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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME AMENDMENT:
BLACK MOUNTAIN MINING – VEDANTA RESOURCES, AGGENEYS,
NORTHERN CAPE
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Client:
BLACK MOUNTAIN MINING
Proposal Name:
Environmental Management Programme
Amendment
RHDHV Reference Number:
E00.CPT.000402
DMR Reference:
ML 5/2000
Date:
June 2013
Location:
Aggeneys, Northern Cape
Compiled by:
Ntšeketsi Lerotholi
Reviewed by:
Bronwen Griffiths
© Royal HaskoningDHV
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, without the written
permission from RHDHV and Black
Mountain Mining.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... V
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ VI
APPENDICES-SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS ............................................................................. VII
APPENDIX A: WATER QUALITY AUDIT REPORT, FEBRUARY, 2001 ........................................ VII
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. VIII
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 History and Background Information ........................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Contact details for the mine .................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Location of the Operations ............................................................................................................ 3
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 5
2.1 Geology of the Broken Hill Deeps Project Ore Body .................................................................. 5
2.2 Ground Water .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Depth of water table(s) ........................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Background Groundwater Quality .......................................................................................... 9 2.2.4 Ground water quality around the tailings and ageing pond area ......................................... 11 2.2.5 Depth of water Table ............................................................................................................ 14 2.2.6 Seepage Volumes ................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.7 Seepage quality prediction ................................................................................................... 15 2.2.8 Groundwater Use ................................................................................................................. 16
2.3 Climate ........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Mean monthly and annual rainfall ........................................................................................ 17 2.3.2 Maximum rainfall intensities ................................................................................................. 18 2.3.3 Mean monthly, maximum and minimum temperatures ........................................................ 19 2.3.4 Monthly mean wind direction and speed .............................................................................. 20 2.3.5 Incidence of extreme weather conditions ............................................................................. 20
2.4 Topography ................................................................................................................................... 20
2.4.1 Description ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.4.2 Soil ........................................................................................................................................ 21
2.5 Land use ........................................................................................................................................ 24
2.5.1 Pre-mining land use ............................................................................................................. 24 2.5.2 Historical agricultural production .......................................................................................... 24 2.5.3 Evidence of misuse .............................................................................................................. 24 2.5.4 Existing structures ................................................................................................................ 24
2.6 Natural vegetation / plant life ...................................................................................................... 24
2.6.1 Priority and Sensitivity Analysis............................................................................................ 30 2.7 Fauna ............................................................................................................................................. 31
2.7.1 Commonly occurring species ............................................................................................... 31 2.7.2 Avifaunal Priorities ................................................................................................................ 31 2.7.3 Drainage Context ................................................................................................................. 33 2.7.4 Surface water quality ............................................................................................................ 37
2.8 Air quality ...................................................................................................................................... 37
2.9 Noise 37
2.10 Sites of Archaeological and Cultural interest ........................................................................... 37
2.10.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 37 2.10.2 Earlier and Middle Stone Age sites ...................................................................................... 39 2.10.3 Middle Stone Age sites ......................................................................................................... 40 2.10.4 Later Stone Age Sites .......................................................................................................... 40 2.10.5 Rock art sites ........................................................................................................................ 44 2.10.6 Painted boulder site near Aggregate Quarry ........................................................................ 44 2.10.7 Cemeteries and graves ........................................................................................................ 51
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2.11 Visual Aspects .............................................................................................................................. 51
2.11.1 Study Area Visual baseline .................................................................................................. 51 2.11.2 Study area visual character and VAC .................................................................................. 54 2.11.3 Presence of Receptor Locations and Visual Sensitivity of the Area .................................... 55
2.12 Socio-economic structure ........................................................................................................... 57
2.12.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 57 2.12.2 Formulation of Integrated Development Plan‟s .................................................................... 59 2.12.3 Aggeneys Community Engagement Plan ............................................................................ 59 2.12.4 Small Business Development ............................................................................................... 60
3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................. 62
3.1 Mining Process ............................................................................................................................. 62
3.2 Mineral Processing Plant ............................................................................................................. 62
3.2.1 Crushing ............................................................................................................................... 63 3.2.2 Milling ................................................................................................................................... 63 3.2.3 Aeration ................................................................................................................................ 64
3.3 Flotation ........................................................................................................................................ 64
3.3.1 Copper Flotation ................................................................................................................... 64 3.3.2 Lead Flotation ....................................................................................................................... 65 3.3.3 Zinc Flotation ........................................................................................................................ 65
3.4 Thickening ..................................................................................................................................... 66
3.5 Tailings Dam ................................................................................................................................. 67
3.6 Backfill ........................................................................................................................................... 68
3.7 Storage of finished products ...................................................................................................... 71
3.8 Dispatch of Products from Site ................................................................................................... 71
3.9 Waste Rock ................................................................................................................................... 71
3.10 Supporting Services and Activities ............................................................................................ 71
3.10.1 Housing, recreation and other employee facilities ............................................................... 71 3.10.2 Water Supply ........................................................................................................................ 72 3.10.3 Power / Electricity ................................................................................................................. 73 3.10.4 Airfields, roads and railways ................................................................................................. 73 3.10.5 Sanitation facilities ................................................................................................................ 73 3.10.6 Diesel/Fuel ............................................................................................................................ 75 3.10.7 Storm water .......................................................................................................................... 75 3.10.8 Solid waste management facilities ....................................................................................... 75 3.10.9 Hazardous waste .................................................................................................................. 77 3.10.10 Emergency Incidents and / or Accidents .............................................................................. 79
3.11 Concurrent Rehabilitation ........................................................................................................... 80
3.12 Closure and Decommissioning ................................................................................................... 81
3.12.1 Closure objectives ................................................................................................................ 81 3.12.2 Closure framework ............................................................................................................... 81 3.12.3 Rehabilitation Methodology proposed for the infrastructure on site ..................................... 82
4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ............................................................................................... 90
4.1 Consultation Process................................................................................................................... 90
4.1.1 Background Information Document ...................................................................................... 90 4.1.2 Key Issues Identified ............................................................................................................ 90
4.2 Ongoing Communication............................................................................................................. 90
4.2.1 Complaints ............................................................................................................................ 90 4.2.2 List of Interested and Affected Parties ................................................................................. 91
5 METHODS USED TO UNDERTAKE THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ........................................... 92
5.1 Legal Requirements ..................................................................................................................... 92
5.2 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................... 92
5.2.1 Criteria to Consider when Determining Severity of impacts ................................................. 93 5.3 Explanation of Impact Rating ...................................................................................................... 93
5.3.1 Probability and Likelihood .................................................................................................... 93
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page iii
6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................. 96
6.1 Impact Assessment of Mining Process ...................................................................................... 96
6.1.1 Impact assessment during Exploration drilling surface ........................................................ 97 6.1.2 Impact Assessment for Underground Mining ....................................................................... 99 6.1.3 Impact assessment during ore handling Deeps Underground, Surface Conveyors,
Waste Rock Dump & Tony‟s dam ...................................................................................... 103 6.2 Impact Assessment for Crushing ............................................................................................. 106
6.3 Impact Assessment for Milling and Aeration .......................................................................... 110
6.4 Impact Assessment for Flotation, Thickening and Filtration................................................. 113
6.5 Impact Assessment for Tailings Dam ...................................................................................... 115
6.6 Impact Assessment for Backfill ................................................................................................ 118
6.7 Impact Assessment for Storage of finished products ............................................................ 125
6.8 Impact Assessment for Dispatch of Products from Site ........................................................ 127
6.9 Impact Assessment for Waste Rock ........................................................................................ 130
6.10 Supporting Services and Activities .......................................................................................... 131
6.10.1 Impact assessment during maintenance ............................................................................ 131 6.10.2 Impact Assessment for Office Operations .......................................................................... 139 6.10.3 Impact Assessment for Water Supply and Storm Water ................................................... 141 6.10.4 Power / Electricity; Use of Generators ............................................................................... 143 6.10.5 Impact Assessment for Hazardous waste .......................................................................... 144
6.11 Impact Assessment for concurrent rehabilitation ................................................................. 150
6.12 Impacts Associated with Decommissioning and Closure ..................................................... 153
7 ALTERNATIVE LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENTS CONSIDERED ....................................... 154
7.1 Land-use / development Alternatives Considered .................................................................. 154
7.2 Alternative Mining Methods ...................................................................................................... 154
7.3 Consequences of Not Continuing with the Mine .................................................................... 154
8 ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................ 155
8.1 Environmental Goals and Objectives ....................................................................................... 155
8.1.1 Environmental Legislation .................................................................................................. 155 8.2 Water Pollution ........................................................................................................................... 156
8.3 Dust 157
8.4 Noise 157
8.5 Blasting ....................................................................................................................................... 157
8.6 Waste Management .................................................................................................................... 157
8.7 Rehabilitation .............................................................................................................................. 158
8.8 Environmental Awareness Training ......................................................................................... 158
8.9 Socio-economic Goals and Objectives .................................................................................... 158
8.9.1 Skills Development ............................................................................................................. 158 8.9.2 Local Economic Development ............................................................................................ 158 8.9.3 Black Economic Empowerment and Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises ..................... 159
8.10 Heritage Goals and Objectives ................................................................................................. 159
8.11 Closure Goals and Objectives .................................................................................................. 159
9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING ..................................................... 160
9.1 Environmental Management for Topography .......................................................................... 160
9.2 Environmental Management for Geology ................................................................................ 160
9.3 Environmental Management for Ground Water ...................................................................... 161
9.4 Environmental management for heritage resources .............................................................. 162
9.5 Environmental Management for Visual / aesthetic value ....................................................... 165
9.6 Environmental Management during Underground Mining..................................................... 165
9.7 Environmental Management for Waste Management ............................................................. 166
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9.8 Environmental Management during Ore handling Deeps Underground, Surface Conveyors, Waste Rock Dump & Tony’s dam .............................................................. 167
9.9 Environmental Management during Crushing ........................................................................ 168
9.10 Environmental Management during during Milling and Aeration ......................................... 169
9.11 Environmental Management during flotation1, thickening and filtration ............................. 169
9.12 Environmental Management for Tailings ................................................................................. 170
9.13 Environmental Management during Backfill ........................................................................... 171
9.14 Environmental Management during Storage of finished products ....................................... 172
9.15 Environmental Management during Dispatch of products .................................................... 173
9.16 Envronmental Management for Waste Rock ........................................................................... 173
9.17 Environmental Management for Hydrocarbon ....................................................................... 174
10 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS PLAN ......................................................................... 175
10.1 Environmental Training and communication approach ......................................................... 175
10.1.1 Identification of training needs ............................................................................................ 175 10.2 Induction ..................................................................................................................................... 175
10.2.1 Environmental Procedure Training ..................................................................................... 176 10.2.2 Training material development and review ........................................................................ 176 10.2.3 Training Assessment .......................................................................................................... 176
10.3 Environmental Communication and Awareness ..................................................................... 177
10.4 External Environmental Awareness Courses .......................................................................... 177
11 FINANCIAL PROVISION ESTIMATION ............................................................................ 178
11.1 Quantum of Financial Provision [Regulation 54(1)] ................................................................ 178
12 UNDERTAKING .......................................................................................................... 179
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Ore sources for Black Mountain Mine. ........................................................................................2 Figure 1-2: Location of Black Mountain Mine ................................................................................................3 Figure 1-3: Aerial photo showing Black Mountain Mine main offices ............................................................4 Figure 2-1: Generalized plan and section of the Broken Hill stratiform massive sulphide ore bodies at Black Mountain Mine. ....................................................................................................................................6 Figure 2-2: Position of ground water monitoring points. ................................................................................8 Figure 2-3: Water levels in the boreholes ................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2-4: Schematic drawing of different mechanisms influencing the hydrochemistry around the slimes dam area..................................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 2-5: Google Earth Aerial view of Aggeneys showing the topography of the site (note the terrain has been vertically exaggerated) ...................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 2-6: General Soils map of the study area and surroundings (SANBI BGIS)................................... 23 Figure 2-7: National vegetation map for the study area (SANBI BGIS 2013) ............................................ 26 Figure 2-8: Northern Cape Critical Biodiversity Areas Priority Map (SANBI BGIS 2013) .......................... 27 Figure 2-9: Site pictures of BMM koppie, drainage and flats surroundings. .............................................. 29 Figure 2-10: Priority analysis of sensitive ecological areas: Red = high, Amber = medium to high; and yellow = medium ......................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 2-11: Hydrology Map depicting hydrogeomorphic feature map (SANBI BGIS 2013) ..................... 35 Figure 2-12: National Freshwater Ecological Priority Area Atlas Map (SANBI BGIS 2013) ...................... 36 Figure 2-13: Key sites at Black Mountain Mine .......................................................................................... 38 Figure 2-14: Deflation hollow at Zuurwater – handaxe in foreground. ....................................................... 39 Figure 2-15: Rock surfaces where water collects after rains ..................................................................... 41 Figure 2-16: One of several grinding stone surfaces in the vicinity of 29.25362
o S 18.80600
o E ............. 41
Figure 2-17: Location of Aggeneys Goras site 1 (white arrow) .................................................................. 42 Figure 2-18: Bedrock exposure and hollow in which water collects after rain. .......................................... 42 Figure 2-19: Grinding groove in bedrock and examples of microlithic stone tools, pottery and ostrich eggshell. ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 2-20: Location of the goras in the Aggeneys game farm (white arrow) .......................................... 43 Figure 2-21: Faintly visible ‘star’ image finger painting. ............................................................................. 45 Figure 2-22: painted boulder with protective fence and reed roof (needs repairing). ................................ 45 Figure 2-23: Quartz flake and ostrich eggshell fragment from painted boulder site .................................. 46 Figure 2-24: Location of the painted boulder site (white arrow) ................................................................. 46 Figure 2-25: Aggeneys cupule site: ............................................................................................................ 47 Figure 2-26: Zoomed in cupule site ............................................................................................................ 47 Figure 2-27: Location of the cupule site (arrow) (Zuurwater cupule site: 29.23668
oS 18.72809
oE) .......... 48
Figure 2-28: Waterfall with cupules (indicated by arrow) ........................................................................... 49 Figure 2-29: Cupules engraved/drilled into the face of the rock................................................................. 50 Figure 2-30: Swartberg Mine and position of the cupule site (arrow) ........................................................ 50 Figure 2-31: Visual impact of form ............................................................................................................. 52 Figure 2-32: Visual impact of line ............................................................................................................... 53 Figure 2-33: Visual impact of texture .......................................................................................................... 54 Figure 2-34: Study Area and Receptor Locations ...................................................................................... 56 Figure 2-35: Labour sending areas by local municipalities ........................................................................ 58 Figure 2-36: Labour sending areas by Towns within thin the Namakwa and Siyanda District ................. 59 Figure 3-1: Typical Mine Flow Diagram ...................................................................................................... 63 Figure 3-2: Crushing Circuit........................................................................................................................ 63 Figure 3-3: Milling Flow Diagram ................................................................................................................ 64 Figure 3-4: Copper Flotation Flow Diagram. .............................................................................................. 65 Figure 3-5: Lead Flotation Flow Diagram ................................................................................................... 66 Figure 3-6: Zinc Flotation Flow Diagram .................................................................................................... 66 Figure 3-7: Thickener and Filtration Flow Sheet ........................................................................................ 67 Figure 3-8: Backfill Plant Layout ................................................................................................................. 68 Figure 3-9: The Mine Sewage System ....................................................................................................... 74 Figure 3-10: BMM General Waste Flow Diagram ...................................................................................... 76 Figure 3-11: BMM Hazardous Waste Flow Diagram .................................................................................. 78 Figure 8-1: The black mountain HDSA/BEE spend targets (BMM SLP, 2009) ........................................ 159
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Typical background hydro-chemistry in the Black Mountain area. ..............................................9 Table 2-2: Typical hydro-chemistry in boreholes (M18 – 21, BH1 – 5, JMA1 – 4, M6, M7) in the vicinity and of the tailings dam and ageing pond area. .......................................................................................... 13 Table 2-3: Operational rules at the Black Mountain tailings dam and return water dam used for prediction of seepage volumes. .................................................................................................................................. 15 Table 2-4: Preliminary seepage volumes predicted for the tailings dam and the return water dam during the operational phase before the use of the new dams in 2010. ............................................................... 15 Table 2-5: Preliminary operational phase seepage water qualities from the Black Mountain tailings dam and return water dam ................................................................................................................................. 16 Table 2-6: Annual rainfall in Aggeneys: 1986 – 1992 ................................................................................ 18 Table 2-7: Mean, maximum and minimum monthly and annual rainfall and maximum recorded in 24 hours at Pofadder: 1993 - 1984 ............................................................................................................................ 18 Table 2-8: Highest rainfall rates recorded and the computed 50 and 100 year maximum expected rates at Pofadder (mm) ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Table 2-9: Average temperatures and barometric pressures: 1986 – 1992 .............................................. 19 Table 2-10: Calculated average humidity during summer and winter ........................................................ 19 Table 2-11: Wind data during 1975 for Aggeneys ...................................................................................... 20 Table 2-12: Average daily evaporation rates at Aggeneys ........................................................................ 20 Table 2-13: Species of conservation concern for Aggeneys taken from a the Namaqua Biodiversity Plan .................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 2-14: Fauna species of conservation concern of endangered or rare status ................................... 31 Table 2-15: key species to the study area (from Birdlife South Africa, 2013) ............................................ 32 Table 2-16: Range and biome restricted Species of the study area (from Birdlife South Area 2013) ....... 32 Table 2-17: Catchment Characteristics of the study site ............................................................................ 34 Table 2-18: Total estimated job opportunities created by Black Mountain ................................................ 58 Table 3-1: Physico-chemical properties of the hydraulic backfill medium. ................................................. 69 Table 3-2: The chemical composition of reclaim water. ............................................................................. 69 Table 3-3: The chemical composition of the tailings. ................................................................................. 70 Table 3-4: Hydrocarbon register onsite ...................................................................................................... 75 Table 5-1: Scoring for environment impact assessment criteria. ............................................................... 94 Table 5-2: Impact Significance ................................................................................................................... 95 Table 9-1: Environmental Management for Topography .......................................................................... 160 Table 9-2: Environmental Management for Geology ............................................................................... 160 Table 9-3: Environmental Management for Ground Water ...................................................................... 161 Table 9-4: Environmental Management for heritage resources ............................................................... 162 Table 9-5: Environmental Management for visual/aesthetic value .......................................................... 165 Table 9-6: Environmental Management during underground mining ....................................................... 165 Table 9-7: Environmental Management for waste management ............................................................. 166 Table 9-8: Environmental Management for Ore handling ........................................................................ 167 Table 9-9: Environmental Management for crushing ............................................................................... 168 Table 9-10: Environmental Management for milling and aeration ........................................................... 169 Table 9-11: Environmental Management for flotation, thickening and filtration ....................................... 169 Table 9-12: Environmental Management for tailings ................................................................................ 170 Table 9-13: Environmental Management for backfill ................................................................................ 171 Table 9-14: Environmental Management for storage of finished products .............................................. 172 Table 9-15: Environmental Management for dispatch of products .......................................................... 173 Table 9-16: Environmental Management for waste rock .......................................................................... 173 Table 9-17: Environmental Management for hydrocarbon ....................................................................... 174
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APPENDICES-SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS
Appendix A: Water quality audit report, February, 2001
Appendix B: Ecological Report April, 2013
Appendix C: Heritage Report
Appendix D: Visual Impact Assessment Study, April 2013
Appendix E: Mine Plan
Appendix F: Black Mountain Standard Operating Procedures (SOP‟s) ESOP033:
Appendix G: Environmental Rehabilitation Programme for Life of Mine Phase 1.
Appendix H: The Background Information Documents (BID)
Appendix I: A list of I&AP identified and consulted with during the public participation process
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page viii
ABBREVIATIONS
AGIS Agricultural Geographic Information System
AVCP Alien Vegetation Control Programme
BEE Black Economic Empowerment
CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, Act No. 43 of 1983
DSB Development Services Board
DMR Department of Mineral Resources
DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
EC European Community
ECA. Environment and Conservation Act, Act No. 73 of 1989
EDP Economic Development Plan
EIA Environmental Impacts Assessment
EMP1 Environmental Management Programme
EMPR2 Environmental Management Programme Report
GPS Geographic Positioning System
HDSA Historically Disadvantaged South African
I&AP Interested and Affected Parties
IDP Integrated Development Plan
ISO International Standards Organisation
LoM Life of mine
LED Local Economic Development
masl meters above sea level
MPRDA Minerals and Petroleum Resource Development Act, Act No. 28 of 2002
NEMA National Environmental Management Act, Act 107 of 1998
NEM: AQA. National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, Act No. 39 of 2004
NWA. National Water Act, Act No. 36 of 1998
MWP Mining Work Programme
OEL Occupational Exposure Limit
QDS Quarter Degree Square
OMP Overburden Management Plan
ROM Run of Mine
SABAP South African Bird Atlas Project
SAHRA South African Heritage resource Agency
SAWS South African Whether Service
SANS South African National Standard
SLP Social and Labour Plan
SMME Small Micro and Medium Enterprise
SSC Shared Service Centre
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TWQR Target Water Quality Range
USBM Unites States Bureau of Mines
1 Compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Minerals and Petroleum Resource Development Act, Act No. 28 of 2002.
2 Compiled in accordance with the Minerals Act, Act No. 51 of 1991.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 1
1 INTRODUCTION
This document constitutes the amended environmental impact assessment, which determines the
significance of impacts associated with the Black Mountain Mine and the environmental management
programme, which provides management measures to mitigate the significance of the impacts of the
mining operation, for the Black Mountain Mine – Vedanta Resources.
Royal HaskoningDHV (hereafter referred to as RHDHV) has been appointed to consolidate all the
existing Black Mountain Mine (BMM) EMPRs into one over-arching document.
1.1 History and Background Information
Exploration in the region of the Black Mountain Mine started in 1929 with the first shaft sunk on Swartberg
– the „Black Mountain‟ of the company‟s name. Desultory investigations continued at sporadic intervals
after that until 1970 when Phelps Dodge Corporation commenced a diamond-drilling programme.
In 1971 the Swartberg ore body was intersected, followed by the ore body at Noeniespoort se Kop
(„Broken Hill‟) in 1972 and in 1973 the Aggeneys Mountain („Big Syncline‟) ore body. The most promising
of the three was at Noeniespoort and an audit was conducted in 1974 to procure bulk samples for
metallurgical testing. In 1976 Phelps Dodge Corporation commissioned a feasibility study for an
underground mine.
In October 1977, after a decision to seek a partner for the venture, Phelps Dodge came to an agreement
with Gold Fields of South Africa Limited (GFSA) and its associates, who subscribed for a 51% interest in
the Black Mountain Mineral Development Company (Proprietary) Limited.
In the late nineties, GFSA decided to sell off its base metal assets, including Black Mountain. After
conducting a due-diligence study, Anglo-American Corporation purchased Black Mountain and the
nearby, as yet undeveloped Gamsberg zinc deposit.
Low-key exploration through the ‟90s, aimed mainly at finding extensions to the Broken Hill orebody,
yielded little encouragement but the geologists were still optimistic. With the change in ownership almost
certainly signalling an end to the drilling program, the Chief Geologist requested funds for one final hole to
test an area further out from the previously drilled holes.
This proved a turning point in the history of Black Mountain Mining, as high-grade mineralization was
intersected at a depth of just over 1,000m. On 10 May 2010, Anglo American announced the sale of its
Zinc portfolio to Vedanta Resources.
Four major sediment-hosted lead-zinc-copper-silver deposits: Broken Hill, Swartberg, Big Syncline and
Gamsberg, occur in the Aggeneys area (See Figure 1-1). Broken Hill used to produce 1.56 million tonnes
of ore per annum. Exploration drilling from surface indicated a major down-plunge extension to the
Broken Hill ore body. This extension was named the Deep orebody. The Deep ore body‟s western
extremity is approximately 390 m east of, and 240 m below, the current deepest level of the mine (800 m
below surface). It has a known down plunge extent of 1 100 m and is open at depth. The deepest position
of the ore body is 1 680 m below surface. The Deep ore body is sub-divided into five geologically distinct
zones each comprising of iron formation and massive sulphide. Lead -zinc-copper-silver mineralisation
occurs as fine to coarse disseminations or interbanded in the iron formations. Mineralisation in the
massive sulphide is fine-grained and often brecciated. Economic ore occurs in all of the five ore body
zones and is predominantly situated at or close to the footwall of each zone. The Deep ore body is
contained in a synformal structure with a steep (63°-70°) and extensive southern limb. The northern limb
of this structure has, so far, been poorly explored, however from existing information it seems to be
refolded. Indications are that the shape and disposition of the ore body have been determined by both
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 2
folding and thrusting. Black Mountain mine produces zinc, lead, and copper concentrate. Silver is
produced as a by-product of lead and copper processing.
Figure 1-1: Ore sources for Black Mountain Mine.
1.1.1 Contact details for the mine
Name of Applicant: Black Mountain Mining (PTY) Ltd – Vedanta Resources
DME Reference No. 6/2/6/33; SCN 5/3/2/223; SNC 6/2/2/153; NCS
30/5/1/2/3/2/2/1 517 MR; NCPOF1/NAM/03/2007; ML
5/2000; ML 2/99
Contact Person (Black Mountain Mine): PD Venter
Physical Address: Black Mountain Mining (PTY) Ltd – Vedanta Resources
1 Penge Road
Aggneys
Postal Address: Black Mountain Mining (PTY) Ltd – Vedanta Resources
P O Box X01, Aggeneys
8893
Telephone Number: (054) 983 9345
Fax Number: (054) 983-9353
Email [email protected]
Commodity: Lead, Zinc and Copper
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 3
1.2 Location of the Operations
Black Mountain Mine is situated in Aggeneys, a small town in the Northern Cape Province (Figure 1-2).
BMM is located 60km East of Pofadder and 110km West of Springbok. The map below illustrates BMM in
relation to other centres and major infrastructures in the Northern Cape Province.
Figure 1-2: Location of Black Mountain Mine
The BMM falls under the Kenhardt magisterial district and the Springbok regional services council
authority. It is adjacent to the small village of Aggeneys located along the N14 highway between the
towns of Pofadder and Springbok in the Northern Cape Province.
The mine is synonymous with the settlement and is inhabited by employees of the mine (Figure 1-3).
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Figure 1-3: Aerial photo showing Black Mountain Mine main offices
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 5
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT
BMM has been operating since 1979.
The description of the receiving environment describes the pre-mining environment and the current
environment present on the site. The baseline description of the receiving environment has been
extrapolated from the following sources (which are referenced throughout the report):
The Environmental Management Programme Report compiled Groundwater Consulting Services
cc, 2000.
Black Mountain – A division of Anglo Operations Limited Original Environmental Management
Programme Report, 1993.
Environmental Management Programme for the tailings dam extension compiled by Oryx
Environmental, 2007.
Recent environmental auditing and monitoring results.
The Visual assessment carried out by RHDHV, 2013
The Ecology assessment carried out by RHDHV, 2013
The Heritage assessment compiled by Dr David Morris, McGregor Museum, Kimberley, March
2013
2.1 Geology of the Broken Hill Deeps Project Ore Body
Geology information in this section is obtained from the existing original EMPRs.
The Aggeneys copper-lead-zinc-silver deposits occur in the Precambrian metavolcanic metasedimentary
Bushmanland Group which forms part of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex. The Bushmanland
Basin occupies an area measuring around 18,000km in the western half of the Namaqualand-Natal
Mobile Belt.
Ore at the Black Mountain Mine is more copper-rich, in contrast to the other deposits to the east which
are all more zinc-rich. This deposit comprises two superposed massive sulphide bodies namely the
thicker Upper Ore Body (UOB) and a thinner Lower Ore Body (LOB) (See Figure 2-1). Both ore bodies,
which also carry disseminated sulphides, are hosted in the banded iron formation. The iron formation
horizons are both separated by and enveloped in northwest-dipping schist, which is overlain by a thick
quartzite formation.
The UOB is comprised of three types of iron formation: magnetite quartzite, magnetite-amphibolite and
barite-magnetite. Garnet-quartzite forms a halo around the UOB; it is locally enriched in copper (up to 3%
copper (Cu)).
The LOB consists of baritic to quartzitic schist with disseminated sulphides which grades into magnetite-
amphibolite. The footwall to the massive sulphide lenses is characterized by abundant sillimanite.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 6
Figure 2-1: Generalized plan and section of the Broken Hill stratiform massive sulphide ore bodies
at Black Mountain Mine.
The dip is to the north at 55° (fifty-five degrees) near surface and varies from almost sub horizontal to 40°
in the lower western portion of the ore bodies. The contacts of the massive sulphide ore with the host rock
are sharp. The ore bodies extend over a strike length of 1,600m from a surface outcrop in the west to
about 800m in the east. The stratigraphy consists primarily of footwall schists, which contain little or no
water. An unconsolidated weak zone 3m thick, consisting of graphite and mica rich ground, occurs in the
footwall. The ore bodies and the hanging wall quartzite‟s contain water which is associated with fissures
and cracks.
On a regional scale the area has been subjected to several phases of faulting and folding which has
resulted in fracture zones. The surface rocks are invariably jointed and in some areas open partings are
present along the east-west striking bedding planes. Much of the jointing and fracturing however extends
to depths of less than 200m below surface and it appears that deep open fracturing of geohydrological
significance only occurs on quartzite gneiss contacts where late stage folding and fracturing has
occurred. The fractured contact zones may act as preferential flow paths for ground water.
Black Mountain contains significant lead and copper mineralisation with zinc and silver, while Broken Hill,
which is presently being mined, contains the highest grades of lead, zinc and silver, with lesser, although
still economically important, copper.
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The entire known deposits outcrop at surface with well developed gossans up to 30m in thickness, which
will not be mined due to metallurgical problems. An unknown, but probably significant, proportion of the
mineralisation has been removed by erosion. Physical and chemical weathering is still occurring as
evidenced by highly acidic spring water in Big Syncline, and by the name Zuurwater. The rocks form part
of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex and are mid-Proterozoic age (1,200 – 1,600 million years
(m.y.)). They are predominantly of sedimentary origin, with intrusive and minor volcanics, and have been
subjected to medium to high grade metamorphism, with up to four phases of deformation, including
thrusting and tight isoclinal folding.
Mineralisation is associated with, but not confined to, magnetite-rich banded iron formations. At Broken
Hill, high grade ore also occurs in discrete massive sulphide bodies. The Big Syncline massif forms the
northern boundary of the property, and contains a large tonnage of low-grade schist-hosted zinc/lead
mineralisation in its central part.
2.2 Ground Water
Information in this section was obtained from the existing EMPRs, water quality audit report, February,
2001 (Attached in Appendix A) and Geohydrological inputs for the Tailings Dam Area - Black Mountain
Mine EIA.
2.2.1 Overview
Black Mountain groundwater system consists of two aquifers. An upper unconfined primary aquifer
comprising of unconsolidated sand silts and clays and the lower confined secondary rock aquifer (gneiss,
quartzite, schist and amphibolite), which is related to zones of secondary permeability. Groundwater
quality in the primary (upper) aquifer is variable (TDS 500 – 25,000mg/l) and is generally of worse quality
than the lower fractured rock aquifer.
There are no groundwater users in the immediate area of mine contaminant sources. During the EMP
study (2000), it was determined that no groundwater user has been or will be affected by dewatering
activities and contamination. Groundwater use is limited due to the general poor quality of groundwater
and is mainly used for stock watering.
2.2.2 Depth of water table(s)
There are twenty-two (22) monitoring boreholes already in existence in the vicinity of the mine, mainly for
monitoring of groundwater quality. These boreholes are numbered using M and N prefixes and have been
used for groundwater quality monitoring since 1998.
Not all of the available boreholes on the mine property are used for monitoring purposes, only selected
boreholes are chosen based on their position from certain sources of pollution.
A description of all sampling points is provided in Table 2-1. Figure 2-2 shows the monitoring points
which were sampled in 2000 during the water quality audit.
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Figure 2-2: Position of ground water monitoring points.
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2.2.3 Background Groundwater Quality
The typical background groundwater quality of the area is given in Table 2-1 below. The results include
all the hydro-chemistry results obtained from the mine as well as the chemistry analyses of the drilled
JMA boreholes. A total of 159 (on hundred and fifty-nine) hydro-chemical samples were assessed in
order to identify the background ground water hydro-chemical signature. Most of the groundwater in the
area was not fit for long-term human consumption even before mining activities started. It is difficult to
define the background groundwater quality as the ambient groundwater quality is naturally elevated in
salts. A screening process was used to identify the typical background groundwater quality. However, as
more groundwater hydro-chemistry data becomes available in future, the screening process as well as
the proposed background groundwater chemistry will be refined.
Table 2-1: Typical background hydro-chemistry in the Black Mountain area.
The following observations can be made from the background hydro-chemistry data of Table 2-1:
The typical background groundwater quality was found to have Sulphate (SO4) concentrations of
below 600mg/l.
The samples selected also have Chlorine (Cl) values of below 1,035mg/l (milligram per litre).
Although this represents most background groundwater chemistry in the area, even higher Cl
values might be expected in shallow groundwater that is subjected to evaporation.
The typical groundwater quality is not recommended for long term drinking water use. The
average Magnesium (Mg) and Lead (Pb) concentrations are non-compliant and the average
Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca), Chlorine (Cl), Fluoride (F), Iron
(Fe), Manganese (Mn) concentrations are marginally compliant in terms of the SANS 241:2005
Drinking Water Standard.
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Figure 2-3: Water levels in the boreholes
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2.2.4 Ground water quality around the tailings and ageing pond area
The ground water quality in the tailings dam and ageing pond is of concern. The ground water quality
down-gradient of the tailings dam has a different signature to the background ground water hydro-
chemistry and some samples differ slightly from other contaminated samples in the larger Black Mountain
mining site.
Six (6) sampling points are situated immediately down gradient of the tailings dam/ageing pond, namely
boreholes JMA-1, JMA-2, M6 and M7, as well as manholes (large diameter shallow pits) M18 to M21. All
these boreholes and manholes have sulphate concentrations between 2,000mg/l to 3,000mg/l, similar to
that of the tailings dam and aging pond water. Other boreholes, further away, such as JMA-3, JMA-4, N9
to N12 and BH1 to BH5 also have similar sulphate concentrations.
Figure 2-4 was created in order to show different mechanisms influencing the hydrochemistry around the
slimes dam area. The typical hydrochemistry found in the monitoring points in the vicinity of the tailings
dam and the ageing pond is given in Table 2-2 below:
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Figure 2-4: Schematic drawing of different mechanisms influencing the hydrochemistry around the slimes dam area
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 13
Table 2-2: Typical hydro-chemistry in boreholes (M18 – 21, BH1 – 5, JMA1 – 4, M6, M7) in the
vicinity and of the tailings dam and ageing pond area.
The following observations could be made from Table 2-2 above (water qualities of the actual tailings
dam and the ageing pond obtained in the Draft Ground water Section (August 2000) of the EMPR):
Widespread non-compliance in terms of the SANS 241:2005 Drinking Water Standard for most
constituents is present in the aquifer in the vicinity and down-stream of the tailings dam area.
The Cl in the aquifer average at 3,294mg/l and are much higher than that of the tailings dam and
ageing ponds (at respectively 327mg/l and 780mg/l).
The TDS is much higher at 8,834mg/l in the underlying aquifer than in the tailings dam and
ageing ponds (at respectively 2,884mg/l and 5,253mg/l).
