

1-1

Det

erm

ine

the

natu

re, s

patia

l and

tem

pora

l pat

tern

s,In

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nCS

MC

2004

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

2006

com

patib

ility

and

pote

ntia

l env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

s of

dec

isio

n m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.w

ater

spo

rts in

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

Im

prov

emen

t to

syst

em.

2.2.

1-2

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of w

ater

spo

rts (h

igh

Stra

tegy

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

03Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eO

ngoi

ngw

ater

qua

lity,

sepa

ratio

n of

inco

mpa

tible

use

s, e

asy

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

acce

ss, a

dequ

ate

shor

e-ba

sed

faci

litie

s) a

nd g

row

th Im

prov

emen

t to

syst

em.

trend

s in

to th

e fu

ture

pla

nnin

g fo

r Coc

kbur

n So

und.

2.2.

1-3

Use

a c

ombi

natio

n of

regu

latio

ns, c

omm

unity

edu

catio

n,M

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DPI

,20

03C

oord

inat

ed r

espo

nse

Ong

oing

code

s of

con

duct

and

enf

orce

men

t to

man

age

conf

licts

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.re

crea

tiona

l to

con

flict

s.w

ithin

and

bet

wee

n w

ater

spo

rts.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o sy

stem

.us

er g

roup

sIm

plem

enta

tion

of th

e

76

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.

2.2.

1-4

Prom

ote

the

use

of lo

w im

pact

moo

rings

in a

reas

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o sy

stem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DPI

, DoD

2003

Red

uced

impa

ct o

nO

ngoi

ngw

here

sea

gras

s is

bei

ng d

amag

ed, p

artic

ular

ly in

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gw

ater

qua

lity.

seag

rass

from

moo

rings

.M

angl

es B

ay a

nd th

e no

rther

n sh

allo

ws

ofth

e en

viro

nmen

tal

Dev

elop

sea

gras

s pr

ogra

m.

Gar

den

Isla

nd.

qual

ity c

riter

ia.

2.2.

1-5

Inve

stig

ate

the

adva

ntag

es a

nd d

isad

vant

ages

of

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DPI

, CoR

,20

05Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e20

06in

tegr

atin

g bo

atin

g re

quire

men

ts (f

or e

xam

ple,

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

Land

Cor

p m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

laun

chin

g, m

oorin

g, re

pairi

ng, f

uellin

g, s

ulla

ge a

ndIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

bilg

e di

spos

al) i

nto

com

mon

faci

litie

s in

the

env

ironm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

Man

gles

Bay

are

a.

2.2.

2 C

oast

al U

ses

2.2.

2-1

Det

erm

ine

the

natu

re, s

patia

l and

tem

pora

l pat

tern

s,In

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2004

Und

erst

andi

ng o

f coa

stal

2006

com

patib

ility

and

pote

ntia

l env

ironm

enta

l im

pact

s of

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.us

e.th

e us

e of

the

coas

tal e

nviro

nmen

t of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.Im

prov

emen

t to

syst

em.

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.

2.2.

2-2

Seek

to b

ette

r und

erst

and

the

impl

icat

ions

of p

redi

cted

Res

earc

h.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

05U

nder

stan

ding

of

2007

chan

ges

in s

ea le

vel (

for e

xam

ple,

due

to g

loba

lM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

pote

ntia

l cha

nges

war

min

g) a

nd in

corp

orat

e th

is u

nder

stan

ding

into

Impr

ovem

ent t

o sy

stem

. in

sea

leve

l.fu

ture

pla

nnin

g.

2.2.

2-3

Ensu

re th

e re

quire

men

ts o

f coa

stal

use

(cle

anSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

beac

hes,

coa

stal

sta

bilit

y, ea

sy a

nd s

afe

acce

ssde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.an

d go

od fa

cilit

ies)

are

con

side

red

in th

e fu

ture

Impr

ovem

ent t

o sy

stem

.pl

anni

ng fo

r, an

d m

anag

emen

t of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.

2.2.

2-4

In c

o-op

erat

ion

with

indu

stry

, loc

al g

over

nmen

t and

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

loca

l com

mun

ities

, inv

estig

ate

way

s to

impr

ove

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.LG

As, I

ndus

try,

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.co

mm

unity

acc

ess

to, a

nd u

se o

f, th

e ea

ster

nIm

prov

emen

t to

syst

em.

Land

Cor

p,fo

resh

ore

incl

udin

g:C

ALM

, loc

al•

Enha

ncin

g be

ache

s an

d fa

cilit

ies

at W

ells

Par

k,co

mm

uniti

esC

halle

nger

Bea

ch a

nd W

oodm

an P

oint

; and

•

iden

tifyi

ng th

e co

nstra

ints

to p

ublic

acc

ess

in c

oast

al a

reas

with

in K

win

ana

and

Jerv

oise

Bay

area

s an

d de

velo

ping

pra

ctic

al s

olut

ions

with

stak

ehol

ders

.

77

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


2.2.

2-5

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith c

omm

unity

gro

ups,

and

loca

l and

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2002

Bette

r un

ders

tand

ing

Ong

oing

stat

e go

vern

men

t age

ncie

s, in

vest

igat

e th

e ca

uses

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

DPI

, DoI

R,

of c

oast

al p

roce

sses

.of

coa

stal

ero

sion

and

dep

ositi

on, a

nd d

evel

op a

set

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.LG

As, C

ALM

,D

evel

opm

ent o

f bea

chof

bea

ch p

rote

ctio

n an

d re

stor

atio

n gu

idel

ines

for t

heIm

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

com

mun

itypr

otec

tion

and

rest

orat

ion

Coc

kbur

n So

und

fore

shor

e. P

riorit

y ar

eas

for

grou

psgu

idel

ines

.m

anag

emen

t are

Man

gles

Bay

, Cha

lleng

er B

each

and

Woo

dman

Poi

nt.

2.2.

3 Fi

shin

g

2.2.

3-1

Con

solid

ate

exis

ting

info

rmat

ion

on re

crea

tiona

l and

Inve

ntor

y.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DoF

,20

04Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e20

06co

mm

erci

al fi

shin

g in

Coc

kbur

n So

und

to b

ette

rIn

vest

igat

ion.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.R

ecfis

hwes

t,m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

unde

rsta

nd c

urre

nt le

vels

of u

se a

nd fu

ture

tren

ds.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.W

AFIC

,AC

WA,

WAM

PA, C

SMC

2.2.

3-2

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of r

ecre

atio

nal a

ndSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

com

mer

cial

fish

ing

(hea

lthy

fish

stoc

ks, p

rodu

ctiv

ede

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.w

ater

s an

d co

ntin

ued

acce

ss) i

nto

the

futu

re p

lann

ing

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.fo

r Coc

kbur

n So

und.

2.2.

3-3

Wor

k w

ith th

e D

epar

tmen

t of F

ishe

ries

to s

usta

inab

lyM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

oF, C

SMC

2003

Coo

pera

tive

Ong

oing

man

age

Coc

kbur

n So

und’

s fis

herie

s th

roug

hIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

wat

er q

uality

.m

anag

emen

t of

impl

emen

ting

“Man

agem

ent D

irect

ions

for W

este

rnth

e en

viro

nmen

tal

Coc

kbur

n So

und

Aust

ralia

’s Es

tuar

ine

and

Mar

ine

Emba

ymen

tqu

ality

crit

eria

.fis

herie

s.Fi

sher

ies”

(Fis

herie

s M

anag

emen

t Pap

er N

o. 1

31)

and

“A q

uality

futu

re fo

r rec

reat

iona

l fish

ing

on th

ew

est c

oast

” (Fi

sher

ies

Man

agem

ent P

aper

No.

