environmental mngmnt systems bioprocesses
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
1/22
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
2/22
If we consider the biosphere in terms of the turnover of elements rather than in
terms of energy flow, then cyclical patterns are observed.Life on earth depends on (1) chemical recycling; it is also dependent on (2) one-
way energy flow through the biosphere.
Summary of some critical problems that can occur in an ecological system:
1.
Disruption of essential chemical cycles on a global or local scale:a. Breaking the Cycle; e.g., desertification, global warming and change of climate
b. Changing the rate of cycling by chemical overloads or leaks in the cycle. e.g.,upsetting oxygen and carbon cycle by deforestation, dumping industrial wastes in
lakes and rivers
2. Disruption of energy flow on a local or global scale:a. Decreasing or increasing solar energy input by changing the properties of the
local or global atmosphere. E.g., green house gases and ozone depleting chemical
release into atmosphere.
b. Heat or entropy build up in the environment due to use of too much energy,large scale combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation.- we cannot ignore
the second law of thermodynamics.
Rapid evolution of human society took place in recent ten thousand years. Several
developments have made an immense consequence on the natural environment due to
human activities. In the last two hundred years, it has been observed that the use ofenergy resources on a large scale affects the general flow of matter in the biosphere
contributing to disturbances in natural cycles, beyond earths bearing capability.
In early stage of hunting, primitive agriculture and with skillful use of tools,manual and animal nutrition derived power was the limiting energy source. Organic
molecules generated through photosynthesis in plants with solar energy as the source of
energy, provided food for herbivorous animal species (including humans) and animaid development. Resource depletion and pollution became a real possibility.
The efficiency of energy conversions in nature far exceeds that of Man designed
production processes. A living organism not only produces materials it needs to functionand in doing this uses energy in a highly efficient way. In times of a positive energy
balance energy is stored in compounds such as starch, glycogen and lipids. Each living
organism degrades bio-molecules that have fulfilled their biological function to smaller
units and subsequently uses these for the production of new bio-molecules or as a cellularfuel. Microorganisms- built-in integrated recycling can after the death of the organism,
use the bio-molecules present in an organism. The non-bio-gradable nature of
manufactured products such as synthetic plastics, may cause problems by accumulationin the environment.
Integral Life Cycle management:
Mankind is withdrawing fossil energy and raw materials from the earths reserves to formaking products for fulfilling social needs. During the process of manufacture, wastes
and degraded energy may be released to environment and after usage the product may
become a disposable material in the environment. Recycle of material can involve somemore energy input.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
3/22
When we make a choice of a product, a consideration of the total impact on environment
of producing it, using it and finally handling it as waste should be made. If its utility isless than the adverse impact then we should forgo the use of it.
In addition to considering economic feasibility of a process in a situation, energy and
environmental factors are also satisfactory; society can support the product both from
producer and consumer point of view.
Biotechnology: New Revolution:Biotechnology is the application of organisms, biological systems or biological processes
to manufacturing and service industries. It is based on understanding of biosciences and
process engineering and involves handling of bio-molecules that occur in nature.Here we consider applications of biotechnology in agriculture, chemical synthesis
and energy management. Two strategies for the use of biotechnology are studied (i) To
reduce the environmental problems arising from conventional technology. (ii) To replace
existing environmentally damaging technology.Recalcitrant organic molecules and inorganic pollutants: Compounds that persist in the
environment are called recalcitrant. Abiotic organic chemicals in water, soil etc.are noteasy to treat as these are not metabolized easily. However in some cases selectivedevelopment of mutants have given biotechnology solution to these problems. Inorganic
heavy metal pollution too has been tackled by bioprocess developments. REFER:
Microbial biosorbents: Meeting the challenge of heavy metal pollution in aqueoussolutions Current Science, v 78, No 8, April 2000,(Review Paper,967-973)
Man made compounds that are found in unusually high concentrations in the environment
are called xenobiotic. These do not get degraded easily by microbes and accumulate in
the environment. Considerable research is being done on his topic by environmentalbiotechnologists.