The ground water quality below the tailings dam has average SO4 concentrations of 2,970mg/l
that compare well with the SO4 concentration in the tailings dam and ageing ponds (at
respectively 2097 mg/l and 1881 mg/l).
As with TDS and Cl, most cations and anions are much higher in the underlying aquifer than in
the tailings dam and ageing ponds except for Ca and SO4. It is suggested that because shallow
groundwater is subjected to evaporation most cations and anions increase along with Cl in
concentration. The Ca and SO4 concentrations are strongly controlled by gypsum precipitation.
It was evident that the contaminated ground water has a strong SO4 and Cl dominance. It is not possible
to distinguish between the hydro-chemistry of the tailings dam monitoring boreholes and that of other
contaminated groundwater samples over the mine site. No specific cation dominance is present in either
the background hydro-chemistry or in the all the contaminated samples on the site.
It was also evident that SO4 and Cl show a strong positive correlation in the background groundwater.
However, in contaminated samples SO4 does not increase with increasing Cl. This is especially the case
in the tailings dam monitoring samples. Almost all the tailings dam monitoring samples show Cl values
higher than 6,000mg/l.
It is suggested that the groundwater in the plume emanating from below the tailings dam area is
subjected to evaporation in the shallow aquifer. The Cl therefore increases in concentration; however the
SO4 concentration does not increase with Cl as it precipitates with Ca to form gypsum.
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2.2.5 Depth of water Table
At the Black Mountain mining area there are currently two (2) major impacts on the groundwater levels as
described in the Draft Ground water Section (August 2000) of the EMPR:
Mining has resulted in a lowered water level (relative to pre-mining conditions) in the mine
working areas. The water levels measured during 1978 are representative of the pre-mining water levels
of the area. The average groundwater level was ±55mbs (metres below surface). Water level
measurements in 2000 indicate that the piezometric water levels in the fractured aquifer system have
dropped significantly in the Broken Hill area since mining has started (most of the boreholes were found
to be dry and that the aquifer system could be totally dewatered in areas. At Swartberg, present mining
activities are mostly above the saturated zone and ground water levels (boreholes N1, N2, N3, M1) are at
depths between 60 and 80mbs.
Artificial surface water bodies created by the mining activities have resulted in groundwater
mounding and are surrounded by subsequent shallower water level depths. Groundwater levels in the
boreholes near the tailings dams, maturation ponds, plant area and reed beds, are a function of the
proximity of the borehole to the nearest artificially created surface water bodies. Groundwater levels are
very shallow near the ponds and get progressively deeper with distance away from the ponds. The
geometry of the water mounds depends on the transmissivity of the underlying alluvial aquifer. Water
which percolates vertically from the ponds, reaches either the underlying bedrock or impervious clay
layers in the unconsolidated alluvium. The shallow groundwater level depths measured in JMA-1 to 4
(February 2007) in the vicinity of the tailings dam compare well with the shallow water level depths
measured in boreholes in June 1998 and May 2000. This proves the presence of the groundwater mound
in the larger tailings dam area ever since it was monitored.
The depth to the water table in the boreholes around the tailings dam ranged from 2.1m in JMA-1
(adjacent to the tailings dam) to respectively: 11.1m in N9 (1,100m south-west and down-gradient of the
tailings dam in the direction of Plaatjiesvlei), 12.7m in N7 (600m west of the Tailings dam) and 12.6m in
N10 (700m south-east of the Tailings dam).
2.2.6 Seepage Volumes
Black Mountain Mine appointed Golder Associates Africa (Pty) Ltd to characterize seepage from the
tailings dam and the return water dam. The following section is retrieved from their technical
memorandum submitted to JMA Consulting entitled: “Source term study preliminary seepage load
prediction for the Black Mountain storage facility – 30 March 2007”.
The Vadose/W iterative numerical software (Krahn, 2004) was used to predict the saturated and
unsaturated flow components for the operational phase of the tailings dam as a function of the operational
rules, climate variation, material properties and facility geometry. The tailings dam was modelled in a two
dimensional model based on a cross section through the length of the facility. The Darcian equation was
used to estimate the seepage volumes from the return water dam due to the presence of a permanent
water head.
At the time of the ground water study, there was no lined water return dam. Annual rainfall data for the
rain gauges in close proximity to Black Mountain tailings dam was extracted from the former Computing
Centre for Water Research (CCWR) data base.
A five (5) year moving average on the annual rainfall was applied to determine the 5 year wettest
(194mm) and driest (16.8mm) periods to simulate the worst and best case scenarios, whereas the mean
5 year rainfall (36.8mm) period were used for the likely case. The operational rules for the Black Mountain
tailings dam and return water dam that were applied in the model are summarised in Table 2-3 below:
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Table 2-3: Operational rules at the Black Mountain tailings dam and return water dam used for
prediction of seepage volumes.
The predicted daily average seepage volumes (cubic metres per day (m
3/day) for the tailings dam and its
return water dam during the operational phase are summarized in Table 2-4 below:
Table 2-4: Preliminary seepage volumes predicted for the tailings dam and the return water dam
during the operational phase before the use of the new dams in 2010.
The predicted seepage rates and volumes summarized in Table 2-5 should be viewed and applied as
preliminary results and the ranges demonstrate the current uncertainty in the predicted seepage volumes.
The predictions were based on current readily available data as input to the model. More confidence in
the predicted seepage flows could be attained by improved data on the spatial distribution of soil depth
and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the underlying calcrete. Predicted seepage volumes from the
tailings dam and the return water dam were calibrated in the groundwater model that will take into
consideration the surrounding borehole data.
2.2.7 Seepage quality prediction
The approach followed in the simulation of likely operational seepage qualities from the Black Mountain
tailings dam is provided below:
Seepage volumes from the tailings dam during the operational phase are predominantly driven by
saturated flow processes associated with the penstock pool. This pool acts as a permanent head of water
and is therefore the main driver of seepage. Recharge processes on the beach and wall sections are
driven by unsaturated flow processes which are typically order of magnitude lower compared to saturated
flow processes.
It is expected that the quality of seepage associated with the penstock pool will be similar to that
of the penstock water. Penstock water, although in near equilibrium with the fresh tailings
material, has limited interaction with air before it seeps into the tailings material or is decanted.
The predominantly saturated tailings material will also undergo insignificant oxidation due to the
lack of oxygen and dissolved oxidants.
Tailings material on beach and wall sections will start oxidizing during periods of drying and will
significantly influence the quality of pore water migrating in the tailings dam beach and wall
sections. However, due to the low recharge rates and values compared to the saturated
conditions, the penstock pool will have limited influence on the operational seepage qualities.
In the absence of any kinetic data (Humidity cell tests) and in order to provide a range of possible
operational seepage qualities, use was made of fresh tailings supernatant, penstock overflow,
leach pore water samples to request a Best Case, Likely Case and Worst Case seepage quality
respectively. The above qualities were evaluated for possible geochemical controls that will affect
the seepage quality. The simulated qualities, although showing the effect of Acid Rock Drainage
(ARD) processes, were not simulated taking account of reaction kinetics.
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The worst case seepage qualities have the highest TDS which indicates salinisation of pore water quality
related to ARD processes and/or concentration by evaporation. Table 2-5 below indicates the best, likely
and worst case seepage qualities expected from the Black Mountain tailings dam and return water dam.
Table 2-5: Preliminary operational phase seepage water qualities from the Black Mountain tailings
dam and return water dam
In Table 2-5 marginal and non-compliance in terms of the SANS 241:2005 Drinking Water Standard for
predicted leachate qualities is evident for many constituents. Parameters that show non-compliance even
in the most likely seepage quality are TDS, Ca, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, F and SO4.
The possible geochemical / mineralogical constraints on the seepage qualities were evaluated by using
the geochemical speciation model, PHREEQC. It is likely that gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is controlling the Ca
and SO4 concentrations.
This can be seen in the relative lower Ca concentrations in the worst case seepage quality and the
relative small change in SO4 concentration. Goethite (FeOOH) and Ferrihydrate (Fe(OH)3) will be the
major controlling phases of Fe in the seepage water.
2.2.8 Groundwater Use
Nearly all water used by the Black Mountain mining operation is pumped from the Orange River. Down
gradient of the tailings dam no external ground water users exist. The plume down gradient (south) of the
tailings dam and ageing pond will not extend beyond the aquifer boundaries and is contained within the
mine boundary.
2.3 Climate
The climate information for the area was obtained from the existing tailing dam EMPR.
The climate of the western areas of the Republic of South Africa is controlled to a great extent by the
semi-permanent high pressure systems of the south Atlantic, the easterly moving low pressure systems
of the sea areas in the region of 40°S and a low pressure system situated in the northern areas of
Namibia. The movements of these pressure systems during the year and the influence of the cold
Benguela current along the west coast combine to produce the arid climate of the north western part of
the old Cape Province.
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During the summer, the South Atlantic High moves south and similarly the low pressure over northern
Namibia also moves south causing moist air to flow from the tropical regions to the eastern portions of the
country, causing precipitation in the form of violent thundershowers. These conditions are compounded
by the topography in the east. Because of this movement of the air mass in a south-eastern (SE)
direction, the western areas of the country are considerably more arid than the eastern and northern
areas.
During winter, the low pressure systems associated with the sea areas in the region of 40°S extend their
influence northwards and a continuous series of frontal depressions with associated inclement weather
cross the south western part of the old Cape Province.
At the same time a permanent high pressure system develops over the eastern parts of the country which
tends to block the eastward progress of these frontal depressions, steering them to the SE and giving rise
to the strong northerly winds over the NW of the old Cape Province. These northerly winds have a
tendency, during cold fronts, to veer southerly for short periods, causing low cloud and rain, the influence
of which is mainly in the southern and western areas of the Cape, but which can extend as far as
Aggeneys.
Aggeneys is situated in the NW region of Bushmanland, an area which is marginal to the winter and
summer rainfall zones in the NW Cape Province. Namaqualand to the west is considered to constitute a
winter rainfall area while Gordonia to the east is a summer rainfall area. Aggeneys gets very little of either
type of rain, resulting in desert conditions, although more rain tends to fall in the summer months.
Protracted droughts are a common feature, and in the recent past, some parts of Bushmanland did not
have any rain for a period of ten (10) years.
2.3.1 Mean monthly and annual rainfall
The annual rainfall varies between 50mm and 190mm, averaging just over 90mm. Table 2-6 gives the
annual rainfalls for the period 1986 – 1992.
Rainfall data has been recovered over a longer period at Pofadder, which lies 60km to the East of the
property and is thus more liable to get summer rain (thunderstorms). Here the average rainfall from 1933
to 1984 was 105mm, with a maximum in any one year of 278mm, as can be seen in Table 2-7,
November, February, March and April are the only months where mean monthly rainfall exceeds 10mm.
Zero rainfall can fall in any month and up to tenfold the mean monthly rainfall has occurred.
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Table 2-6: Annual rainfall in Aggeneys: 1986 – 1992
Table 2-7: Mean, maximum and minimum monthly and annual rainfall and maximum recorded in
24 hours at Pofadder: 1993 - 1984
Although fairly high rates of precipitation have been recorded, even the maximum annual precipitation of
278mm, recorded in 1974, is hardly enough to produce a crop of Sorghum. Occasionally, high winter rain
is sufficient to propagate spring flowers.
2.3.2 Maximum rainfall intensities
There is no reliable record at Aggeneys, but it believed that only very rarely would a daily precipitation in
excess of 50mm occur. Table 2-8 shows the maximum rainfall intensity recorded and to be expected in a
50 year and a 100 year period at Pofadder.
The highest recorded rate over 30 minutes exceeds the computed 100 year maximum in five of the twelve
months while over 24 hours the recorded maximum falls exceed the 100 year computed maximum in
seven of the twelve months. This provides a measure of the deviation of actual rainfall from statistical
norms.
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Table 2-8: Highest rainfall rates recorded and the computed 50 and 100 year maximum expected
rates at Pofadder (mm)
2.3.3 Mean monthly, maximum and minimum temperatures
Temperatures at the mine site range between –2°C and 45°C. The mean summer temperatures are
31.4°C maximum and 20.2°C minimum, while the mean winter temperatures are 17.6°C maximum and
10.8°C minimum. Table 2-9 indicates the recent available results.
Table 2-9: Average temperatures and barometric pressures: 1986 – 1992
From the figures shown in Table 2-9, relative humidity readings for the summer and winter periods have
been calculated from the average temperature and barometric pressure readings. The results are shown
in Table 2-10.
Table 2-10: Calculated average humidity during summer and winter
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2.3.4 Monthly mean wind direction and speed
The prevailing wind direction is southerly in summer and northerly in winter. The least common wind
direction is north-westerly, which wind would seem to precede rain in the summer months. Wind velocities
of up to 110km/hr have been recorded. Wind data including velocity and direction recorded at Aggeneys
during 1975 are summarized in Table 2-11.
The total evaporation rate over a year is 3.5m. The variation in the monthly evaporation can be seen in
Table 2-11.
Table 2-11: Wind data during 1975 for Aggeneys
The total evaporation rate over a year is 3.5m. The variation in the monthly evaporation can be seen in
Table 2-12 below.
Table 2-12: Average daily evaporation rates at Aggeneys
Annual evaporation is more than ten times annual average rainfall. There are only very short periods
when precipitation is in excess of evapo-transpiration and when soil moisture will be adequate to supply
any but xeric plant water requirements.
2.3.5 Incidence of extreme weather conditions
Occasional protracted droughts. Minor hailstorms have occurred, but only very rarely.
2.4 Topography
The topography of the study area was obtained from the visual study undertaken in 2013 (Appendix B).
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2.4.1 Description
The area around the mine and Aggeneys is characterised by two distinct landform types; very flat plains
characterised by dunes in places and rugged low mountains that rise in distinct from the surrounding
plains, due to the presence of quartzite and iron formation layers within the stratigraphy that are les prone
to weathering than other rocks (Norman and Whitfield, 2006).
Due to the arid nature of the climate, the mountain ranges / hills are very rugged and are highly visually
prominent creating a strong landscape-level contrast with the surrounding plains. In the vicinity of the
mine and the settlement of Aggeneys, the Swartberg Mountain and the Aggeneys se Berge range that
stretches off to the north-east form the visual backdrop and frame the visual envelope.
The Windhoek se Berge, Skelmberg and Hoedkop Mountains enclose the viewshed from the mine to the
south-west and the Ghaamsberg Mountain rises above the plains to the east, giving the viewer located at
the mine or settlement of Aggeneys the impression of being completely encircled by hills and mountains
(see Figure 2-5). The altitude is between 900 and 1,200masl (metres above sea level), sloping down
towards the Kalahari-basin in the northwest.
Figure 2-5: Google Earth Aerial view of Aggeneys showing the topography of the site (note the
terrain has been vertically exaggerated)
2.4.2 Soil
Information on the soils of the Black Mountain area was sourced from 1: 250 000 Land Type maps
supplied by the Department of Agriculture, from Ecological Report attached on Appendix C and from the
existing EMPRs.
2.4.2.1 Description
The land type for the area (Memoirs of the Agricultural Natural Resources of South Africa 1987, No.9) is
Ag26, which covers a total of 23, 280ha of which 500ha is available for agriculture. A total of three soil
forms were identified in the area including: Hutton (Hu), Mispah (Ms) and Dundee (Du) which is less
significant. The Hutton Form, 200 – 800mm in depth, is the most prevalent, occupying 85% of the area
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and dominates the lower part of the slopes and valleys; while Mispah, 50 – 100mm in depth, dominates
the upper parts of the slopes.
These soils can be described as red, excessively drained sandy soils with high base status, on bedrock
with presence of lime (Figure 2-6). The climatic conditions do not allow any large scale crop farming, but
the experience in the village of Aggeneys would appear to indicate that there is an irrigation potential,
although the high evaporation rates at certain periods of the year mean that the roots of many mesic
plants are not be able to supply water to aerial parts fast enough to prevent wilting.
In terms of the Chamber of Mines Classification of Land capability (1981), the relief and mountainous
areas can be classified as mainly “Wilderness Land”. Grass cover is extremely sparse in these areas due
to the very rocky nature of the soil, its shallowness and the arid climate. A large component of the
vegetation in the rocky/mountainous areas comprises inedible Euphorbia sp. The plain areas of the
property should also be considered as “Wilderness Land” but had been used for grazing prior to the mien
being established. The unsuitability of the land for this use resulted in heavy over-grazing. At the time
when the mine started, the land was extremely dry and had been heavily overgrazed, resulting in very
sparse vegetation as is explained in the next section.
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Figure 2-6: General Soils map of the study area and surroundings (SANBI BGIS)
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2.5 Land use
2.5.1 Pre-mining land use
Bushmanland was declared a game reserve in 1892, but, due to problems in controlling the area, was
deproclaimed in 1920, when open grazing by sheep was permitted. This changed the whole nature of the
veld, converting the once impressive grassveld into tractable brackish veld. (This had been the only true
grassveld as it had sustained itself and did not have to rely on fire for this purpose). Previously,
indigenous herbivores had roamed around a large unrestricted area, following patches of good
vegetation. This meant that zones which had not had sufficient rain were left alone and were able to
recover. With the introduction of farming, fencing was erected and thus areas were thereafter
continuously grazed, irrespective of their condition. Sheep are selective grazers, finding only certain of
the available plants palatable. Continuous grazing of these palatable species suppressed flowering,
severely reducing contributions to the seedbank. The position was exacerbated by over-stocking.
2.5.2 Historical agricultural production
On surrounding farms, the stock density is currently eight (8) hectares per sheep. In years of poor rainfall
even this low a density can be considered to be overpopulated.
2.5.3 Evidence of misuse
Of the three main land types in Bushmanland, mountain, gravel plain and dune, the latter two types were
most affected by overgrazing. While the gravel plain type shows some ability to recover from a distortion
of plant types, the effects of farming of the dune regions is to convert dune grasslands to shrub lands and
stable to unstable dunes. This is because a diminution of palatable shallow rooted dune grasses causes
the dunes to lose their cohesion and thus move. The movement of the dunes often destroys the bushes
as well, causing complete desertification. In certain areas, cattle were introduced and the weight of their
hooves further broke up the dune surfaces. Attempts to cultivate the fragile soil also caused immense
damage. The importance of the top few centimetres of the soil in this sort of environment cannot be over-
stressed, since it is the shallow rooted plants that hold the dune system in balance. Currently, less than
0.01% of the Arid Karoo is conserved by the State, while the only conserved part of the Koa Valley dune
system is the private reserve on the Aggeneys property.
2.5.4 Existing structures
Prior to the commencement of prospecting, only the Aggeneys farmhouses were present on the property.
When exploration activities commenced in 1970, a temporary camp was established near Black
Mountain. As the present Aggeneys Township became established, the temporary camp was phased out.
2.6 Natural vegetation / plant life
Information for this section is taken from the existing EMPRs and the ecological assessment undertaken
in 2013 (See Appendix B).
Description
At the time the mine commenced, this was a dry, desolate area with little or no vegetation due to a
prolonged drought and overgrazing. Since then, the situation has changed dramatically. The natural
vegetation has not only recovered on the mine property but is also fast recovering outside the mine‟s
boundaries due to the re-creation of a natural seed bank.
The dominant vegetation types classified for the area are Bushmanland Sandy Grassland, Bushmanland
Inselberg Shrubland; and Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld (Figure 2-7). The general Vegetation types can be
described as follows:
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Found onsite on the plains forming part of the Nama-Karoo Biome and Bushmanland Bioregion:
Bushmanland Arid Grassland and Bushmanland Sandy Grassland.
Found onsite around hill outcropping forming part of the Succulent Karoo Biome and Richtersveld
Bioregion: Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld on the hillslope of the koppies; and isolated pockets of
Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland on koppies.
All vegetation types found onsite have conservation status of least threatened (Figure 2-9 and Figure 2-
10). However, protected tree Acacia erioloba (Camel Thorn) is known to have a distribution range in the
area and provides some conservation concern in terms of protected species.
The significance of the vegetation and ecology of the study site relates strongly to the alpha, beta and
gamma diversity of the area where species turnover, over space can be regarded as high for biodiversity
as well as available habitat (sandy soils and rocky soils over plains and over mountain hills). This is very
important when considering the conservation implications for conservation planning. The fine-scale
priority atlas for the region has identified the area to contain significant priority areas for ecological
corridor management, of which the northern and north-western extents of the study site form part of a
priority corridor (Figure 2-11).
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Figure 2-7: National vegetation map for the study area (SANBI BGIS 2013)
* Vegetation types: light pink=Bushmanland Sandy Grassland; dark pink=Bushmanland Arid Grassland; light gold=Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland; and light gold= Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld
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Figure 2-8: Northern Cape Critical Biodiversity Areas Priority Map (SANBI BGIS 2013)
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No significant fauna was found during the ecological assessment in 2013, but based on ecological
processes and refugia availability; associated habitat fauna identified in the previous EMPRs should
remain prevalent and relevant.
During the assessment, it was evident that although landscape was dominated by exposed soils, gravel
or sands, the study area was very rich in biodiversity on all koppies as habitat availability, soil
compositional change over space provided adequate support for high floral diversity and associated
faunal refugia. However, the site drainage from koppies are largely affected by the harsh climate
conditions persisting in the area with dry hot weather diminishing any potential surface seepage
contributions when looking at the koppies from a watershed perspective. As a result, no real riparian
ecology can be associated with these drainage lines except for where drainage depressions join the
baseflow of the sub-surface drainage contributions from surrounding stormwater contributions. However,
a high number of erosion based drainage lines are present throughout the landscape, which indicates
ephemeral streams functioning during high precipitation intervals. In contrast to the koppies of the study
area, the often sandy and/or stone-gravel based flats and general surrounding area has a very
cosmopolitan habitat and species composition where very little biota resides besides the hardy scrub flora
of the region and burrow based fauna (with the exception of avi-fauna which uses this terrain for foraging
on rodents and reptiles). Evidence of buck (buck droppings) and baboons were noted.
Vegetation types delineated in the desktop screening assessment was found to be predominantly true,
with the exception of the surrounding plains being compromised of mesic Bushman Grassland and not
separated grassland vegetation types. All koppies, natural drainage lines and surrounding flats were
comprised an estimated 90% natural vegetation of which 5% can be considered degraded and 5%
transformed. In terms of vegetation community structure, the following applies (Figure 2-11):
On Koppies
The vegetation community structures for the koppies are comprised of a dominant Aloe pillansii succulent
tree species and Euphorbia dregeana ecotone species with Lycium ferocissimum being the dominant
woody shrub. Aridaria noctiflora was found to be dominant on the footslopes which completes the canopy.
The understory is comprised of scrub vegetation and an additional Aloe (Aloe claviflora) with Crassula
spp., Cotyledon orbiculata residing amongst dwarf “vygie” succulents (no flowers) and Aristida spp. and
Stipagrostis spp. grass compositional species.
On River Beds
The natural drainage lines were dominated by surrounding flats terrestrial scrub Rhigozum trichotomum,
with Juncus spp., Salix mucronata and Prosopis glandulosa residing in baseflow pools where surface
water become exposed. In artificially modified drainage lines, which contain mine effluent and most
stormwater contributions, the overgrowth of Phragmites australis was evident.
On Flats
The general surroundings of the study area is comprised of low undulating flats, with canopy species
Rhigozum trichotomum, Eriocephalus microphyllus and Galenia fruticosa dominant throughout the
landscape with tufts of Stipagrotis spp. grasses evident in the landscape. Where flats eroded bedrock, the
vegetation has some Euphorbia karroensi and Crassula spp.
On Transformed Flats
The transformed flats are areas which have been used for mining activities, as well as settlement service
uses and are predominantly comprised of cosmopolitan weedy grass Pennisetum spp. and Stenotaphrum
secundatum and alien shrub species such as Atriplex semibaccata, Gomphocarphus fruiticosus
(previously known as Aclepias fruiticosus) as well as the very problematic alien Prosopis glandulosa.
Garden escapees are not a serious problem in the area, but will need to be monitored. These included all
ornamentals used at households and for general greening uses.
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Rare and endemic species identified to reside in the BMM vicinity relates strongly to inconspicuous dwarf
succulents, forbes, grasses and general underground found on the geologies of the areas prominent
koppies of the area (Inselbergs) (Error! Reference source not found.). In fact, species turnover found
onsite between koppies can be regarded as remarkable over space where population groupings and
ecotone species have similar community structure in terms of species structural or family groupings, but
with different species composition. In other words, where community structure was dominated by Aloe
tree species on the one koppie, becomes Euphobia species on the following koppie, with a different
dominant Aloe shrub species. However, no rare or endemics from Table 2-11 have been found onsite
during the site assessment visit conducted.
Figure 2-9: Site pictures of BMM koppie, drainage and flats surroundings.
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Figure 2-10: Priority analysis of sensitive ecological areas: Red = high, Amber = medium to high;
and yellow = medium
* Arrow indicates the identified conservation priority corridor from the Northern Cape Fine Scale Plan.
**Red and amber polygons indicate High ecological areas having high biodiversity and/or high connectivity
***Light blue line indicate human induced drainage and dark blue line represents natural ephemeral drainage lines
2.6.1 Priority and Sensitivity Analysis
The assessment also provided a platform to check identified ecological sensitivities and priorities
provided in the screening assessment. From the site visit undertaken, it can be confirmed that ecological
important areas identified in the Northern Cape conservation plan is accurate and that identified critical
biodiversity and ecological support areas are accurate. Two (2) Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBA) Class 1s
were found in the area, with the koppie in the town of Aggeneys having a medium to high biodiversity
composition and the koppie north-west of Aggeneys having a very high biodiversity. The relation of the
areas biodiversity hotspots and its identified Ecological Support Area (ESA) forms a corridor to the south
of Aggeneys, but doesn‟t relate strongly to the ecology of the surrounding flats very cosmopolitan mesic
Bushmanland Sandy / Arid Grassland. These biodiversity hotspots found on the areas koppies may be
better protected using drainage line corridors as a basis for ecological support areas (3).
According to Marsh et al (2009), a total of 854 plant species have been recorded in the Khai Ma Local
Municipality area, of which the town of Aggeneys resides in. Forty-one (41) species are known as
endemic to the area and an additional twenty (20) may be considered to be endemic as well.
As previously stated, the primary type of endemism found in the area relates to species found within the
fine grained quartz patches and which is typically dwarf succulents.
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Table 2-13: Species of conservation concern for Aggeneys taken from a the Namaqua Biodiversity
Plan
Data source: (Marsh et al 2009)
2.7 Fauna
Information in this section cannot be taken as definitive as there is a lack of faunal knowledge in the area,
particularly as concerns insects of other invertebrates. Birds are well documented, and some work has
been done on mammals and these are listed on Table 2-14 below.
2.7.1 Commonly occurring species
Table 2-14: Fauna species of conservation concern of endangered or rare status
2.7.2 Avifaunal Priorities
From the Important Bird Areas Directory (IBA Directory 1998) the study area of Black Mountain is well
known for its importance to bird life (Birdlife South Africa 2013). The Black Mountain area is recognised
as a protection site of both global and local significance, as habitat or biome range restricted bird species
reside in the unique habitats of the area. In addition, key and threatend species are known to reside in the
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area such as the globally threatened Red Lark Certhilauda burra, which inhabits the red sand dunes, and
the near-threatened Sclater's Lark Spizocorys sclateri, which occurs erratically on the barren stony plains.
Furthermore, this site also holds 16 of the 23 Namib-Karoo biome-restricted assemblage species and a
host of other arid-zone birds (2-15 and 2-16).
Table 2-15: key species to the study area (from Birdlife South Africa, 2013)
Threatened Species
Name Breeding
Pairs
Total Numbers
Globally Threatened
Red Lark 700-900 1 500 - 2 000
Ground Woodpecker 50 - 100
Sclater's Lark 0 - 500
Regionally Threatened
Kori Bustard 10-Feb
Ludwig's Bustard 20-May
Table 2-16: Range and biome restricted Species of the study area (from Birdlife South Area 2013)
Name Status
Ludwig's Bustard Common
Karoo Korhaan Common
Karoo Long-billed Lark Common
Red Lark Fairly Common
Sclater's Lark Uncommon
Stark's Lark Uncommon
Black-eared Sparrow-lark Fairly Common
Tractrach Chat Fairly common
Sickle-winged Chat Fairly Common
Karoo Chat Common
Layard's Titbabbler Common
Karoo Eremomela Common
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Cinnamon-breasted Warbler Common
Namaqua Warbler Uncommon
Pale-winged Starling Fairly Common
Sociable Weaver Common
Black-headed Canary Fairly Common
2.7.3 Drainage Context
The study area falls within the Lower Orange River Water Management Area (WMA), Quaternary
Catchment D82C (Table 2-17). The Orange River, about 40km to the north, does not have any significant
tributary rivers associated with the study site. However, the study areas does reside in the Orange Rivers
Tertiary Catchment‟s and the northern extents of BMM‟s mountain features forms a watershed for
secondary streams which can be considered to be tributaries of the Orange River (indirectly connected to
the Orange River tributaries). In terms of wetland features, the study sites drainage features can all be
regarded as wetland in nature as a result of the general ephemeral nature of site drainage. In terms of
classification, the study site is known to have both natural and artificial wetland depression on the valley
floor and along watershed slopes ( Figure 2-11). In general, these drainage features are erratic, and
characteristic of very dry areas where soil structures are relict and not conducive to the formation of
riparian soils. However, on the extreme rainfall periods (significant rainfall events) these ephemeral
features can becomes significant rivers or wetlands where storm water drainage lines are active for a
short period of time (minutes or hours of flow in general and in the extreme rainfall event these features
flow for a couple of days).
In terms of the importance and conservation value of these onsite drainage features, the National
Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Area atlas identifies the quaternary as important in the northern and north-
western extents of the site ( Figure 2-12). In terms of the Present Ecological State of the drainage
tributaries within the general vicinity of the study area, a general natural to good class is given to all
ephemeral and seasonal streams as a result of its uniqueness and the inability at present for DWA or
SANBI to qualify its actual PES (No methods available due to the difficulty of providing reference
conditions to these type of hydro geomorphic features). In general the Lower Orange River catchment in
the study area is regarded to have a PES of B (good class) and is considered essential for conservation
but not very important in terms of its irreplaceability and sensitivity (Status is not threatened).
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Table 2-17: Catchment Characteristics of the study site
Attribute Value
Catchment D82C
L1_ECOREGN 26
L2_ECOREGN 26_2
FLOW E
GEOZONE F
GZLUMP F
RIVTYPE 26_N_F
CLASS Dry
PES1999 CLASS B: LARGELY NATURAL
SURFACE Karoo
RIVCON AB
FFRID 0
FFRFLAGSHP 0
FEPACODE 0
CAT104060 Not threatened
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Figure 2-11: Hydrology Map depicting hydrogeomorphic feature map (SANBI BGIS 2013)
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Figure 2-12: National Freshwater Ecological Priority Area Atlas Map (SANBI BGIS 2013)
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2.7.4 Surface water quality
Any surface water would be present for very short periods during rainstorms and would thus be normal
rainwater.
2.8 Air quality
The main sources of dust in the area are the quarry and dust roads. There is no smelter on site. The
existing tailings dam does not appear to be a major source of dust as evidenced by the lack of fallout
adjacent to it. This may be as a result of the nature of the tailings material which appears to cake after
deposition and is not easily mobilised by wind.
Most of the large area owned by the mine is unused, which means that potential impact points within 3km
of the working sites, i.e. plant, mine, sand quarry etc, have been assessed. There are no major
atmospheric pollution sources in the vicinity of the property. The main Springbok/Pofadder road, the town
of Aggeneys and the Eskom sub-station all fall within the mine boundaries but are greater than 3km from
any activities that generate dust. No atmospheric pollution from sources outside the property is evident.
2.9 Noise
The noise levels at Black Mountain were obtained from the existing EMPRs.
Pre-mining noise was negligible. Noise produced by current operations is limited to noise emanating from
the plant, traffic noise; various loading and trucking operations and occasional blasting in the aggregate
quarry. The effect of this industrial noise on the Aggeneys Township, or any other dwelling place in the
region, is negligible.
2.10 Sites of Archaeological and Cultural interest
The information on this section was obtained from heritage assessment carried out in 2013 (Appendix
C).
2.10.1 Overview
The archaeology of the Northern Cape is rich and varied, covering long spans of human history.
Concerning Stone Age sites here, C.G. Sampson observed: “It is a great and spectacular history when
compared to any other place in the world” (Sampson 1985). Some areas are richer than others, and not
all sites are equally significant.
Known sites (See Figure 16) on Black Mountain Mining property provide local glimpses of this broad
sweep of human history, from Earlier Stone Age times to the recent past.
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Figure 2-13: Key sites at Black Mountain Mine
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2.10.2 Earlier and Middle Stone Age sites
Isolated artefacts of Pleistocene age including handaxes have been documented at a few surface locales.
It is possible that more substantial sites may yet be found.
In one example a single quartz biface (ESA) was found in a deflation area at 29.33123oS 18.74606
oE. No
other artefacts or notable features were found in association with it. Such completely isolated single-
artefact finds could not be considered as constituting “sites” in a conventional archaeological or heritage
sense.
Figure 2-14: Deflation hollow at Zuurwater – handaxe in foreground.
In the wider vicinity of Aggeneys, ESA material has been found in the Gamsberg basin at GI 4 and 5.
These are amongst the very few known Acheuland sites in Bushmanland.
Beaumont et al. (1995:240-1) note a widespread low density stone artefact scatter of Pleistocene age
across areas of Bushmanland to the south east, where raw materials mainly quartzite cobbles, were
derived from the Dwyka till. Systematic collections of this material made at Olyvenkolk, south west of
Kenhardt and Maans Pannen, east of Gamoep, could be separated out by abrasion state into a fresh
component of MSA with prepared cores, blades and points, and a large aggregate of moderately to
heavily weathered ESA. The latter included Victoria West cores on dolerite, long blades, and, a very low
incidence of handaxes and cleavers. The Middle (and perhaps in some instances Lower) Pleistocene
occupation of the region that these artefacts reflect must have occurred at times when the environment
was more hospitable than today. This is suggested by the known greater reliance of people in Acheulean
times on quite restricted ecological ranges, with proximity to water being a recurrent factor in the
distribution of sites. This must have been the case at Gamsberg, where clearly another draw-card, and
undoubtedly the raison d’être for Sites GI 4 and 5, was the availability of suitable raw material for stone
tool manufacture.
The artefacts found at these two Gamsberg sites include handaxes and Victoria West cores. The
distribution of the rather specialised Victoria West technique of tool production in the Acheulean is known
to be relatively restricted to the Karoo, western Free State, the old Transvaal area, and, part of the
Northern Cape Province – in short, a certain geographical spread within the interior of the subcontinent
(Sampson 1974, Volman 1984). The method is not in evidence in the southern Cape; nor is it found north
of the Limpopo. However, writing in the early 1970s, Sampson noted that “nothing is yet known of the
(Acheulean) typology of the western and eastern regions of the subcontinent”(Sampson 1974:121), the
western-most known occurrence of Victoria West then being the vast site of Nakop near the Namibian
border (Brain & Mason 1955;Sampson 1974). The evidence from Gamsberg has the potential to shed
important light on this question, and for now at least extends the known distribution of the Victoria West
technique yet further westwards.