139

).

2.2.

3-4

Prov

ide

com

mun

ity in

form

atio

n an

d m

aps

show

ing

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

oF, D

PI,

2003

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

poin

ts o

f pub

lic a

cces

s al

ong

the

east

ern

fore

shor

e of

wat

er q

ualit

y.W

AMPA

, m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

Coc

kbur

n So

und

and

deta

ils o

f the

indu

stry

and

Rec

fishw

est

port

excl

usio

n ar

eas.

2.2.

3-5

Min

imis

e th

e ris

k of

intro

duci

ng m

arin

e pe

sts

into

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

AQIS

, AC

WA,

2002

Red

uced

risk

of

Ong

oing

Coc

kbur

n So

und’

s fis

herie

s by

sup

porti

ng th

ew

ater

qua

lity.

WAM

PA,

mar

ine

pest

s.im

plem

enta

tion

of th

e m

anda

tory

bal

last

wat

erW

AFIC

, FP

,re

quire

men

ts a

nd h

ull f

oulin

g m

anag

emen

t mea

sure

s.D

oD, C

SMC

78

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


2.2.

4 Aq

uacu

lture

2.2.

4-1

Con

solid

ate

exis

ting

info

rmat

ion

on a

quac

ultu

re in

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DoF

, AC

WA,

2004

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

2006

Coc

kbur

n So

und

to b

ette

r und

erst

and

curre

nt le

vels

Stra

tegy

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

WAM

PA, C

SMC

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.of

use

and

futu

re tr

ends

. D

evel

op a

Aqu

acul

ture

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.M

anag

emen

t Stra

tegy

.

2.2.

4-2

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of a

quac

ultu

re (r

elat

ivel

ySt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

deep

wat

er; g

ood

circ

ulat

ion;

low

leve

ls o

f fae

cal

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

bact

eria

, con

tam

inan

ts, a

nd to

xic

phyt

opla

nkto

nIm

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

spec

ies;

and

suf

ficie

nt p

hyto

plan

kton

for g

ood

mus

sel g

row

th) i

nto

the

futu

re p

lann

ing

for

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

2.2.

4-3

Ensu

re th

at a

quac

ultu

re li

cenc

es in

clud

e co

nditi

ons

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

oF, D

PI,

2003

Aqua

cultu

re li

cens

esO

ngoi

ngco

verin

g: a

sses

smen

t and

mon

itorin

g of

pot

entia

lde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

FP, A

CW

A,to

con

side

r im

pact

sim

pact

s on

ben

thic

hab

itat;

aest

hetic

impa

ct; n

ight

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

. W

AMPA

,on

mul

tiple

use

s.lig

htin

g an

d na

viga

tiona

l mar

king

s; a

nd a

cces

s by

Rec

fishw

est,

othe

r use

rs (f

or e

xam

ple,

recr

eatio

nal b

oat f

ishe

rs).

CSM

C

2.2.

4-4

Enco

urag

e th

e us

e of

pur

pose

-bui

lt bu

oys

for m

usse

lM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

oF, A

CW

A,20

03C

onsi

dera

tion

of p

urpo

seO

ngoi

nglin

es th

at b

lend

with

the

surro

undi

ngs,

par

ticul

arly

in w

ater

qua

lity.

WAM

PApu

rpos

ehi

ghly

vis

ual a

reas

suc

h as

Kw

inan

a Be

ach.

built

buo

ys.

2.2.

4-5

Inte

grat

e ph

ytop

lank

ton

mon

itorin

g an

d tis

sue

test

ing

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

, DoF

,20

02En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yO

ngoi

ngco

nduc

ted

for a

quac

ultu

re w

ith th

e br

oade

r wat

erIm

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

oH, A

CW

A,m

onito

ring

prog

ram

qual

ity m

onito

ring

prog

ram

for C

ockb

urn

Soun

d W

AMPA

impl

emen

ted.

2.2.

5 Na

ture

Bas

ed T

ouris

m

2.2.

5-1

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of n

atur

e ba

sed

Stra

tegy

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

02Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eO

ngoi

ngto

uris

m in

to th

e br

oade

r pla

nnin

g an

d m

anag

emen

tde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.of

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

2.2.

5-2

Wor

k w

ith th

e W

este

rn A

ustra

lian

Tour

ism

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

WAT

C, C

ALM

,20

05D

evel

op a

Nat

ure

2006

Com

mis

sion

, Dep

artm

ent o

f Con

serv

atio

n an

dSt

rate

gy.

deci

sion

-m

akin

gw

ater

qua

lity.

DoF

, loc

alba

se to

uris

m s

trate

gyLa

nd M

anag

emen

t, D

epar

tmen

t of F

ishe

ries

and

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.to

ur o

pera

tors

,an

d co

de o

f pra

ctic

elo

cal t

our o

pera

tors

to d

evel

op a

n ov

eral

l stra

tegy

CSM

C fo

r ope

rato

rs.

for n

atur

e ba

sed

tour

ism

in C

ockb

urn

Soun

d. T

hest

rate

gy n

eeds

to in

clud

e a

‘Cod

e of

Pra

ctic

e’ fo

rop

erat

ors.


Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

2.2.

5-3

Dev

elop

in c

onsu

ltatio

n w

ith th

e D

epar

tmen

t for

Stra

tegy

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

DPI

, FP,

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

Plan

ning

and

Infra

stru

ctur

e an

d Fr

eman

tle P

orts

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.to

ur o

pera

tors

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.st

rate

gies

to m

anag

e po

tent

ial c

onfli

ct b

etw

een

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.to

ur o

pera

tors

and

shi

ppin

g an

d po

rt op

erat

ions

with

in th

e So

und.

2.2.

5-4

Supp

ort t

our o

pera

tors

effo

rts to

rais

e co

mm

unity

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, L

GAs

,20

02C

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess

Ong

oing

awar

enes

s th

roug

h pr

ogra

ms

such

as

the

‘Kee

p d

ecis

ion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

uality

.C

ALM

prog

ram

in p

lace

.th

e D

olph

ins

Wild

’.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

2.2.

5-5

Prov

ide

oppo

rtuni

ties

to in

tegr

ate

dolp

hin

rese

arch

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2002

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

into

the

over

all m

onito

ring

prog

ram

for C

ockb

urn

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

tour

ope

rato

rsm

onito

ring

prog

ram

Soun

d.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

impl

emen

ted.

2.2.

6 Ae

sthe

tics

2.2.

6-1

Iden

tify

aest

hetic

val

ues,

in p

artic

ular

:In

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2006

Aest

hetic

sur

vey

2006

•as

sess

the

natu

ral a

nd c

ultu

ral c

hara

cter

istic

sR

esea

rch.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.co

mpl

eted

and

that

con

tribu

te to

aes

thet

ic v

alue

s;im

plem

ente

d.•

asse

ss c

omm

unity

use

(par

ticul

arly

recr

eatio

n);

•su

rvey

com

mun

ity p

erce

ptio

ns re

late

d to

aest

hetic

val

ues;

•re

sear

ch th

e co

rrela

tion

betw

een

natu

ral a

ndcu

ltura

l cha

ract

eris

tics

and

com

mun

ity p

erce

ptio

ns.

2.2.

6-2

Und

erta

ke a

soc

ial h

isto

ry s

tudy

to d

ocum

ent o

ral

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

2006

Soci

al h

isto

ry s

tudy

2008

hist

ory

rela

ting

to e

nviro

nmen

tal v

alue

s of

Coc

kbur

nde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

wat

er q

ualit

y.co

mpl

eted

.So

und

from

long

term

loca

l res

iden

ts.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.C

SMC

2.2.