2. Waste, Pollution--need for Treatment
Interaction: Man & EnvironmentNature of Wastes & Pollutants
Environmental impacts of release
Treatment: End of pipe vs process integrated technology
Landfill technology for solid waste
Waste generation is the byproduct of consumption and production activities and
tends to rise with the level of economic advance. Wastes arise from domestic andindustrial activity, e.g., sewage, wastewater, agriculture and food waste from food
processing, wood wastes and ever increasing range of toxic industrial chemical products
and byproducts. Costs for properly dealing with waste are escalating and much attentionis presently devoted to efficient and effective waste management, which will include
costs of collection, storage, processing and removal of wastes.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
4/22
A Tale Of Too Crowded Cities
Urban India is stretching itself out like naan "with bulges here and there, thin at the
edges''. Shapeless, running out of land, water, even clean air. A landscape ripe for the
kind of mayhem Delhi has witnessed this past years. The Sunday Times tracked thecorridors of urban expanse, and chaos. Almost a third of India - over 300 million people -
already lives in its towns and cities. Said Union urban development minister Jagmohan,"Urban India today is as large (in numbers) as the total India was in 1947. In numbers, we
will have the second largest urban population in the world, next to China. We are just not
paying attention.''The urban population is expected to hit the 500 million mark in the next two decades.
More worryingly, the growth is uneven. India already has the highest congestion rate in
the world -- about 44 per cent of families in urban areas live in just one room. In the
nation's Capital alone, more than a third of all residents live in slums, without propershelter, drinking water, sanitation, or access to health care and good education.
Thousands of illegal colonies had emerged and thousands of illegal industriesrecently rose in revolt against attempts at control, given a voice by politicians seekingshort-term dividends. Planning has been thrown to the winds, bringing to the fore
questions of urban governance and its definition, the nature of planning, the cost
of services, public versus private sector involvement in development.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
5/22
NATURE OF WASTES:
GASLIQUID
SOLID
CONCENTRATED & LOCALISED
DILUTE & DISPERSEDBIODEGRADABLE
RECALCITRANTMIX OF BIODEG. & RECALCI.
HAZARDS:BIOLOGICAL
CHEMICAL
PHYSICAL
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
6/22
To dispose solid wastes a recent method is landfill. Landfill practices vary from countryto country. One of the common approaches is the use of the cell emplacement strategy. In
this the collected refuse is covered on all sides by soil at the end of each working day.
There is some degree of stratification. The size of the cells depends on the daily volume
that is tipped. Each cell is compressed and roughly leveled by mechanical bulldozers.Generally the depth of cell is limited to about 2.5 meters. Depth of the soil used to cover
at the end of each day is about 20cm.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
7/22
3. Aerobic Wastewater Treatment
Aerobic wastewater treatment process is essentially a biologically based process, which islong established. There are two main types of treatment; fixed film processes and
homogeneous growth processes. The most widely used fixed film process is the trickling
filter bed, and for homogeneous growth methods, the activated sludge process. Otherspecialized treatment regimes exist, and are often applied to the treatment of specific
industrial waste.
The choice of a treatment process is aided by the ability to define the nature of hewastewater to be processed by the use of established parameters. These include BOD,
COD, ammoniacal nitrogen and suspended matter.
Knowledge of fundamental equations and processes ultimately enable the design of
vessels to handle known quantities of wastewater of a known composition and theoptimization of these stages for the removal of BOD or other desired effects, when they
have been built are operated. This understanding also enables the process to be run cost
effectively for example in the choice of oxygenation methods in dispersed systems.The skills needed within a wastewater treatment plant are multidisciplinary and
include civil engineering, Chemical engineering, electrical engineering and obviously
micro-biology. A biotechnologist should appreciate the integration of these disciplinesand have some understanding of their individual contributions.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
8/22
4. Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment
WHY BIOGAS IN VILLAGES ?
ENERGY RECOVERY: BIOGAS SUBSTITUTES FORFUELWOOD & KEROSENE.
HYGIENIC DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTE CONSERVATION OF FERTILIZER VALUE
HOW IS GAS FORMED?
MIXED CULTURE OF BACTERIA DECOMPOSESVOLATILE SOLIDS & GROWS IN ANAEROBIC
CONDITION; GAS MIXTURE RELEASED
ADVANTAGES:
RESULTING SLURRY FREE FROM PATHOGENSCAN BE USED IN COMPOST PIT FOR MANURE
MILD CONDITIONS: 30o C, pH 6.8-7.2, FEED ONCE ADAY
FOR COOKING, BURNER, LIGHTING: MANTLELAMP AVAILABLE; FOR A DUAL FUEL ENGINE:
EASY GAS PURIFICATION FEASIBLE
FOR RURAL FARM OR FAMILY SIZE PLANT,SUBSIDY AVAILABLE.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
9/22
COMMONLY USED FEED FOR BIOMETHANATION:
ANIMAL WASTES, URBAN WASTES, and FOOD & AGRO-
INDUSTRY WASTES.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BIOMETHANATION
The biomethanation of organic matter in water is carried out in absence of dissolved
oxygen and oxygenated compounds like nitrate and sulphate. The mixed groups of
bacteria are naturally occurring in the cow dung slurry and decomposition in three stagesfinally produces a gas mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. Initially larger molecules
are hydrolysed to simpler molecules which in turn are decomposed to volatile fatty acids
like acetic acid, propionic acid etc. by a second set of bacteria. Methane forming bacteriacan convert acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxde and produce methane.