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2.10.3 Middle Stone Age sites
Isolated artefacts of Pleistocene age probably attributable to the Middle Stone Age (MSA) have been
documented at a few surface locales on BMM property. While Beaumont et al. (1995:241) find that
“substantial MSA sites are uncommon in Bushmanland,” it is possible that some bigger sites may yet be
found, such as the MSA workshop site, identified as Site GI 1, at the top of the northern rim of the
Gamsberg inselberg. This is a regionally exceptional feature. It appears that the site was focused on a
form of raw material, gossan, apparently favoured locally in MSA times. The surrounding plains are
strewn predominantly with gneiss and ubiquitous small surface nodules of quartz. In such an
environment, something of a premium must have been placed in those rocks with good or suitable flaking
qualities, and this no doubt accounts for the extensive use of this localised Gamsberg source. Artefacts
from here were carried away at least as far as the Gamsberg basin and the eastern plateau, and regional
surveys may well show a wider distribution.
The significance of the site can be gauged in part from the known distribution of MSA sites at a regional
scale, Beaumont et al. having shown that “substantial MSA sites are uncommon” (1995:241): with those
that have been documented thus far generally yielding only small samples (Morris & Beaumont 1991;
Smith 1995).
It has been suggested that “the relatively few [sites] that have been discovered [in Bushmanland] appear
to be largely confined to the MSA3 or late MSA1 phases of that technocomplex” (Beaumont et al.
1995:241). Volman‟s (1984) scheme places the MSA1 in Marine Isotope Stage 6 (cold with warm
oscillations, ending at 128 ka BP), the MSA3 in Stage 5a-3 (late Last Interglacial through Last Glacial,
cold with warm oscillations, c. 82-32 ka BP).
2.10.4 Later Stone Age Sites
The records of the early travellers are of value for interpreting the final Later Stone Age (LSA) traces in
the area. Late Holocene LSA sites are the predominant archaeological signature noted in surveys carried
out in the Aggeneys-Pofadder region.
Known sites in the vicinity (including those documented at Aggeneys and Black Mountain and at places
around Gamsberg and further afield) are dominated by quartz as raw material, but they also invariably
have lithics made from exotic fine-grained river pebbles. Moreover, fragments of ostrich eggshell from
broken water flasks are usually present. Most of the known LSA sites in the region also have pottery.
The distribution of sites in the area show that late LSA inhabitants of the area preferentially occupied
specific parts of the landscape, namely dune areas and alongside certain features including outcrops of
bedrock or dry watercourses where water collects and might remain for a time in hollows after rains.
Some of these sites have grinding grooves; and they all have stone artefacts, fine grit-tempered pottery
and ostrich eggshell fragments. Another common feature of the sites is colonial era glass and porcelain,
representing either interaction by LSA people with colonial farmers or the so-called Bastaards, or use of
the sites by these frontiersmen themselves later one, or both. It is known that white farmers until as late
as the 1930s practised transhumance, utilising the seasonal water sources known as Gorras.
Situated at the eastern end of the hill where the Aggregate Quarry is, gently sloping bedrock bears
numerous grinding surfaces near to hollows where water collects after rains (goras). Other similar sites
are known in the area north-west of Gamsberg and on the neighbouring farm of Bloemhoek (Morris 2010,
in prep.).
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Figure 2-15: Rock surfaces where water collects after rains
Figure 2-16: One of several grinding stone surfaces in the vicinity of 29.25362o S 18.80600
o E
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Figure 2-17: Location of Aggeneys Goras site 1 (white arrow)
Aggeneys Goras Site 2: 29.33326oS 18.87979
oE
This and a cluster of similar nearby sites on the farm Bloemhoek is situated on the plain south of the band
of dunes that define the Koa Valley east of Aggeneys. It consists of an exposure of bedrock where Goras
(water hollows) have formed, and is surrounded by surface scatters of Later Stone Age stone tools,
pottery and ostrich eggshell fragments. There are also bits of broken frontier / historical era ceramics /
porcelain and glass, reflecting either interaction and exchange of material culture, or later occupation of
these sites by colonial stock farmers (who were reliant on temporary water supplies such as these places
afford prior to the advent of bore hole drilling in the early twentieth century).
Figure 2-18: Bedrock exposure and hollow in which water collects after rain.
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Figure 2-19: Grinding groove in bedrock and examples of microlithic stone tools, pottery and
ostrich eggshell.
Figure 2-20: Location of the goras in the Aggeneys game farm (white arrow)
Beaumont et al. (1995) have shown, with reference to the LSA, that “virtually all the Bushmanland sites
so far located appear to be ephemeral occupations by small groups in the hinterland on both sides of the
[Orange] river” (1995:263). This was in sharp contrast to the substantial herder encampments along the
Orange River floodplain itself, which reflected the “much higher productivity and carrying capacity of these
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bottom lands.” “Given choice,” they add, “the optimal exploitation zone for foragers would have been the
Orange River.” The advent of herders in the Orange River Basin, Beaumont et al. argue, led to
competition over resources and ultimately to marginalisation of hunter-gatherers, some of whom then
occupied Bushmanland, probably mainly in the last millennium, and focused their foraging activities on
the limited number of water sources in the region. “Surveys of large areas away from [such water
sources] have failed to yield any signs of human occupation, except around the granite inselsberg
extruding above the peneplain, ... the red dunes which produced clean sand for sleeping, or around the
seasonal pans” (Beaumont el al. 1995: 264). It is clear that, possibly following good rains, herders
themselves moved into the hinterland. A further process attested by Thompson (1824) for herder groups
settled at the stronger springs such as Pella, is that such groups will have dispersed during periods of
drought. At such times competition between groups over resources, and stress within already
marginalised hunter-gatherer society, must have intensified.
The „Bushmen‟ ultimately exterminated at sites such as Gamsberg would have been probably the last
stone tool makers and the last representatives of the Later Stone Age in this part of South Africa.
2.10.5 Rock art sites
Some of the most significant sites on BMM properties are rock art sites with those already recorded being
a finger painting site near the Aggregate Quarry and two sites with cupules on Zuurwater (on the south
side of Swartberg) and at the southern-most edge of the farm Aggeneys.
2.10.6 Painted boulder site near Aggregate Quarry
A report by Deacon (1995) describes rock paintings found on a boulder next to the Aggregate Quarry at
Black Mountain Mine, Aggeneys (29.25644oS 18.80339
oE). These are simple finger paintings including
two “Star” motifs and an indented oval shaped image. Paintings similar to these are to be found over a
wide area in the western half of the interior of South Africa, not infrequently on isolated boulders in the
Karoo (sometimes along with rock engravings), and in rock shelters. Their age and context is not well
understood, but they appear to be associated in this region with KhoeSan (and possibly Khoekhoe
specifically) of approximately the last millennium, rather than with other groups regarded as the makers of
finger paintings elsewhere in the subcontinent.
Archaeological traces on the floor of the shelter formed by this boulder, namely pieces of ostrich eggshell
and flaked quartz, were recorded by Morris in 2011.
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Figure 2-21: Faintly visible ‘star’ image finger painting.
Figure 2-22: painted boulder with protective fence and reed roof (needs repairing).
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Figure 2-23: Quartz flake and ostrich eggshell fragment from painted boulder site
Figure 2-24: Location of the painted boulder site (white arrow)
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The painted boulder site is highly vulnerable in terms of its location near the edge of the Aggregate
Quarry and hence there are critical management needs. A reed roof constructed to shield the paintings
from direct sunlight also requires to be repaired.
Aggeneys cupule site is situated at the southern end of the game camp on the farm Aggeneys. It consists
of a large boulder with a north-west facing concave surface making a small shelter, the wall of which is
covered by cupules up to 1.5 cm in diameter.
Figure 2-25: Aggeneys cupule site:
Figure 2-26: Zoomed in cupule site
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Adjacent to the site is an extensive moderately dense surface scatter of Later Stone Age material
including stone artefacts, pottery and ostrich eggshell pieces. It seems likely but not certain that these
artefacts provide a context for the cupules. A few hundred metres away are possible isolated graves.
Figure 2-27: Location of the cupule site (arrow) (Zuurwater cupule site: 29.23668oS 18.72809
oE)
The cupule site is situated on the south side of Swartberg, a few hundred metres downslope from the
mining operation. A drainage line plunges over a waterfall feature and creates a (usually dry) pool at the
base of the cliff. On a rock to one side of the pool a vertical face of about 2 x 1.5m is festooned with
engraved cupules like the ones at the Aggeneys cupule site.
Similar cupules, in addition to the above Aggeneys site, were recently identified further west near
Kangnas. Their context is uncertain. No stone artefacts or pottery were noted in the vicinity, but three
lower grindstones with grinding grooves were found nearly.
This site is of high significance. Debris coming down the mountainside from the Swartberg mine would
need to be managed in such a way that it does not encroach on this site.
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Figure 2-28: Waterfall with cupules (indicated by arrow)
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Figure 2-29: Cupules engraved/drilled into the face of the rock
Figure 2-30: Swartberg Mine and position of the cupule site (arrow)
Gamsberg
In his book, The Bushman, Dunn recalled “near N’Ghaums [Gams], I saw an engraving of a
hippopotamus being dragged across the dry veldt by several Bushman people by means of a rope
attached to its nose” (1931: 46). Dunn offers an explanation suggesting that the hippopotamus,
associated with water, was shown in this way on the engraving in order that “rain would necessarily follow
... and an abundance of food be assured”. Current understandings of Later Stone Age rock art suggest
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that images of large mammals such as the hippopotamus may well have served as metaphors for “rain
animals”. Dunn‟s hippo engraving has not as yet been located.
2.10.7 Cemeteries and graves
Towns as well as farms in the area contain grave yards including designated urban cemeteries and often
small burial grounds on farms. There are also indications of isolated graves, some of which were found in
the vicinity of Gamsberg.
2.11 Visual Aspects
The information on this section was obtained from visual assessment carried out in 2013 (Appendix D).
2.11.1 Study Area Visual baseline
The study area visual baseline can be described in terms of a number of landscape structural elements
that allow for a better understanding of the visual environment of the area. The elements are:
Form
Line
Colour
Texture
This approach is adapted from the (US Dept. of the Interior) Bureau of Land Management‟s Visual
Contrast Rating Methodology. The descriptions of these elements below are made in the context of the
tailings dam and the surrounding landscape.
Form
There is a basic distinction in terms of the landform as apparent in views of the tailings dam from the
south and east (directions of view from receptor locations); the flat foreground (plains) of the view
contrasts strongly with the complex background, with a number of hills visible against the horizon. The
tailings dam is set against this background and importantly is „dwarfed‟ by the larger hills in the
background (especially when viewed from the south), thus being less visually prominent than the
background hills, to which the viewer‟s attention is naturally drawn (See Figure 2-31).
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Figure 2-31: Visual impact of form
Line
Lines in the landscape are complex due to the presence of different landscape features. The foreground
plains provide a horizontal line element, especially in terms of the point at which the lines plains meet the
background hills (a visual focal point). The background hills provide a more complex line element with
diagonal lines of the edges of hills, accentuated by outcrop lines within the hills. Nonetheless the interface
between the hills and the horizon is strongly horizontal due to the flat topped nature of many of the hills.
Infrastructural features (telephone lines) introduce a vertical line element and the Aggeneys road provides
a distinct band in the foreground. The tailings dam is characterised by simple horizontal (the top) and
diagonal (sides) lines, that assimilate easily with the surrounding hills (see Figure 2-32).
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 53
Figure 2-32: Visual impact of line
Colour
There is a contrast between the blanched yellow / orange plains and grey scrub vegetation in the
foreground, and the slightly darker grey hills in the background. The tailings dam is brown in colour, which
is similar to the colouration of the background hills. There is a small element of green in the middle of the
view (Prosopis trees and trees around the golf course) which provides a strong, but visually non-
prominent element. The arid climate entails that the blue of the sky is an almost permanent feature of the
landscape, providing a strong contrast and accentuating the horizon as a visual focal point in the
landscape (see Figure 2-33).
Texture
The foreground has a fine texture (Figure 2-33) due to the vegetation on the plains. The background hills
have a rougher texture, especially where outcrop lines and exfoliation domes are visible
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Figure 2-33: Visual impact of texture
2.11.2 Study area visual character and VAC
The above structural components of the landscape influence the visual character of the study area. The
nature of the predominant landuse (livestock farming) and the relatively low level of change to the natural
vegetation and landscape that this landuse has resulted in (apart from the introduction of typical rural
infrastructure to the landscape such as fencing, feedlots and windmills) entails that the wider study area
displays a largely natural visual character.
A natural character is characterised by a very low level of transformation of the natural landscape, with
the limited introduction of infrastructure and structural changes to landscape features such as vegetation.
However the presence of the Black Mountain Mine complex and associated infrastructure has introduced
an industrial element to the study area. Although the visual influence of the Black Mountain Mine is not
pervasive over the wider area due to the limited viewshed of the mine due to the presence of mountains
around it that restrict its viewshed, the mine brings an industrial component to its immediate surroundings.
The study area‟s visual character can thus be described as being rural with a strong industrial
component.
This has an important bearing on the visual absorption capacity (VAC) of the study area. Visual
absorption capacity can be described as the ability of a certain area / landscape to accept a new
development or structures. This is largely based on the presence of existing infrastructure within the
landscape; in a setting in which there is no or very little human presence, the VAC of the landscape / area
could typically be termed as low – i.e. a new development would be incongruent with the setting and
potentially visually intrusive. Conversely in a setting in which there is a high degree of development and
existing infrastructure, a new development would be able to be easily incorporated into the landscape
without creating a significant degree of visual intrusion and as such the VAC would be high.
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In the context of the study area, any planned activities relating to the expansion of the mining activities
would occur in a context in which the mining infrastructure already occurs, thus the immediate area
around the mine would have a high visual absorption capacity, as the area is already associated with
mining infrastructure and a certain degree of transformation of the natural environment. The expansion to
the mine would be unlikely to be seen as incongruent in this context.
2.11.3 Presence of Receptor Locations and Visual Sensitivity of the Area
Visual Impact is related to the presence of human receptors / viewers, thus visual impact is typically
experienced from locations inhabited by humans. Accordingly an understanding of the areas inhabited /
occupied by humans (even transiently) is important in the classification of potential visual impacts. As
described above, there is a very low density of human settlement in the wider area due to its aridity and
the nature of land use.
Although small, the settlement of Aggeneys is the most important receptor location as it represents the
only cluster of human settlement and recreational activity for quite a distance. Much of the area around
the mine itself is owned by the mining company and as such is access restricted, and thus there is no
public access into this area. This includes the area to the north of the mine and an area to the south of
the N14 highway.
Aggeneys is the only static receptor location within a 5km radius of the mine and tailings dam, and are
located right at the edge of this 5km radius. Within a 10km radius of the tailings dam the only other static
location is the Suurwater farmstead, located right on the edge of the 10km radius. The N14 highway
traverses the area to the south of the mine, and could be considered a receptor location.
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Figure 2-34: Study Area and Receptor Locations
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A distinction can be made between receptor locations and sensitive receptor locations. Sensitive
Receptors would be receptors which would potentially be adversely impacted by a proposed
development, i.e. from which people viewing a development would view it negatively. This takes into
account a subjective factor on behalf of the viewer – i.e. whether the viewer would consider the impact as
a negative impact. In the context of visual impact, the adverse impact is often associated with the
alteration of the visual character of the area in terms of the intrusion of a development into a „view‟, which
may affect the „sense of place‟ of the area.
A question needs to be posed in terms of the visual sensitivity of the study area and whether any
receptors in the study area could be termed sensitive receptors. In this context it should be noted that
apart from the Suurwater farmstead and the N14 highway, all of the receptor locations in the study area,
and indeed all of the human activity in the study area appears to be related to the presence of the mine.
As described above, Aggeneys as a settlement is intrinsically related to the Black Mountain Mine. The
village itself was only established once mining started in the early 1970‟s, and was set up for the purpose
of providing housing and amenities to people working at the Black Mountain Mine
(http://www.aggeneys.com/history). As most of the residents of the village inhabit it because of the mine,
it is thought to be highly unlikely that they would associate the mine and any changes in the appearance
of mine components as a visual impact due to the mine providing the means to sustain a livelihood.
The inhabitants of the Suurwater Farmstead could qualify as sensitive receptors, but are likely to be
sufficiently distant from the mine (as explored in the section below) to not be affected by it. Similarly
people travelling along the N14 road may view the mine negatively, but in the context of the road between
Pofadder and Springbok (with its expanses of wide open, uninhabited land); the Black Mountain Mine
occupies a relatively minor „segment‟ of the journey, and is not visually prominent, due to the distance of
the road away from the mine.
The above factors influence the general visual sensitivity of the area; as stated previously the only reason
for the vast majority of people inhabiting the study area and visiting it (apart from people travelling past
the site along the N14 road) is due to the presence of the Black Mountain Mine. The village of Aggeneys
owes its existence to the mine, and thus it is likely that the mining activities are viewed by most
inhabitants and visitors to the study area as being an intrinsic part of the visual fabric of the area.
It should also be noted that mining is not out of place in the wider context of the Northern Cape, as it is
perceived by many to be an important means of generating economic activity and income in an area that
suffers from an absence of income generating activities. In this context the visual sensitivity of the area is
likely to be very low, which means that any visual changes to the area relating to the upgrading of the
mine are unlikely to be perceived negatively. The exploration of potential visual impacts associated with
the proposed mine upgrading as explored below must be seen in this context.
2.12 Socio-economic structure
Most of this information was obtained from the existing EMPR and BMM Social and Labour Plan (SLP).
2.12.1 Overview
The value of the Black Mountain Mine‟s investment in this area to date was R1.421 billion. This included
the purchase of the proclaimed town of Aggeneys. Since its operation, employee and contractor numbers
have shown a steady increase and stabilised to current levels reflected in the table below as at December
2007.
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Table 2-18: Total estimated job opportunities created by Black Mountain
Category of Employment Number of Jobs
Total permanent employees (direct employment) 752
Total indirect employment 708
Induced employment 584 *
Total estimated employment 2 044
* According to SEAT - Induced employment is assumed to be 40% of direct and indirect employment.
Approximately 60% of direct employment is from the local communities within the Namakwa district
municipal region, and it is Black Mountain‟s policy to request contractors to where possible, recruit their
employees from local communities. The larger towns within the Namakwa district municipal area are
Springbok, O‟Okiep, Nababeep, Concordia, Steinkopf, Pofadder and Pella. Black Mountain‟s policy
regarding preference to local recruitment is borne out by the fact that 72% of the employees are from the
Northern Cape Province.
Figure 2-35: Labour sending areas by local municipalities
The above graph illustrates the impact that inert Black Mountain has on the local towns and
surrounding areas within the Khai-Ma (Pofadder), Nama Khoi (Springbok) and Khara Hais
(Upington) municipal regions, Figure 2-36 provides further information regarding recruitment of
employees.
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Figure 2-36: Labour sending areas by Towns within thin the Namakwa and Siyanda District
Municipalities
From Figure 2-36 it is clear that the majority (60%) of employees were recruited from the local towns
of Springbok, Pella and Pofadder. This is an indication of those municipal areas where the company
has the most significant direct impact. A significant transfer of skills and development of the local
human resource has taken place as a result of this operation being established, especially due to the
technical nature of the operation in a traditional agricultural/subsistence-farming environment. Black
Mountain is committed to the continued implementation and evaluation of an appropriate Local
Economic Development Plan with the focus on sustainable development initiatives in local
communities.
2.12.2 Formulation of Integrated Development Plan’s
Black Mountain as a stakeholder participates and supports the Khai-Ma Municipality‟s Integrated
Development Plan. It is the company‟s strategy to align its community social investment initiatives as
closely as possible to the local municipal IDP. Based on the IDP, Khai-Ma municipality identified and
prioritised projects which they requested company to fund and these are listed below and details are
provided in the SLP. The full funding of the following projects are borne by the operation at the total
cost of R16,5 million, which will be spent over a 5 year period which commenced in 2009.
Poverty alleviation
Infrastructure development
Community upliftment and development
Small business / Enterprise development
2.12.3 Aggeneys Community Engagement Plan
Black Mountain has been in operation for the last 28 years and a formal annual Community
Engagement Plan (CEP) is issued at the beginning of each financial year. The following are activities
or projects that fall under this initiative:
Community Engagement Plan initiatives within the town of Aggeneys and surrounding towns:
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Education and Youth
- BMM has embarked on a process to collaborate with Okiep FET college campus to reach its
full potential with regards to further education and training especially in the field of technical training
- Registration of 100 students from the Khai-Ma region which expenses will be covered in full
by BMM for the 2013 academic year at the Okiep FET college
- Full maintenance of state school buildings.
- Skills upgrade of mathematics & science for teachers & learners
- Free bus transport to and from school, including off site extra-curricula activities.
- Community Work Exposure program
- Bursary programme
- iSchool programme for schools in our host communities
- iPad training for selected teachers from the various schools were done in 2012 with the aim
to start using the Ipads in the classroom
- The establishment of a vegetable garden at Aggeneys High School is in progress
- Africa Eco-gro Consultants have completed the feasibility study for a sizable Olive project in
Aggeneys
.
Medical facilities and Infrastructure
- General Practioner, Paramedics & nursing staff
- An eye–clinic where cataract surgery were conducted at the expense of BMM for patients
from the Namaqua District was done at Aggeneys Clinic in December 2012
- Primary Healthcare and Occupational Health Clinic facilities
- Subsidized facilities for State run clinic
- HIV&AIDS and Voluntary Counseling & Testing program for employees, contractors and
community
Municipal Services
- Refuse removal
- Potable water provision to towns of, Pella, Pofadder & Aggeneys
- Sewerage and waste management
- In order to improve service delivery within our Host Communities, BMM has purchased
Sewage truck, cherry picker, compressor and grader the to the amount of R1.3m Khai-Ma
municipality
2.12.4 Small Business Development
The company supports the development of small medium micro enterprises SMME‟s, especially
those from the ranks of historically disadvantaged South Africans. This goal is achieved through the
Procurement Department through its procurement of capital goods, consumables and services,
including the outsourcing of non-core activities to historically disadvantaged employees and
assisting them with the establishment of these companies, to date 10 companies have been formed
via this method. Black Mountain has contracted a significant number of services to independent
contractors and suppliers. Services contracted out include but are not limited to the following,
security, garden maintenance and refuse removal services, transport of personnel and mineral
concentrates. In addition to the financial contribution to the local economy the creation of these
companies also contribute to the creation and retention of jobs within local communities. Those
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outsourced BEE companies established by or through the assistance of the operation are mentored
by company officials on a regular basis by personal contact sessions being held with the owners.
The following is underway, in support of small business development
- Brick making project in Pella is being registered as non profit organisation, with 9 members
selected from within the Pella community. Optimisation plan to increase production currently at 600
per day completed and they are able to reach 1000 per day now.
- Plans to train the 9 members in business skills are underway
- Both the fencing work and renovations to the ablution facilities at Onseepkans Primary
School are complete
- A request for the erection of High Masts public lighting at strategic points in Onseepkans is
being processed
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3 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
This section provides an understanding of the basic activities that will be conducted by the mining
operation in order to evaluate the impacts.
3.1 Mining Process
The ore body is exploited by means of a surface vertical shaft having a 7.4m diameter, sunk to a depth of
1,752m below collar, and by the extension of the main decline of the Broken Hill mine. The decline from
Broken Hill mine have dimensions of 5.5m x 4.7m ramps down at an inclination of –15% (8.5° or 1:6.7).
The stoping method is Ramp-in Stope (RIS) cut and fill. The RIS method was developed from the sub
level cut and fill method; the only difference being the position of the access ramp, which in RIS is also in
ore. RIS cut and fill has the important advantage of reducing the amount of secondary waste
development required for access to the stopes.
The mining process involves the listed activities below:
Making safe – The miner assesses the area with a pinch bar and makes a call on whether the
area is safe or not. An operator with a scaler further loosens and breaks down lose rocks to make the
area safer.
Installation of support – The Boltec machine is used to install 2.4m steel bars and resin capsules
into the roof part of the area. The area is further assessed for safety until declared safe.
Drilling/raise boring – The operator uses the Rocket Boomer for drilling 4.5m holes into the safe
area.
Charging and Blasting – The lifting machine is used to load holes with explosives. After charging,
there is a 37 minute get-away period required before the area is blasted.
Cleaning – A scoop is used to clean the blasted area and loads.
Tramming – The scoop loads the collected ore onto a truck and has to load 50 tons of ore.
Tipping – The truck tips the 50 tons of ore into a tipping area.
Rock breaking – After tipping the large rocks of ore are broken down through the grizzly into a silo
then through the apron feeder situated on a level below the tipping area.
Crushing – The apron feeder feeds the crusher with ore, where the ore is crushed into 150mm
sized rocks. The crushed ore goes further down into a smaller silo also known as a Y-leg. This is then
transfers into a bigger silo also situated beneath the Y-leg.
Conveying – The silo feeds a conveyor belt situated at the lower next level. The ore is transported
by the conveyor belt into two loading boxes. Each loading box has a 13 ton skip which is filled with ore.
Hoisting – The 13 tons skips are hoisted up to surface and tipped into the headgear bin.
Overland conveying – The headgear bin feeds the overland conveyor belt and the ore is
transported by the conveyor belt to the stock pilling area at Tony‟s Dam where it is stock piled for
processing.
3.2 Mineral Processing Plant
The concentrator at Black Mountain Mine (BMM) treats ore from the Broken Hill Deeps ore body. Ore can
also be supplied from the Broken Hill, Swartberg and Gamsberg ore bodies. The plant currently produces
1.44 Mt of copper-lead-zinc-silver ore per year, producing a daily average of 38 tonnes of copper (Cu)
concentrate, 282 tonnes of lead (Pb) concentrate and 168 tonnes of zinc (Zn) concentrate. The mineral
processing is indicated on Figure 1 below and each process is explained in details from Section 3.3.1 to
Section 3.3.10.
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Figure 3-1: Typical Mine Flow Diagram
3.2.1 Crushing
The blasted material is taken for crushing. A crushing section is where the ore is crushed by primary,
secondary and tertiary crushers to a final product size of –12mm with an 80% passing. Dust generated in
this section is suppressed by a dust suppression system to clean the dust-laden air prior to it being
discharged to atmosphere (see crushing circuit below).
Figure 3-2: Crushing Circuit
3.2.2 Milling
Following the crushing section there is a wet grinding section consisting of a rod mill and ball mill, which
does not produce dust, where the crushed ore is further reduced in size to facilitate flotation of the various
minerals (Figure 3-3). The rod mill discharge is fed to the first stage cyclones (6 cyclones – 4 in use, 2
stand-by), the overflow is gravity fed to the aeration circuit and the underflow goes into the second stage
cyclone feed sump. The slurry is pumped from the sump to the second stage cyclones (10 cyclones – 6 in
use, 4 stand-by) where the overflow is also gravity fed to the aeration circuit and the underflow goes to
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the ball mill where it is being liberated further. The ball mill discharge combines with the rod mill discharge
in the 1 stage cyclone feed sump.
Figure 3-3: Milling Flow Diagram
3.2.3 Aeration
The cyclone overflow feeds the aeration circuit. From the aeration cells it is pumped to the first
conditioner tank of the copper flotation circuit. As the pump passes down the aeration banks, copper is
increasingly activated, while lead is progressively depressed. The aeration process is done to ensure that
the redox potential is at the correct level for successful copper flotation.
3.3 Flotation
Flotation is an extraction process in which the mineral particles are fed in the form of pulp into a bank of
flotation cells in which the pulp is agitated by impellers and air is bubbled through. By suitable chemical
conditioning the desired mineral can be made to adhere to an air bubble so that a mineral-rich froth is
removed and cleaned in further flotation stages, where after it is thickened and filtered to obtain the
mineral concentrate.
By this process the slurry is then passed through three flotation stages where, firstly 26% copper then
71% lead and finally 49.5% zinc are removed sequentially as explained below:
3.3.1 Copper Flotation
After aeration, the pulp is transferred to the copper conditioner tank (Figure 3-4) where mixing of the
slurry takes place and the pH of the slurry is taken. Sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX) is added and mixed in
with the pulp in the second conditioner. The SEX is a general sulphide collector. In the second copper
conditioner tank, frother and sulphurous acid are added. From the conditioner tanks, the pulp (at a
relative density of ~1.350) gravitates to the copper flotation circuit rougher cells. The concentrate from
these is pumped directly to the first copper cleaner. The slurry from copper rougher cells is then passed
through three copper cleaners where sulphurous acid is added for pH control and as a lead sulphide and
zinc sulphide depressant. In the third copper cleaner lime is added to depress the pyrite (the pH
increases to approximately 10.5). The concentrate from the third cleaner is transferred directly to the
copper concentrate thickener.
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Copper recovery is usually about 65% with a concentrate grade analysing 26% Cu, 3.50% Pb, 3.00% Zn
and 300 g/t Ag.
Figure 3-4: Copper Flotation Flow Diagram.
3.3.2 Lead Flotation
The underflow from the copper tails thickener feeds three lead conditioner tanks (Figure 3-5). Lime is
added to the first conditioner tank, zinc sulphate and sodium cyanide, sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX), and
frother into the second conditioner. The slurry is fed to the lead rougher circuit. The concentrate from both
the first and the second and third rougher goes to the cleaner stage where the concentrate is being
upgraded to a higher grade. The concentrate from the cleaner is pumped to the lead concentrate
thickener, while the tails flow back into the conditioner.
Lead recovery is usually about 90% with a concentrate grade analysing 0.6% Cu, 71.0% Pb, 3.7% Zn and
800 g/tAg.
3.3.3 Zinc Flotation
The tails from the lead rougher circuit are pumped as feed to the first zinc conditioner tank where the
slurry is mixed and kept in suspension. At the lead tails pump CuSO4 is added to activate the zinc. Lime,
SEX and frother are added to the second zinc conditioning tank. The lime depresses the iron, while the
copper sulphate is used as a zinc activator. The rougher feed is split into 20% going to the 2nd
rougher
(conventional cell) and 80% to the 1st rougher tank cell. The tails of the first rougher tank cell is pumped to
the 2nd
rougher (conventional cell). The tailings of the second rougher are gravity fed to the third rougher
conventional cell and the tailing of the third rougher is gravity fed to the rougher scavenger. The
concentrate of the rougher scavenger is pumped to the conditioning stages again to refloat the material.
The tailing of the rougher scavenger is pumped to the tailing dam. The concentrates from the 1st, 2
nd and
3rd
rougher is pumped to the cleaner stage where the grade in increased by adding additional lime to
depress the iron. The final tails are pumped either to the Backfill plant or to the slimes (tailings) dam.
Zinc (Zn) recovery is about 75.%, while the concentrate grade assays at about 49.5% Zn with 2.0% Pb.
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Figure 3-5: Lead Flotation Flow Diagram
Figure 3-6: Zinc Flotation Flow Diagram
3.4 Thickening
The concentrate from each of the three flotation processes is pumped to its relevant concentrate
thickener. The thickening process is a de-watering process, and, the overflow (water) from all of the
operating thickeners is transferred to the water return dam (ageing pond). The underflow of the
concentrate thickeners is pumped to the larox filters where the material is dried to 8% Cu moisture, 6%
lead moisture and 8% zinc moisture. The filter cakes are conveyed to the concentrate sheds where the
concentrates are being trucked to Loop 10 and trained to Saldanha. From Saldanha they are then
shipped to European countries for further refinery.
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Figure 3-7: Thickener and Filtration Flow Sheet
3.5 Tailings Dam
The tails produced from flotation is transferred to the tailings dam. About 1/6 of the tailings produced is
used underground as hydraulic backfill, the remainder being sent to a slimes dam.
Based on an in-situ density of 1.65 ton per m3, the total tailings deposition volume (airspace) required,
assuming no backfill to the underground mine workings, amounts to 7.3 million m3. A pond is maintained
on the top of the dam, in which the slimes settle out, the clear water overflow being decanted through a
penstock and led to the ageing pond.
Any seepage from the sides of the dam, or at ground level, is caught by a drainage trench around the
slimes dam and also led to the ageing pond.
The tailings are deposited by being pumped at a slurry density of 1.65 ton per m3 to the slimes dam, with
the tailings underflow used to flatten the outer slopes whilst the overflow is deposited on the upper
surface of the tailings dam. The final elevation is fixed at 858 mamsl, to limit the height of the tailings dam
to 50m. The outer slopes on the western, eastern and northern flanks are 1:3 and the southern flank is
1:4. The dimensions of the upper surface, located within the final day-wall, is roughly 760 x 350m. The
volume of tailings required on the outer slopes is 1.9 million m3 and on the top is 5.5 million m
3. The
required underflow / outerflow split for the cycloning process is thus 26% (twenty-six percent) underflow
(outer slope deposition) and 74% (seventy-four percent) as overflow (upper surface deposition). The
underflow has a fine tail but does not influence the performance as outer slope material. The rim walls
are kept higher than the settling area to ensure that any heavy rains falling on the dam will be retained
and led to the ageing pond via the penstock.
The drains comprise a 150mm thick washed 19mm stone layer wrapped in filtration geotextile, containing
a perforated pipe. The drains are approximately 4m wide and collect seepage from the cycloned tailings
underflow. The outlet pipes from the drains are solid walled and discharge into the solution trench. On the
northern side of the tailings dam, the drains are elevated (i.e. constructed on fill to allow drainage to the
solution trench). The solution trench is trapezoidal in shape and runs along the full perimeter of the
tailings dam. Due to the flat grades of the solution trench on the northern and southern sides, it is lined
with 100mm thick stone pitching
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There is a return water dam located where it allows for drainage of the solution trench under gravity. The
dam is lined with a primary 1.5mm High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane and a secondary
1.0mm HDPE geo-membrane. A leakage detection system consisting of a 0.75mm cuspated drain direct
any leakage to a sump from where it is pumped back into the dam.
The dam receives two (2) sources of water:
Decant from the tailings dam penstock; and
Excess process water from the plant.
3.6 Backfill
Slurry (a mixture of tailings and process water) from the metallurgical plant is fed to the slurry tank. The
slurry tank overflow discharges into the tailings tank. Sand mined at the nearby dunes is added at a ratio
of one ton sand for every four tons tailings in the 1st stage mixing tank. Reclaim water is added to ensure
that the correct density is achieved. The mixture from the 1st stage mixing tank is pumped to the 2
nd stage
mixing tank. Cement is added in the 2nd
stage tank at the required dosage. Chryso Fluid MF is added at a
rate of 0.6 litres per ton of mix. The backfill is pumped from the second stage mixing tank to the borehole
which discharges to the underground backfill system (See Figure 3-8). The composition and physical
properties of the hydraulic backfill medium is described in Table 3-1.
Figure 3-8: Backfill Plant Layout
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Table 3-1: Physico-chemical properties of the hydraulic backfill medium.
Item Description
Content 20% sand: 80% tailings and cement (mixed at 10:1, or
60:1 for surface topping). Reclaim water is used for
mixing
Backfill production rate 650 wet tonnes per hour
Frequency of production 80% of mining activity
Density 2.1 tonnes per cubic metre
Cement Afrisam strengthened with Chrysofluid MF
Temperature 23 ºC
pH 9.6-11.5
A chemical breakdown of the reclaim water and the tailings is given in Tables 3-2 and 3-3. The chemical
composition of the slurry and tailings varies, but consists mostly of magnetite and silicates with lesser
amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. The liquid component consists of trace amounts
of dissolved calcium, xanthate, cyanide, copper and zinc.
Table 3-2: The chemical composition of reclaim water.
SPECIFICATIONS Average values
PH 5.5 – 9.5 6.26
Dissolved solids < 2,000 mg/l 1,704
Sulphates < 1,000 mg/l 913
Total Alkalinity < 1,000 mg/l 26.36
Chlorides < 500 mg/l 220.17
Copper 3 mg/l < 0.01
Conductivity Msm-1
196.8
Oil and grease Mg/s 5
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Table 3-3: The chemical composition of the tailings.