6-3

Dev

elop

gen

eral

trea

tmen

ts o

r gui

delin

es th

at m

eet

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

06Fu

rther

dev

elop

2006

obje

ctiv

es fo

r man

agin

g ae

sthe

tic v

alue

s.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.Im

prov

emen

tw

ater

qua

lity.

crite

ria.

to th

e sy

stem

.

2.2.

6-4

Ensu

re th

at a

esth

etic

val

ues

are

adeq

uate

lySt

rate

gy.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, L

GAs

,20

03Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eO

ngoi

ngco

nsid

ered

in th

e pr

epar

atio

n an

d ev

alua

tion

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

PI, D

oD,

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.of

dev

elop

men

t pro

posa

ls.

CAL

M

2.2.

6-5

Mon

itor c

hang

es to

aes

thet

ic v

alue

s, p

artic

ular

lyM

onito

ring

prog

ram

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

04En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yO

ngoi

ngna

tura

l and

cul

tura

l cha

ract

eris

tics

and

com

mun

ityde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

mpe

rcep

tions

.im

plem

ente

d.

80

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


2.3

Indu

stria

l Use

s

2.3.

1 In

dust

rial L

and

Use

2.3.

1-1

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of i

ndus

try in

to th

eSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ctC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

broa

der p

lann

ing

for C

ockb

urn

Soun

d an

d its

deci

sion

mak

ing.

on w

ater

qua

lity.

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.fo

resh

ore.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

2.2.

3-2

Wor

k w

ith g

over

nmen

t dep

artm

ents

, ind

ustry

Stra

tegy

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2003

Coo

pera

tive

man

agem

ent

Ong

oing

grou

ps a

nd lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es to

impl

emen

tM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.de

cisi

on m

akin

g. w

ater

qua

lity.

DoI

R,

bet

wee

n st

akeh

olde

rsen

viro

nmen

tal c

ompo

nent

s of

exi

stin

g in

dust

rial

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.In

dust

ry, L

GAs

,to

redu

ce im

pact

sm

anag

emen

t stra

tegi

es, s

uch

as th

e ‘C

lean

erlo

cal c

omm

uniti

es o

n w

ater

qua

lity.

Prod

uctio

n St

atem

ent’

deve

lope

d by

the

Dep

artm

ent

of E

nviro

nmen

t, w

ith a

par

ticul

ar fo

cus

on a

reas

inKw

inan

a, E

ast R

ocki

ngha

m a

nd J

ervo

ise

Bay.

Key

issu

es to

be

addr

esse

d in

clud

e:la

nd c

onta

min

atio

n, n

oise

, vis

ual i

mpa

ct, A

borig

inal

herit

age,

pub

lic s

afet

y ris

ks, a

nd m

arin

e im

pact

s.

2.2.

3-3

Con

tinue

the

curre

nt a

ppro

ach

of c

oope

rativ

e be

stM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nKI

C, L

GAs

,Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eO

ngoi

ngm

anag

emen

t tow

ards

redu

cing

nut

rient

load

s to

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ew

ater

qua

lity.

WAV

GA

and

nutri

ent m

anag

emen

tC

ockb

urn

Soun

d fro

m in

dust

rial,

urba

n an

den

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.ot

her r

ural

stra

tegy

.ru

ral s

ourc

es.

indu

stry

gro

ups,

DoA

2.2.

3-4

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a N

utrie

nt M

anag

emen

tSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

Stra

tegy

. Th

e St

rate

gy w

ill be

dev

elop

ed in

Inve

ntor

y.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

nutri

ent m

anag

emen

tco

nsul

tatio

n w

ith m

ajor

sta

keho

lder

s an

d w

ill co

ver:

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.st

rate

gy.

the

sour

ces

of n

utrie

nts;

nut

rient

hot

-spo

ts; n

utrie

ntIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

reco

very

from

gro

undw

ater

, sto

rmw

ater

dis

posa

l,en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.dr

ain

man

agem

ent,

indu

stry

dis

char

ges,

cat

chm

ent

man

agem

ent,

com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s, re

sear

ch, a

ndfu

ndin

g ar

rang

emen

ts.

2.2.

3-5

Impl

emen

t inv

estig

atio

ns to

bet

ter u

nder

stan

d th

eIn

vest

igat

ions

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eD

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,20

02Be

tter u

nder

stan

ding

of

Ong

oing

curre

nt re

latio

nshi

p be

twee

n nu

trien

t inp

uts

into

the

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

WR

C, D

oE,

nutri

ent b

alan

ce.

Soun

d fro

m h

uman

act

iviti

es a

nd w

ater

qua

lity,

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

KIC

parti

cula

rly c

hlor

ophy

ll ‘a

’ lev

els

and

seag

rass

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ere

gene

ratio

n.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.


Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

2.2.

3-6

Supp

ort t

he p

ropo

sal b

y th

e W

ater

Cor

pora

tion

and

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

WC

, KIC

,20

02Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

Ong

oing

loca

l Kw

inan

a in

dust

ries

to re

cycl

e w

aste

wat

er a

ndM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

wat

er q

ualit

y.C

SMC

the

crite

ria.

rem

ove

indu

stria

l dis

char

ges

(oth

er th

an c

oolin

gen

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.w

ater

) tha

t flo

w in

to C

ockb

urn

Soun

d. E

ncou

rage

the

deve

lopm

ent a

nd a

pplic

atio

n of

bes

tm

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es fo

r rem

aini

ng d

isch

arge

s.

2.2.

3-7

Upd

ate

the

inve

ntor

y of

con

tam

inat

ed s

ites

with

inIn

vent

ory.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nEP

A, D

oE,

2004

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gO

ngoi

ngth

e ca

tchm

ent u

sing

dat

a co

llect

ed b

y in

dust

ryM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

WR

Cth

e cr

iteria

.un

der D

oE a

nd W

RC

lice

nce

requ

irem

ents

, giv

ing

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.pr

iorit

y to

site

s w

ithin

five

kilo

met

res

of th

eIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

fore

shor

e. E

ncou

rage

rem

edia

tion

of c

onta

min

ated

env

ironm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

site

s pa

rticu

larly

if th

ere

is a

pot

entia

l thr

eat t

oC

ockb

urn

Soun

d.

2.2.

3-8

In a

sses

sing

the

ecol

ogic

al a

nd s

ocia

l im

pact

s of

Stra

tegy

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

02Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eO

ngoi

ngfu

ture

dev

elop

men

t pro

posa

ls e

nsur

e th

at a

ll d

ecis

ion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

prac

ticab

le m

easu

res

are

take

n to

pro

tect

the

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

efo

resh

ore

envi

ronm

ent (

eg. b

each

es a

nd fo

redu

nes)

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity c

riter

ia.

and

mai

ntai

n co

asta

l pro

cess

(eg.

san

d m

ovem

ent).

2.2.

3-9

In c

oope

ratio

n w

ith in

dust

ry, l

ocal

gov

ernm

ent a

ndSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,20

02Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eO

ngoi

nglo

cal c

omm

uniti

es, i

nves

tigat

e w

ays

to im

prov

ede

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

LGAs

, Ind

ustry

,m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

com

mun

ity a

cces

s to

and

use

of t

he e

aste

rnIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

Land

Cor

p,fo

resh

ore,

incl

udin

g:en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.C

ALM

, loc

al•

rest

orin

g be

ache

s an

d en

hanc

ing

faci

litie

sco

mm

uniti

esat

Wel

ls P

ark,

Cha

lleng

er B

each

and

Woo

dman

Poi

nt; a

nd

•id

entif

ying

the

cons

train

ts to

pub

lic a

cces

sin

coa

stal

are

as w

ithin

indu

stria

l are

as a

ndde

velo

ping

pra

ctic

al s

olut

ions

with

sta

keho

lder

s.