Copper (Cu)
Lead (Pb)
Zinc (Zn)
Bismuth (Bi)
Silver (Ag)
Cobalt (Co)
0.08%
0.44%
0.59%
18.6 g/t
8 g/t
159 g/t
30% goes to Backfill, the rest to the Tailings Dam.
This reduces the footprint of the Tailings Dam.
The slurry tank receives tailings slurry from the process plant. The overflow of the slurry tank discharges
into the tailings tank. The contents of the tailings tank are pumped to the slimes dam. The pumping
distance to the slimes dam varies depending on the discharge location. The reclaim water tanks receive
water recovered from underground, the decant backfill water as well as from the process plant. The 1st
stage mixing system consists of the following main components:
3,000 ton sand bunker
300 ton sand hopper
1st Stage mixing tank
Pumping system.
The 3,000 ton sand bunker feeds the 300 ton sand tank. The variable speed belt feeder at the base of the
tank feeds onto a fixed speed conveyor which discharges into the 1st stage mixing tank. The belt feeder
speed is set in the control room. A belt scale measures the mass of sand added to the 1st stage mixing
tank.
The 1st stage mixing tank receives slurry from the slurry tank, water from the reclaim water tanks, sand
from the 300 ton sand tank. Adjusting the slurry and sand inflow into the tank controls the tank level. The
pumps transferring the slurry to the 2nd
stage mixing tank are fixed speed.
Two Weir EnviroTech 200×200 SRC fixed speed pumps in parallel transfer slurry from the 1st stage
mixing tank to the 2nd
stage mixing tank. Strainers are installed between the tank and the pump suctions.
The 2nd
stage mixing system consists of the following main components:
150 ton cement silo
2nd stage mixing tank
Pumping system
Chrysofluid MF dosing system
The 150 ton cement silo is fitted with a variable speed screw feeder, which feeds a fixed speed conveyor.
The fixed speed conveyor discharges into a cement feeder cone which discharges into the 2nd
stage
mixing tank. The operator in the control room controls the speed of the cement screw feeder. A belt scale
measures the mass of cement added to the 2nd
stage mixing tank. Slurry from the 1st stage mixing tank is
mixed with cement from the silo through the cement mixing cone.
Chrysofluid MF additive is added to the slurry in the 2nd
stage mixing tank. The operator controls the
additive dosage by:
Switching the pump on and off at the dosage pump position.
The correct feed is acquired by opening a valve to a predetermined setting at the pump.
The following equipment is controlled from the Backfill Plant control room:
Siren – to communicate between operators.
Cement screw feeder speed – to control the slurry : cement ratio.
Sand belt feeder speed – to control the slurry density.
200×200 SRC pump speed to control the level of the 2nd
stage mixing tank.
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3.7 Storage of finished products
The concentrate produced from flotation is transferred to the thickening and filtration plants for dewatering
and drying. The final dried products (copper, lead and zinc) are then stockpiled for removal by truck.
3.8 Dispatch of Products from Site
The finished products are loaded to the trucks by means of a front-end loader. All material removed from
site is sent over a weighbridge to ensure that the correct weight of material is taken and to avoid
overloading. Concentrates (copper, lead and zinc) are trucked to Loop 10 (Halfweg), stored there in an
enclosed shed and when train arrived been load and rail via the Sishen/Saldanha railway line to
Saldanha, for storage and export to various countries.
Moving concentrates by rail is our primary means of transportation. Most of the concentrate is transported
in the same way, though a limited amount is trucked directly from the plant to Saldanha port as the need
arises. During transport by both truck and rail, all concentrates are covered with tarpaulins, while storage
and loading operations at both Halfweg and Saldanha take place within enclosed sheds.
3.9 Waste Rock
The waste rock dump, which currently contains approximately 4,207,622 tonnes of waste rock is situated
against the side of the Broken Hill and tends to blend with the slopes. No waste is anticipated to be
hoisted from the Deeps mine, as all waste is stacked in the cut and fill stopes as filling occurs.
The waste rock dump might be used for the waste of the access decline for Swartberg that will be started
near the Broken Hill area. The top area is currently at 88,911m2 and bottom area at 125,697m
2. At the
contact between dump and hill, the waste rock is slightly contoured up against the hillside.
The slope angle naturally achieved by the dumping of broken waste over the edge of the dump is 35°,
which is a stable angle of repose that shows no sign of slippage. A trap drain catches water flowing off
the hillside and delivers it to a drainage channel lying to the south of the dump, whence it flows to the
backfill cyclone spill evaporation pond, lying to the south-west of the dump.
Although no significant seepage of water has originated from the dump to date, any seepage which could
occur after rain would be caught in the abovementioned drainage channel.
3.10 Supporting Services and Activities
The positions of the various features mentioned in this section could be located on the mine plan
(Appendix E).
3.10.1 Housing, recreation and other employee facilities
Housing
As there is no established community within a reasonable distance of the mine, accommodation is
supplied for all employees.
Management and skilled persons are housed mainly in the North Village, which has 235 houses, a single
quarter containing 12 rooms, 8 flats for senior single staff and visitors and 28 mobile homes.
All semi-skilled persons, some skilled persons, and the more senior unskilled persons, are housed in the
South Village, which comprises 254 houses, a male single quarter for 110 men and a female single
quarter for 30 women.
The remaining employees are housed in single quarter accommodation in the hostel complex, in which
are included 12 quarters, whilst married people stay in the houses.
A clinic, primary and secondary schools, a small central business district (including a butchery, bottle
store, grocery store, library, clothing store, bank agency, post office, police station, video store and
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hairdressing salon), a childrens‟ playground, and, a multi denominational church lie between the North
and South Villages.
Recreation Facilities
Each of the two (2) villages has its own recreation club, supporting all the popular sports such as squash,
bowls, tennis, rugby, soccer, cricket, running, swimming, etc. The golf course has its own clubhouse. The
9-hole golf course is fully grassed. The hostels have TV show rooms and soccer fields.
Medical facilities
The mine owns a clinic and there is a doctor who caters for the normal medical needs of the employees.
A dentist, optometrist and a visits visit regularly and assistance is given to employees or their families
who must travel to Cape Town / Upington for specialist treatment.
Workshops, administration and other buildings
There are two (2) main workshops – one (1) to deal with production equipment and the other to handle
the housing and township‟s requirements.
The plant, shaft and workshops each have their own administrative offices, though the main company
offices are situated near to the North Village.
An explosive factory and magazines are located within the mine‟s security area, as are the warehouse
and salvage yard.
Areas have been set aside within the security area for certain contractors who supply services to the mine
(See Appendix E).
3.10.2 Water Supply
Potable Water
A pump station has been established by the Pelladrift Water Board to pump water for the mine and
township from the Orange River. This scheme also supplies potable water to Pofadder, Pella and
Swartkoppies.
A total of 4,580,000m3 was pumped by the scheme during the year ended 31 March 1992, of which
4,430,000m3 was used by the Black Mountain Mine and the Aggeneys Township. Potable water is
supplied by Pelladrift Water Board.
Process Water Supply
A pumpstation has been established by the Pelladrift Water Board to pump water for the mine and
township from the Orange River. This scheme also supplies water to Pofadder, Pella and Swartkoppies.
A total of 4,580,000m3 was pumped by the scheme in the year ended 31 March 1992, of which
4,430,000m3 was used by the Black Mountain Mine and the Aggeneys Township.
Groundwater source
a) Underground mining operations
Very little natural water is encountered underground. Orange River water is used for service and drinking,
and also in the backfill plant when cemented fill toppings are being thrown. The bulk of the water being
pumped from underground originates from backfill drainage. Dirty water pumps deliver unsettled water
from underground to a water clarifier on surface. The underflow from this clarifier is sent to the slimes
dam, while the clarified water is mainly used for backfilling operations, with any surplus being sent to the
concentrator.
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b) Plant
Water from the slimes dam is caught by drainage trenches around the foot of the dam and is led to an
ageing pond, from where it is pumped for re-use in the plant and for hydraulic backfill. Further process
water originates from water pumped from underground.
Despite this reclamation, certain of Orange River water has to be used as make-up for the process. The
quantity varies with the season and with the quality of the ore being treated, but averages slightly more
than 1 m3/t milled
3.10.3 Power / Electricity
Electricity is provided to the mine by the Electricity Supply Commission network at the Hydra sub-station
at De Aar, via two 66 kV overhead power lines. Each of the existing overhead power lines to the Black
Mountain consumer substation can carry the existing as well as the future load. The Consumer Sub-
station consists of standard switchgear consisting of bus couplers, vacuum circuit breakers, Solkor
protection and ring feed system. The switchgear is housed in a building similar to the existing Broken Hill
Shaft Sub-Station.
3.10.4 Airfields, roads and railways
A certified airfield has been constructed at Aggeneys by the mine. The main Springbok – Pofadder road,
the N14, runs through the property about 3 km to the south of the tailings dam. The Sishen-Saldanha
railway line passes approximately 170km to the south of the property, with Loop 10 being the closest
siding.
3.10.5 Sanitation facilities
Sewage
Two (2) sewage plants are in operation, one serving the mine and hostels and the other the township, as
can be seen in Plan 4.A. Design capacities are 385,000 m3/annum, based on 1,050 m
3/day. Sewage is
treated in oxidation ponds, water emanating from the township plant being used for watering the golf
course and water from the mine plant being used for irrigation of lucerne.
In the period that the mine has been in operation, it has been necessary to clean out the solid residue
once only, and, on this occasion, the residue was buried in trenches situated next to the ponds.
There are ten (10) septic tanks on the property. Each of these has a concrete floor with concrete rings
mounted on top. The tanks are pumped out on a regular basis and the sewage delivered to one of the
main sewage plants (Figure 3-9).
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Figure 3-9: The Mine Sewage System
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3.10.6 Diesel/Fuel
Petrol, diesel and lubricant oil is stored on site as indicated on the table below.
Table 3-4: Hydrocarbon register onsite
Site Tank Capacity Frequency of deep stick
Underground 45 Level 4,000L X3 tanks -lubricant oil Daily
Underground 45 Level 7,000L – diesel tanks Daily
Stores – surface 23,000LX6 tanks – diesel Daily
Infront of repair shop 9,000L – diesel Daily
Infront of repair shop 2,300LX3 – 1 petrol and 2 diesel Daily
Gamsberg 2,300L – Diesel Daily
Loop 10 23,000L X 5 – Diesel Daily
SPH 23,000Lx 2 – Diesel tank Monthly
3.10.7 Storm water
The positions of various storm water walls forming the storm water protection system are indicated in the
mine plan (Appendix E). These walls were constructed to protect houses and other installations in the
event of a flash flood, as well as to prevent runoff rainwater from clean areas flowing through mining area.
3.10.8 Solid waste management facilities
Domestic and Industrial Waste
Separate numbered bins with leads and skips are provided for different waste types, to facilitate correct
disposal. The waste bins are emptied on weekly basis and disposed / recycled at the two refuse disposal
sites located within the mining area. Waste is separated here where used cooking oil from recreational
clubs and shops is given to the farmers and glass, paper and non perishable products are taken for
recycling and the rest is burnt and buried at the mine domestic landfill (Figure 3-10). Further to this,
certain waste materials resulting from mining and underground equipment maintenance activities are
entombed within backfill placed in the stopes.
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Figure 3-10: BMM General Waste Flow Diagram
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3.10.9 Hazardous waste
Labelled bins with leads and skips are provided for hazardous waste which cannot be recycled and this is
collected by the contactors and disposed off at Vissershok Hazardous landfill. Used oil is collected and
returned to OilKol and printer cartridges returned to Nashua for recycling. Hazardous wastes produced
by the mine include:
Asbestos
Oil contaminated waste
Fluorescent tubes
Lead contaminated PPE
Chemical bottles
Lead contaminated rubber
Empty grease containers
Old/waste oil
Oil separators
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Figure 3-11: BMM Hazardous Waste Flow Diagram
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The waste products generated at Black Mountain Mine include:
Brake fluid;
Cleaned hydrocarbon spills;
Degreaser;
Domestic waste;
Engine coolant;
Fluorescent tubes;
Medical waste;
Oil contaminated waste;
Oil filters;
Oil (used);
Oil (PCB contaminated);
Paint tins;
Rubber;
Scrap metal;
Tyres (used);
Vehicle parts;
Asbestos;
Lead contaminated PPE;
Chemical bottles;
Lead contaminated rubber; and
Empty grease containers.
3.10.10 Emergency Incidents and / or Accidents
Black Mountain has a Standard Operating Procedures (SOP‟s) ESOP033: Emergency Preparedness and
Response is fundamental to manage environmental emergencies(Attached Appendix F): The purpose is
to comply with ISO 14001 requirements and to provide guidance to all mine employees and business
partners as to their responsibilities to the mine, fellow employees and colleagues in the event of an
environmental emergency. The procedure aims to:
Minimize danger to the environment, personnel, Business Partners and non-employees;
Limit legal liability; and
Ensure public relations are effectively managed during and following an emergency.
Potential Environmental Emergencies
The following aspects have been identified as the potential of becoming environmental emergencies at
BMM:
Chemical spills;
Hydrocarbon spills;
Veldt fires;
Mineral residue dam failure;
Process water spills;
Tailings pipeline spills;
Fresh water spills;
Concentrate spills;
Ore spills;
Cyanide spills; and
Other environmental emergencies requiring special services.
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3.11 Concurrent Rehabilitation
Information in this section is obtained from the Environmental Rehabilitation Programme for Life of Mine
Phase 1 (Appendix G).
Mined-out areas are being re-vegetated concurrently with mining. This is done by confining any traffic to
defined access roads and scarifying the remainder to allow the re-establishment of dune grasses and
bushes. Should vegetation not spread naturally, expert advice would have to be taken as to the correct
seeds to be used, but currently vegetation is already recovering. To assist this process, the top few
centimetres stripped from the surface of the dune, which contain grass seeds and roots, are now being
spread over some of the worked-out areas. Initial growth can be assisted by occasional watering with a
water cart, but this must be done very sparingly in order to ensure that only those natural dune grasses
than can resist dry conditions become established.
Due to mining of the sand dunes as primary source of sand since 1980 the area was changed to a flat
topography with raised island where the exploration boreholes was encountered. The total sand mining
area was also lowered by approximately 1,000mm to 2,000mm in relation to the neighbouring land.
Previously rehabilitation of the sand dune mining area consisted of levelling the mined out area, ripping
the soil and allowing natural vegetation to establish over time. This has led to the “natural” rehabilitation of
the old mining areas. Rehabilitation practices during 2008 and 2009 included the spreading of topsoil on
the worked out areas to facilitate the establishment of vegetation from the natural seed bank.
Rehabilitation of the work out areas consists of the following steps:
Surveying of surrounding slopes to ensure that correct profile is established. This will allow for
natural drainage patterns and prevent the creation of ponds of water in the works. Any unnatural mounds
created by sand mining activities will be levelled.
Screened material will be spread over the new rehabilitation area.
Compacted soils will be ripped to enable easier root establishment.
Top soil stripped to a depth of 300mm from the new mining area will be spread over the newly
ripped worked out area to facilitate vegetation establishment and prevent seed bank loss due to
sterilisation in topsoil heaps.
To facilitate grass establishment in the event of vegetation growth from the topsoil seed bed not
taking, seed of the following grass species will be seeded before the rain:
- Scmiditia kalihariensis (pioneer grass)
- Stipagrostis obtusa
- Stripagrostis ciliata
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3.12 Closure and Decommissioning
Information in this section is taken/extracted from BMM Closure Plan Report (2010).
MPRDA Regulation 56 defines closure as “a process, which starts at the commencement of an operation
and continues throughout the life of that operation”. The MPRDA and applicable regulations further
endorse the principle of systematic rehabilitation of mining induced impacts throughout the life of that
operation, managing and mitigating environmental risks and impacts proactively. The areas of
environmental concern are (in order of priority) in terms of closure Plaatjiesvlei; Tailings dam; Rock
dumps; Reedbed; Swartberg and the Sand dunes.
3.12.1 Closure objectives
The aim of Black Mountain Closure Plan is to ensure that the area transformed by mining, processing and
other operational activities is either returned to as natural a state as possible or facilities remaining at the
end of the life of BMM are utilised for other economically viable and sustainable activities. The closure
objectives should be achieved in as cost effective a manner as possible, and the closure solution should
be sustainable in the long term.
Four Key Objectives are identified
To secure the effective and sustainable transfer of the municipal services of the town, Aggeneys,
and the Pella-drift Water Board to the Khai Ma municipality.
To ensure that the biodiversity and environment on the site is protected.
To make sure that the following commitments will be achieved as a minimum:
The site will be made safe for both humans and animals,
The site will be rehabilitated to be physically, chemically and biologically stable
The residual impacts will be managed to acceptable levels and will not
deteriorate over time, and
Closure will be achieved with minimal socio-economic upheaval.
To provide sufficient funds at the end of life of mine, to properly implement the closure plan, and
also to make provision for possible premature closure, and post closure monitoring requirements.
3.12.2 Closure framework
The following framework will provide the basis from which detailed, site specific closure plans; aimed at
obtaining progressive systematic closure of the Black Mountain surface area will be prepared. Integral to
this closure plan framework will be the following requirements which will require incorporation into the
detailed site specific plans prepared.
Public consultation and liaison with stakeholders and interested and affected parties (I&AP‟s)
Integration of land and/or infrastructure, upon the issuing of a closure certificate, into the Local
Economic Development Plan of the local authority (where relevant and applicable).
Alignment of the closure plan(s) with the National Waste Policy and the applicable BMM Waste
Policy and Waste Management Plan.
Preparation of detailed site specific plans for closure activities planned, strictly in accordance with
the requirements of MPRDA 2002 regulations 55(8) and (9), 60 and 62
Integration of the requirements of MPRDA 2002 regulations 63 to 73, where applicable into the
closure plan(s)
Integration of all DWAE and Mine Health and Safety requirements, cognizant of the fact that no
closure certificate will be issued unless endorsed in writing by both DWAE and the Directorate: Mine
Health and Safety (MPRDA 2002, section 43(5).
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Application and integration of DMR rehabilitation guidelines and generally accepted closure
principles
Examining and listing of existing servitudes and surface right permits over areas for which closure
is contemplated
3.12.3 Rehabilitation Methodology proposed for the infrastructure on site
3.12.3.1 Shafts and associated infrastructure
In formulating a conceptual strategy for the rehabilitation and closure of the shafts at BMM, it has been
assumed that steelwork will be cut up and reclaimed and that rubble generated by demolition activities
will be disposed of via the shafts and adits, following which, shafts and adits will be capped and sealed.
The following strategy will be implemented:
Demarcate area earmarked for demolition/rehabilitation
Conduct a detailed site assessment/survey aimed at identifying scope of demolition and
rehabilitation required
Identify and quantity all wastes and waste arisings
Perform waste categorization to determine waste disposal options
Identify scope and extent of surface contamination as well as identify contaminants
Determine decontamination options
Decontaminate contaminated areas in accordance with commensurate waste disposal options
identified
Remove and dismantle all saleable equipment (winders, fans etc)
Dismantle, demolish super structures (concrete and steel as per safe work procedure)
Demolish and remove foundations to one metre below natural ground level
Backfill with subsoil/topsoil and contour
Remove remaining alien/invasive plant species
Establish vegetation or alternative depending upon final land use determined
3.12.3.2 Capping and sealing of shafts
The following requirements, as per the applicable Mine Health and Safety Guideline will be applied:
The final level of the cap construction will be on natural ground level
A beacon will be erected in the centre of the shaft and registered with a local survey authority
A plate containing the details of the shaft, shaft coordinates etc will be fixed on the beacon
The bottom edges of the shaft cap (a concrete slab) will rest on competent ground or on pile
foundation, which reaches competent ground
Competent ground means the ground with a bearing capacity sufficient ton support the shaft cap
and additional load that may be imposed on this cap
The strength of the slab will be such that the slab will support its own weight, weight of material
above and any additional load of 20 kPa (2 tonne per square meter)
The design of the plug/cap will be certified by a professional engineer. Steel reinforcement will be
purchased from recognized suppliers whose stocks comply in all respects within SANS (SABS)
standards.
3.12.3.3 Slimes dam
There is only one (1) slimes dam associated with the Black Mountain operation. The dam covers an
extent of 61 hectares and the associated ageing pond, which is lined, covers a further 7,5 hectares.
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The following rehabilitation methodology is proposed for the slimes dam:
Rock cladding of the side slopes of the tailings dam, no topsoil (300mm thickness)
Limited rock cladding on the surface, approximately 100mm thickness with cluster vegetation
established (no topsoil)
This methodology is proposed for the following reasons:
Although the rock material that is proposed is sulphidic by nature, due to the arid nature of the
area, sulphide oxidation is extremely slow as has been confirmed by prior tests done by Envirogreen
(Fraser Alexander Technical) on the slimes dam fines material.
The slimes dam will remain an unnatural feature where sustainable vegetation establishment will
be extremely difficult. The impact of creating and having to rehabilitate the borrow pit created to provide
topsoil for rehabilitation is also considered to be of a further prohibitive factor.
Rock cladding and limited cluster vegetation is proposed and has been costed into the quantum
assessment.
3.12.3.4 Rock Dumps
There are four rock dumps associated with the Black Mountain operation that will require rehabilitation.
The rock dump at Deeps shaft is currently being rehabilitated as part of the concurrent rehabilitation
programme. The rock dumps are:
Broken Hill rock dump (the main rock dump)
Gamsberg rock dumps (associated with the adits)
Swartberg rock dump
The Deeps rock dump
It is not anticipated that there will be a long term use for the rock dumps. Although a portion is currently
being exploited for aggregate production, this activity will only extend for the current life of mine.
In-situ rehabilitation of the rock dumps is therefore proposed. A methodology similar than for the slimes
dam is proposed in the draft closure plan although additional provision will need to be made for slope
flattening, especially at the Broken Hill and Swartberg dumps to mitigate the potential for erosion of which
clear signs are evident, particularly at Broken Hill. The following methodology is proposed:
Broken Hill rock dump
This will be the principal source of rock for rock cladding of the slimes dam. Concurrent with slope
flattening, which is considered essential for the dump; material can be sourced for rock cladding. After
slope flattening the surface will be scarified and cluster vegetation established.
Gamsberg and Deeps
No slope flattening, scarify and establish cluster vegetation.
Swartberg
This dump is situated in a natural drainage line and in the resulting seepage, signs of acid rock drainage
are evident that will impact on the surrounding environment. For this dump, topsoil and vegetation is
proposed.
3.12.3.5 Process plants
There are two process plants that will require demolition and associated rehabilitation of the surface area,
namely the Concentrator Plant, and the backfill plant at Broken Hill. In line with the Black Mountain draft
closure plan and the “DMR generally accepted closure methods”, the following methodology is proposed.
Conduct a detailed site assessment/survey aimed at identifying and quantifying all waste and
waste arisings
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Determine waste disposal options i.e. borrow pits, disposal of material down redundant shafts,
etc
Dismantling and removal of saleable plant infrastructure
Demolition of redundant steelwork
Identification and quantification of extent of surface contamination (concrete and soil) and
demarcation of such
Planned demolition of concrete foundations and removal of contaminated soil in a phased and
structured manner as to prevent „cross-contamination‟ (i.e. contamination of clean areas)
Disposal of all waste and waste material with accurate, detailed waste accounting records
Removal of concrete foundations to one metre below natural ground level
Backfilling with subsoil/topsoil and contouring
Removal of alien/invasive plant species
Vegetation establishment or alternative depending upon final land use
Final performance assessment and application for closure
In accordance with the requirements of the Mine Health and Safety Act 1996, the following will be
required:
- Application of Mandatory Codes of Practice, (COP‟s) including mobile trackless machinery,
minimum standards of fitness, noise induced hearing loss, occupational health surveillance, exposure to
airborne pollutants, cyanide management and mine residue deposits
- Safe work procedures (COP‟s) based upon baseline risk assessments for each activity
associated with demolition/rehabilitation activities planned
- Appointment of contractor(s) as subordinate managers in accordance with regulation 2.6.1 of the
Mines and Works Act.
3.12.3.6 Evaporation/storage dams
The Plaatjiesvlei area covers an extent of 52 hectares, which has been severely impacted upon as a
result of its utilization over the life of mine as an evaporation dam. In assessing the rehabilitation
requirements for this area, it has been assumed that contaminated soil to a minimum depth of one metre
will have to be removed over an area of 28,6 hectares in the area of worst impact, transported to the top
of the tailings dam, with topsoil from the dune sand reclamation area introduced to enhance vegetation
establishment. For the remainder of the area, (approximately 23,4 hectares), due to the low rainfall in the
area, leaching of sulphides and heavy metals which could improve natural vegetation succession over
time is expected to extend in excess of thirty years and hence, provision has been made for amelioration
of the area to promote natural vegetation establishment. The following is proposed:
Application of compost at 100 tonnes/hectare
Liming if the substrate proves to be acidic
3.12.3.7 Landfill sites
As a minimum, the minimum standards for landfill will need to be applied for the rehabilitation process,
which essentially, will entail the following as summarized below.
Description of closure objectives
Summary of regulatory requirements and conditions for closure
Summary of identified residual and latent impacts as captured in an environmental risk report
Phase 1: The permitting requirements, i.e. registering the sites for closure
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Phase II: Rehabilitation of the landfill site (a step by step process) to be implemented to obtain
closure
Management and maintenance
Monitoring
Consultation with I & AP‟s
Closure
3.12.3.8 Dune sand reclamation area at Swartberg
The dune sand reclamation area at Swartberg, is the source of feed material for the backfill plant. The
area has to a large extent been rehabilitated concurrent with reclamation activities. However, in the
absence of periodic ongoing monitoring and performance assessments compliant with regulation 55(8)
and (9) of the MPRDA 2002, the effectiveness and sustainability of the rehabilitation effected to date,
cannot be substantiated. It is therefore imperative that this activity be incorporated into a structured and
documented closure plan and the regular performance assessments be scheduled to assess the
effectiveness of rehabilitation completed to date.
3.12.3.9 Concentrate pads
Concentrate storage pads are situated immediately south west of the concentrator plant and cover an
area of approximately 1,6 hectares. Rehabilitation of the concentrate pads particularly at Gamsberg and
outside the concentrator plant, is currently in progress. The total area of impact, inclusive of the above,
extends to 2 hectares. A methodology similar to that for the Plaatjiesvlei area, which includes removal of
contaminated soil and amelioration of the substrate, is recommended.
3.12.3.10 Overland conveyors
Overland conveyor structures have been installed to feed ore from Deeps/Broken Hill shafts to the
concentrator plant. The strategy as expounded in Section 3.12.3.5 above to be applied for the requisite
demolition and rehabilitation requirements.
3.12.3.11 Hostel complexes and training centre
There are two hostel complexes on the property, the partially demolished hostel No 1 (North West of
Broken Hill shaft) currently utilized as a contractors camp, and the No 2 hostel complex east of Broken
Hill shaft. The training centre is situated to the north east of No 2 hostel. In the closure plan it has been
assumed that both hostels and the training centre will be demolished.
3.12.3.12 Workshops/stores/salvage yard
This area essentially comprises the following infrastructure:
The main mine workshop complex
The mine store area
The associated salvage yard
A small shopping complex
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Contractor office/workshop areas for:
Jowels Transport (concentrate transporting contractor)
SPH (materials haulage contractor)
Sandvic/Tamrock (drilling contractors)
Estac
Steinweld
Transcape Steel
This infrastructure is considered to be so closely related to mining operations so as to negate any
potential future sustainable utilization post-closure. The only exception could be the main workshop
complex/store area and contractor workshops/offices which could potentially be integrated into a
sustainable social development plan for the area. Demolition of all of the structures and final rehabilitation
is recommended within the following parameters.
Conduct detailed assessment to confirm status quo in respect of state and condition of buildings
and infrastructure
Assess/evaluate options
For structures to be demolished the following procedure will be followed:
Undertake survey to determine scope and extent of demolition and rehabilitating required
Identify and quantify all waste and waste arisings
Perform waste categorization to determine disposal options
List and describe disposal option
Demolish superstructures and remove foundations to one metre below natural ground level
Backfill with subsoil/topsoil and contour
Remove alien/invasive plant species
Establish vegetation or alternative depending upon final land use determined
Quarries and open pits in the mining area have essentially been divided into the following main two
components:
Quarries for whom the rehabilitation and closure liabilities are vested with Black Mountain in
terms of its Environmental Management Programme/Closure Plan.
Quarries within the mining area, on Black Mountain freehold but which are deemed to be the
liability of the National Roads Department. (Quarries at Lemoenplaas). Only the quarries deemed to be
the responsibility of Black Mountain have been incorporated into the quantum assessment. These include
the following:
Quarries 1, 2 and 3 east of Aggeneys Village
Quarry north-east of the slimes dam
For the quarries at Lemoenplaas it is recommended that Black Mountain as landowner engage with the
National Roads Department and formalize a contractual agreement with them to either rehabilitate the
quarries, or alternatively, should they require them in future, accepting the liability transfer provided for in
MPRDA section 43(2).
For quarries which are the responsibility of BMM the following is proposed:
Quarries to be backfilled with rubble generated from the demolition of mining infrastructure
Quarries to be filled with 300mm topsoil and contoured
3.12.3.13 Explosive magazines
The explosive magazine area at Black Mountain is situated north of the mine security complex and east
of Deeps shaft. Additionally, there is also a designated explosives destruction area south-west of the
slimes dam. The following strategy should be followed for the demolition and rehabilitation activities
associated with explosive magazine and incorporated into a detailed closure plan:
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 87
Explosive magazines should be made safe prior to commencing demolition activities in
accordance with applicable requirements of the Explosives Act 2003 and regulations as well as
regulations published in terms of the Mine Health and Safety Act, 1996
Subsequent to making safe, a detailed site assessment should be conducted to identify and
quantify all wastes and waste arisings as well as disposal options for re-usable infrastructure
Dismantling and removal of saleable infrastructure
Demolition of buildings and foundations and removal of rubble to identified designated disposal
site
Backfilling with subsoil/topsoil and contouring
Vegetation establishment or alternative depending upon land use
3.12.3.14 Rehabilitation of open surface areas
A detailed report “Estimated closure costs for effective biodiversity rehabilitation at Black Mountain Mine”
was prepared by Chrizette Kleynhans, Biodiversity Manager, in 2007. This report aims to address the
surface rehabilitation of a total of 920 hectares of disturbed areas, within three definitive biodiversity
priority zones, determined on the basis of specific biophysical priority criteria. Depending upon whether
this area has a high, medium or low biodiversity priority, different re-seeding rates per hectare are
applied, and the use of topsoil is integrated in most instances; R19,00/m³ for Black Mountain and
R32,00/m³ for Gamsberg, extracted from the current dune reclamation area. Applying the above criteria,
as well as additional rates as per the rate schedule, the total cost for the rehabilitation has been
calculated at R67 414 649 at an average rate of R73 277,00/hectare. This is considered to be an
accurate estimate taking into account environmental sensitivity of the area as well as other factors.
The estimate takes into account, that with the exception of access roads, the Gamsberg and Big Syncline
prospecting areas, the slimes dam, Deeps shaft and the explosive magazines, the following areas will
require topsoil:
Swartberg areas affected by mining (18 hectares)
Aggregate quarries (3 hectares)
Tony‟s dam (5 hectares)
Gamsberg areas affected by mining (220 hectares)
Plaatjiesvlei, (40 hectares)
Concentrate pads (2 hectares)
Broken Hill areas affected by mining (384 hectares)
Security (6 hectares)
Hostels and training centre (10 hectares)
The total cost associated with providing topsoil over this area has been calculated at R60 457 000 to
rehabilitate a total surface area of 688 hectares. The total topsoil requirement will be in the region of 2
617 500m³ at an average of R23,09 per m³. However, taking account of the fact that MPRDA 2002 and
regulations make provision for efficient and cost-effective closure, applying topsoil over the surface area
in extent of 688 hectares will not be feasible for the following reasons:
Sourcing 2 617 500m³ of topsoil to remediate disturbed areas will result in disturbance of as yet,
undisturbed areas as it is not deemed possible to source all of the material from the dune sand
reclamation area, taking into account backfill requirements over life of mine.
It is therefore recommended that the use of topsoil be limited to and/or optimized within the following
areas where pollution of the surface is considered to be most significant
Contaminated areas within the Concentrator Plant
Plaatjiesvlei – estimated 28,6 hectares
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 88
The concentrate pads
Tony‟s dam
Aggregate quarries
With respect to rehabilitation of open surface areas, the closure plan also takes account of the following
rehabilitation activities although limited, associated with open surface areas.
Removal of alien/invasive plant species
Removal of redundant water pipes and power lines including concrete plinths
Leveling of man made stormwater walls
River diversions at the Concentrator Plant and Tony‟s dam
3.12.3.15 Prospecting areas
Prospecting areas that require final rehabilitation are essentially the Big Syncline and Gamsberg areas.
Historical prospecting activities at Big Syncline are however included in this quantum assessment.
Prospecting activities cover an extent of approximately 3 135 hectares of which approximately 32
hectares will require rehabilitation.
3.12.3.16 Residential areas
The main residential complex is the Aggeneys Village with associated amenities and recreation facilities.
The village complex is situated outside of the current mining area and it can be debated whether as such,
financial provision will need to be made in terms of MPRDA requirements for demolition and final
rehabilitation. Nonetheless, and irrespective of potential MPRDA 2002 encumbrances, a vested liability
for the complex remains with Black Mountain in terms of the National Environmental Management Act
1998, Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA 98). For this reason it has been considered expedient to reflect this
potential liability as a component of the quantum assessment. Two options are proposed for the village
complex.
Option 1
Given the remote location, the current total dependence of the community on continued mining activity for
sustaining the village complex, the continued sustainable utilization of the village post mining is
questionable. Option 1, by no means the preferred option, even negating financial considerations, is for
the entire village complex to be demolished.
Option 2
Is for the village to be integrated into the applicable local/area economic development plan and for such
then to be utilized in a sustainable manner beyond life of mine. The challenge is for the village to be
successfully integrated into the social development plan for Black Mountain probably including the No 2
hostel and training centre. Demolition and rehabilitation costs will then be zero, but, to protect itself, it is
imperative that Black Mountain apply the liability transfer mechanism (MPRDA Section 43(2)) and
sell/cede the village and probably the associated freehold to a competent third party who will then have
the obligation to ensure sustainable future utilization.
3.12.3.17 Loop Ten siding
Although outside of the mining area and probably also outside the ambit of the MPRDA, Black Mountain
will have the responsibility to rehabilitate Loop 10 siding.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 89
3.12.3.18 Saldanha Transfer complex
The same as for Loop Ten siding will apply although there is opportunity to sell the infrastructure at the
complex, belonging to Black Mountain to Portnet as the infrastructure is situated on Portnet property and
may be of continued use to them.
3.12.3.19 Water Pumping infrastructure
Integral to the continued existence of Aggeneys Village is the retention of the current water pumping
infrastructure. It is however the property of the Pella Water Board and where situated within the Black
Mountain mining area, the liability transfer mechanism should be deployed to transfer the liability to the
Pella Water Board.
3.12.3.20 Conservation area south of the mine
This area is to a large extent totally undisturbed with limited rehabilitation required in some areas.
Rehabilitation activities required are confined to the removal of concrete slabs and foundations over an
area of approximately 1 hectare.