2.2.

3-10

Initi

ate

a C

oast

Car

e pr

ogra

m b

etw

een

indu

stry

,St

rate

gy.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

04Pr

otec

tion

and

Ong

oing

loca

l and

sta

te g

over

nmen

t and

loca

l com

mun

ityen

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.w

ater

qua

lity.

reha

bilit

atio

n of

user

gro

ups

to p

rote

ct a

nd re

habi

litat

e th

e be

ache

sth

e co

asta

lan

d fo

redu

nes

alon

g th

e ea

ster

n fo

resh

ore

ofen

viro

nmen

t.C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.Im

plem

enta

tion

ofth

e m

ultip

le u

sest

rate

gy.

82

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


2.3.

2 Po

rts, H

arbo

urs

and

Ship

ping

2.3.

2-1

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of p

ort f

acilit

ies

and

Stra

tegy

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Ong

oing

ship

ping

act

iviti

es (s

helte

red

wat

ers,

man

aged

wat

er q

ualit

y.th

e m

ultip

le u

seex

clus

ion

area

s, d

redg

ed c

hann

els,

low

san

dst

rate

gy.

mov

emen

t) in

to th

e br

oade

r pla

nnin

g fo

rC

ockb

urn

Soun

d.

2.3.

2-2

Ensu

re a

ll as

pect

s of

por

t, ha

rbou

r and

shi

ppin

gBe

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nAQ

IS, A

MSA

,20

02En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yO

ngoi

ngop

erat

ions

com

ply

with

rele

vant

inte

rnat

iona

l,R

epor

t.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

wat

er q

uality

.FP

, RAN

, DPI

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

mna

tiona

l and

Sta

te le

gisl

atio

n, p

olic

y an

d gu

idel

ines

.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.im

plem

ente

d.A

prio

rity

for m

anag

emen

t are

‘low

-freq

uenc

yIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

high

-impa

ct’ a

ccid

ents

, TBT

and

mar

ine

pest

s.th

e cr

iteria

.

2.3.

2-3

Enco

urag

e al

l por

t and

har

bour

ope

rato

rs to

dev

elop

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

FP, R

AN,

2003

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gO

ngoi

ngEn

viro

nmen

tal M

anag

emen

t Sys

tem

con

sist

ent w

ithIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

wat

er q

uality

.D

PI th

e cr

iteria

.th

e Au

stra

lian

Stan

dard

s AS

/NZS

ISO

140

0 se

ries.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity c

riter

ia.

A pr

iorit

y fo

r man

agem

ent i

s re

duct

ion

inac

cide

ntal

spi

llage

.

2.3.

2-4

Ensu

re th

at a

ll dr

edgi

ng o

pera

tions

are

man

aged

Stra

tegy

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

EPA

2003

Spec

ific

man

agem

ent

Ong

oing

acco

rdin

g to

a D

redg

ing

and

Dre

dge

Spoi

lBe

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ew

ater

qua

lity.

plan

s de

velo

ped

for

Man

agem

ent P

lan.

The

pla

ns n

eed

to a

ddre

ss a

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

wor

ks w

ithin

rang

e of

issu

es in

clud

ing:

dre

dgin

g m

etho

d;C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.as

sess

men

t of p

oten

tial i

mpa

cts;

con

tam

inat

ion

asse

ssm

ent;

disp

osal

of s

edim

ents

and

slu

rry;

mon

itorin

g pl

ans

and

wat

er q

ualit

y cr

iteria

;m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es a

nd c

ontin

genc

y m

easu

res

for a

ccid

ents

. Pr

opon

ents

nee

d to

phy

sica

llyde

mon

stra

te p

rior t

o co

mm

ence

men

t tha

t the

irop

erat

ions

com

ply

with

the

Man

agem

ent P

lan.

2.3.

2-5

Wor

k w

ith p

ort a

nd h

arbo

ur o

pera

tors

and

the

loca

lSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nFP

, RAN

,20

03Im

plem

enta

tion

ofO

ngoi

ng b

oatin

g co

mm

unity

to m

inim

ise

pote

ntia

l saf

ety

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

PI, c

omm

erci

alth

e m

ultip

leis

sues

aris

ing

betw

een

larg

e sh

ips

and

smal

lIm

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

fishe

rs, b

oat

use

stra

tegy

.re

crea

tiona

l boa

ts.

user

gro

ups

2.4

Natu

ral a

nd C

ultu

ral H

erita

ge U

ses

2.4.

1 M

arin

e Ha

bita

ts

2.4.

1-1

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of t

he m

arin

e flo

raSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Ong

oing

and

faun

a of

Coc

kbur

n So

und

(goo

d w

ater

qua

lity,

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.th

e m

ultip

le


Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

mai

nten

ance

of c

oast

al p

roce

sses

, and

pro

tect

ion

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

. u

se s

trate

gy.

of h

abita

t) in

to th

e br

oade

r pla

nnin

g fo

rC

ockb

urn

Soun

d.

2.4.

1-2

Wor

k w

ith th

e M

arin

e Pa

rks

and

Res

erve

s Au

thor

ityM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,20

03Pr

ogre

ss o

n th

e20

05an

d th

e D

epar

tmen

t of D

efen

ce to

inve

stig

ate

the

wat

er q

uality

.M

PRA,

DoD

deci

sion

to e

xten

d b

enef

its a

nd c

onst

rain

ts o

f ext

endi

ng th

e Sh

oalw

ater

the

mar

ine

park

Isla

nds

Mar

ine

Park

to in

clud

e th

e se

agra

ss m

eado

ws

boun

dary

.of

the

wes

tern

wat

ers

of th

e So

und.

2.4.

1-3

Prov

ide

info

rmat

ion

on th

e m

arin

e flo

ra, f

auna

and

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2003

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

hab

itats

as

part

of c

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess

and

wat

er q

ualit

y.co

mm

unity

aw

aren

ess

invo

lvem

ent p

rogr

ams.

pr

ogra

m.

2.4.

1-4

Min

imis

e th

e im

pact

of r

ecre

atio

nal &

com

mer

cial

use

sC

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2003

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

on m

ajor

hab

itats

, par

ticul

arly

on

seag

rass

mea

dow

s, w

ater

qua

lity.

CAL

M, D

oFco

mm

unity

aw

aren

ess

thro

ugh

info

rmat

ion,

edu

catio

n an

d en

forc

emen

t.pr

ogra

m.

2.4.

1-5

Surv

ey a

nd m

ap th

e m

arin

e ha

bita

t typ

es o

fIn

vest

igat

ions

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2003

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

Coc

kbur

n So

und

and

mon

itor t

rend

s an

dM

onito

ring

prog

ram

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

WR

C, D

oEm

onito

ring

prog

ram

dist

ribut

ions

of f

lora

and

faun

a.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.im

plem

ente

d.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

2.4.

1-6

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith re

sear

ch in

stitu

tions

, sup

port

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

03En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yO

ngoi

ngst

uden

t res

earc

h pr

ojec

ts o

n th

e m

arin

e flo

ra,

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

mfa

una

and

asso

ciat

ed h

abita

ts o

f Coc

kbur

n So

und,

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

impl

emen

ted.

with

prio

rity

on s

eagr

ass

and

dolp

hins

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

2.4.