3.12.3.21 Rehabilitation of gravel access roads on mine property
A total of 33km of gravel roads will require rehabilitation which in essence will be confined to ripping up
the compacted surfaces to enhance vegetation establishment. This excludes the gravel road along the
Pella Water Board line which will in all probability be required “post-closure”.
3.12.3.22 Post-closure monitoring and management
Provision is made in this closure plan, for post closure monitoring and management of all disturbed but
rehabilitated areas. Post closure monitoring and management will essentially involve the following:
Vegetation succession monitoring and management
Erosion monitoring and management
Groundwater quality monitoring
Surface run-off monitoring
Monitoring and management of pollution control facilities, i.e. slimes dam paddocks, cut-off
trenches etc.
3.12.3.23 LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE
Potential latent liabilities that may manifest themselves well beyond closure are extremely difficult to
predict and or quantify in terms of financial implications. It could however, be safely assumed that most
latent liabilities will be associated with the decommissioned and closed tailings dam, the Black Mountain
rock dumps and the Plaatjiesvlei evaporation dam.
For assessing the financial impact a risk assessment methodology is proposed and it is also
recommended that such will be incorporated into the company risk profile and provided for by means of
insurance cover, or other appropriate methods of risk financing.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 90
4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
As this is an existing operation where an existing EMPR is being amended, the Interested and Affected
Parties (I&APs) have already been identified and consulted with regarding the original project. Instead,
this section will provide a description of the ongoing consultation with the public, including reference to
any recent comments / concerns received by the mine and an indication as where they are addressed in
this report.
Please note that no public meetings will be held as the mine has on-going communication with the
neighbouring communities as described below.
4.1 Consultation Process
4.1.1 Background Information Document
The Department of Minerals Resources (DMR) was consulted regarding the expansion of the plant and
BMM was directed to carry out the public participation process.
The Background Information Documents (BID) were produced and provided to the IAPs on the existing
database (Appendix H). The BID was in English and Afrikaans. The purpose of a BID document was to
provide IAPs with basic background information pertaining to the expansion of the plant and the
amendment of the existing EMPR. It further provided members of the public interested in the project with
the opportunity to register as I&APs, by completing the registration sheet included in the BID. This
ensured that their names and contact details would be captured on the database and that they would
receive all project-related information and invitations to forum meetings. A comment sheet was also
provided to enable I&APs to furnish the consultants with written comments.
4.1.2 Key Issues Identified
Even though reminders were send to I&APs, only comments from the Department of Water Affairs (DWA)
were received indicating areas of interests as being listed water use activities. These included the
following:
Taking water from a river;
Storing of water (storage dams);
Disposal of waste water (sludge, pollution dams); and
River crossings.
Their area of concern was on water retention system that should be checked for capacity if necessary.
More information was requested for the upgrade of the plant. A letter was sent to Department of Water
Affairs (DWA) clarifying all the above.
4.2 Ongoing Communication
Black Mountain mine management will be responsible for ensuring that the I&APs are kept informed of
environmental developments on the mine property. Regular (recommended to be twice yearly) meetings
will be held with I&APs at the mine.
These meetings will permit mine management to report back on environmental issues, answer queries,
and identify possible areas of concern.
4.2.1 Complaints
The mine maintains a record of all complaints received from I&APs, recording the following information:
The complaint;
The corrective action implemented (if any) and ;
Appropriate dates.
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4.2.2 List of Interested and Affected Parties
The following I&APs categories were identified for Black Mountain Mine:
Conservation bodies and NGOs;
Community Forums and community;
Companies;
Farmers; and
Government Departments and Municipalities.
A list of I&APs identified and consulted with during the public participation process is provided in
Appendix I.
Black Mountain mine management will be responsible for ensuring that the I&APs are kept informed of
environmental developments on the mine property. Regular (recommended to be twice yearly) meetings
will be held with I&APs at the mine. These meetings will permit mine management to report back on
environmental issues, answer queries, and identify possible areas of concern.
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5 METHODS USED TO UNDERTAKE THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
5.1 Legal Requirements
The ranking system developed to identify the significance of the impacts created as a result of the mining
operations has been developed to take cognisance of the requirements of the Mineral and Petroleum
Resources Act (MPRDA). For the purpose of this report, the significance of impacts will be determined
through the implementation of the following impact assessment model:
This system procedure assesses the impact potential of current activities, products and/or services and
also takes into account the possibility of previous practices causing impact now, or in the future. Impact
on the environment comprises pollution and the use of resources, legal and regulatory requirements,
material damage, reputation / social / community (RSC) impacts.
Environmental risk can change considerably under different operating conditions and circumstances.
Therefore, to provide control at all times this system procedure considers the significance of
environmental aspects under:
Normal operating conditions;
Abnormal situations involving some change from normal conditions (start up / close off); and
Potential emergency situations.
This procedure produces a list of the high risks to manage and indicate significant aspects to indicate
their relative importance to the environment and the organization. The significant aspects identified are
used to update operating procedures and to establish objectives and targets for environmental
improvement during annual review.
5.2 Definitions
The terms environment, activity, aspect and impact, will be used technically throughout this document,
and so it is important to explain what is meant by each term in the context of the EIA.
Environment (as defined in NEMA): The surroundings within which humans exist and that are
made up of:
o the land, water and atmosphere of the earth;
o micro-organisms, plant and animal life;
o any part or combination of the above, and the interrelationships among and between them;
and
o the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that
influence human health and wellbeing;
Activity: A specific deed, action or function, that takes place at the BMM (as described in Section
1 of this report), such as;
o Drilling and blasting.
o Flotation.
o Waste management.
Environmental Aspect: Element of an organization‟s activities, products or services that can
interact with the environment.
Significant environmental aspect: An environmental aspect that has or can have a significant
environmental impact on the environment.
Environmental Impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or
partially resulting from an organization‟s activities, products or services.
Risk: Risk is defined as the uncertainty or expectation of an event‟s outcome that could impact on
business objectives.
Risk Management: Risk Management is a management system designed to help line managers
identify, understand and manage risks, for the purpose of improving decisions and ensuring
business objectives are achieved.
Review Cycle: AAWR: “As and when required”.
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5.2.1 Criteria to Consider when Determining Severity of impacts
The ranking of impacts / determination of significance is estimated using two criteria, namely
Consequence and Probability. These consider the contributing factors / criteria listed in the legislation.
The definitions of each are provided below.
The Consequence of an impact resulting from an aspect is expressed as a combination of:
Nature of impact: An indication of the extent of the damage (negative impacts) or benefit (positive
impacts) the impact inflicts on natural, cultural, and/or social functions (environment).
Extent of impact: A spatial indication of the area impacted (i.e. how far from activity the impact is
realised).
Duration of impact: A temporal indication of the how long the effects of the impact will persist,
assuming the activity creating the impact ceases. For example, the impact of noise is short lived (impact
ceases when activity ceases) whereas the impact of removing topsoil exists for a much longer period of
time.
Frequency of the impact occurring: An indication of how often an aspect, as a result of a particular
activity, is likely to occur. Note that this does not assess how often the impact occurs. It applies only to
the aspect. For example blasting takes place monthly and haulage daily while the resultant frequency of
the impacts occurring will vary based on a number of factors.
5.3 Explanation of Impact Rating
5.3.1 Probability and Likelihood
The Probability of an impact resulting from an aspect is expressed as:
Probability of impact occurring: An estimated indication of the potential for an impact to occur.
Scores are assigned to each the criteria, as outlined in Table 5-1. The scoring range in Table 5-2 has
been selected to represent the scale in which varying impacts can occur.
The combination of scores is then used to determine the Consequence and Probability, as shown
below.
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Table 5-1: Scoring for environment impact assessment criteria.
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The Significance of an impact: Significance is an indication of how serious a negative impact is
anticipated to be and how beneficial a positive impact may be. Significance is considered to be Extremely
High, High, Medium, or Low (as in the Impact Significance in Table Error! Reference source not found.
below). The actions are allocated for each classification below and focus on the need for mitigation or
management.
Table 5-2: Impact Significance
Significance:
Colour Descriptor Action Sign-off
Ex – Extremely High Eliminate, avoid, immediate
action GM – Risk Owner
H – High Proactively manage HOD – Risk Manager
M – Medium Actively manage Section manager – Team
member
L – Low Ensure levels of controls Supervisor – Team member
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6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT
This section provides a summary of the impacts evaluated for each of the various activities presented in
Section 1. When considering the impact assessment in this section, it must be stressed that the
significance ranking is calculated assuming NO management measures have been implemented.
6.1 Impact Assessment of Mining Process
The impact assessment is presented in tabular format per impact of concern.
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6.1.1 Impact assessment during Exploration drilling surface
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Site identification Vehicles driving in veld to access the
proposed drill site
Biodiversity Physical disturbance of natural veld and damage to
vegetation
B G H
Site identification Carbon emissions due to internal combustion
of fuel
Air Contribution to climate change D J H
Site establishment Vehicles driving in veld to access the
proposed drill site
Land Extended Footprint B H H
Site establishment Vehicles driving in veld to access the
proposed drill site
Biodiversity Biodiversity Loss B I Ex
Site establishment Vehicles having to cross undisturbed veld
area due to emergency evacuation
Biodiversity Biodiversity loss B F M
Site establishment Sudden abnormal high rain event cause
erosion of road
Soil and land Potential erosions B G H
Site establishment Sudden abnormal high rain event cause
flooding of sumps
Land (P) Drilling sludge isolated from natural system B F M
Site establishment Clearing of vegetation to establish drill site Biodiversity Biodiversity loss C J H
Site establishment Topsoil removed from sump area is replaced Soil and land (P) Topsoil replaced for rehabilitation D F L
Site establishment and Drilling Drill mud is lost to ground water during Ground water Ground Water Contamination B G H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 98
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
drilling
Site establishment People work and operate in area for
prolonged periods
Environment Environmental pollution D H M
Site access and drilling
operation
Materials such as drilling mud etc. is used Environment Environmental pollution D G L
Drilling Use of drilling mud during drilling operations Water Under ground water pollution B H H
Storage of fuel and lubricants
for drill rigs
Holing of oil, grease and fuel drums/cans Water Water Contamination B I Ex
Operation of drill rigs Mechanical failure of equipment Water Water Contamination B G H
Refuelling and applying
lubricants
Spills during refueling operations Soil and land Residual impact on soil due to hydrocarbons when
water is pumped to Plaatjiesvlei
C H H
Operation of drill rigs Resource use Use of resource B H H
Combustion of fuel in internal
combustion engine and drill
drives
Emission of combustion gasses Air Air pollution D j M
Combustion of fuel in internal
combustion engine and drill
drives
Combustion cause heat release Air Air pollution D J M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 99
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Drilling Generation of noise during drilling Air Air pollution C J H
Drilling Operation Use of water during drilling Consumption of resource B H H
Drilling Drill cores removed during drilling Exposure of mineralised rock to oxygen with potential
for heavy metal release
B H H
Operation of drill rigs Oil mix with water during drilling Water Contamination of water reticulation B H H
Storage of fuel and lubricants
for drill rigs
Failure of storage capacity Water Water Contamination B I Ex
Pumping drilling water to
sump
Water Environment Contamination of surrounding environment B H H
Pumping drilling water to
sump
water Soil and land Erosion of topsoil due to water flow C H H
Failure of drill sludge
isolation system (cement
furrows and dams)
sludge Environment Contamination of surrounding environment B I Ex
Failure of drill sludge
isolation system (cement
furrows and dams)
sludge Soil and land Chemical and structural changes to ground B I Ex
Decommissioning of Drill Site drill Biodiversity Disturbance of animal life D J H
6.1.2 Impact Assessment for Underground Mining
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ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Face Preparations Use of machinery Noise Environmental nuisance C F M
Face Preparations Use of machinery Carbon emissions Air pollution C J H
Face Preparations Use of machinery Heat Fossil fuel consumption D J H
Face Preparations Breakdown of machinery Oil spills Water contamination D J H
Face Preparations Use of machinery Dust Air pollution D I M
Face Preparations Washing of face Waste Water Water contamination D J H
Face Preparations Face marking Waste brushes /
containers General waste accumulation C J H
Face Preparations Face marking Paint spillage Water contamination D J H
Face Preparations Use or transport vehicles Oil spills Water contamination D J H
Face Preparations Use of transport vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Face Preparations Use of transport vehicles Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Drilling Use of drilling machines Noise Environmental nuisance C F M
Drilling Breakdown of machinery Oil spills Water contamination D J H
Drilling Use of drilling machines Dust Air pollution D J H
Drilling Drilling of face Waste drill bits Waste accumulation D J H
Drilling Drilling of face Old drill steel Waste accumulation D J H
Drilling Drilling of face Drill steel Salvageable materials D J H
Drilling Use of drilling machines Old hoses Waste accumulation D J H
Drilling Drilling operation Waste water Water contamination D J H
Drilling Use of compressed air Noise Environmental nuisance C F M
Drilling Use of compressed air Dust Air pollution D J H
Raise bore Drilling of raise bore holes Oil spills Water contamination D J H
Charging up and Blasting Charging operations Explosive
Packaging Waste accumulation D J H
Charging up and Blasting Washing of old explosives to remove
ammonium nitrate with diesel base.
Redundant
Explosives Water contamination D J H
Charging up and Blasting Misfires and/or old stock underground. Redundant
Explosives
Accumulation of redundant explosives out of
procedure and in areas not demarcated for it. D G L
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ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Charging up and Blasting Charging and blasting operations Contaminated
groundwater
Underground water enter mine workings and
becomes contaminated with exposed ore. C F M
Charging up and Blasting Blasting operations Shock and
vibrations Earth tremors. D F L
Charging up and Blasting Blasting operations Dust Air and Water contamination D J H
Charging up and Blasting Blasting operations release nitrous fumes Gases & Fumes Air pollution D J H
Charging up and Blasting Use of machinery Fumes Air pollution D J H
Charging up and Blasting Use of machinery Heat Fossil fuel consumption D J H
Charging up and Blasting Breakdown of machinery Oil spills Water contamination D J H
Charging up and Blasting Use of machinery Dust Air pollution D J H
Charging up and Blasting Blasting Operations Ore Ore Generation A J Ex
Making Safe and Loading Use of machinery Oil spills Water contamination D J H
Making Safe and Loading Use of machinery Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Making Safe and Loading Use of machinery Heat and Resource
use Fossil fuel consumption D J H
Making Safe and Loading Use of machinery Dust Air pollution D J H
Making Safe and Loading Use of machinery Carbon Emissions Air pollution D J H
Making Safe and Loading Loading and tipping operations Ore Dust Air and soil pollution D J H
Making Safe and Loading Breakdown of machinery
Malfunction of equipment Ore Spills
Loss of natural resource not used for processing
and product. D F L
Making Safe and Loading Waste packing and handling operations Waste Rock Piles Waste material underground D H M
Making Safe and Loading Waste packing and handling operations Waste Air pollution affecting third party passing by D J H
Cleaning Use of tools and equipment Scrap Waste Waste accumulation at Black Mountain. D F L
Cleaning Face cleaning result in waste produced. Waste Rock Piles Water and Water contamination. D H M
Cleaning Waste packing and handling operations Dust Air pollution affecting third party passing by. D J H
Cleaning Ore faces cleaned / loaded and ore is
released for tipping Ore
Water and Water contamination.
Natural resource not used for processing and product. A J Ex
Cleaning Breakdown of machinery
Malfunction of equipment Ore Spills
Loss of natural resource not used for processing
and product. D F L
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ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Cleaning Use of electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption D J H
Cleaning Use of machinery Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Cleaning Use of machinery Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Cleaning Use of machinery Heat and Resource
use Fossil fuel consumption D J H
Cleaning Breakdown of machinery Oil spills Water contamination D J H
Cleaning Use of machinery Dust Air pollution D J H
Tipping Use of machinery Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Tramming Use of machinery Resource Use Resource consumption D J H
Tramming Use of machinery Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Tramming Use of machinery Heat Environmental nuisance D J H
Tramming Storage of fuel underground Diesel Spill Soil & water contamination B J Ex
Tramming Refuelling of equipment Diesel Spill Soil & water contamination C J H
Tramming Equipment failure Oil spills Soil & water contamination C J H
Tramming Breakdown of machinery
Malfunction of equipment Ore Spills
Loss of natural resource not used for processing
and product. D F L
Tipping Use of machinery
Tipping operations Ore dust Air pollution D J H
Tipping Tipping operations Ore Water and Water contamination. Natural resource not
used for processing and product. D F L
Tipping Breakdown of machinery Ore Spills Water and Water contamination. Natural resource
not used for processing and product. D F L
Tipping Waste packing and handling operations Waste Rock Piles Water and Water contamination. D F L
Tipping Use of machinery
Tipping operations Dust Air pollution D J H
Tipping Use of electricity for fans Heat Fossil fuel consumption D J H
Tipping Use of machinery Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Tipping Use of machinery Dust Air pollution. Environmental nuisance. D J H
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6.1.3 Impact assessment during ore handling Deeps Underground, Surface Conveyors, Waste Rock Dump & Tony’s dam
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS Impact Assessment
Rating
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Rock Breaking Use of Machinery Heat and resource
consumption Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Rock Breaking Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D F L
Rock Breaking Oil Spills during transporting Oil spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Rock Breaking Oil Spills cleaned up as detected during
normal use of transport vehicle Hazardous waste Soil and Water contamination D H M
Rock Breaking Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Third party impact D J H
Rock Breaking Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance D J H
Rock Breaking ore rock generated with rock breaking from
blasted stopes Ore Rock
ore rock underground has limited impact except for
possible acidification of water if groundwater interacts
with exposed ore rock with high sulphate composition.
C G M
Rock Breaking ore rock generated with rock breaking from
blasted stopes Ore Rock Possible housekeeping incidents C H H
Crushing Use of Machinery Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Crushing Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D F L
Crushing Oil Spills during crushing Oil spills Contaminated Soil D J H
Crushing Oil Spills cleaned up as detected during
normal use of crusher Hazardous waste Contaminated Waste on site D J H
Crushing Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Third party impact D J H
Crushing Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance D J H
Crushing ore rock generated with rock breaking from
blasted stopes Ore Rock
ore rock underground has limited impact except for
possible acidification of water if groundwater interacts
with exposed ore rock with high sulphate composition.
C G M
Crushing ore rock generated with rock breaking from
blasted stopes Ore Rock Possible housekeeping incidents C H H
Conveying Dust from conveying and ore rock fall-out at
conveyor. Dust Third party impact D J H
Conveying Dust from conveying and ore rock fall-out at Dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 104
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS Impact Assessment
Rating
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
conveyor.
Conveying Waste conveyor belts from belt repairs
and maintenance Waste belt
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site C G M
Conveying Waste parts from belt repairs and
maintenance Scrap Metal
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site C F M
Conveying Dust from conveying and ore rock fall-out at
conveyor. ore Rock Spillage
Housekeeping issues that can result in other safety,
health, environmental incidents D J H
Conveying ore rock spillage from conveyor
breakdown ore Rock Spillage
Housekeeping issues that can result in other
safety, health, environmental incidents D J H
Conveying Electricity used for conveying Heat and resource
consumption Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Conveying Generation of noise with conveyor operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D F H
Conveying Spills or leaks from conveyor running and
grease heating up and spilling. Oil spills
Continual small spills resulting in accumulated
soil contamination underground D J H
Conveying Spills from conveyor drive motor
breakdown, repairs and maintenance Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Hoisting Dust generated from hoisting Dust
Underground staff could have increased dust levels
underground if windblown dust from hoisting enters
ventilation shafts.
C I H
Hoisting Dust generated from hoisting Dust Third parties could be affected by dust on Deeps
platform and office area. D H M
Hoisting Waste dust from hauling ore by winder Dust Dust mixing with topsoil causing change in soil quality C H H
Hoisting Generation of noise with Hoisting ore rock Noise Environmental Nuisance D F H
Hoisting Ore spills occur during hauling and tipping. ore Rock Spillage Ore spills on surface, mixing with topsoil and causing
change in soil quality C J H
Hoisting Noise from winder operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D F L
Hoisting Rope grease spills with normal operating of
winder Grease spills Contaminated Soil D G L
Hoisting Transformer oil leakage from transformers. Oil spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Hoisting Transformer oil leakage from transformers. Oil spills Hazardous waste produced on site. C H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 105
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS Impact Assessment
Rating
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Hoisting Transformer oil leakage from transformers. Oil spills Hazardous waste produced on site. D H M
Hoisting Resource Consumption Resource
consumption
Consumption of electricity causing greenhouse gas
emissions at Eskom C J H
Overland
Conveying
Dust from conveying and ore rock fall-out at
conveyor. Fine ore
Soil structure and composition changes with impact
on future rehabilitation and land capability C J H
Overland
Conveying
Dust from conveying and ore rock fall-out at
conveyor. ore Rock fall-out
Soil structure and composition changes with impact
on future rehabilitation and land capability C G M
Overland
Conveying
Waste conveyor belts from belt repairs
and maintenance Waste belt
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site C F M
Overland
Conveying
Waste parts from belt repairs and
maintenance Scrap Metal
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Overland
Conveying
Dust from conveying and ore rock fall-out at
conveyor. ore Rock Spillage
Housekeeping issues that can result in other safety,
health, environmental incidents D J H
Overland
Conveying Electricity used for conveying Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Overland
Conveying Generation of noise with conveyor operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Overland
Conveying
Spills or leaks from conveyor running and
grease heating up and spilling. Oil spills
Continual small spills resulting in accumulated
soil contamination underground D J H
Overland
Conveying
Spills from conveyor drive motor
breakdown, repairs and maintenance Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Ore Stock piling ore Rock dump wall failure Stockpiled ore Impact on road infrastructure and extension of ore
rock footprint B F M
Ore Stock piling Ore stockpiled for production of concentrate Ore Rock Ore for plant to process B J Ex
Ore Stock piling Ore rock used for construction outside
demarcated ore rock areas. Ore Rock
Legal non compliance of MPDRA which does not
allow any material with acid rock drainage
potential to be used for construction
B J Ex
Ore Stock piling Oil Spills during operating of machines
on ore rock dump Oil spills
Contaminated ore rock with possible seepage to
surface and ground water D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 106
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS Impact Assessment
Rating
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Ore Stock piling Oil Spills during operating of machines
on waste rock dump Oil spills
Ore rock beyond minimum hydrocarbon standard
will prevent its use as rock cladding of tailings
dam at closure.
C H H
Ore Stock piling Oil Spills cleaned up as detected during
normal use of crusher Oil spills Contaminated ore on site D J H
Ore Stock piling Use of Machinery Carbon emissions Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Ore Stock piling Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Ore Stock piling Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Third party impact D J H
Ore Stock piling Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance D J H
Ore Stock piling Scrap metal lost from machinery with
breakdown on ore rock dump. Scrap metal
Land capability reduced with equipment ore
material and accumulation on site C F M
Ore Stock piling Rain water running over ore rock dump
surface. Dirty water
Surface water pollution and soil acidification that
could affect land capability. Local public concern by
landowners affected.
B H H
Ore Stock piling Rain water running over ore rock dump
surface and seepage to groundwater. Dirty water
Ground water pollution because of acidification. Local
to regional public concern where more than one
landowner could be affected.
B H H
Ore Stock piling Windblown dust from ore rock dump Dust Soil contamination C G M
Ore Stock piling Establishment and extension of ore rock
dump Ore rock on surface Biodiversity loss B J Ex
Ore Stock piling Establishment and extension of ore rock
dump Ore rock on surface Footprint extension B J Ex
Ore Stock piling ore delivered to ore rock dump by
contracting or permanent staff Mixed waste
Housekeeping issues that can result in other safety,
health, environmental incidents D J H
Ore Stock piling Building rubble delivered to waste rock dump Waste Cement Reduced acid rock drainage from rainwater mixing
with building rubble. D F L
Dewatering Water contain suspended solids Process water Siltation of dams D J H
Dewatering Overflow water from UG dams flow down
decline and erode decline. Silt & Mud Silting of dams C H H
6.2 Impact Assessment for Crushing
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 107
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
Impact Analysis
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output IMPACT
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Receiving ore tripper car and
conveyor Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Receiving ore tripper car and
conveyor Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Receiving ore tripper car and
conveyor
Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Receiving ore tripper car and
conveyor
Ore dust from handling, transporting ,
processing ore Ore Dust
Air pollution because of air borne particles. by 9%
lead, 4% zinc, 0.5% Copper of random sample taken
and environmental nuisance. Soil Contamination
B H H
Receiving ore tripper car
and conveyor
Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of
equipment Ore Spillage Soil Contamination, Housekeeping D F L
Receiving ore tripper car
and conveyor
Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Receiving ore tripper car
and conveyor
Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil Depletion of non-renewable natural resources D I M
Receiving ore tripper car
and conveyor
Oil contaminated Waste generated during
removal and application of oil/grease with
maintenance
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C G M
Receiving ore tripper car
and conveyor Conveyor Belt Break down
Waste Conveyor
Belts
Land capability reduced with waste material on
site D I M
Receiving ore tripper car and
conveyor Scrap imported from underground mining Scrap in ore
Ore contaminated with mixed waste (plastic, wood,
PPE, steel) C J H
Coarse ore storage Use of Electricity for level indicators Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Coarse ore storage Ore dust from ore dumping into the silo Ore Dust
Air pollution by 9% lead, 4% zinc, 0.5% Copper of
random sample taken and environmental nuisance.
Soil Contamination
B G H
Ore conveying Conveyor Belt Break down Waste Conveyor
Belts
Land capability reduced with waste material on
site D I M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 108
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
Impact Analysis
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output IMPACT
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Ore conveying Use of Electricity for level indicators Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Ore conveying Ore dust from conveying Ore Dust
Air pollution by 9% lead, 4% zinc, 0.5% Copper of
random sample taken and environmental nuisance.
Soil Contamination
B G H
Ore conveying Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Ore conveying Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Ore conveying
Oil contaminated Waste generated during
removal and application of oil/grease with
maintenance
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C G M
Ore conveying Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Ore conveying Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil Depletion of non-renewable natural resources D I M
Ore conveying
Oil contaminated Waste generated during
removal and application of oil/grease with
maintenance
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C G M
Ore conveying Scrap imported from underground mining Scrap in ore Ore contaminated with mixed waste (plastic, wood,
PPE, steel) C J H
Crushing & Lubricating Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Crushing & Lubricating Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Crushing & Lubricating Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Crushing & Lubricating Ore dust from handling, transporting,
processing ore Ore Dust
Air pollution by 9% lead, 4% zinc, 0.5% Copper of
random sample taken and environmental
nuisance. Soil Contamination
B H H
Crushing & Lubricating Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of
equipment Ore Spillage Soil Contamination, Housekeeping D F L
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 109
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
Impact Analysis
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output IMPACT
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Crushing & Lubricating Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Crushing & Lubricating Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil Depletion of non-renewable natural resources D I M
Crushing & Lubricating
Oil contaminated Waste generated during
removal and application of oil/grease with
maintenance
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C G M
Crushing & Lubricating
Oil spillage on ore due to lubrication
pump flow rates too high, oil leaks or
equipment damage
Oil Spillage Ore contamination in closed system. Only
affecting float results D F L
Crushing & Lubricating Scrap imported from underground mining Scrap in ore Ore contaminated with mixed waste (plastic, wood,
PPE, steel) C J H
Crushing & Lubricating Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance put through oil separator Recycled oil Depletion of non-renewable natural resources D I M
Crushing & Lubricating Produced with oil separator functioning at
workshop Hazardous Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material and accumulation on site. D G L
Crushing & Lubricating Produced with oil separator functioning at
workshop Separated water Polluted water D G L
Crushing & Lubricating Produced with oil separator functioning at
workshop Contaminated Silt
Soil pollution. Loss of topsoil. Increased
hazardous waste on site D F L
Crushing & Lubricating Degreasers used in cleaning workshop
equipment Hazardous Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site D F L
Fine ore storage Use of Electricity for level indicators Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Fine ore storage Ore dust from ore dumping into the silo Ore Dust
Air pollution by 9% lead, 4% zinc, 0.5% Copper of
random sample taken and environmental nuisance.
Soil Contamination
B I Ex
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 110
6.3 Impact Assessment for Milling and Aeration
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Se
ve
rity
Pro
ba
bil
ity
Raw
Im
pa
ct
es
tim
ati
on
Fine Ore Conveying Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Fine Ore Conveying Ore dust from transferring and conveying Ore dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance. Soil
Contamination B H H
Fine Ore Conveying Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of
equipment Ore Spillage Housekeeping D H M
Fine Ore Conveying Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of
equipment Ore Spillage Soil Contamination, C F M
Fine Ore Conveying Waste Water released during cleaning Waste water Water resources use. D J H
Fine Ore Conveying Oil Spills during transport of oil and
application Oil spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Fine Ore Conveying
Oil contaminated Waste generated during
removal and application of oil/grease with
maintenance
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Fine Ore Conveying Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Fine Ore Conveying Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Fine Ore Conveying Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Scrap Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Milling and Lubrication Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Milling and Lubrication Hazardous Waste Generated with lime
handling and processing Chemical Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site D F L
Milling and Lubrication
Oil contaminated Waste generated during
removal and application of oil/grease with
maintenance
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Milling and Lubrication Waste Water Release during Milling and
Gland Service Waste water Reduced water quality of available water D J H
Milling and Lubrication Waste Water Release during Milling and Waste water Waste Water accumulation on site D F L
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 111
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Se
ve
rity
Pro
ba
bil
ity
Raw
Im
pa
ct
es
tim
ati
on
Gland Service
Milling and Lubrication Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site D G L
Milling and Lubrication Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil Depletion of non-renewable natural resources D I M
Milling and Lubrication Girth gear dressing waste generated
while lubricating gears. Grease
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site D G L
Milling and Lubrication Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Milling and Lubrication Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Milling and Lubrication Ore dust from transferring and conveying Ore dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance. Soil
Contamination B H H
Milling and Lubrication Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of
equipment Ore Spillage Housekeeping D H M
Milling and Lubrication Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of
equipment Ore Spillage Soil Contamination, C F M
Milling and Lubrication Cyclone feed produced after Milling Cyclone feed Slurry spillage causing contaminated soil / water /
biodiversity loss. D F L
Milling and Lubrication Normal operating of mass flow meters Radioactive Source Localised radiation impact on third parties B G H
Cycloning Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Scrap Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Cycloning Waste water produced with washing work
areas. Waste water Reduced water quality of available water D J H
Cycloning Flotation feed from cyclone overflow Flotation feed Slurry spillage causing contaminated soil / water /
biodiversity loss. D F L
Cycloning Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of
equipment Ore Spillage Housekeeping D H M
Cycloning Breakdown of machinery, Malfunction of Ore Spillage Soil Contamination, C F M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 112
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Se
ve
rity
Pro
ba
bil
ity
Raw
Im
pa
ct
es
tim
ati
on
equipment
Cycloning Normal operating of mass flow meters Radioactive Source Localised radiation impact on third parties B G H
Cycloning Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Magnetic Separation Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Magnetic Separation Flotation feed from cyclone overflow Flotation feed Slurry spillage causing contaminated soil / water /
biodiversity loss. D F L
Magnetic Separation Normal operating of mass flow meters Radioactive Source Localised radiation impact on third parties B G H
Magnetic Separation Waste Water Release as part of process Waste water Water quality reduced. D F L
Magnetic Separation Waste Water Release as part of process Waste water Waste Water accumulation on site B F M
Magnetic Separation Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Magnetic Separation Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure &
flotation process Slurry Slurry contaminated clean storm water area B F M
Magnetic Separation Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure &
flotation process Slurry
Biodiversity Loss, Topsoil loss / Soil
contamination. B F M
Magnetic Separation Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure &
flotation process Slurry Slurry seepage to ground water A F H
Magnetic Separation Noise from compressed air Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Magnetic Separation Replacement of covered steel during
maintenance
Polyurethane
covered steel
Unsalvageable equipment waste. Accumulation
on site D J H
Aeration Noise from compressed air Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Aeration Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Aeration Replacement of covered steel during
maintenance
Polyurethane
covered steel
Unsalvageable equipment waste. Accumulation
on site D J H
Aeration Normal operating of mass flow meters Radioactive Source Localised radiation impact on third parties B G H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 113
6.4 Impact Assessment for Flotation, Thickening and Filtration
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Flotation Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Flotation Radiation generated when courier analyser
is used Radiation (X-Ray) Radiation on ecosystem functioning and people B G H
Flotation Noise from compressed air. Noise Environmental Nuisance D F L
Flotation Breakage of air piping. Noise Environmental Nuisance B F M
Flotation Slurry from processing Slurry
Slurry spillage resulting in biodiversity loss,
contaminated soil, topsoil loss, storm water mixing,
seepage to ground water
B F M
Flotation Waste water from washing floors and dilution
/ spray water use. Waste Water Water quality reduced C I H
Flotation Waste water from washing floors and dilution
/ spray water use. Waste Water Waste Water accumulation on site C H H
Flotation Oil contaminated Waste generated during
application
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Flotation Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site C F M
Flotation Spills generated during servicing and/or
failure of courier analyser
Petrochemical
Spills Contaminated Soil & Waste D J H
Flotation Waste Water spillage due to pipeline
failure Waste Water Contaminated clean storm water area B F M
Flotation Waste Water spillage due to pipeline
failure Waste Water Biodiversity Loss B F M
Flotation Oil Spills during transport of oil and
application Oil Spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Flotation Environmental Emergency due to
operational or system failure Reagent Spills Toxic material release to ecosystem and people A F H
Flotation Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry Slurry contaminated clean storm water area B F M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 114
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Flotation Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry Biodiversity Loss B F M
Flotation Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry Slurry seepage to ground water A F H
Thickening Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Thickening Oil contaminated Waste generated during
application
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Thickening Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Thickening Oil Spills during transport of oil and
application Oil Spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Thickening Waste Water Release as part of process Thickener overflow
water Reduced water quality of available water C F M
Thickening Waste Water Release as part of process Thickener overflow
water Waste Water accumulation on site C J H
Thickening Product to filters. Concentrate liquid Soil contamination as a result of spillage D H M
Filtration Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat released. D J H
Filtration Compressed Air & Air release. Noise Environmental nuisance D F L
Filtration During processing & concentrate
handling
Concentrate
Spillage Soil contamination D J H
Filtration Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Equipment Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment waste
material and accumulation on site D J H
Filtration Breaking of cones valves and pipelines
and strainer boxes.