1-7

Mon

itor s

eagr

ass

heal

th e

very

yea

r and

sea

gras

sIn

vest

igat

ions

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2002

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

dist

ribut

ion

ever

y th

ree

year

s. P

riorit

y ar

eas

are

the

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.W

RC

, DoE

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

mw

este

rn m

argi

n of

Coc

kbur

n So

und

as p

rote

ctin

g th

eD

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.im

plem

ente

d.re

mai

ning

hea

lthy

mea

dow

s is

a h

igh

prio

rity

and

the

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.ea

ster

n m

argi

n to

pro

tect

exi

stin

g pa

tche

s of

hea

lthy

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ese

agra

ss a

djac

ent t

o th

e in

dust

rial a

rea.

env

ironm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

2.4.

1-8

Prom

ote

the

reco

loni

satio

n an

d re

-est

ablis

hmen

t of

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2004

Dev

elop

sea

gras

s20

07se

agra

ss in

are

as o

f Coc

kbur

n So

und

whe

re it

onc

eR

esea

rch.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

oE, W

RC

,pr

ogra

m.

occu

rred.

Inv

estig

ate

the

maj

or c

onst

rain

ts to

sea

gras

sM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.KI

Cre

grow

th a

nd, i

f pra

ctic

able

, im

plem

ent r

emed

ial a

ctio

n.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

een

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.

84

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


2.4.

1-9

Perio

dica

lly s

urve

y an

d sa

mpl

e m

arin

e fa

una,

Inve

stig

atio

ns.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

oF, D

oH20

03En

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

yO

ngoi

ngpa

rticu

larly

mus

sels

and

mar

ine

snai

ls, t

o de

term

ine

Mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.m

onito

ring

prog

ram

long

-term

tren

ds in

leve

ls o

f con

tam

inan

ts.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

impl

emen

ted.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

2.4.

2 Fo

resh

ore

Habi

tats

2.4.

2-1

Inco

rpor

ate

the

requ

irem

ents

of t

he c

oast

al fl

ora,

Stra

tegy

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

02Im

plem

enta

tion

ofO

ngoi

ngfa

una

and

habi

tats

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

dde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

the

mul

tiple

(mai

nten

ance

of c

oast

al p

roce

sses

,Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

use

stra

tegy

.co

nser

vatio

n of

repr

esen

tativ

e co

mm

uniti

es,

prot

ectio

n of

hab

itat)

into

the

broa

der p

lann

ing

for C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.

2.4.

2-2

Prov

ide

info

rmat

ion

on th

e co

asta

l flo

ra, f

auna

and

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

, CAL

M

2003

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Ong

oing

habi

tats

as

part

of c

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess

and

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

. w

ater

qua

lity.

the

com

mun

ityin

volv

emen

t pro

gram

s.aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

.

2.4.

2-3

Min

imis

e th

e im

pact

of r

ecre

atio

nal a

nd c

omm

erci

alC

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, C

ALM

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Ong

oing

uses

on

maj

or h

abita

ts, p

artic

ular

ly o

n co

asta

lM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

uality

.th

e co

mm

unity

limes

tone

com

mun

ities

, thr

ough

info

rmat

ion,

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

med

ucat

ion

and

enfo

rcem

ent.

and

mul

tiple

use

stra

tegy

.

2.4.

2-4

Surv

ey a

nd m

ap th

e co

asta

l hab

itat t

ypes

of

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, C

ALM

2004

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

Coc

kbur

n So

und

and

mon

itor t

rend

s an

d di

strib

utio

nsM

onito

ring

prog

ram

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

mof

flor

a an

d fa

una.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

and

mul

tiple

use

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.st

rate

gy im

plem

ente

d.

2.4.

2-5

Initi

ate

a C

oast

Car

e pr

ogra

m in

volv

ing

indu

stry

,M

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2004

Prot

ectio

n an

dO

ngoi

ngC

omm

onw

ealth

, Sta

te a

nd lo

cal g

over

nmen

t and

wat

er q

ualit

y.re

habi

litat

ion

of th

elo

cal c

omm

unity

use

r gro

ups,

to p

rote

ct a

ndco

asta

l env

ironm

ent.

reha

bilit

ate

the

beac

hes

and

fore

dune

s al

ong

the

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

east

ern

fore

shor

e of

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

Prio

rity

area

sm

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

are

Man

gles

Bay

, Kw

inan

a Be

ach,

Cha

lleng

er B

each

and

Woo

dman

Poi

nt.

2.4.

2-6

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith th

e D

epar

tmen

t for

Pla

nnin

g an

dIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

,20

02Be

tter

unde

rsta

ndin

gIn

frast

ruct

ure,

and

loca

l gov

ernm

ent a

utho

ritie

s,Be

st m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

PI, L

GAs

of c

oast

al p

roce

sses

deve

lop

an u

nder

stan

ding

of t

he k

ey c

oast

alBe

havi

our

chan

ge.

in C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.pr

oces

ses

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d an

d as

sess

the

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.Pr

otec

tion

and

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

exi

stin

g er

osio

n co

ntro

l mea

sure

s.re

habi

litat

ion

of th

e


Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t Bes

t Man

agem

ent P

ract

ices

coas

tal e

nviro

nmen

t.to

pro

tect

the

Soun

d’s

fore

shor

e.

2.4.

2-7

Assi

st C

ALM

in th

e pr

oduc

tion

of M

anag

emen

t Pla

nsR

epor

t.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

02M

anag

emen

t pla

nsO

ngoi

ngfo

r Woo

dman

Poi

nt, B

eelia

r, an

d R

ocki

ngha

m L

akes

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

uality

.fo

r the

regi

onal

par

ksR

egio

nal P

arks

.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

to b

e co

mpl

eted

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

and/

or p

rogr

esse

d.

2.4.

2-8

Supp

ort l

ocal

gov

ernm

ent a

utho

ritie

s in

impl

emen

ting

Rep

ort.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Ong

oing

coas

tal m

anag

emen

t pla

ns fo

r the

Coc

kbur

n So

und

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

coas

tal m

anag

emen

tfo

resh

ore

in a

coo

rdin

ated

man

ner.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.pl

ans.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

2.4.

2-9

In a

sses

sing

the

envi

ronm

enta

l and

soc

ial i

mpa

cts

of fu

ture

dev

elop

men

t pro

posa

ls o

n th

e So

und’

sco

asta

l env

ironm

ent,

appl

y th

e fo

llow

ing

guid

ing

prin

cipl

es:

•m

aint

ain

coas

tal p

roce

sses

and

bea

ch s

tabi

lity;

Best

Man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

02D

evel

op b

each

Ong

oing

•co

nser

ve c

oast

al la

ndfo

rms

and

flora

and

faun

ade

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

prot

ectio

n an

dco

mm

uniti

es c

onta

ined

in th

e R

egio

nal P

arks

; and

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.re

stor

atio

n gu

idel

ines

.•

prov

ide

advi

ce in

acc

orda

nce

with

the

guid

elin

esIm

plem

enta

tion

of th

ein

Sec

tion

1.3.

m

ultip

le u

se s

trate

gy.

2.4.

3 Ab

orig

inal

Her

itage

2.4.

3-1

Com

mun

icat

e w

ith re

leva

nt n

ativ

e tit

le g

roup

s an

dC

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

, DIA

,20

03Im

plem

enta

tion

ofO

ngoi

ngin

vite

inpu

t int

o de

velo

ping

and

impl

emen

ting

the

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.Ab

orig

inal

the

com

mun

ityEn

viro

nmen

tal M

anag

emen

t Pla

n.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

repr

esen

tativ

eaw

aren

ess

prog

ram

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

grou

ps.