Concentrate
Spillage Soil contamination B F M
Filtration Oil Spills during transport of oil and
application Oil Spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Filtration Oil contaminated Waste generated during
application
Oil contaminated
Waste
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Filtration Used lubricating oil generated during
maintenance Used oil
Land capability reduced with hazardous waste
material on site C H H
Filtration Used lubricating oil generated during Used oil Depletion of non-renewable natural resources D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 115
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
maintenance
6.5 Impact Assessment for Tailings Dam
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Slurry deposition Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry spills Slurry contaminated clean storm water area B H H
Slurry deposition Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry spills Biodiversity Loss B H H
Slurry deposition Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry spills Slurry seepage to ground water A H Ex
Slurry deposition Slurry and clean topsoil mixed during
spillage Contaminated Soil
Soil contamination and reduced land capability for
future use by plants C H H
Slurry deposition Windblown slurry dust from tailings dam Slurry dust when dry Air pollution. D J H
Slurry deposition Windblown slurry dust from tailings dam Slurry dust when dry Dust as environmental nuisance D J H
Slurry deposition Windblown slurry dust from tailings dam Slurry dust when dry Third party passing by persons affected B J Ex
Slurry deposition Windblown slurry dust from tailings dam Slurry dust when dry Natural veldt outside tailings dam area dust laden
causing soil contamination B J Ex
Slurry deposition Generation of dust with machines operating Slurry dust when dry Air pollution and environmental nuisance D G L
Slurry deposition Windblown slurry dust from old spillages Contaminated Soil Natural veldt outside tailings dam area dust laden
causing soil contamination C J H
Slurry deposition Tailings dam facility is unlined Seepage to
Groundwater Ground water pollution A G H
Slurry deposition Supply pipelines, pizometers and fittings
redundant during use. Scrap Waste Salvageable materials on site D J H
Slurry deposition Supply pipelines, pizometers and fittings
redundant during use. Scrap Waste
Unsalvageable equipment waste. Accumulation on
site D J H
Slurry deposition Oil Spills during transporting Oil spills Contaminated Soil D I M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 116
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Slurry deposition Fumes from vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Slurry deposition Process water collected on top of tailings
dam at penstock Process water
Overflow of collection water on tailings dam run off
outside tailings dam. A F H
Slurry deposition Process water deposited at wall of tailings
dam Process water Process water causing erosion B F M
Slurry deposition Site spills at Tailings dam Contaminated Soil Soil contamination and reduced land capability for
future use by plants C I H
Slurry to Backfill Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry spills Slurry contaminated clean storm water area B G H
Slurry to Backfill Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry spills Biodiversity Loss B G H
Slurry to Backfill Slurry spillage due to pipeline failure Slurry spills Slurry seepage to ground water A G H
Slurry to Backfill Slurry and clean topsoil mixed during
spillage Contaminated Soil
Soil contamination and reduced land capability for
future use by plants B H H
Slurry deposition Windblown slurry dust from old spillages Contaminated Soil Natural veldt outside tailings dam area dust laden
causing soil contamination B H H
Slurry deposition Slurry spillage left and filtered into
natural storm water system
Seepage to
Groundwater Ground water pollution B H H
Slurry to Backfill Supply pipelines, pizometers and fittings
redundant during use. Scrap Waste Salvageable materials on site D J H
Slurry to Backfill Supply pipelines, pizometers and fittings
redundant during use. Scrap Waste
Unsalvageable equipment waste. Accumulation on
site D J H
Tailings dam Drainage Mixing with fresh water system with
overflow of trenches
Drained process
water Storm water contamination B F M
Tailings dam Drainage Drainage to ground water from unlined
trenches
Drained process
water Ground water pollution A G H
Tailings dam Drainage Cleaning of trenches Contaminated Soil Contaminated soil outside tailings dam D J H
Tailings dam Drainage Dumping trench residue on topsoil Contaminated Soil Soil contamination D J H
Tailings dam Drainage Dumping trench residue on topsoil Contaminated Soil Biodiversity loss D J H
Ageing Pond Seepage from Ageing pond Seepage to Ground
Water Ground water pollution. D I M
Ageing Pond Seepage from Ageing pond Seepage to Ground
Water Reduced re-use and capability of groundwater source D I M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 117
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Ageing Pond Overflow of ageing pond Process water Overflow into natural system B H H
Ageing Pond Illegal access of persons to ageing pond -
health risk Process water Third party affected B F M
Re-used water to plant Process water collected on top of tailings
dam at penstock Process Water Overflow of collection water on tailings dam B F M
Re-used water to plant Process water deposited at wall of tailings
dam Process Water
Process water causing erosion and runoff on outside
of tailings dam D H M
Re-used water to plant Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Reduced water quality of available water B F M
Re-used water to plant Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Waste Water accumulation on site B F M
Re-used water to plant Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Waste Water accumulation on site B F M
Re-used water to plant Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Contaminated clean storm water area B F M
Re-used water to plant Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Biodiversity Loss B F M
Re-used water to Backfill Process water collected on top of tailings
dam at penstock Process Water Overflow of collection water on tailings dam B F M
Re-used water to Backfill Process water deposited at wall of tailings
dam Process Water
Process water causing erosion and runoff on outside
of tailings dam D H M
Re-used water to Backfill Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Reduced water quality of available water B F M
Re-used water to Backfill Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Waste Water accumulation on site B F M
Re-used water to Backfill Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Waste Water accumulation on site B F M
Re-used water to Backfill Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Contaminated clean storm water area B H H
Re-used water to Backfill Spillage due to pipeline or pump failure Process Water Soil contamination and reduced land capability for
future use by plants B G H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 118
6.6 Impact Assessment for Backfill
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Stope Preparation &
construction Dust created with machines preparing stopes Dust Air pollution, Environmental nuisance D J H
Stope Preparation &
construction Generation of noise with machines operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Stope Preparation &
construction
Oil Spills cleaned up as detected during
normal use of machines underground Contaminated soil Contaminated Waste D J H
Stope Preparation &
construction Oil Spills during machine operating Oil spills Contaminated Soil D J H
Stope Preparation &
construction Heat released with machine operating Heat Localised release of heat D J H
Stope Preparation &
construction
Construction of bulkhead& Draintower
require materials on site. Backfilled Materials
Accumulation of materials on site. Housekeeping
issues can result because of poor storage. D J H
Stope Preparation &
construction Leaking pipes Slurry Spillage Possible ground water pollution B J Ex
Stope Preparation &
construction Unused scrap material
Used Fill line supply
pipes & ropes
Accumulation of materials on site. Housekeeping
issues can result because of poor storage. D J H
Stope Preparation &
construction Unused scrap material Backfilled Materials
Accumulation of materials on site. Housekeeping
issues can result because of poor storage. D J H
Stope Preparation &
construction Buried under waste ramp
Used Drain line
pipes
Accumulation of materials on site. Housekeeping
issues can result because of poor storage. D J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Cement transfer from machine that could
have accidental oil spills on site. Oil spills
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Fumes from vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Cement storage procedure Cement dust Air pollution, Loss of biodiversity C J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Cement transfer Raw cement
spillage Air pollution, Loss of biodiversity C J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Tipping points Raw cement Air pollution, Loss of bio diversity D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 119
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
spillage
Cement Storage & Transfer Transporting via conveyor belts Raw cement
spillage Air pollution, Loss of bio diversity D J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Compressed air used during transfer Noise Environmental nuisance B G H
Cement Storage & Transfer Cement transfer Cement dust Air pollution, Loss of bio diversity D J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Tipping points Cement dust Air pollution, Loss of bio diversity D J H
Cement Storage & Transfer Damaged belts Waste conveyor
belts
Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-
diversity C G M
Slurry Storage & Transfer Pipe failure Waste pipelines Accumulation of waste material D J H
Slurry Storage & Transfer Pipe failure Slurry Spillage Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity B J Ex
Slurry Storage & Transfer Leaking tank or pipe failure Slurry Spillage Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Slurry Storage & Transfer Damaged meters Radioactive source Radiation. Nuclear waste. Localised radiation on 3rd
parties B F M
Slurry Storage & Transfer
Instrumentation used with nuclear sources
(density meters / mass flow meters) used to
inspect
Radio- active
release Radiation on ecosystem functioning and people B G H
Slurry Storage & Transfer Breakage of nuclear source
instrumentation
Radio- active
release Radio-active waste on site A F H
Slurry Storage & Transfer Breakage of nuclear source
instrumentation
Radio- active
release Third party impact by radio-active release A F H
Slurry Storage & Transfer Breakage of nuclear source
instrumentation
Radio- active
release Radio-active release on ecosytem functioning A F H
Sand Storage & Transfer Accidental oil spillage from sand
transporting vehicles Oil spills
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Fumes from vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Overfilled conveyor belts at transfer
points Raw Sand Spillage Environmental nuisance D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 120
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Sand Storage & Transfer overfilled conveyor belts at transfer points Sand dust Environmental nuisance D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Damaged belts Radioactive
source
Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-
diversity C G M
Sand Storage & Transfer Overfilled conveyor belts Raw Sand Spillage Environmental nuisance D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Damaged belts Waste parts Accumulation of waste material C G M
Slurry Storage & Transfer Damaged meters Radioactive source Radiation. Nuclear waste. Localised radiation on 3rd
parties B F M
Sand Storage & Transfer Trucks tipping at bunker Sand dust Environmental nuisance D J H
Sand Storage& Transfer Trucks tipping at bunker Sand Spillage Environmental nuisance D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Compacted sand diverted Sand Waste
Screened Accumulation of compacted sand D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Vibrating screen motor Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Tipping onto conveyor belt Sand dust Environmental nuisance D J H
Sand Storage & Transfer Tipping onto conveyor belt Sand Spillage Accumulation of sand D J H
Profil 5000 Storage &
Transfer
Accidental oil spillage from profil
transporting vehicles Oil spills
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D G L
Profil 5000 Storage & Transfer Normal use of machinery Carbon emissions Environmental nuisance D J H
Profil 5000 Storage &
Transfer Leaking tanks, Improper filling Profil spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Profil 5000 Storage &
Transfer Broken/ damaged pipes Waste pipelines
Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-
diversity D J H
Profil 5000 Storage &
Transfer Damaged pipe or valves Profil spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Profil 5000 Storage &
Transfer Damaged pump Profil spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Profil 5000 Storage &
Transfer Damaged pipe or valves Equipment waste
Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-
diversity D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 121
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Reclaim Water Transfer
& Storage
Reclaim water is used for backfill but excess
water is discharged to Plaatjiesvlei Reclaim water Re-use of water C J H
Reclaim Water Transfer
& Storage Damaged pipe or valves
Reclaim Water
Spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Reclaim Water Transfer
& Storage Leaking tank
Reclaim Water
Spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
First Stage Mixing Damaged pipes or valves First Stage Backfill
Mix Spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
First Stage Mixing Damaged seals First Stage Backfill
Mix Spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
First Stage Mixing Leaking pumps First Stage Backfill
Mix Spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
First Stage Mixing Normal running of pumps Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
First Stage Mixing Damaged pipes or valves Equipment waste Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D H M
First Stage Mixing Damaged pipes Waste pipelines Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
First Stage Mixing Leaking pumps or seals on tank First stage backfill
mix spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
First Stage Mixing Cleaning of strainer boxes First stage backfill
mix spillage Contaminated organic waste D J H
First Stage Mixing Cleaning of strainer boxes Contaminated
organic waste Contaminated organic waste D J H
First Stage Mixing Maintenance and cleaning of boxes Equipment waste Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-
diversity D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Transfer point of cement into 2nd stage tank Final backfill Air pollution, Loss of bio diversity, soil contamination C J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 122
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Cleaning of 2nd stage tank
Solidified Backfill
Mix Contaminated cement aggregate. Contaminated soil D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Leaking tank or pipe failure Backfill Slurry
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Pipe failure or leaking pump
First stage backfill
mix spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Cleaning of strainer boxes
Contaminated
organic waste Contaminated organic waste D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Maintenance and cleaning of boxes Equipment waste Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-diversity D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Leaking tank, pumps or pipe failure Backfill Spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Normal running of pumps Heat Environmental nuisance D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Maintenance and cleaning of Pumps Equipment waste Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-diversity D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Damaged pipe lines Waste pipelines
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Second Stage Mixing & Buffer
Tank Pipe failure Backfill Spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Overland Pumping Pump not working Backfill Spillage Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D H M
Overland Pumping Pump not working Reclaim Water Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D H M
Overland Pumping Pipe failure Waste pipelines Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity B H H
Overland Pumping Pipe failure Backfil spillage Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity B H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 123
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Overland Pumping Blockage resulting in pipe failure Backfil spillage Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity B G H
Overland Pumping Normal running of pumps Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Overland Pumping Maintenance and cleaning of Pumps Equipment waste Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-diversity D J H
Overland Pumping Normal traffic Compaction Approved route D G L
Overland Pumping Replacement of plinths due to wear Waste Plinths Accumulation of waste material, Loss of bio-diversity D J H
Overland Pumping Normal vehicle operations Heat Environmental nuisance D J H
Overland Pumping Fumes from vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Overland Pumping Normal vehicle operations Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Overland Pumping Machine breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D H M
Overland Pumping Normal vehicle operations Dust Environmental nuisance D J H
Underground Transfer Pipe failures Waste pipelines Accumulation of waste material underground D J H
Underground Transfer Pipe failures Backfil spillage Soil contamination & water contamination D J H
Underground Transfer Improper sealing of bulkhead Backfil spillage Soil contamination & water contamination D J H
Underground Transfer Pipe failures Waste pipelines Accumulation of waste material underground D J H
Stope Drainage Installed in area to be backfilled in order to
drain water from fill
Backfiled drain
tower Accumulation of waste material underground D J H
Stope Drainage Pipe failures Waste pipelines Accumulation of waste material underground D J H
Stope Drainage Improper sealing of drain tower Backfil spillage Soil contamination & water contamination D J H
Stope Drainage Pipes left behind after completion of fill Backfilled Pipes Accumulation of waste material underground D G L
Stope Drainage Draining process Backfill water Soil contamination & water contamination C J H
Waste water back to Backfill
plant Damaged pipe lines Waste pipelines
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Waste water back to Backfill
plant Damaged pipe lines
Waste water
spillage
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity D J H
Waste water back to Backfill Damaged pipe lines from backfill plant to Waste pipelines Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of B J Ex
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 124
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
plant outlet position into Plaatjies vlei drain bio-diversity
Excess Water Overflow and
Storage Damaged pipe lines Waste pipelines Ground Water pollution D G L
Excess Water Overflow and
Storage Normal pumping operations to Plaatjies vlei Waste water
Soil contamination, Water contamination &Loss of
bio-diversity A J Ex
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 125
6.7 Impact Assessment for Storage of finished products
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Concentrate Conveying Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Concentrate Conveying Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Scrap Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment
waste material and accumulation on site D J H
Concentrate Conveying Spillage during conveyance Concentrate Spillage Soil contamination. D H M
Concentrate Conveying
Concentrate has high percentage
water when stockpiled. Dust from
handling concentrate.
Concentrate dust Third party impact of air polluted with
concentrate dust D G L
Concentrate Conveying Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Waste conveyor belts
Land capability reduced with equipment
waste material and accumulation on site D J H
Concentrate Conveying Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Waste parts
Land capability reduced with equipment
waste material and accumulation on site D J H
Concentrate Loading Front end loader operating. Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Concentrate Loading Spillage during loading of
concentrate. Concentrate Spillage Soil contamination. D F L
Concentrate Loading
Concentrate has high percentage
water when stockpiled. Dust from
handling concentrate.
Concentrate dust Third party impact of air polluted with
concentrate dust D G L
Concentrate Loading Front-end loader and truck
spillage with operating. Oil spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Concentrate Loading Fumes from vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Concentrate Storage Use of Electricity Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Concentrate Storage Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Scrap Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment
waste material and accumulation on site D J H
Concentrate Storage Stored in shed only. Lead Concentrate
Stockpile
Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. A F H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 126
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Concentrate Storage When moisture content is below 5%
dust can be released. Lead Concentrate dust Air pollution by lead concentrate D F L
Concentrate Storage Stored in shed Zinc Concentrate
Stockpile
Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. A F H
Concentrate Storage Stored in storage pad Zinc Concentrate
Stockpile
Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. A F H
Concentrate Storage
Storage pad in Tony's dam when
plant capacity is exceeded to
store in demarcated plant area.
Zinc Concentrate
Stockpile Soil contamination. D F L
Concentrate Storage
Storage pad in Tony's dam when
plant capacity is exceeded to
store in demarcated plant area.
Zinc Concentrate
Stockpile Surface water D F L
Concentrate Storage
Storage pad in Tony's dam when
plant capacity is exceeded to
store in demarcated plant area.
Zinc Concentrate
Stockpile Possible ground water pollution. D F L
Concentrate Storage When moisture content is below 5%
dust can be released.
Zinc Concentrate
Stockpile Air pollution by lead concentrate D F L
Concentrate Storage When moisture content is below 5%
dust can be released. Zinc Concentrate dust Air pollution by lead concentrate D F L
Concentrate Storage When moisture content is below 5%
dust can be released. Copper Concentrate dust Air pollution by lead concentrate D F L
Concentrate Storage Stored in shed Copper Concentrate
Stockpile
Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. A F H
Concentrate Storage
Stored in storage pad when
Gamsberg processing takes place
and shed capacity is limited.
Copper Concentrate
Stockpile
Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. A F H
Concentrate Storage
Stored in storage pad when
communication and capacity for
transporting is not coordinated.
Copper Concentrate
Stockpile
Greater exposure of copper stockpile
outside than inside shed. D H M
Concentrate Storage Front-end loader and truck Oil spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 127
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
spillage with operating.
Concentrate Storage Fumes from vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
6.8 Impact Assessment for Dispatch of Products from Site
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Concentrate Transporting Use of Electricity by train to transport
to Saldanha Heat
Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released B F M
Concentrate Transporting Salveable waste from tyre burst of
truck Salvageable waste
Scrap Waste generation on site and on
road D H M
Concentrate Transporting Spillage during transporting of
concentrate by truck. Concentrate Spillage
Third party impact of soil pollution with
concentrate. B G H
Concentrate Transporting Spillage during transporting of
concentrate by train. Concentrate Spillage
Third party impact of soil polluted with
concentrate. B G H
Concentrate Transporting Spillage during transporting of
concentrate by ship. Concentrate Spillage
Third party impact of sea water polluted
with concentrate. B F M
Concentrate Transporting
Spillage during transportation of
concentrate. Specifically when wind
blows while transporting of
concentrate by trucks.
Concentrate dust Third party impact of air polluted with
concentrate dust B G H
Concentrate Transporting
Spillage during transportation of
concentrate. Specifically when
wind blows while transporting of
concentrate by rail wagons.
Concentrate dust Third party impact of air polluted with
concentrate dust B G H
Concentrate Transporting Truck and train spillage with Oil spills Contamination of soil B G H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 128
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
operating.
Concentrate Transporting Ship spillage with operating. Oil spills Contamination of water B F M
Concentrate Transporting Fumes from vehicles, trucks and
ships Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses B G H
Concentrate Off Loading Generation of noise with machines
operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Concentrate Off Loading Locomotive and Scraper operating. Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. B F M
Concentrate Off Loading Spillage during off loading of
concentrate. Concentrate Spillage Soil contamination. B F M
Concentrate Off Loading
Spillage during off loading of
concentrate. Specifically when wind
blows while off loading trucks.
Concentrate dust Third party impact of air polluted with
concentrate dust B F M
Concentrate Off Loading
Spillage during loading of
concentrate. Specifically when wind
blows while loading train trucks.
Concentrate dust Third party impact of air polluted with
concentrate dust B F M
Concentrate Off Loading Front-end loader, truck and
Scraper spillage while operating. Oil spills Contaminated Soil B F M
Concentrate Off Loading Locomotive Hydrocarbon spills Contaminated Soil D H M
Concentrate Off Loading Fumes from Trucks, Locomotives and
Front end loader Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses B F M
Concentrate Storage Electricity for lighting Heat Localised heat released. D J H
Concentrate Storage Vehicles and machines running. Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. B F M
Concentrate Storage Waste equipment generated with
maintenance of machines Scrap Waste
Land capability reduced with equipment
waste material and accumulation on site C H H
Concentrate Storage Stored in shed only. Lead Concentrate
Stockpile
Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. B F M
Concentrate Storage Stored in shed Zinc Concentrate Stockpile Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. B F M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 129
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Concentrate Storage Stored in shed Copper Concentrate
Stockpile
Soil contamination. Surface water and
possible ground water pollution. B F M
Concentrate Storage
Exposure of third party to asbestos
particles when sheets replace or
maintenance takes place
Asbestos Health risk to third party B G H
Concentrate Storage Exposure of third party to asbestos
particles of shed. Asbestos Health risk to third party B G H
Concentrate Loading Generation of noise with machines
operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Concentrate Loading Front end loader and Funky
operating. Heat
Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. B F M
Concentrate Loading Spillage during loading of
concentrate. Concentrate Spillage Soil contamination. B F M
Concentrate Loading
Spillage during loading of
concentrate. Specifically when wind
blows while loading train trucks.
Concentrate Dust Third party impact of air polluted with
concentrate dust B G H
Concentrate Loading
Spillage during loading of
concentrate. Specifically when wind
blows while loading train wagons.
Concentrate Dust Soil contamination. B G H
Concentrate Loading Front-end loader and Funky
spillage with operating. Oil Spills Contaminated Soil B F M
Concentrate Loading Locomotive Hydrocarbon Spills Contaminated Soil B F M
Concentrate Loading Fumes from front-end loader, funky,
trucks Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses B H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 130
6.9 Impact Assessment for Waste Rock
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Rock Breaking Use of Machinery Heat and resource
consumption
Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Rock Breaking Generation of noise with machines
operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Rock Breaking Oil Spills during transporting Oil spills Water Contamination D J H
Rock Breaking
Oil Spills cleaned up as detected
during normal use of transport
vehicle
Hazardous waste Soil and Water contamination D H M
Rock Breaking Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Third party impact D J H
Rock Breaking Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance D J H
Rock Breaking Waste rock generated with rock
breaking from blasted stopes Waste Rock
Waste rock underground has limited impact
except for possible acidification of water if
groundwater interacts with exposed waste
rock with high sulphate composition.
C G M
Rock Breaking Waste rock generated with rock
breaking from blasted stopes Waste Rock Possible housekeeping incidents C H H
Crushing Use of Machinery Heat and resource
consumption
Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Crushing Generation of noise with machines
operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Crushing Oil Spills during crushing Oil spills Contaminated Soil D J H
Crushing Oil Spills cleaned up as detected
during normal use of crusher Oil spills Contaminated Waste on site D J H
Crushing Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Third party impact D J H
Crushing Generation of dust with rock breaking Dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 131
6.10 Supporting Services and Activities
6.10.1 Impact assessment during maintenance
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Planned maintenance inspections Use of Electricity for light & starting Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released.
D J H
Planned maintenance inspections General Waste produced as part of
administration at offices
General Waste General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
D J H
Crushing Waste rock generated with rock
breaking from blasted stopes Waste Rock
Waste rock underground has limited impact
except for possible acidification of water if
groundwater interacts with exposed waste
rock with high sulphate composition.
C G M
Crushing Waste rock generated with rock
breaking from blasted stopes Waste Rock Possible housekeeping incidents C H H
Conveying Dust from conveying and waste rock
fall-out at conveyor. Dust Third party impact D J H
Trucking Dust from conveying and waste rock
fall-out at conveyor. Waste Rock Spillage
Housekeeping issues that can result in other
safety, health, environmental incidents D G L
Trucking Waste rock spillage from conveyor
breakdown Waste Rock Spillage
Housekeeping issues that can result in
other safety, health, environmental
incidents
D G H
Trucking Fuel consumption Carbon emissions Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Trucking Truck noise Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Trucking
Spills or leaks from conveyor
running and grease heating up and
spilling.
Oil spills
Continual small spills resulting in
accumulated water contamination
underground
D J H
Trucking
Spills from conveyor drive motor
breakdown, repairs and
maintenance
Oil spills Water Contamination D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 132
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
footprint of waste site
Planned maintenance inspections Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist
Paper General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Planned maintenance
inspections
Electronic Waste produced with
maintenance, replacement of
laptops used by technicians
e-Waste Land capability reduced with
unsalvageable electronic waste material
on site
D I M
Planned maintenance
inspections
Oil Spills during transporting of
persons to site.
Oil Spills Contaminated Soil D G L
Planned maintenance inspections Fumes from transport vehicles Fumes Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Planned maintenance inspections Scrap waste generated when
inspection materials become
redundant
Scrap Waste Waste accumulation on site. Affecting land
capability.
D H M
Planned maintenance inspections Rope inspections require cleaning of
ropes with paraffin.
Hyrdocarbons Greased ropes are running winder system,
causing possible soil and water
contamination.
C J H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Possible oil spillage if paraiffin
container is overturned.
Hydrocarbon spills Soil pollution and surface water
pollution.
C J H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Possible fire from spillage of
flammable substance ignited.
Fire Air pollution, waste generated because
of burnt infrastructure.
B F M
Planned maintenance inspections Compressed air used to dry and clean
ropes for inspections
Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Planned maintenance inspections Cylinder gas used to cut off bolts to
inspect certain areas difficult to
access.
Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Planned maintenance inspections Cylinder gas used to cut off bolts to
inspect certain areas difficult to
access.
Heat Localised heat released. D J H
Planned maintenance inspections Cleaning of platforms to gain access
and inspect them.
Waste Water Waste water accumulation underground,.
Possible ground water polllution.
D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 133
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Underground waste water pumped to
surface evaporation dam with possible
seepage to ground water.
Planned maintenance
inspections
Florescent tubes that become
redundant is replaced and waste
tubes generated.
Waste tubes Hazardous waste on site, reduced land
capability.
C F M
Planned maintenance
inspections
Bursting of flourescent tubes. Waste Tubes Air pollution. Third party impact. C F M
Planned maintenance
inspections
Salvageable waste generated with
instrumentation breakdown and
redundant equipment.
Salvageable waste Accumulated waste on site of possible
recycable materials.
D J H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Salvageable waste generated with
instrumentation breakdown and
redundant equipment.
E Waste Accumulated hazardous waste on site
of possible recyclable materials.
C J H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Salvageable waste generated with
instrumentation breakdown and
redundant equipment.
Equipment Waste Accumulated waste on site of possible
recyclable materials.
D J H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Rags contaminated by oil & grease Hazardous Waste Soil & water pollution D G L
Planned maintenance
inspections
Batteries become redundant with
use to inspect areas for
maintenance
Hazardous Waste Accumulated hazardous waste on site
of possible recyclable materials.
C J H
Planned maintenance inspections Instrumentation used with nuclear
sources (density meters / mass flow
meters) used to inspect
Radio- active release Radiation on ecosystem functioning and
people
B G H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Breakage of nuclear source
instrumentation
Radio- active release Radio active waste on site A F H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Breakage of nuclear source
instrumentation
Radio- active release Third party impact by radio active
release.
A F H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 134
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Planned maintenance
inspections
Redundant nuclear instrumentation
stored on site until disposal can
take place.
Radio- active release Third party impact by radio active
release.
A F H
Planned maintenance
inspections
Breakage of nuclear source
instrumentation
Radio- active release Radio active release on ecosytem
functioning.
A F H
Create work order Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist
Paper General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Investigation & Planning Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist
Paper General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Investigation & Planning Electronic Waste produced with
maintenance, replacement of IT
equipment
Waste - Electronic Land capability reduced with
unsalvageable electronic waste material
on site
D I M
Investigation & Planning Hazardous Waste produced as part of
administration at offices
Empty Ink Cartridges Land capability reduced with hazardous
waste material and accumulation on site.
C I H
Material on site Oil Spills during transporting of
persons to site.
Oil Spills Contaminated Soil D G L
Material on site Fumes from transport vehicles Fumes Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Material on site Vehicles access natural veldt for
turning points or to reach
maintenance area.
Compaction Footprint extension, soil compaction and
possible biodiversity loss.
D J H
Material on site Preparation for maintenance.
Materials brought on site.
Materials and Tools on site Footprint extension of materials packed in
areas in recovery.
D J H
Material on site Preparation for maintenance.
Materials brought on site.
Hydrocarbon materials on
site
Footprint extension of hazardous materials
packed in areas in recovery.
D J H
Material on site Spillage from hydrocarbon materials
overturned on site
Oil Spills Soil contamination. Surface water
contamination
D J M
Material on site Gas on site for maintenance can Gas Acetylene causing air pollution. C F M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 135
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
leak on site
Material on site Gas bottle explode due to handling /
storage at maintenance
Explosion Ecosystem disturbance B F M
Material on site Defunct gas bottle because of wear
and tear resulting in gas leakage.
Gas Acetylene causing air pollution. C F M
Material on site Preparation for maintenance.
Materials brought on site.
Chemicals on site Footprint extension of hazardous materials
packed in areas in recovery.
B F M
Material on site Spillage from chemical materials
overturned on site
Chemical Spills Soil contamination. Surface water
contamination
D H M
Complete HIRA Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist
Paper General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Complete HIRA Electronic Waste produced with
maintenance, replacement of IT
equipment
Waste - Electronic Land capability reduced with
unsalvageable electronic waste material
on site
D I M
Complete HIRA Hazardous Waste produced as part of
administration at offices
Empty Ink Cartridges Land capability reduced with hazardous
waste material and accumulation on site.
C I H
Execute Maintenance Used oil generated during
breakdown
Used Oil Land capability reduced with hazardous
waste material on site
B H H
Execute Maintenance Used oil generated during
breakdown
Used Oil Depletion of non-renewable natural
resources
B H H
Execute Maintenance Oil Spillage on unbunded areas
during breakdown
Contaminated Soil Soil pollution. Loss of topsoil.
Increased hazardous waste on site
B H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 136
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Execute Maintenance Oil contaminated Waste generated
during removal and application of
oil/grease with breakdown
Waste - Oil
contaminated
Land capability reduced with hazardous
waste material on site
B H H
Execute Maintenance Waste equipment generated with
breakdown of compressors
Scrap Waste Land capability reduced with equipment
waste material and accumulation on site
C H H
Execute Maintenance Waste equipment generated with
breakdown of compressors
Scrap Waste Land capability reduced with equipment
waste material and accumulation on site
C H H
Execute Maintenance Use of Electricity for light, test starting
& operation of tools
Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released.
D J H
Execute Maintenance Cylinder gas used to cut off bolts &
steel for maintenance.
Heat Localised heat released. D J H
Execute Maintenance Waste generated during
maintenance
General Waste General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Execute Maintenance Paper waste as part of job cards
(maintenance)
Paper General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Execute Maintenance Hazardous Waste produced as part of
administration at offices
Empty Ink Cartridges Land capability reduced with hazardous
waste material and accumulation on site.
C I H
Execute Maintenance Electronic Waste produced with
maintenance, replacement of IT
equipment
e-Waste Land capability reduced with
unsalvageable electronic waste material
on site
D I M
Execute Maintenance Oil Spills during transporting of
persons to machines to do
maintenance.
Oil Spills Contaminated Soil B I M
Execute Maintenance Driver error or poor road
conditions causing damage to
vehicle and oil spill
Oil Spills Contaminated Soil B I M
Execute Maintenance Oil spills during draining & filling
of oil compartments of equipment.
Oil Spills Contaminated Soil B G H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 137
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Execute Maintenance Fumes from transport vehicles Fumes Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Execute Maintenance Material waste produced as part of
maintenance.
Material Waste Material waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site & possible ground
water & soil pollution
D J H
Execute Maintenance Spillage from chemical materials
overturned on site
Chemical Spills Soil contamination. Surface water
contamination
D I M
Execute Maintenance Possible oil spills and pollution Empty Containers Contaminated Soil C H H
Execute Maintenance Compressed air used to dry and clean
ropes & drive tools for maintenance
Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Execute Maintenance Cylinder gas used to cut off bolts &
steels to maintain certain areas
difficult to access.
Noise Environmental nuisance D J H
Execute Maintenance Cleaning of platforms to gain access
and inspect them.
Waste Water Waste water accumulation underground,.
Possible ground water pollution.
Underground waste water pumped to
surface evaporation dam with possible
seepage to ground water.
D J H
Execute Maintenance Florescent tubes that become
redundant is replaced and waste
tubes generated.
Waste tubes Hazardous waste on site, reduced land
capability.
C F M
Execute Maintenance Scrap compressor parts generating
during maintenance
Scrap compressor parts Possible pollution of soil and water due to
contaminated parts
D J H
Execute Maintenance Scrap generator parts generating
during maintenance
Scrap generator parts Possible pollution of soil and water due to
contaminated parts
D J H
Execute Maintenance Scrap winder parts generating during
maintenance
Scrap winder parts Possible pollution of soil and water due to
contaminated parts
D J H
Execute Maintenance Scrap crusher parts generating during
maintenance
Scrap Crusher parts Possible pollution of soil and water due to
contaminated parts
D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 138
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
Im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Execute Maintenance Scrap conveyor belt parts generating
during maintenance
Broken Conveyor belts Possible pollution of soil and water due to
contaminated parts
D J H
Execute Maintenance Scrap fan parts generating during
maintenance
Scrap fan parts Possible pollution of soil and water due to
contaminated parts
D J H
Execute Maintenance Salvageable waste generated
during maintenance.
Salvageable waste Accumulated waste on site of possible
recyclable materials.
D J H
Execute Maintenance Salvageable waste generated
during maintenance.
Equipment Waste Accumulated waste on site of possible
recyclable materials.
D J H
Execute Maintenance Hazardous Waste produced as part of
maintenance activity.
Hazardous Waste Land capability reduced with hazardous
waste material and accumulation on site.
C I H
Site Clearance Leaving Salvageable waste on site Salvageable waste Accumulated waste on site of possible
recyclable materials reduce land
capability
C H H
Site Clearance Leaving Equipment Waste on site Equipment Waste Accumulated equipment waste on site
reduce land capability
C H H
Site Clearance Leaving hazardous Waste on site Hazardous Waste Land capability reduced with hazardous
waste material and accumulation on
site.
C H H
Site Clearance Leaving General Waste on Site General Waste General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability,
extending footprint of waste site
C H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 139
6.10.2 Impact Assessment for Office Operations
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Office
operation
Use of electricity to power equipment
& lights Illumination Carbon emissions from electricity supplier C J H
Office Cleaning Used up and/or redundant office
equipment from office cleaning. Scrap Waste
Accumulation of waste on site and reduced
land capability. D J H
Office Cleaning Equipment breakdown. Scrap Waste Accumulation of waste on site and
reduced land capability. D J H
Office Cleaning Illegal dumping of scrap waste Domestic Waste Biodiversity loss C G M
Office Cleaning Illegal dumping of scrap waste Domestic Waste Ecological disturbance C G M
Office Cleaning Spilling of cleaning chemicals Hazardous Waste
Third party health impact by uninformed
persons slipping or touching hazardous
chemicals
D J H
Office Cleaning Spilling of cleaning chemicals Hazardous Waste Soil contamination D J H
Office Cleaning Used up and/or redundant kitchen
equipment from office cleaning. Domestic Waste
General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D J H
Office Cleaning Cleaning out of dust bins in office
block Domestic Waste
Waste Accumulation on site reducing land
capability. C J H
Office Cleaning Use of electricity Heat Resource Consumption D J H
Equipment Start up Used up fluorescent tubes needs
replacement Waste tubes
Hazardous material on site affecting
land capability D H M
Equipment Start up
Electronic Waste produced with
maintenance, replacement of IT
equipment
e-Waste
Land capability reduced with
unsalvageable electronic waste material
on site
C F M
Data Processing Incorrect Waste separation General Waste
Re-use of resources not done.
Accumulation of waste on waste site
affecting land capability
C J H
Data Processing Waste paper from unwanted printouts Paper Re-use of resources not done.
Accumulation of waste on waste site D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 140
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
affecting land capability
Data Processing Incorrect disposal of cartridges Empty Ink Cartridges
Soil Contamination by leaching of
hazardous materials in domestic waste
site
D H M
Data Processing Incorrect disposal of cartridges Empty Ink Cartridges
Air pollution by toxic fumes from ink
cartridges burned in domestic waste
site.
D H M
Data Processing
Electronic Waste produced with
maintenance, replacement of IT
equipment
e-Waste
Land capability reduced with
unsalvageable electronic waste material
on site
C F M
Data Processing Used up and/or redundant office
equipment from data processing Scrap Waste
Accumulation of waste on site and
reduced land capability. C I H
Data Processing
Used up batteries from battery
powered tools & equipment in
domestic waste
Waste Batteries Soil Contamination B G H
Data Processing Used up batteries from battery
powered tools & equipment Waste Batteries
Accumulation of hazardous waste on site
and reduced land capability. B G H
Data Processing Spilling of Ammonium Hydroxide
solution
Ammonium Hydroxide
Vapours
Harmful contamination of air on
evaporation D F L
Data Processing Sewage Pipe burst Sewage Water contamination D J H
Filing Incorrect Waste seperation General Waste
Re-use of resources not done.
Accumulation of waste on waste site
affecting land capability
C J H
Filing Waste paper from unwanted printouts Paper Waste
Re-use of resources not done.
Accumulation of waste on waste site
affecting land capability
D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 141
6.10.3 Impact Assessment for Water Supply and Storm Water
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Check pumps Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist Paper
General waste accumulation on site causing
reduced land capability, extending footprint
of waste site
D I M
Check pumps Oil Spills during transporting of
persons to pumps to do pre-check Oil Contaminated Soil D G L
Check pumps
Driver error or poor road
conditions causing damage to
vehicle and oil spill
Oil spills Contaminated Soil D H M
Check pumps Fumes from transport vehicles Oil spills Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Run pumps Use of Electricity for pumps Carbon emissions Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Run pumps Gland service packing burns. Waste Water Large volumes of waste water released,
more than gland service normal use. C F M
Run pumps Waste Water Release from gland
service Waste Water Reduced water quality of available water D J H
Run pumps Waste Water Release from gland
service Waste Water Waste Water accumulation on site D J H
Run pumps Waste Water Release from gland
service Waste Water Natural resource use D J H
Run pumps Noise from pump running Noise Environmental Nuisance D F L
Run pumps Rainwater entering pump bund wall
area Dirty Run-off storm water
Surface water pollution. Overflow of bund
wall water in uncontained area. C F M
Run pumps Rainwater entering pump bund wall
area Dirty Run-off storm water
Surface water pollution. Overflow of bund
wall water in uncontained area. C F M
Run pumps Oil Spill / Grease spills with barrel
seals leaking Oil spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Run pumps Oily sludge and materials collecting in Oil contaminated waste Land capability reduced with hazardous D G L
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 142
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
bund wall of pumps waste material on site
Inspections Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist Paper
General waste accumulation on site causing
reduced land capability, extending footprint
of waste site
D I M
Inspections Use of Electricity for light Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Inspections
Oil Spills during transporting of
persons to compressor to do pre-
check
Oil spills Contaminated Soil D G L
Inspections Fumes from transport vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Inspections
Oil Spills during transporting of
persons to pumps to do
inspections
Oil spills Contaminated Soil D G L
Flow meters
Resource use risks and allocations
not managed. Incorrect water
balance.
Resource use data Wrong data collected because flow meter
not maintained D H M
Flow meters
Resource use risks and allocations
not managed. Incorrect water
balance.
Resource use data Wrong data collected because flow meter
not calibrated C J H
Flow meters
Resource use risks and allocations
not managed. Incorrect water
balance.
Resource use data Data not collected because persons not
available D F L
Flow meters
Resource use risks and allocations
not managed. Incorrect water
balance.
Resource use data Data not collected because flow meter not
installed C J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 143
6.10.4 Power / Electricity; Use of Generators
ACTIVITY or PROCESS or
SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENTAL
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Pre-check Generators Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist Paper
General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Pre-check Generators Use of Electricity for light & starting Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Run Generators Use of Electricity for pre-heating
generators Heat
Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Run Generators Use of diesel for generation of
electricity Heat
Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Run Generators Noise from Generators operating Noise Environmental Nuisance D G L
Run Generators Oil Spills with normal operating of
Generators Oil Spills Contaminated Soil D F L
Run Generators Diesel exhaust gas Gasses Gasses released to atmosphere. NOX
pollution of air. C H H
Inspections Paper Waste produced as part of
checklist Paper
General waste accumulation on site
causing reduced land capability, extending
footprint of waste site
D I M
Inspections Use of Electricity for light Heat Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 144
6.10.5 Impact Assessment for Hazardous waste
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Overheating of vehicles that transmit heat into
environment through convection and radiation Heat Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D G L
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods Fumes from vehicles Carbon Emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods Noise pollution from transportation Noise Disturbance on animals D J H
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Oil spill from vehicles due to poor
maintenance Oil Spills during transporting Contaminated Soil & Waste C I M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Honey sucker spillage on collecting sewage
from septic tanks Sewage Spills
Overflow of sewage water into natural veldt.
Environmental nuisance from smells. E. coli
impact on third parties
C H H
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods Vehicle movement on sites Compaction Compaction of soils D J H
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods Dust from vehicle Dust Air pollution by dust E I M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Oil Spills during normal use of transport
vehicle Oil Spills Contaminated Soil & Waste D H M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods Affecting people and nature Carbon Emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D I M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Generation of salvageable waste from
Township engineering Scrap Waste Rust on ground- Soil Contamination C G M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Windblown littering from domestic waste site
into veldt. Windblown Waste
Littering accumulated in veldt, reduced land
capability and quality of life, affecting third
parties - farmer next door.
B F M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Overflowing or spillage of liquids e.g. Waste
water or Oil Seepage to Ground water Ground water contamination B H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 145
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Combustion form materials in organic waste
site Smoke
Air pollution by fire smoke drawn down into
underground mine affecting employees
underground
A H Ex
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
General waste generated by town and mining
area Compacted General Waste
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. A J Ex
Supply waste
infrastructure and
Goods
Hazardous waste generated by town and
mining area. Hazardous waste on
domestic waste site.
Compacted Hazardous Waste
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. Hazardous material
lost to waste site. Hazardous material
leaching to ground water over time.
B H H
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
General building rubble generated by town
and mining area Compacted Building Rubble
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. C G M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Generation of salvageable waste from
Township engineering Compacted Salvageable Waste Salvageable materials on site E I M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Waste pipes generated by town and mining
area Waste pipelines
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. E G L
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods Water Spillage because of poor management Water Spill
Salination of soils. Biodiversity loss over
time. Soil structure affected. D H M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Solid waste sewage spillage in natural veld
because of poor management Sewage Spill
Solid waste too superficially buried coming
to surface. E. coli waste on surface. B H H
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Waste water pumped out with swimming pool
maintenance. Waste Water Spill
Waste water to sewage pond. Fresh water
wasted B H H
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Overflowing or spillage of liquids e.g. Waste
water or Oil Seepage to Ground water Ground water contamination D H M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods Financial losses due to spilling Overflow of Dams Overflow of sewage water into natural veld C G M
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods General waste pollution Waste Spillage
Littering accumulated in streets, parks
recreation areas and veld, reduced land
capability and quality of life, affecting third
parties
C J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 146
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Supply waste
infrastructure and Goods
Garden waste into domestic waste because
residence mix organic waste with domestic
waste bags.
Mixed waste
Unnecessary use of domestic waste site for
organic material. Mine has organic waste
site.
C H H
Waste collection and
handling
Overheating of vehicles that transmit heat into
environment through convection and radiation Heat Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D G L
Waste collection and
handling Fumes from vehicles Carbon Emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Waste collection and
handling Noise pollution from transportation Noise Disturbance on animals D J H
Waste collection and
handling
Oil spill from vehicles due to poor
maintenance Oil Spills during transporting Soil and groundwater contamination D H H
Waste collection and
handling
Honey sucker spillage on collecting sewage
from septic tanks Sewage Spills
Overflow of sewage water into natural veldt.
Environmental nuisance from smells. E. coli
impact on third parties
C H H
Waste collection and
handling Vehicle movement on sites Compaction Compaction of soils D J H
Waste collection and
handling Dust from vehicle Dust Air pollution by dust E I M
Waste collection and
handling Oil spill from vehicles Oil Spills Contaminated Soil & Waste D H M
Waste collection and
handling Odours from vehicles while collecting waste Fumes Air pollution due to noxious smells D I M
Waste collection and
handling
Generation of salvageable waste from
Township engineering Scrap Waste Rust on ground- Soil Contamination C G M
Waste collection and
handling Noise pollution from transportation Noise Disturbance on animals D J H
Waste Disposal General waste blown off or falling of from
transport vehicle Domestic Waste Spills
Littering accumulated in veld, reduced land
capability and quality of life, affecting third
parties
C I H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 147
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Waste Disposal Fumes from transporting vehicles Carbon Emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Waste Disposal Domestic Waste generated by town and
mining area Domestic Waste on site
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. A J Ex
Waste Disposal
Electronic waste generated by town and
mining area. Electronic waste on domestic
waste site.
Electronic Waste
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. Salvageable material
lost to waste site.
B G H
Waste Disposal Hazardous waste generated by town and
mining area. Hazardous Waste Poisoning of humans C J H
Waste Disposal Generation of organic waste from mine and
town gardens Organic Waste Natural resource available for re-use. C J H
Waste Disposal Windblown littering from domestic waste site
into veld Domestic Waste into veldt
Littering accumulated in veldt, reduced land
capability and quality of life, affecting third
parties - farmer next door.
B F M
Waste Disposal Combustion from materials in organic waste
site Garden Waste Fire
Air pollution by fire smoke drawn down into
underground mine affecting employees
underground
A H Ex
Waste Disposal Waste water pumped out with swimming pool
maintenance. Waste Water Spill
Waste water to sewage pond. Fresh water
wasted B H H
Waste Disposal Overflowing or spillage of liquids e.g. Waste
water or Oil Seepage to Ground water Ground water contamination D H M
Waste Site
Management
Overheating of vehicles that transmit heat into
environment through convection and radiation Heat Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D G L
Waste Site
Management Noise pollution from transportation Noise Disturbance on animals D J H
Waste Site
Management Oil spill from vehicles Oil Spills during transporting Contaminated Soil & Waste D H M
Waste Site
Management
Honey sucker spillage due to vehicle
accident Sewage Spills
Overflow of sewage water into natural
veldt. Environmental nuisance from
smells. E. coli impact on third parties
C H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 148
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Waste Site
Management Vehicle movement on sites Compaction Compaction of soils D J H
Waste Site
Management Dust from vehicle Dust Air pollution by dust E I M
Waste Site
Management Oil spill from vehicles Oil Spills Contaminated Soil & Waste D H M
Waste Site
Management Fumes from transporting vehicles Carbon Emissions Air pollution by greenhouse gasses D J H
Waste Site
Management
Generation of salvageable waste from
Township engineering Scrap Waste Rust on ground- Soil Contamination C G M
Waste Site
Management
Windblown littering from domestic waste site
into veldt. Windblown Waste
Littering accumulated in veldt, reduced land
capability and quality of life, affecting third
parties - farmer next door.
B F M
Waste Site
Management
Overflowing or spillage of liquids e.g. Waste
water or Oil Seepage to Ground water Ground water contamination D H M
Waste Site
Management
Combustion form materials in organic waste
site Smoke
Air pollution by fire smoke drawn down into
underground mine affecting employees
underground
A H Ex
Waste Site
Management
General waste generated by town and mining
area Compacted General Waste
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. A J Ex
Waste Site
Management
Hazardous waste generated by town and
mining area. Hazardous waste on domestic
waste site.
Compacted Hazardous Waste
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. Hazardous material
lost to waste site. Hazardous material
leaching to ground water over time.
B H H
Waste Site
Management
General building rubble generated by town
and mining area Compacted Building Rubble
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. C G M
Waste Site
Management
Generation of salvageable waste from
Township engineering Compacted Salvageable Waste Salvageable materials on site E I M
Waste Site Overflowing or spillage of liquids eg. Waste Seepage to Ground water Ground water contamination D H M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 149
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
RATING
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Management water or Oil
Waste Site
Management
Hazardous waste generated by town and
mining area. Hazardous waste on domestic
waste site.
Compacted Hazardous Waste
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. Hazardous material
lost to waste site. Hazardous material
leaching to ground water over time.
B H H
Waste Site
Management
Waste pipes generated by town and mining
area Waste pipelines
Land capability reduced. Expansion of
waste area footprint. E G L
Waste Site
Management Water Spillage because of poor management Water Spill
Salination of soils. Biodiversity loss over
time. Soil structure affected. D H M
Waste Site
Management
Solid waste sewage spillage in natural veld
because of poor management Sewage Spill
Solid waste too superficially buried coming
to surface. E. coli waste on surface. B H H
Waste Site
Management
Waste water pumped out with swimming pool
maintenance. Waste Water Spill
Waste water to sewage pond. Fresh water
wasted B H H
Waste Site
Management
Spillage because of poor supervision from
contractor Overflow of Dams Overflow of sewage water into natural veldt C G M
Waste Site
Management
Waste dumped by residents in streets, parks,
recreation areas and veld Waste Spillage
Littering accumulated in streets, parks
recreation areas and veld, reduced land
capability and quality of life, affecting third
parties
C J H
Waste Site
Management
Garden waste into domestic waste because
residence mix organic waste with domestic
waste bags.
Mixed waste
Unnecessary use of domestic waste site for
organic material. Mine has organic waste
site.
C H H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 150
6.11 Impact Assessment for concurrent rehabilitation
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT IMPACT ASSESSMENT RATING:
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Geological Survey Oil Spills during normal use of transport
vehicle Hydrocarbon spills Contaminated Soil D H M
Geological Survey Fumes from vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution D F L
Geological Survey Generation of dust with transport vehicles in
veld Dust Air pollution and environmental nuisance D J H
Geological Survey Generation of noise with machines operating
and vehicles driving Noise Environmental Nuisance D J H
Geological Survey Wind during windy season on exposed soil Carbon emissions Environmental nuisance. D J H
Geological Survey Wind during windy season on exposed soil Windblown sand Loss of sand on surface C H H
Geological Survey Wind during windy season on exposed soil Windblown sand Loss of topsoil B H H
Topsoil Removal Fossil fuel consumption. Localised heat
released. Use of machinery Emissions to atmosphere D J H
Topsoil Removal Environmental Nuisance Noise Generation of noise with machines
operating D J H
Topsoil Removal Air pollution and environmental nuisance Dust Generation of dust with machines
operating D J H
Topsoil Removal Contaminated Soil Compactions Oil Spills with machine breakdown or
leakage D H M
Topsoil Removal Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. Compaction
Machine Working areas, driving in veldt,
gravel roads B J Ex
Topsoil Removal Air pollution Scarred landscape Fumes from machines D F L
Topsoil Removal Soil structure breakdown Scarred landscape Topsoil removed and area mined B J Ex
Topsoil Removal Ecological processes interrupted, Scarred landscape Topsoil removed and area mined B J Ex
Topsoil Removal Loss of biodiversity. Topsoil Stockpile Topsoil removed and area mined A J Ex
Topsoil Removal Soil structure breakdown, ecological Scarred landscape Topsoil removed and area mined D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 151
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity.
Topsoil Removal Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. Diesel Topsoil removed and area mined D J H
Establish Mining Face Earth moving machines operating Heat Resource consumption D J H
Establish Mining Face Earth moving machines operating Carbon emissions Localised heat from machines D J H
Establish Mining Face Earth moving machines operating Oil spills Air pollution D J H
Establish Mining Face Earth moving machines operating Noise Nuisance D J H
Establish Mining Face E Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Establish Mining Face Repeated driving of machines over working
area. Compactions
Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Establish Mining Face Earth moving machines operating Dust Nuisance D J H
Excavating Earth moving machines operating Diesel Resource consumption D J H
Excavating Earth moving machines operating Heat Localised heat from machines D J H
Excavating Earth moving machines operating Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Excavating Earth moving machines operating Noise Nuisance D J H
Excavating E Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Excavating Machine Working areas, Driving in veld,
Gravel roads Compactions Soil contamination D J H
Excavating Earth moving machines operating Dust Nuisance D J H
Excavating Excavation of sand resource for backfilling Mined Sand Natural Resource removed / depletion out
of natural system D J H
Excavating Excavation of sand resource for backfilling Mined Sand Biodiversity loss C J H
Excavating Excavation of sand resource for backfilling Mined Sand Exposed earth result in excessive dust and
runoff. B J Ex
Excavating Excavation with major rain event. Mined Sand Soil erosion. A J Ex
Screening Use of electricity Heat Nuisance/Fossil fuel D J H
Screening Use of vibrating screens Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Screening Use of vibrating screens Noise Nuisance D J H
Screening E Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Screening Machine Working areas, Driving in veldt,
Gravel roads Compactions
Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Screening Use of vibrating screens Dust Nuisance D J H
Screening Use of vibrating screens Heat Nuisance/Fossil fuel D J H
Screening Use of vibrating screens Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Screening Use of vibrating screens Noise Nuisance D J H
Screening E Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 152
Screening Use of vibrating screens Dust Nuisance D J H
Screening Backfill sand is put underground Backfill Sand Loss of sand resource C G M
Screening Wind during windy season on exposed soil Waste sand Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Loading & Trucking Operating of trucks and excavator / loader Heat Localised heat from machines D J H
Loading & Trucking Operating of trucks and excavator / loader Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Loading & Trucking Operating of trucks and excavator / loader Noise Nuisance D J H
Loading & Trucking Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Loading & Trucking Machine Working areas, Driving in veld,
Gravel roads Compactions
Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Loading & Trucking Operating of trucks and excavator / loader Sand Spillage Loss of sand resource D J H
Stockpiling E Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Stockpiling Operating of trucks and excavator / loader Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Stockpiling Operating of trucks and excavator / loader Dust Air pollution & environmental nuisance D J H
Landscaping Earth moving machines operating Heat Localised heat from machines D J H
Landscaping Earth moving machines operating Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Landscaping Earth moving machines operating Noise Nuisance D J H
Landscaping E Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Landscaping Machine Working areas, Driving in veld,
Gravel roads Compactions
Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Landscaping Earth moving machines operating Dust Nuisance D J H
Landscaping Earth moving machines operating Profiled Landscape Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Rehabilitation Use of electricity Heat Nuisance/Fossil fuel D J H
Rehabilitation Use of vehicles Carbon emissions Air pollution D J H
Rehabilitation Use of vehicles Noise Nuisance D J H
Rehabilitation Machine Breakdown Oil spills Soil contamination D J H
Rehabilitation Machine Working areas, Driving in veldt,
Gravel roads Compactions
Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Rehabilitation Use of vehicles Dust Nuisance D J H
Rehabilitation Use of earth moving vehicles Replaced top soil Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D J H
Rehabilitation Use of earth moving vehicles Rehabilitated Soil structure breakdown, ecological
processes interrupted, Loss of biodiversity. D H M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 153
6.12 Impacts Associated with Decommissioning and Closure
ACTIVITY or PROCESS
or SERVICE
IMPACT ANALYSIS IMPACT ASSESSMENT
RATING:
Input
(Normal – Abnormal – Emergency) Output Impact
Severi
ty
Pro
ba
bilit
y
Raw
im
pa
ct
esti
mati
on
Desktop review of
closure liabilities Inaccurate closure liability Updated closure quantum Quantified closure cost C G M
In-depth review of
current closure quantum Accurate closure quantum Updated closure quantum Quantified closure cost D F L
Survey current
infrastructure, quarries,
sand mining area, waste
rock dumps, ponds &
tailings dam.
Increased liability funding gap
Complete listing of
infrastructure, impoundments,
roads and surface mining with
quantified areas
Updated closure liability to include all
new infrastructure and surface
developments
B H H
Rehabilitation planning Reduction in projected closure quantum Concurrent rehabilitation plan Reduced pollution impacts from defunct
areas D F L
Review estimated
closure cost per item
against infrastructure
register
More accurate closure liability
Complete listing of
infrastructure, impoundments,
roads and surface mining with
quantified areas
Updated closure liability to include all
new infrastructure and surface
developments
D F L
Obtain Approval for
quantum
DMR does not accept closure quantum as
correct
Approved/refused closure
quantum B H H
Funding Overshot funding figure due to incorrect
estimates Increased funds in trust fund Availability of funds for closure B H H
Ensure closure funding
is managed correctly
Significant contribution necessary close to
mine closure Mismanagement of closure fund Insufficient closure funding at closure B I Ex
Deciding on bank
guarantee quantum and
Trust fund
Funds available for final rehabilitation &
closure
Established closure Trust fund
registered and Bank guarantee
obtained
Closure funds available for final
rehabilitation B I Ex
Annual closure fund
budgeting
Funds available for final rehabilitation &
closure
Funding within requirements as
per annual review Sufficient funding available D I M
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 154
7 ALTERNATIVE LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENTS CONSIDERED
In determining land use alternatives for the site, it must be noted that this is an already existing mine with
the remaining life expectancy estimated to be five (5) years.
Black Mountain Mine has an approved mining license and an approved EMPR. This environmental
impact assessment report has been compiled for the amendment to the existing EMPR. As the intent of
this section of the report is to determine if there are alternatives, for proposed operations, and not
existing operation, it is not applicable for Black Mountain Mine.
Additional motivations of why alternatives to mining have not been considered are presented below:
7.1 Land-use / development Alternatives Considered
This environmental impact assessment report has been developed for an existing mine, which will make
use of existing infrastructure. To date the mine has proved to be economically profitable with
approximately 804 direct employment opportunities and 577 opportunities for contractors. No other land-
use alternatives have been considered for this existing mine.
7.2 Alternative Mining Methods
The current mining method as described in Section 3 has been developed over the years. No other
mining method is being considered.
7.3 Consequences of Not Continuing with the Mine
Should this existing mine stop the consequences would be:
Loss of over 804 direct employment positions.
Loss of over 577 indirect employment positions through the employment of sub-contractors.
Loss of revenue for local goods and services
Loss of revenue for numerous suppliers.
Loss of community development projects supported by Black Mountain Mine.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 155
8 ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of any mining operation is to make a profit. Without a profit, it is not possible for
the mine to continue operating or have the funds available to meet the environmental or socio-economic
goals and objectives set out in this section of the report.
8.1 Environmental Goals and Objectives
The following section details the overarching goals and objectives that Black Mountain Mine will aim to
achieve. It includes both a commitment to ensure legal compliance and then highlights the goals and
objective for those impacts which are deemed most significant for the mine.
8.1.1 Environmental Legislation
For the mining operation as a whole, the mine‟s goal is to comply with all environmental legislation.
Specific aspects to be adhered to from environmental legislation include;
National Environmental Management Act, Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA)
As the NEMA is the cornerstone of all environmental legislation, the management measures implemented
by the mine will strive to adhere to the principles of NEMA. The specific principles which Black Mountain
Mine feels are most relevant to their environmental goals and objectives have been listed below (the
reference numbers provided are the same as those in the legislation):
(4)(a) Sustainable development requires the consideration of all relevant factors including the
following:
I. That the disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity are avoided, or, where
they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied;
II. that pollution and degradation of the environment are avoided, or, where they cannot be
altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied;
III. that the disturbance of landscapes and sites that constitute the nations cultural heritage is
avoided, or where it cannot be altogether avoided, is minimised and remedied;
IV. that waste is avoided, or where it cannot be altogether avoided, minimised and reused or
recycled where possible and otherwise disposed of in a responsible manner;
V. that the use and exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is responsible and
equitable, and takes into account the consequences of the depletion of the resource;
VI. that a risk averse and cautious approach is applied, which takes into account the limits of
current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions; and
VII. that negative impacts on the environment and on people’s environmental rights be
anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be altogether prevented, are minimised
and remedied.
(b) Environmental management must be integrated, acknowledging that all elements of the
environment are linked and interrelated, and it must take into account the effects of decisions on all
aspects of the environment and all people in the environment by pursuing the selection of the best
practicable environmental option.
(c) Environmental justice must be pursued so that adverse environmental impacts shall not be
distributed in such a manner as to unfairly discriminate against any person, particularly vulnerable and
disadvantaged persons.
(d) Equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services to meet basic human needs
and ensure human wellbeing must be pursued and special measures may be taken to ensure access
thereto by categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 156
(e) Responsibility for the environmental health and safety consequences of a policy, programme,
project, product, process, service or activity exists throughout its life cycle.
(f) The participation of all interested and affected parties in environmental governance must be
promoted, and all people must have the opportunity to develop the understanding, skills and capacity
necessary for achieving equitable and effective participation, and participation by vulnerable and
disadvantaged persons must be ensured.
(g) Decisions must take into account the interests, needs and values of all interested and affected
parties, and this includes recognising all forms of knowledge, including traditional and ordinary
knowledge.
(h) Community wellbeing and empowerment must be promoted through environmental education, the
raising of environmental awareness, the sharing of knowledge and experience and other appropriate
means.
(i) The social, economic and environmental impacts of activities, including disadvantages and benefits,
must be considered, assessed and evaluated, and decisions must be appropriate in the light of such
consideration and assessment.
(k) Decisions must be taken in an open and transparent manner, and access to information must be
provided in accordance with the law.
(o) The environment is held in public trust for the people, the beneficial use of environmental
resources must serve the public interest and the environment must be protected as the people’s
common heritage.
(p) The costs of remedying pollution, environmental degradation and consequent adverse health
effects and of preventing, controlling or minimising further pollution, environmental damage or adverse
health effects must be paid for by those responsible for harming the environment.
All of the above principles have been considered when developing the environmental management
measures for the Black Mountain Mine, documented in Section 9.
Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act, Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA)
In the spirit of the MPRDA, the mine‟s objective is to change their attitude from one of compliance with
environmental legislation to one of maximising the benefits of compliance. This will not be an
instantaneous change and will only be realised through the commitment of all staff members. It is hoped
that over time, personnel will be able to take the environmental concepts learned in the work place to their
place of residence and /or home.
National Water Act, Act36 of 1998 (NWA)
Given that water is such a precious resource in South Africa, it is the mines objective to comply with the
requirements and spirit of the NWA, through ensuring legal compliance.
8.2 Water Pollution
The potential impact associated with water pollution has been considered for different activities of the
operation hence compliance with the NWA is of particular importance. As the mine recognises the
potential negative impacts associated with polluted water, it is their objective that no water polluted by
mining activities will be used for domestic purposes or flow off the site. Using the water quality monitoring
results and adhering to water use license (WULA), the mine will be able to determine if they are meeting
their goal regarding water quality (i.e. compliance with the DWAF Water Quality Guidelines), viz.
Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, Act No. 43 of 1983 (CARA)
Although many aspects of CARA are not applicable to mining operations, there are two aspects that are
very applicable for which goals and objectives have been established, viz.:
Erosion control:
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 157
- It is the mine‟s objective to minimise the loss of the topsoil resource in order to ensure an
adequate supply of natural site soil for use in reclamation after mining operations have
ceased.
- In order to meet this objective, it is the mine‟s goal to ensure that areas where erosion has
occurred in the past are managed in such a way that future erosion is prevented.
Alien vegetation control:
- It is the mine‟s objective to prevent the spread of alien vegetation.
- In order to meet this objective, it is the mine‟s goal to remove alien vegetation from the
mining site and re-vegetate the cleared areas with indigenous vegetation.
8.3 Dust
It is the mine‟s objective to control dust emissions from the activities of the operation through the
implementation of management measures. In order to ensure that the management measures being
implemented are successful (in order to achieve the objective), the mine will monitor dust fallout rates and
compare the results with the SANS 19293. Using the results of this monitoring, the mine will be able to
determine if they are meeting their goals regarding dust fallout (i.e. compliance with the SANS 19293),
viz.
Source Based Goals:
- Crushing operation: The absence of a visible dust plume from the crushers and screening
operations.
Receptor Based Goals:
- Off-site dustfall rates of <600mg/m2/day.
- Boundary dustfall rates of <1 200 mg/m2/day.
8.4 Noise
The mine‟s objective is to control noise emissions from the activities of the operation through the
implementation of management measures. In order to determine if the mine is meeting their objective (by
successfully implementing the management measures), boundary and off-site noise monitoring will be
undertaken. Monitoring will aid in determining if the mine is achieving their goal - ensuring that boundary
and off-site noise levels comply with the SANS 10103.
8.5 Blasting
The mine‟s objective will be to ensure that blasting within the mining area does not cause any damage to
off-site structures. In order to ensure that this is achieved, the mine‟s goal will be to ensure that airblast
and vibrations caused by blasting are within the USBM acceptable limits.
8.6 Waste Management
No matter how responsibly waste is disposed; there will always be potential for pollution. The only way to
limit this pollution potential is to either improve the handling and disposal of waste (discussed below) or to
minimise waste generation. In order to achieve this, the mine‟s objective is to minimise the volume of
waste that has to be disposed. In order to achieve this objective, the mine‟s goals will be to:
Minimise the waste generation (in accordance with Waste Act -16(a)).
Reduction, re-use, recycling and recovery of waste where possible (in accordance with Waste Act -
17).
3 SANS 1929: Ambient Air Quality – Limits for Common Pollutants.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 158
Pollution is often associated with the incorrect handling and storage of waste. Therefore, the mine‟s
objective is to avoid the generation of pollution associated with incorrect waste handling and storage. In
order to achieve this, their goals will be to:
Manage waste in accordance with the National Environmental Management: Waste Act 2008.
Dispose of all waste in an environmentally responsible manner.
8.7 Rehabilitation
Black Mountain Mine recognises that there are potential environmental impacts associated with un-
rehabilitated areas, such as defunct and abandoned surface areas. The three main objectives for
conducting concurrent rehabilitation are:
To ensure that the biodiversity and environment on the site is protected.
Reduce the closure rehabilitation liability both work load related and financially.
To make sure that the following commitments will be achieved as a minimum:
- The site will be made safe for both humans and animals,
- The site will be rehabilitated to be physically, chemically and biologically stable
- The residual impacts will be managed to acceptable levels and will not deteriorate over time
8.8 Environmental Awareness Training
The mine recognises that there are potential environmental impacts associated with human ignorance.
Therefore, it is Black Mountain Mine‟s objective to educate their staff with regards to the environmental
impacts associated with their job. The goal is then to reduce the number of environmental incidents as a
result of human error through implementing the site specific environmental awareness training.
8.9 Socio-economic Goals and Objectives
The social economic goals and objectives of the Black Mountain Mine presented in this section are taken
directly from the Social and Labour Plan of Black Mountain Mine as follows:
8.9.1 Skills Development
The primary objective of the Human Resource Development Programme is to ensure the availability of
mining skills and competencies of the workforce, as well as providing employees with portable skills that
can be utilised outside of the mine, should the mine close. The operation therefore commits to fully
implement the requirements of the Skills Development Act, and to the implementation of skills
development programmes in accordance with the standards of the Mining Qualifications Authority (MQA).
8.9.2 Local Economic Development
The primary objective of the Company‟s Local Economic Development (LED) programme is to ensure
the mine‟s commitment to the continued implementation and evaluation of an appropriate Local Economic
Development Plan with the focus on sustainable development initiatives in local communities, based on
impacts of the organization. This programme includes sustainable projects that the Company supports
financially or otherwise in conjunction with the local municipality.
Typical examples of projects supported or initiated by the operation in an effort to achieve the above
objectives would be:
Economic growth: Development of local small businesses, including establishment of BEE
businesses
Poverty alleviation: Job opportunities available to local residents through local recruitment program.
Human wellbeing – Community HIV/AIDS Initiatives, provision of Primary Health care providers
and facilities.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 159
Human Resource Development – Additional teachers at the Primary and High Schools, and career
guidance for High School learners.
Ensuring a safe environment – Support of Community Policing Forum.
Donation of land to government for the purposes of building the Police station at Aggeneys.
Conservation of natural environment – Support of the Bushmanland Conservation Initiative and
Succulent Karoo Eco-system Project, and formal participation at forums associated with the
environment and studies associated with conservation.
8.9.3 Black Economic Empowerment and Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises
The company supports the development of small business, especially those from the ranks of previously
disadvantaged South Africans. This goal is driven through the Procurement Department through its
procurement of capital goods, consumables and services, and the outsourcing of non-core activities to
historically disadvantaged employees and assisting with the establishment of companies; to date four
companies have been formed via this method.
Black Mountain Mine – specific HDSA procurement targets (goals) for the last five (5) years were as
follows:
Figure 8-1: The black mountain HDSA/BEE spend targets (BMM SLP, 2009)
YEAR TARGET TARGET ACTUAL/FORECAST
2008 22% of Discretionary Spend 47%
2009 24 % of Discretionary Spend 51%
2010 26% of Discretionary Spend 56%
2011 28% of Discretionary Spend 58%
2012 30% of Discretionary Spend 60%
8.10 Heritage Goals and Objectives
Given that heritage resources have been observed on the property, it is the mines objective to comply
with the requirements of the National Heritage Resources Act, No. 25 of 1999, through ensuring legal
compliance.
8.11 Closure Goals and Objectives
According to current planning, the Mine has five years‟ operational life remaining as closure is expected in
2018. Since the mine only has five years operating, a detailed Social Closure Plan (SCP) has been
formulated in 2009 which will be implemented during closure. However this document should be regarded
as a living document, which will continuously be refined and built upon in order to provide BMM a clear
indication of how sustainable closure will be ensured.
Closure Objectives for BMM are therefore as follows:
to make the area safe;
to stabilise the area against wind and water erosion;
to prevent air and water pollution;
to establish stable vegetation cover; and
to limit the area which may have to be environmentally managed to as small an area as is practical.
Black Mountain Mining (Pty) Ltd – EMPR May 2013 Page | 160
9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
The potential impacts associated with the proposed mining operation have been outlined and evaluated in
Section 6 of this report. This section of the report provides a description of the management measure to
be implemented to prevent / minimise / mitigate / manage the identified impacts (taking cognisance of the
principals of NEMA).
In order to facilitate the review process and the implementation of the management programme, this
section of the report has been set out in the same sequence as the Process Description in Section 1 and
the Impact Assessment in Section 6, providing management measures for impacts ranked as having a
MEDIUM to Extremely HIGH significance ranking. In some cases, management measures have also been
proposed for impacts of LOW significance, in order to ensure that the significance of these impacts do not
increase with time.
The presentation of the management measures / the Management Programme has been set out
providing the following information in order to meet the requirements of the MPRDA:
The goals and objectives that may be applicable to that activity (if any).
The significance ranking of the impact.
The action plans / management measures that must be implemented.
The time frames for implementation.
9.1 Environmental Management for Topography
Table 9-1: Environmental Management for Topography
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Maximise the packing of waste material back in the
stopes and minimise the haulage of waste to the
surface waste dump.
On-going Mining Section Manager
Regular bulletins should be produced to the
Authorities indicating targets and milestones
achieved in this regard. This will necessitate the
detailed scheduling of waste and ore development
as a major component of the mine planning
process.
Six monthly Mining Section Manager
9.2 Environmental Management for Geology
Table 9-2: Environmental Management for Geology
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Habitat destruction and disturbance:
Close site supervision must be maintained
during construction of operations upgrades or
maintenance and must adhere to sound
environmental management as advised by BMM
EMPr.
Minimal disturbance to vegetation where such
vegetation does not interfere directly with the
construction or maintenance operations of
BMM.
Severe contractual fines must be imposed and
immediate dismissal on any contract employee
who is found attempting to snare or otherwise
harm wild animals.
No animals should be intentionally killed or
destroyed and poaching and hunting should not
On-going Environmental Manager
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
be permitted on the site.
Consideration could be given to rescuing the
burrowing animals where there burrows are
found in advance of any mine activity.
Alien Vegetation Clearing; mesquite (Prosopis
spp.):
All alien vegetation should be eradicated.
Invasive species Prosopis spp. and
Gomphocarphus fruiticosus (Asclepias) should
be a priority.
The Department of Water Affairs (DWA)
provides assistance to the private sector for
alien clearance work. It is strongly encouraged
that the DWA should endorse the
implementation programme for alien vegetation
clearance and control.
Plant indigenous tree for every alien removed
Monitor of clearing operation
Follow-up and assessment of quality of work
Five years Environmental Manager
Land Rehabilitation:
Revegetation needs to take place with topsoil
that has the surrounding vegetation seedbanks.
Badly damaged areas shall be fenced in to
enhance rehabilitation.
Areas to be rehabilitated must be planted with a
mixture of local pioneer species indigenous to
the area, as soon as the new growing season
starts.