2.4.

3-2

Invi

te A

borig

inal

par

ticip

atio

n in

the

deci

sion

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

02Im

plem

enta

tion

ofO

ngoi

ngm

akin

g of

the

Man

agem

ent C

ounc

il.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

the

com

mun

ityBe

havi

our

chan

ge.

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

2.4.

3-3

Ensu

re th

at fu

ture

dev

elop

men

t in

Coc

kbur

nM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

IA20

02Ab

orig

inal

Ong

oing

Soun

d an

d its

cat

chm

ent i

s pr

eced

ed b

yw

ater

qua

lity.

herit

age

surv

eys.

appr

opria

te A

borig

inal

her

itage

sur

veys

.

2.4.

3-4

Ensu

re th

at A

borig

inal

her

itage

site

s w

ithin

the

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

DIA

2002

Prot

ectio

n of

site

s.O

ngoi

ngC

ockb

urn

Soun

d M

anag

emen

t Are

a ar

e pr

otec

ted.

wat

er q

ualit

y.

86

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)


2.4.

3-5

Invo

lve

the

rele

vant

Abo

rigin

al p

eopl

e in

des

igni

ngM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

IA20

02C

onsu

ltatio

n w

ithO

ngoi

ngap

prop

riate

pro

tect

ion

mea

sure

s fo

r her

itage

site

s.w

ater

qua

lity.

Abor

igin

al g

roup

s.

2.4.

4 Eu

rope

an H

erita

ge

2.4.

4-1

Con

solid

ate

the

exis

ting

hist

oric

al in

form

atio

n on

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C,

2006

Con

solid

ated

info

rmat

ion.

2008

Coc

kbur

n So

und,

in p

artic

ular

focu

sing

on

Inve

stig

atio

n.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

uality

.W

AM, L

GAs

iden

tifyi

ng w

reck

site

s w

ithin

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

2.4.

4-2

Wor

k w

ith lo

cal d

ive

scho

ols,

tour

ope

rato

rs a

ndM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nW

AM,

2003

Prot

ectio

n of

Ong

oing

dive

clu

bs to

ens

ure

the

prot

ectio

n of

his

toric

alw

ater

qua

lity.

com

mer

cial

hist

oric

al s

ites.

impo

rt w

reck

s si

tes.

dive

ope

rato

rs,

recr

eatio

nal d

ive

club

s, C

SMC

2.4.

4-3

Supp

ort t

he W

A M

useu

m in

iden

tifyi

ng a

ndM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

03Be

tter

unde

rsta

ndin

gO

ngoi

ngre

sear

chin

g th

e si

gnifi

canc

e of

wre

ck s

ites

Res

earc

h.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

ualit

y.of

wre

ck s

ites

inw

ithin

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

2.5

Defe

nce

2.5-

1In

corp

orat

e th

e re

quire

men

ts o

f def

ence

Stra

tegy

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Ong

oing

faci

litie

s an

d ac

tiviti

es (a

cces

s to

a d

eep

wat

er q

ualit

y.th

e m

ultip

lew

ater

por

t, sh

elte

red

wat

ers

sout

h of

cyc

lone

use

stra

tegy

.be

lt, a

cces

s to

shi

p m

aint

enan

ce y

ards

and

fuel

sup

plie

s, a

nd re

stric

ted

publ

ic a

cces

s)in

to th

e br

oade

r pla

nnin

g fo

r Coc

kbur

n So

und.

2.5-

2Su

ppor

t the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Def

ence

, por

t and

Stra

tegy

.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nD

oD, F

P,20

03Im

plem

enta

tion

ofO

ngoi

ngha

rbou

r ope

rato

rs a

nd th

e lo

cal b

oatin

g co

mm

unity

wat

er q

ualit

y.D

PI, c

omm

erci

alth

e m

ultip

lein

effo

rts to

min

imis

e po

tent

ial s

afet

y is

sues

aris

ing

fishe

rs, b

oat

use

stra

tegy

.be

twee

n la

rge

ship

s an

d sm

all r

ecre

atio

nal b

oats

.us

er g

roup

s

2.5-

3Su

ppor

t the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Def

ence

in im

plem

entin

gSt

rate

gy.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nD

oD, C

SMC

2003

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gO

ngoi

ngth

e in

tern

atio

nal b

an o

n ap

plyi

ng T

BT to

shi

p hu

lls.

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ew

ater

qua

lity.

the

crite

ria.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

2.5-

4Su

ppor

t the

Dep

artm

ent o

f Def

ence

in im

plem

entin

gSt

rate

gy.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.D

irect

impa

ct o

nD

oD, C

SMC

2002

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gO

ngoi

ngth

e C

omm

onw

ealth

Gov

ernm

ents

new

(Jul

y 20

01)

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ew

ater

qua

lity.

the

crite

ria.

man

dato

ry b

alla

st w

ater

requ

irem

ents

for i

nter

natio

nal

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

vess

els

visi

ting

Aust

ralia

n w

ater

s, a

nd fo

r ves

sel

mov

emen

ts b

etw

een

Aust

ralia

n po

rts.


Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

2.5-

5As

sess

the

influ

ence

of t

he G

arde

n Is

land

cau

sew

ayIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, C

oR,

2002

Und

erta

ke th

e20

03on

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity o

f Coc

kbur

n So

und,

Res

earc

h.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

DoE

, DoD

,M

angl

es B

ay S

tudy

.an

d th

e po

tent

ial e

nviro

nmen

tal b

enef

its o

f mod

ifyin

gD

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.D

PIits

des

ign.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.

2.5-

6En

sure

all

aspe

cts

of d

efen

ce o

pera

tions

com

ply

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DoD

2002

Envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

Ong

oing

with

rele

vant

pol

icie

s, p

lans

and

gui

delin

es.

A pr

iorit

yIm

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

ualit

y.m

onito

ring

prog

ram

for m

anag

emen

t are

low

-freq

uenc

y hi

gh-im

pact

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

eim

plem

ente

d.ac

cide

nts.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

Rep

ort e

xcee

denc

es.

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

gth

e cr

iteria

.

2.5-

7Su

ppor

t inv

estig

atio

ns to

det

erm

ine

whe

ther

ther

eIn

vest

igat

ion.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

DoD

2002

Impl

emen

t the

nut

rient

Ong

oing

are

any

loca

lised

impa

cts

on s

eagr

ass

due

toM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

man

agem

ent s

trate

gygr

ound

wat

er n

utrie

nt in

puts

from

the

was

te w

ater

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

and

envi

ronm

enta

ltre

atm

ent p

lant

whi

ch s

ervi

ces

HM

AS S

tirlin

g.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

qual

ity m

onito

ring

Impl

emen

t rem

edia

l act

ion,

if re

quire

d.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

prog

ram

.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.

SECT

ION

3 IN

TEG

RATI

NG M

ANAG

EMEN

T O

F TH

E LA

ND A

ND M

ARIN

E EN

VIRO

NMEN

TS

3-1

Asse

ss th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of e

xist

ing

plan

ning

Inve

stig

atio

n.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, L

GAs

,20

02C

ompl

ete

land

use

con

trols

to li

mit

nutri

ent i

nput

s fro

m u

rban

, rur

alM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

MPI

, DoE

,pl

anni

ng p

aper

.an

d in

dust

rial s

ourc

es.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

WRC

Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Impl

emen

t the

nut

rient

Ong

oing

man

agem

ent s

trate

gy.

3-2

Dev

elop

a b

ette

r und

erst

andi

ng o

f the

impl

icat

ions

Res

earc

h.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, D

oE20

03C

ompl

ete

land

use

Ong

oing

that

the

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria (e

g. s

eagr

ass

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.pl

anni

ng p

aper

.he

alth

) for

pro

tect

ing

the

envi

ronm

enta

l val

ues

ofD

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.Im

plem

ent t

heC

ockb

urn

Soun

d w

ill ha

ve o

n pl

anni

ng a

ndnu

trien

t man

agem

ent

man

agem

ent o

f lan

d us

es in

the

catc

hmen

t.st

rate

gy.

3-3

Wor

k w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

t and

pla

nnin

g ag

enci

esSt

rate

gy.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, L

GAs

,20

02C

ompl

ete

land

use

2004

to e

stab

lish

plan

ning

mec

hani

sms

to p

rote

ct th

eM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

wat

er q

uality

.D

PI, D

oE,

plan

ning

pap

er.

wat

ers

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d. T

his

will

invo

lve

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

.Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

WR

CIm

plem

ent t

he n

utrie

ntde

velo

ping

a M

emor

andu

m o

f Und

erst

andi

ngen

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.m

anag

emen

t stra

tegy

.th

at w

ill le

ad to

app

ropr

iate

sta

tuto

ry a

rrang

emen

ts,

if re

quire

d.

88

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

3-4

Initi

ate

a C

atch

men

t Par

tner

ship

bet

wee

n in

dust

ry,

Stra

tegy

.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2003

Impl

emen

t the

Ong

oing

urba

n an

d ru

ral l

and

uses

; loc

al a

nd S

tate

gov

ernm

ent;

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ice.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

wat

er q

ualit

y.nu

trien

t man

agem

ent

scho

ols

and

the

loca

l com

mun

ity, t

o id

entif

y th

ose

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.st

rate

gy.

activ

ities

that

pre

sent

ly h

ave

the

grea

test

impa

ct o

nIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

grou

ndw

ater

qua

lity,

and

to d

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

to m

inim

ise

futu

re im

pact

s.

3-5

Ensu

re c

ompr

ehen

sive

gro

undw

ater

man

agem

ent

Best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ice.

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

Land

Cor

p20

02D

evel

opm

ents

toO

ngoi

ngpl

ans

are

inco

rpor

ated

into

new

indu

stria

l pro

ject

sw

ater

qua

lity.

incl

ude

grou

ndw

ater

prop

osed

und

er th

e Fr

eman

tle-R

ocki

ngha

m In

dust

rial

pla

ns.

Area

Reg

iona

l Stra

tegy

.

3-6

Upd

ate

the

inve

ntor

y of

con

tam

inat

ed s

ites

with

in th

eIn

vent

ory.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nEP

A, D

oE,

2004

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g20

05ca

tchm

ent u

sing

dat

a co

llect

ed b

y in

dust

ry u

nder

DEP

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.W

RC

the

crite

ria.

and

WR

C li

cenc

e re

quire

men

ts, g

ivin

g pr

iorit

y to

site

sIm

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

with

in fi

ve k

ilom

etre

s of

the

fore

shor

e. E

ncou

rage

Impr

ovem

ent i

n m

eetin

g th

ere

med

iatio

n of

con

tam

inat

ed s

ites

parti

cula

rly if

ther

een

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.is

a th

reat

to C

ockb

urn

Soun

d..

3-7

Map

the

stor

m w

ater

cat

chm

ents

aro

und

the

urba

nise

dSt

rate

gy.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, L

GAs

,20

02Im

plem

ent t

he20

06ar

eas

of R

ocki

ngha

m a

nd K

win

ana

and

the

Man

agem

ent r

espo

nse.

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

wat

er q

ualit

y. W

RC

nutri

ent m

anag

emen

tid

entif

icat

ion

of d

isch

arge

s to

the

Soun

d. T

his

shou

ldIm

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

stra

tegy

and

map

incl

ude

the

estim

atio

n of

con

tribu

tions

to g

roun

dwat

erIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

the

stor

mw

ater

by th

e ur

ban

area

s, lo

catio

n of

maj

or in

filtra

tion

basi

nsen

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.ca

tchm

ent o

fan

d th

e id

entif

icat

ion

of s

torm

wat

er p

ipes

that

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

disc

harg

e di

rect

ly to

the

Soun

d.

3-8

Initi

ate

a co

mm

unity

mon

itorin

g pr

ogra

m to

bet

ter

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

05Im

plem

ent t

heO

ngoi

nges

timat

e th

e nu

trien

t con

tribu

tions

of r

unof

f fro

mM

onito

ring

prog

ram

.de

cisi

on m

akin

g.

wat

er q

ualit

y.co

mm

unity

aw

aren

ess

road

rese

rves

and

urb

an a

reas

, and

from

atm

osph

eric

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.pr

ogra

m.

depo

sitio

n in

to C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.D

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.

3-9

Ensu

re th

at p

lann

ing

for t

he a

lloca

tion

of th

eM

anag

emen

t res

pons

e.Im

prov

emen

t to

the

syst

em.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nW

RC

2002

Bette

r un

ders

tand

ing

Ong

oing

grou

ndw

ater

reso

urce

aim

s to

mai

ntai

n an

wat

er q

uality

.of

gro

undw

ater

adeq

uate

flow

of f

resh

wat

er th

roug

h to

the

flow

s in

toC

ockb

urn

Soun

d ec

osys

tem

.C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.


89

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

4.

COO

RDIN

ATIN

G R

ESEA

RCH

AND

INVE

STIG

ATIO

NS

4-1

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith m

ajor

sta

keho

lder

s, d

evel

opSt

rate

gy.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C, K

IC,

2003

Bette

r un

ders

tand

ing

2008

and

impl

emen

t a fi

ve y

ear r

esea

rch

and

inve

stig

atio

nsde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

DoE

, WR

C,

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

dpr

ogra

m fo

r Coc

kbur

n So

und

base

d on

the

prio

ritie

sBe

havi

our

chan

ge.

CSI

RO

, DoF

,en

viro

nmen

t.lis

ted

belo

w

Def

inin

g th

e pr

oble

m.

CAL

M, D

oIR

,Im

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

Mar

ine

Envi

ronm

ent:

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.FP

, WAF

IC,

the

crite

ria.

•D

evel

op a

n ag

reed

con

cept

ual m

odel

of t

heIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

com

mun

ity g

roup

sIm

plem

enta

tion

ofdi

scha

rge

and

the

effe

cts

of n

utrie

nt in

puts

toen

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y cr

iteria

.m

anag

emen

t stra

tegi

es.

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

•D

evel

op a

n ag

reed

met

hod

for e

valu

atin

gth

e cu

mul

ativ

e im

pact

s of

cur

rent

and

futu

reac

tiviti

es a

nd d

evel

opm

ents

.•

Gat

her a

dditio

nal d

ata

and

deve

lop

met

hodo

logi

es to

impr

ove

mod

ellin

g of

fres

hwat

erdi

scha

rge,

wat

er m

ovem

ent a

nd c

oast

al p

roce

sses

alon

g th

e ea

ster

n fo

resh

ore

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.•

Det

erm

ine

the

influ

ence

of t

he G

arde

n Is

land

Cau

sew

ay o

n th

e en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

y of

the

Soun

d an

d th

e po

tent

ial e

nviro

nmen

tal b

enef

its o

fm

odify

ing

its d

esig

n.•

Mai

ntai

n th

e m

onito

ring

of s

eagr

ass

heal

than

d di

strib

utio

n.•

Initi

ate

stud

ies

on th

e lo

cal p

opul

atio

ns o

ffis

h an

d sh

ellfi

sh a

nd th

e co

nnec

tions

bet

wee

nth

ese

popu

latio

ns, t

he c

omm

erci

al a

nd re

crea

tiona

lfis

herie

s an

d ad

jace

nt a

reas

suc

h as

the

Swan

Riv

er.