To get the best results in a specific area, it is a
good idea to consult with a vegetation specialist
or the local extension officer of the Dept of
Agriculture. Seed distributors can also give
valuable advice as to the mixtures and amount
of seed necessary to seed a certain area.
Re-seeding, as well as fencing in of badly
damaged areas, will always be at the discretion
of the Environmental Control Officer and in
compliance with BMM‟s EMPr.
Ongoing Environmental Manager
Stormwater Management, Effluent Discharge
Control:
Integrated water and waste management (IWWMP)
plan be commissioned and a stormwater
management plan by upgraded and updated. This
IWWMP must include an Integrated Water Quality
Management Plan (IWQMP).
Immediately Environmental Manager
9.3 Environmental Management for Ground Water
Table 9-3: Environmental Management for Ground Water
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
The mine water-balance should be revised and
water should be recycled to minimize disposal of
excess water.
On-going Environmental Manager
Plant run-off should be managed effectively.
Chemicals gathered in the oil trap system should be
On-going Processing Section Manager
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taken to a suitable registered place of disposal.
Further growth of the slimes dam should be vertical
and not lateral. This will minimize groundwater
infiltration from the slimes dam pond. The slimes
are in general 2 – 3 orders less permeable than the
sand.
On-going Processing Section Manager
Liming of plant water should continue. Processing Section Manager
9.4 Environmental management for heritage resources
Table 9-4: Environmental Management for heritage resources
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
With respect to heritage sites:
should be maintained according to a minimum
standard and procedure prescribed by the
heritage resources authorities; and
to obtain a permit for any alteration to, damage,
destruction, relocation, subdivision or changing
of planning status of such a site;
Ongoing Environmental Manager
In relation to protected areas or heritage areas:
to consult the relevant heritage resources
authority before damaging, disfiguring, altering
or in any way developing any part of a protected
area; and
to obtain the consent of the relevant local
authority for any alteration or development
affecting a heritage area
When necessary Environmental Manager
In relation to provisionally protected places or
objects (if such should exist):
to obtain a permit from the relevant heritage
resources authority or local authority before
damaging, disfiguring, altering or in any way
developing any part of a provisionally protected
place or object; and
to obtain the consent of the relevant local
authority for altering or developing or affecting a
place listed on a provincial heritage register
When necessary Environmental Manager
In relation to graves or burial grounds:
to obtain a permit from the relevant heritage
resources authority before destroying,
damaging, altering, exhuming or removing from
its original position or otherwise disturbing, the
grave of a victim of conflict or any burial ground
which contains graves of victims of conflict; and
to obtain a permit before destroying, damaging,
altering, exhuming, or removing from its original
position or otherwise disturbing any grave or
burial ground that is older than 60 and which is
situated outside a formal cemetery
ongoing Environmental Manager
And otherwise:
to notify the heritage resources authority before
undertaking a development of the kind named in
SAHRA, and in certain circumstances submit an
impact assessment report to the heritage
resources authority;
to obtain a permit before destroying, damaging,
When necessary Environmental Manager
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
excavating, altering, defacing or otherwise
disturbing or removing from its original position
or dealing with any archaeological or
palaeontological site or meteorite or using any
excavating equipment at an archaeological or
palaeontological site;
to obtain a permit from the provincial resources
authority before altering or demolishing any
structure or part of a structure that is older than
60 years; and
to report the finding of any archaeological or
palaeontological object or material or meteorite
to the relevant heritage resources authority.
In relation to heritage objects:
to inform SAHRA of dealings in respect of such
objects;
to obtain a permit from SAHRA before carrying
out restoration work or repair on a heritage
object listed in Part 2 of the heritage register;
and
to obtain a permit before destroying, damaging,
disfiguring or altering any heritage object
When necessary Environmental Manager
Internal capacity, organizational structures and
co-operative governance:
It is desirable that environmental management staff
at Black Mountain Mining should be sensitized
concerning heritage resources and be equipped to
exercise basic oversight in this sphere.
Annually Training Manager and
Environmental Manager to
approve training
Compile general procedures and guidelines for
heritage management (refer to Chapter 5 of the
heritage study undertaken in March 2013 for what
needs to go into the guidelines)
Immediately Environmental Manager
Non-spatial heritage management priorities:
Existing environmental management staff need
to be sensitized to the needs of heritage and
heritage site management.
Training for relevant environmental
management personnel is recommended to
enhance their capacity to implement heritage
management.
Making heritage an integral part of the work of
people whose primary responsibility might be in
other spheres of mining and development
activity or nature conservation.
BMM heritage management should focus on
establishing and strengthening stakeholder
engagement in heritage resource management
and that this be focused on proactive
approaches.
There are many ways in which stakeholders can
be engaged in heritage resource management
planning, ranging from providing information,
representation on committees and consultation
through participation, to full engagement
through partnerships and co-management
agreements.
Within five years Training Manager and
Environmental Manager to
approve training
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Heritage resources, their significance,
interpretation and management may become
the subjects of dispute and contestation. It is
therefore important to anticipate such potential
disputes in planned approaches to stakeholder
engagement in heritage resource management.
Databases being developed on an ongoing
basis that will need to be integrated into BMM
management include
Developing sustainable relationships and data-
sharing agreements with data suppliers. This
may include universities, research institutes,
museums, and interest groups.
Identifying “orphan” databases and ensuring
that this information is not lost to society: There
are cases where an individual/group may gather
valuable information about a particular resource.
As interest rather than legislation or mandate
drives such processes, it is essential that these
are identified and recorded before being lost. An
example may be a private collection of stories or
oral histories.
It is essential that BMM management should
engage Boswa, SAHRA and other management
bodies developing heritage resource inventories
on the issue of compatibility and integration.
SAHRA has already established and formalized
heritage inventory standards by way of SAHRIS
Engage the relevant interest group/s and jointly
implement a project to research and gather the
information. The following are priorities:
i) Archaeological sites. The known distribution
of archaeological sites in BMM properties is
almost certainly not a true reflection of the
total archaeological resources of BMM.
Further archaeological research/survey must
be undertaken in areas not systematically
investigated thus far. This is imperative in
areas of increased mining and
development, before potential sites are
negatively impacted.
ii) Indigenous knowledge systems. It is not
known to what extent indigenous knowledge
survives in the vicinity of BMM with respect
to sites and natural resources. Research is
needed on this.
iii) Audit of structures older than 60 years old.
Probably very few structures on BMM
property are older than 60 years. Some
might have significance and others not. The
results of such an audit should be captured
on the heritage inventory and used to inform
operational management.
iv) Cultural landscapes. Cultural landscapes are
receiving more attention in heritage
management in South Africa and are
particularly pertinent in BMM in relation to
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
the history of the last independent Khoisan
people of the area.
9.5 Environmental Management for Visual / aesthetic value
Table 9-5: Environmental Management for visual/aesthetic value
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Visual associated with the expansion of the tailings
dam:
The height of the tailings dam should not be
increased beyond 1 ½ times its current height in
order to reduce the potential for visual intrusion,
Similar material to what was previously placed
on the tailings dam should continue to be placed
on it, in order to retain the colour and texture of
the feature, and laterally in order not to create a
new feature in the environment.
Landscape the shaped upper perimeter and
outer slopes of the tailings dam and associated
infrastructure to blend into the surrounding
landscape.
Where applicable, encourage the establishment
of native vegetation to „soften‟ the created
landform.
Material or vegetation should not be imported
onto the ash dam if it were to provide a
significant visual contrast with the surroundings
(i.e. more so than that of the current tailings
dam), as this would counteract the aim of
blending the tailings dam in with the natural
surroundings. As such vegetation indigenous to
the area, and rock of a similar colour to the hills
in the surrounds should be used for this
purpose.
Ongoing Processing Section Manager and
Environmental unit
Expansion Swartberg Waste Rock Dump and
Broken Hill waste rock dump:
The waste rock should continue to be dumped
on the lower western slopes of the Swartberg
Mountain and not be vertically raised.
If building rubble is dumped on this waste rock
dump, at closure (mine decommissioning) the
mine operators should ensure that natural rock
is placed on the outer surface of the dump to
ensure that the dump appears similar in colour
to the surrounding mountainside. Building
rubble could create a visual contrast and thus
should not be left visible.
ongoing Mining Section Manager
9.6 Environmental Management during Underground Mining
Table 9-6: Environmental Management during underground mining
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Use of P.P.E. in noisy areas On-going Section Manager
Carry out scheduled planned maintenance On-going Engineering Section Manager
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAME RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Undertake energy use monitoring and keep records Monthly Environmental Manager and
Engineering Section Manager
Use pre-use checklist during oil spills inspections ongoing Section Manager
Planned maintenance Ongoing Mining Section Manager and
TMM Engineering Section
Manager
Construct settling systems Once off and as needed Engineering Section Manager
Construct oil separation system and ensure it is well
maintained
Once of and as needed Engineering Section Manager
Implement waste management procedure On-going Mining Section Manager
Use only water based paint for face marking On-going Mining Section Manager
Waste drill bits, old drill steel and old hoses:
Implement the waste management procedure and
ensure waste is disposed of appropriately
Keep records of proof of disposal
Ongoing Environmental Manager and
Commercial Section Manager
Oil spills:
Maintenance of raise bore
Ongoing Mining Section Manager
Explosive Packaging:
Implement explosives procedure andrefer to
explosive risk assessment form safety
Ongoing Mining Section Manager
Redundant Explosives:
Implement the procedure for storage and
destruction of old explosives
Ongoing Mining Section Manager
Contaminated groundwater:
Drilling contractor shall pickup ground water
sources before blasting. Geological model of ore
body is used to determine high potential areas.
Apply plugging procedure to avoid groundwater
pollution.
Ongoing Chief Geologist
Shock and vibrations:
Explosive volumes should be predetermined and
loading accurately for stope only
.On-going Mining section Manager
Gasses & Fumes:
Maintain ventilation system
On-going Ventilation and Occupational
Health Manager
Carbon Emissions and Fumes:
Planned maintenance
Ongoing as per schedule Engineering Section Manager
Heat:
Monitor energy use and report any drastic changes
Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Ore Spills:
Cover the ore during collection and avoid
overloading.
Daily Mining Section Manager
Dust suppression by watering around the ore and
waste rock piles. PPE required for all persons
underground.
Daily Mining Section Manager
9.7 Environmental Management for Waste Management
Table 9-7: Environmental Management for waste management
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Domestic Waste: Waste sorting:
Maintain and update waste stream
Annually
Environmental Manager
There should be a dedicated waste management
contractor on site.
On-going Environmental Manager and
Commercial Manager
Investigate options of using different colour bags for
household recycling
On-going Environmental Manager
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Provide to household and co-ordinate waste
sorting site in town and notify residents of process
On-going Environmental Manager
Separate waste at end use to the following
waste streams:
- Tins
- Paper
- Glass
- Plastics
- Electronic Waste
Ong-going
Commercial Manager and waste
recycling company
Reduce volumes of hazardous waste disposed Ongoing Environmental Manager
Store scrap wastes in the salvage yard. Dedicated
contractor should be appointed for the salvage yard
maintenance.
Daily Mining Section Manager
Evaluate alternative cost and effective ways of
dealing with hazardous waste (e.g. reducing
volumes of oily rags; reducing volumes of
contaminated soils)
Once off
Environmental Manager
9.8 Environmental Management during Ore handling Deeps Underground, Surface Conveyors,
Waste Rock Dump & Tony’s dam
Table 9-8: Environmental Management for Ore handling
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Energy monitoring and reporting Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Carry out scheduled planned maintenance On-going Mining Section Manager
Pre-use checklists during inspections On-going Mining Section Manager
Hazardous Waste Management Procedure &
Incident Management Procedure
On-going Mining Section Manager
All persons underground must wear PPE for dust.
There should be limited access to rock breaker by
third parties.
On-going Mining Section Manager
Install underground ventilation system On-going Ventilation and Occupational
Health Manager
Ore rock is temporarily stored at rock breaking and
then transported for re-used for backfilling
purposes.
On-going Mining Section Manager
Undertake noise measurements. Monthly Ventilation and Occupational
Health Section Manager for noise
measurements.
Undertake regular servicing of machines Monthly Engineering Section Manager for
servicing of machines
Salvaging or re-use of conveyor belts by dedicated
contractor if possible or removal off site.
When necessary Mining Section Manager
Regular servicing of machines On-going Engineering Section Manager
Implement waste management procedure and avail
spill kits.
On-going Mining Section Manager
Down cast shaft dust is pulled into mine On-going Mining Section Manager
Extended impact when wind conditions move dust.
PPE not worn when dust not obviously visible or
nuisance.
When required Mining Section Manager
Mining cleaning team should be notified of spillages
when required.
During spillage Employees
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Rope grease on Deeps platform. Picked up when
required. Implement hazardous waste Management
Procedure & Incident Management Procedure
Ongoing Engineering Section Manager
Place hazardous waste and hydrocarbons in
bunded area with gravel pit.
Ongoing Mining Section Manager
Undertake regular maintenance and planned
inspections.
On-going for Planned
maintenance
Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Transformer oil should not be mixed with used oil
tanks at main workshop. Used oil collecting
company to take transformer oil for recycling.
When required Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Transformers should be placed in bunded area and
spill kits should be in place
Ongoing Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Salvaging or re-use of parts and sale of scrap metal
by dedicated contractor.
When necessary Waste recycling contractor and
Commercial Manager
Hazardous Waste Management Procedure &
Incident Management Procedure
On-going Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Clean dirty water management at Broken hill only.
Implement the Integrated water management
project
As per project plan Environmental Manager
Ground water monitoring of Swartberg and Broken
Hill ore rock dump
Quarterly Environmental Manager
9.9 Environmental Management during Crushing
Table 9-9: Environmental Management for crushing
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Energy monitoring and reporting Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Undertake noise measurements and regular
servicing of machines
On-going for Planned
maintenance
Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Salvaging of equipment waste by dedicated
contractor
Ongoing Environmental Manager
Implement dust control measures on the ore Daily Mining Section Manager
The works order schedule should be followed and
planned maintenance schedule be implemented.
Daily Mining Section Manager
On maintenance and breakdown spillage should be
picked up as part of work.
Daily Mining Section Manager
Used oil collected, separated and sent for recycling Ongoing Environmental Manager
Use Hazardous Waste Management Procedures Daily Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Conduct scheduled maintenance. Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Calibrate instrumentation and supervise the
patrolling of belts
Quarterly Mining Section Manager
Belt picking and communicate with mining section Daily Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Installation of dust suppression system for
treatment of the dust
Daily Engineering Section Manager
Energy monitoring and reporting Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Salvaging of equipment waste should be
undertaken by dedicated contractor
Monthly Environmental Manager
Hazardous Waste Management Procedure should Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
be followed Mining Section Manager
Contaminated oil spillage should be contained in
bunded walls
Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Metal detector, belt picking on crusher discharge
conveyor and chute cleaning should be checked
daily.
Daily Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Polluted water should be cycled in closed system to
tailings dam - not back to other water uses
Daily Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Hazardous Waste Procedure should be
implemented and there should be no hazardous
waste directly in contact with topsoil.
Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
9.10 Environmental Management during during Milling and Aeration
Table 9-10: Environmental Management for milling and aeration
9.11 Environmental Management during flotation64, thickening and filtration
Table 9-11: Environmental Management for flotation, thickening and filtration
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Monitor energy use and keep records Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Maintenance and replacement of pipes should be
undertaken
On-going Plant Engineering Section
Manager
Slurry and waste water to be isolated, contained,
recycled back into process and/or tailings dam.
On-going Processing Section Manager
Waste water should be reused. On-going Processing Section Manager
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Energy monitoring and reporting Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
All spills should be contained on cement flooring
and should be removed as required.
When necessary Processing Section Manager
Waste water used on contained cement area and
should be recycled back to process.
Daily Processing Section Manager
Hazardous Waste Management Procedure &
Incident Management Procedure should be
implemented during spills
When necessary Processing Section Manager
Undertake noise measurements and there should
be regular servicing of machines
Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Mining Section Manager
Salvaging of equipment waste by dedicated
contractor
Monthly Environmental Manager
Lime waste should be re-used in processing as
lime is not hazardous.
Daily Processing Section Manager
Used oil should be collected, separated and sent for
recycling
When necessary Processing Section Manager and
Engineering Section Manager
Girth gear oil should be sent away as general
waste.
Monthly Processing Section Manager
All Magnetic separation waste water should be
reused in the process.
Daily Processing Section Manager
Build an isolated cement and sump system at plant
to recycle all slurry spills back to Process
Daily Processing Section Manager
Ear protection is compulsory in noisy areas. Daily Processing Section Manager
Waste disposal procedure should be followed and
registered waste site should be used and proof of
disposal be available on records.
Daily Waste collection contractor to
collect and keep records of waste,
Processing Section Manager to
ensure procedure is followed
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Implement Hazardous Waste Management
Procedure
On-going Processing Section Manager
Salvaging of equipment waste should be done by a
dedicated contractor
On-going Waste recycling contractor
Isolated cement and sump system at plant to
recycle all slurry and waste water spills back to
Tailings dam.
On-going Processing Section Manager
Storm water outflows should be contained in Storm
Water Dam.
On-going Processing Section Manager
Hazardous Waste should be contained in bunded /
cement area.
On-going Processing Section Manager
There should be emergency preparedness and
response procedures and staff should be trained.
On-going Environmental Department,
Training department during site
induction, Processing Section
Manager
Isolated cement and sump system at plant to
recycle all slurry spills back to Tailings dam
On-going Processing Section Manager
PPE is required to handle any spills On-going Processing Section Manager
Used oil should be collected, separated and sent for
recycling
On-going Plant Engineering Section
Manager, Processing Section
Manager
9.12 Environmental Management for Tailings
Table 9-12: Environmental Management for tailings
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Isolated cement slurry and sump system at plant to
recycle all slurry spills back to Tailings dam
Daily Processing Section Manager
There should be bund walls around pipelines to
tailings dam to contain spillage.
Once off Processing Section Manager
There should be limited exposure and machines to
people on tailings dam.
On-going Processing Section Manager
An additional drain should be installed to prevent
ground water pollution
Ong-going Processing Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
There should be pre-use checklists during
inspections,
Weekly Processing Section Manager
Ensure there is planned maintenance, Monthly Processing Section Manager
The hazardous Waste Management Procedure for
the tailings should be followed
Daily Processing Section Manager
Incident Management Procedure should be
followed for the tailings.
Daily Processing Section Manager
Freeboard should be maintained, monitored and
deposition controlled according to legislation
On-going Processing Section Manager
Inspection should be undertaken at tailings dam.
Day shift deposition should be in limited areas.
Night shift deposition should be in extended area
and when piping secured.
Daily Operator
Spillage contained in tailings demarcated area
except for pipelines in bund wall. Spillage removed
to tailings dam paddocks.
Processing Section Manager
New tailings dams should be lined Once off Processing Section Manager
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Dust monitors should be in place on tailings. Annual
Trenches should be lined Once off Processing Section Manager
Ageing pond should be lined Once off Processing Section Manager
Conduct Inspection schedule is the responsibilities
of the operators, management
Processing Section Manager
Tailings dam should be fenced and locked for
access. No entry signs should be placed
On-going Processing Section Manager
Waste water should be re-used On-going Processing Section Manager
Isolated cement and sump system at plant to
recycle all spills back to Tailings dam except for
certain storm water outflows
On-going Processing Section Manager
9.13 Environmental Management during Backfill
Table 9-13: Environmental Management for backfill
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Implement dust control measures. Ong-going Backfill Section Manager
Carry out noise measurements and regular
servicing of machines.
Implement Hazardous Waste Management
Procedure & Incident Management Procedure
Backfill Section Manager
Ensure there are pre-use checklists, planned
maintenance, Hazardous Waste Management
Procedure & Incident Management Procedure
Backfill Section Manager
Monitor the backfill & report Backfill Section Manager
Undertake pre-fill checks & constant monitoring Backfill Section Manager
Install filter system Backfill Section Manager
Use PPEs, monitor & report Backfill Section Manager to
enforce this
Undertake planned maintenance. Backfill Section Manager
Undertake ad-hoc monitoring and reporting Backfill Section Manager
Undertake pre-use inspection and constant
monitoring
Backfill Section Manager
Undertake planned inspections. Backfill Section Manager
Undertake annual swab tests, Annual
Nuclear waste box emptied by dedicated
contractors
Hazardous waste contractor
Radio-active leakage tests should be done on all
nuclear sources on site and monitoring equipment
should be calibrated annually.
Annual Backfill Section Manager
The instrumentation should be isolated and
encased in lead with a lead shutter to isolate any
release. The casing is designed to be fall proof.
Lead compaction is likely to take place instead of
breakage. Nuclear emergency procedure should be
in place.
Weekly Backfill Section Manager
Nuclear emergency procedure in place. All
technicians trained in radiation and dosy metering
to identify and treat such cases. All new employees
are trained after permanent appointment.
Annual Backfill Section Manager
Backfill should be pushed into bunker by front end
loader
Monthly Backfill Section Manager to
ensure that this is done
Backfill screening should be undertaken at sand
dune mining
On-going Backfill Section Manager
Profil is not a hazardous substance but should be
placed on bunded cement area
Ong-going Backfill Section Manager
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Salvaging equipment should be undertaken by
dedicated contractor.
On-going Waste recycling contractor to
collect waste and Backfill Section
Manager to ensure correct
disposal in his/her section
UG water should be recycled for Backfill On-going Backfill Section Manager
Backfill should be stored in bunded area before
disposal by backfill personnel
On-going Backfill Section Manager
Pre-use inspections and monitoring during fill
process
On-going Backfill Section Manager to
ensure that this is done
Backfill waste disposal should be through by means
of a pumping system
On-going Backfill Section Manager
Planned maintenance should be undertaken On-going Backfill Section Manager
There should be backfill system monitoring and
reporting
Monthly Backfill Section Manager
Drive on approved roads only On-going Backfill Section Manager to
ensure that this is done
Load backfill spillage and tipped into old areas On-going Backfill Section Manager
Where possible loaded backfill spillages normally
will be covered with waste rock when constructing
ramp for next lift
On-going Backfill Section Manager
Backfill pipes should be removed during next lift
and backfilled in next stope
On-going Backfill Section Manager
Back fill waste water should gravitate via drain
holes to dams and pumped to surface
Backfill Section Manager
Water drain into sump at Backfill plant and is
pumped to tailings dam
When required Backfill Section Manager
9.14 Environmental Management during Storage of finished products
Table 9-14: Environmental Management for storage of finished products
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Carry out energy monitoring and report Environmental Manager and
Engineering Section Manager
Ensure there are cement paddocks underneath the
conveyor system. Concentrate paddocks should be
cleaned regularly.
Weekly Processing Section Manager
Stockpile should be enclosed and should have
approximately 10% moisture.
Om-going Processing Section Manager
There should be a dedicated waste management
contractor on site.
Om-going
Where loading takes place, the area should be
cemented and contained
Om-going
PPE should be worn by all third parties passing by
and there should be roll up doors to limit exposure.
Om-going Processing Section Manager
When oil mixes with dust on cement areas it should
be washed off into spillage pumps to tailings dam.
Om-going Processing Section Manager
There should be pre-use checklists and planned
maintenance
Om-going Processing Section Manager
Copper, Zinc and Lead should be contained in
cemented enclosed shed.
Om-going Processing Section Manager
Dust should be contained in shed. Om-going Processing Section Manager
Moisture content should be controlled before
stockpiling to ensure high moisture content.
Om-going Processing Section Manager
Storage pad should be cemented. Spillage from
cemented area is flushed to spillage sump and
pumped to tailings dam.
Om-going Processing Section Manager
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
There should be periodic planning meetings. As per plan Processing Section Manager
9.15 Environmental Management during Dispatch of products
Table 9-15: Environmental Management for dispatch of products
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Energy use should be monitored and reported Monthly Engineering Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Ensure there are pre-use checklists, Before vehicle use Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
Implement waste management SOP On-going
Check the weight of concentrate load in trucks and
keep records
Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
Ensure safety chain is in place to avoid flaps falling
open and spill concentrate. Competent drivers
should adhere to speed limits and truck trailers
should be sealed at bottom.
During each trip Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
Regular maintenance of gravel road and implement
dust control measures
Daily Road maintenance contractor
Concentrate should be sealed in bin. During each trip Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
Trailer should be closed with tarpaulin and net. During each trip Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
There should be planned maintenance As per vehicle
maintenance
Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
Undertake regular servicing of machines As per vehicle
maintenance
Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
Where off loading takes place the area should be
contained and cemented
On-going Logistic Manager and concentrate
transporting contractor
PPE should be worn by all third parties passing by On-going Logistic Manager
The moisture should be maintaining above 5%.
Wind breaker barriers should be in place and sliding
doors should enclose the area and limit exposure.
On-going Logistic Manager
When oil mixes with dust on cement areas, these
should be disposed of as per waste management
procedure.
On-going Logistic Manager
Drip trays/pans should be in place below engine
and at diesel tank transfer points.
On-going Logistic Manager
Salvaging of equipment waste should be the
responsibility of BMM salvage yard personnel
On-going Waste recycling contractor
Copper, Lead and Zinc should be contained in
cemented enclosed shed.
On-going Logistic Manager
Asbestos sheets should be replaced by cement
sheets and broken edge of asbestos should be
sealed as per Asbestos OSHAS regulations and
Waste handling procedure 40.
On-going Logistic Manager, Engineering
section Manager, Environmental
Manager, Safety Manager
9.16 Envronmental Management for Waste Rock
Table 9-16: Environmental Management for waste rock
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Extend the footprint of the waste rock as required Once off Mining Section Manager
External verification of waste rock dump stability Every 2 years Mining Section Manager
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IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
should be undertaken.
There should be access control - chain barricade
which is locked and only opened by security posted
at decline entrance. All access is logged in security
book by guard
Daily Mining Section Manager
There should be monitoring checklists for the active
waste rock dumps
Quarterly Mining Section Manager
Soil and Dust baseline and impact monitoring
should be undertaken.
Annual Mining Section Manager
Ensure Stability of the dumps Ongoing Mining Section Manager
Implement dumping management where which
material should be dumped. There should be
designated dumping areas and signage. (Building
rubble, waste rock, quartzite material)
Ong-going Mining Section Manager
Carry out inspections and audits Weekly inspections and
annual audits
Mining Section Manager to carry
out inspections and
Environmental Manager to
conduct audits
Water should be contained on the surface in a
series of small pools to assist in neutralizing
acid released due to pyrite weathering in the dump
and preventing storm water washing directly onto
the off dump area before being neutralized
Place one groundwater monitoring borehole near
the mine property boundary to the west of the waste
dump. The groundwater quality will be monitored
periodically at this site in order to assess the
effectiveness of the mitigation measures
undertaken.
Quarterly Environmental Manager
The size of the waste dump at any one time should
be maintained at a minimum by the scheduling of
mining operations to enable maximum waste
development to be packed underground without
haulage to the surface.
On-going Mining Section Manager and
Environmental Manager
Update original design with operational progress Annual
Closure report to guide the closure designs Five years before closure Mining Section Manager,
Engineering Section Manager,
Environmental Manager
9.17 Environmental Management for Hydrocarbon
Table 9-17: Environmental Management for hydrocarbon
IMPACT: MANAGEMENT & MITIGATION TIME FRAMES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
Equip 45 Level workshop with adequate oil
separating units
Once off TMM Section Engineer
Install Oil separator at 34 Level workshop Once off TMM Section Engineer
Commission Oil separator at 40 Level Workshop Once off TMM Section Engineer
Change degreaser used underground from solvent
based to water based in order to ensure oil
separation effectiveness.
Once off TMM Section Engineer
Monitor effectiveness of 40L oil separator through
sampling and testing.
Once off TMM Section Engineer
Reduce transport/material handling for reduced
spillage
Once off TMM Section Engineer
Investigate the conveyance of old and new oil via
the shaft.
Once off TMM Section Engineer
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS PLAN
The information on this section is extracted from BMM‟s Environmental Communication and training
standard operating procedure document. The main objectives of this document are to:
Identify environmental training and development needs as required by section 4.4.2 of the
Environmental Management System standard ISO 14001; and
Ensure
- Perceptual Awareness;
- Knowledge transfer;
- Environmental Ethic and
- Skills and Action to implement environmental management mine wide.
10.1 Environmental Training and communication approach
The Black Mountain environmental training approach is designed to achieve the environmental training
aim and objectives of Black Mountain. The approach is Outcomes based and the outcomes to measure
the effect of the training is:
A decrease and/or limit environmental incidents
Increase management and reaction of environmental incidents and audit results,
Achieve corporate environmental targets in all areas and levels of operation.
Allocating the training according to training needs ensures that the training is proactively aligned with
individual environmental responsibility.
Training is a line management function.
The training and communication syllabus includes, but is not limited to, specific environmental
procedures applicable to Black Mountain mine wide (eSS 031).
10.1.1 Identification of training needs
Environmental training needs for each section should to be identified and addressed to ensure
environmental management is part of day to day operations.
The environmental risk responsibilities guide the training requirements of each individual. The
responsibility for each level of management according to the Integrated Risk Management and
ISO14001 role descriptions are outlined in eSS 035.
Environmental training recommended for the different levels of management as set out in eSS
031 guide the training needs identification process. This is a minimum guideline and any
additional training can be added where section specific issues or high risk items require training
and awareness (for example, the Cyanide COP that is a high environmental risk issue, but only
applicable to a small number of persons at the Plant)
It is the responsibility of the line manager to ensure environmental training needs for individual
staff members are identified, agreed to, facilitated and tracked according to eBMF 051.
10.2 Induction
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Black Mountain Mine offers four types of induction: annual general induction, site specific induction,
visitor‟s induction, visitor‟s on-site induction.
General Induction is presented at the Black Mountain training centre, visitor‟s induction is
presented at the Black Mountain security office and on-site induction is facilitated by the section
head and presented at the relevant section.
All employees attend annual induction training when initially employed and upon return from
annual leave. All contractors attend BM induction training before commencing work and, should
they remain on site, annually thereafter.
All employees are required to obtain specific on-site induction before work commence at a
specific section that includes relevant environmental issues. This induction can also be repeated
annually. On-site induction should be signed off and records kept at the section.
All visitors attend visitor‟s induction at security before accessing Black Mountain. The visitor‟s
induction remains valid for the period specified by security. Re-entry by the same visitor will
require attendance of visitor‟s induction if the validity period of the previous induction has expired.
It is the responsibility of the person receiving visitors to ensure the persons have been inducted.
Visitor‟s on-site induction is conducted when and where required depending on the activities and
areas that will be accessed by the visitor (for example, all visitors to Gamsberg receive onsite
induction). The supervisor of the section decides whether or not on-site visitor‟s induction is
required according to the activities and areas that will be accessed.
10.2.1 Environmental Procedure Training
All employees and business partners must be able to understand and apply ISO 14001
procedures relevant to them in their section (as listed in eSS 031)
It is the responsibility of the line manager to facilitate environmental procedure training either by
allowing staff to attend training presented by the environmental unit, getting an external
presenter; or using the procedures to train the staff him-/herself.
Records of training attendance should be kept at the section for tracking purposes
10.2.2 Training material development and review
Environmental Training register will be updated according to training presented by the
environmental department for record keeping purpose.
The Environmental officer is responsible for develop and updating training material when
changes to procedures, policy or legislation occur.
Updated training material should be distributed to Human Resources – training Centre and EMS
members.
10.2.3 Training Assessment
The line managers at the sections are responsible for conducting a personal tasks observation
(PTO) after training has been presented by the environmental officer at the specific sections.
The Environmental officer will verify the completed PTO`s at the specific sections and feedback
will be given to the section line manager.
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10.3 Environmental Communication and Awareness
Environmental communication and awareness is a mine wide responsibility that is facilitated by the
environmental unit and line managers. The environmental unit compiles and ensures distribution of the
following communications:
- Daily environmental communication on the Toolbox talk;
- Monthly discussion topics
- Joint SHE presentations
- EMS presentations every second month
- SHE Representative training
- Electronic correspondence to EMS members of specific issues
Line management facilitates knowledge transfer of the above communications to all employees
by means of daily toolbox meetings, communication meetings or any other suitable means.
Line managers that facilitate or provide environmental communication and training should ensure
that it is specific and that records of knowledge transfer can be tracked (for example by
completing and signing eBMF 003).
Communication and awareness also takes place through the display of environmental topics and
issues on display notice boards.
10.4 External Environmental Awareness Courses
As the environmental awareness of employees is often carried out by Black Mountain Mine staff
members, it is important to ensure that these staff members are able to provide employees with the
necessary information and understanding. Therefore, Environmental Unit's personnel have attended the
following courses:
Environmental Law short course at North West University
Water quality monitoring short course at North West University
Implementing ISO 14001 short course at North West University
Environmental Lead Auditor short course at North West University
Environmental Risk Assessment Management based on ISO 31000 short course at North West
University
Carbon footprint analysis short course at Global Exchange
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11 FINANCIAL PROVISION ESTIMATION
The financial provision section is divided into 2, namely, the ongoing environmental management costs
associated with the implementing of the management measures documented within this environmental
management programme, and, the financial provision required for the final rehabilitation of the mine.
11.1 Quantum of Financial Provision [Regulation 54(1)]
In order to calculate the Financial Provision, BMM, uses the DMR “Guideline Document for the Evaluation
of the Quantum of Closure Related Financial Provision Provided by a Mine”, Revision 1.6, published in
September 2004 (DME, 2004).
Black Mountain Mine will make financial provision for rehabilitation in the manner envisaged in terms of
Section 9 (5)e of the Minerals Act in order to meet the long-term liability of rehabilitation once the mine
has ceased production.
Black Mountain Mine makes contributions to the trust fund created in terms of Section 10 Para (cH) of the
Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962. The amount to be invested annually will be dependent on the required
rehabilitation work that will still need to be done at the end of the mine‟s life, taking into account
rehabilitation work completed concurrently while in operation. The extent and cost of this work will be
estimated with reference to the life of mine plans.
The annual contribution will be influenced by the estimated earnings to be made by the fund as well as
the financial position of the mine. Budgets and forecasts will be used to project contributions for future
years over the life of mine.
Consideration also needs to be given to the value of assets available for disposal at the end of the life of
the mine as realisation of these assets clearly would also go towards rehabilitation costs.
All possible rehabilitation will be conducted concurrently with mining operations. Concurrent rehabilitation
will be funded out of current earnings and will be a normal charge against profits.
This year (2013), a bank guarantee of R20,000,000 was submitted to DMR and the trust fund balance is
R85,336,364 (eighty five million three hundred and thirty six thousand, three hundred and sixty four
Rands) has been set aside on BMM rehabilitation trust for the rehabilitation of the mine. This amount is
updated on annual basis based on disturbance on the mine and is submitted to Department of Minerals
Resources for approval.
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12 UNDERTAKING
I, [on behalf of Vedanta (Pty) Ltd, Black Mountain Mine]
hereby declare that the above information is true, complete and correct. I undertake to implement the
measures as described in Section 9 of the Environmental Management Programme. In addition to the
implementation of the Environmental Management Programme, Black Mountain Mine will comply with the
provisions indicated in the Minerals and Petroleum Resource Development Act, 2002 (Act 28 of 2002),
National Environmental Management Act and the regulation thereto. I understand that this undertaking is
legally binding and that failure to give effect hereto will render me liable for prosecution in terms of
Section 98(b) and 99(1)(g) of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002 (Act 28 of
2002). I am also aware that the Regional Manager may, at any time but after consultation with me, make
such changes to this programme as he/she may deem necessary.
Signed on this day of , 20 at
Signature:
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13. Appendices: Supporting documents and reference list
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