Terr

estri

al E

nviro

nmen

t•

Prod

uce

a fu

ll in

vent

ory

of c

onta

min

ated

stie

sw

ithin

five

kilo

met

res

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d.•

Map

sto

rmw

ater

cat

chm

ents

aro

und

the

urba

nise

dar

eas

of R

ocki

ngha

m, C

ockb

urn

and

Kwin

ana.

•D

evel

op a

sys

tem

atic

app

roac

h to

qua

ntify

ing

the

qual

ity a

nd s

patia

l dis

tribu

tion

of g

roun

dwat

erdi

scha

rgin

g to

the

Soun

d.


90

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

Soci

al a

nd C

ultu

ral U

ses

•D

evel

op a

bet

ter u

nder

stan

ding

of t

he s

ocia

lan

d cu

ltura

l asp

ects

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d th

at th

eco

mm

unity

val

ues.

•C

ondu

ct a

com

preh

ensi

ve u

ser s

urve

y th

ates

tabl

ishe

s th

e fu

ture

type

s, a

reas

and

inte

nsity

of

mul

tiple

use

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d an

d its

fore

shor

e.•

Obt

ain

bette

r est

imat

es o

f rec

reat

iona

l fis

hca

tche

s, b

oth

boat

and

sho

re-b

ased

, for

inte

grat

edca

tch

man

agem

ent o

f fis

herie

s.

4-2

Faci

litat

e op

portu

nitie

s fo

r loc

al c

omm

unity

gro

ups,

Com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s.Be

havi

our

chan

ge.

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2003

Impl

emen

t com

mun

ityO

ngoi

ngag

enci

es, e

duca

tiona

l ins

titut

ions

, vol

unte

ers

and

wat

er q

ualit

y.aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

.in

divi

dual

s to

be

invo

lved

in re

sear

ch a

nd in

vest

igat

ion

proj

ects

with

in C

ockb

urn

Soun

d an

d its

cat

chm

ent.

4-3

Esta

blis

h a

data

-bas

e of

the

mai

n pa

st, c

urre

nt a

ndIn

vent

ory.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2002

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

Ong

oing

prop

osed

rese

arch

and

inve

stig

atio

n pr

ogra

ms.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.en

viro

nmen

tal q

ualit

ym

onito

ring

prog

ram

.

5. M

ONI

TORI

NG A

ND R

EPO

RTIN

G

5-1

In c

onsu

ltatio

n w

ith m

ajor

sta

keho

lder

s, d

evel

opC

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess.

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.In

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

C20

03Im

plem

enta

tion

of th

eO

ngoi

ngan

d im

plem

ent a

Com

mun

ity A

war

enes

s an

dw

ater

qua

lity.

com

mun

ity a

war

enes

sIn

volv

emen

t Pro

gram

. Th

e Pr

ogra

m w

ill be

prog

ram

.gu

ided

by

the

follo

win

g pr

inci

ples

:•

link

and

add

valu

e to

cur

rent

pro

gram

s;•

rais

e aw

aren

ess

of m

arin

e an

d ca

tchm

ent

issu

es a

cros

s th

e w

hole

of t

he c

omm

unity

toba

ck u

p ot

her s

peci

fic is

sues

or l

ocal

are

a pr

ojec

ts;

•em

pow

er lo

cal a

ctio

n by

resp

ondi

ng to

com

mun

ityne

eds

for i

nfor

mat

ion,

pro

vidi

ng o

ppor

tuni

ties

for i

nvol

vem

ent,

and

deve

lopi

ng lo

cal i

nitia

tives

;•

deve

lop

partn

ersh

ips

so th

at s

take

hold

ers,

incl

udin

g lo

cal g

over

nmen

t, co

mm

unity

gro

ups,

indu

stry

, and

gov

ernm

ent a

genc

ies,

wor

kco

-ope

rativ

ely

to a

ddre

ss p

robl

ems;

•en

sure

acc

ount

abilit

y to

the

com

mun

ity;

•pr

ovid

e op

portu

nitie

s fo

r com

mun

ity fe

edba

ck; a

nd•

be re

spon

sive

to c

hang

ing

envi

ronm

enta

l and

com

mun

ity is

sues

.


91

Cod

eD

escr

iptio

nO

utpu

tEx

pect

ed o

utco

me

Expe

cted

impa

ctA

genc

yTi

min

gSt

atus

afte

rTi

min

gon

wat

er q

ualit

yre

spon

sibl

e–

star

t5

year

s–

end

Tabl

e 11

. Im

plem

enta

tion

Tab

le (

cont

inue

d)

5-2

Rep

ort o

n th

e st

ate

of C

ockb

urn

Soun

d th

roug

hC

omm

unity

aw

aren

ess.

Basi

s fo

r fut

ure

Indi

rect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

Annu

ally

Impl

emen

tatio

n of

Ong

oing

com

mun

ity fo

rum

s an

d ot

her p

ublic

eve

nts

and

Rep

ort.

deci

sion

mak

ing.

wat

er q

ualit

y.th

e co

mm

unity

prov

ide

a pr

ogre

ss u

pdat

e (b

ased

on

the

Beha

viou

r ch

ange

.aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

.‘re

port

card

s’ in

Sec

tion

1) to

the

loca

l com

mun

ity.

Rep

ort o

n ex

ceed

ence

s.

5-3

Rep

ort a

nnua

lly to

the

Boar

d of

the

Wat

er a

nd R

iver

sR

epor

t.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eIn

dire

ct im

pact

on

CSM

CAn

nual

lyIm

plem

enta

tion

ofO

ngoi

ngR

iver

s C

omm

issi

on, M

inis

ter f

or th

e En

viro

nmen

tde

cisi

on m

akin

g.w

ater

qua

lity.

the

com

mun

ityan

d th

e W

este

rn A

ustra

lian

Parli

amen

t on

the

stat

eaw

aren

ess

prog

ram

.of

Coc

kbur

n So

und.

Rep

ort o

n ex

ceed

ence

s.

5-4

In c

onsu

ltatio

n w

ith k

ey s

take

hold

ers

coor

dina

teM

onito

ring

prog

ram

.Ba

sis

for f

utur

eD

irect

impa

ct o

nC

SMC

2003

Impl

emen

t the

Ong

oing

the

Envi

ronm

enta

l Qua

lity M

onito

ring

Prog

ram

for

dec

isio

n m

akin

g.

wat

er q

ualit

y.m

onito

ring

prog

ram

.C

ockb

urn

Soun

d. T

he M

onito

ring

Prog

ram

sho

uld

beD

efin

ing

the

prob

lem

.- l

inke

d to

the

repo

rt ca

rds;

Impr

ovem

ent t

o th

e sy

stem

.- e

asily

acc

essi

ble

and

verif

iabl

e, a

ndIm

prov

emen

t in

mee

ting

the

- tra

nspa

rent

and

mon

itore

d in

depe

nden

tly.

envi

ronm

enta

l qua

lity

crite

ria.

5-5

Furth

er d

evel

op a

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