WET ORGANIC WASTE AS FEED FOR BIOGAS PLANT
ANIMAL WASTES: Excreta of cow, pig, chicken etc
MANURE, SLUDGE: Canteen and food processing waste, sewage
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: After separation of non-degradable
WASTE STARCH & SUGAR SOLUTIONS: Fruit processing, brewery,
press mud from sugar factory etc
OTHER INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS (B O D): pulp factory waste
liquor, leather industry waste, coal washery wastewater etc.
HYDROLYSIS OF BIOPOLYMERS TO MONOMERS
CONVERSION OF SUGARS, AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS TO HYDROGEN,
CO2, AMMONIA AND ACETIC, PROPIONIC AND BUTIRIC ACIDS
CONVERSION OF H2, CO2, ACETIC ACID TO CH4 AND CO2 MIXTURE
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
10/22
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
11/22
Volumetric methane rate in cubic meter gas per cubic meter of digester volume
V = (Bo So / HRT)[1- K / (HRT*m-1+K)]Bo =Ultimate methane yield in cubic meters methane (Varies from 0.2 to 0.5)So = Influent volatile solids concentration in kgVS/m
3
(Loading rate range = 0.7 to 25 kg VS/m3
d)HRT = Hydraulic retention time in days
K = Dimensionless kinetic parameter, for cattle dung, K= 0.8+ 0.0016e0.06 So
m = Maximum specific growth rate of the microorganism in day-1
Dry and wet fermentation:
Reference: Solid state anaerobic digestion of cattle dung and agro-residues: Perspectiveand prospects M.Shyam, Journal of Solar Energy Society of India, 10(1): 11-25 (2000)
WET FERMENTATION MEANS FEED HAS SUBSTRATE TOTALSOLID CONCENTRATION, ( TSC) OF 8 TO 9 %
DRY FERMENTATION OR SOLID STATE FERMENTATION HASFEED SUBSTRATE TOTAL SOLID CONCENTRATION, ( TSC) OF 20
TO 30 %, A MIX OF COW DUNG AND A WIDE VARIETY OF AGRO-
RESIDUES.
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF CATTLE DUNG AND MANY AGRO-RESIDUES AT INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS OF TSC BETWEEN 16 TO
25 % HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED SATISFACTORILY IN SMALLBATCH TYPE AND PLUG FLOW TYPE DIGESTERS.
AT INITIAL TSC OF 40% OR LESS DIGESTION GETS COMPLETED IFSUFFICIENT TIME IS PROVIDED.
BIOGAS AND METHANE PRODUCTION AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTRATE
DEGRADED REMAINS SAME.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
12/22
ANAEROBIC CONTACT DIGESTER
BIOMASS SETTLED IN A SECOND TANK, RECYCLED TO THEDIGESTER.
RECYCLE GIVES HIGHER SRT AND EFFICIENCY MIXING IN THE FIRST TANK AND EFFICIENCY OF SETTLING IN
THE SECOND TANK IMPROVES PERFORMANCE.
REQUIRE HRT OF 10 DAYS OR MORE.5. Bio-degradation of xenobiotic Compounds
Man made compounds that are detected in the environment in unusually high
concentrations are called xenobiotic. This term is also applied to those compounds thatoccur naturally, but due to mans activities, are deposited in the environment inunnaturally high concentrations Such xenobotic compounds are not readily biodegradable
since their molecular structures or bond sequences are not readily recognized by existing
degrading enzymes.Types of compounds: Aliphatic halo-hydrocarbons, cyclic halocarbons, aromatic
halocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, synthetic polymers, alkyl-benzyl sulphonate.
These are examples of xenobotic compounds released into the environment that are not
easily degraded by microorganisms.In general, xenobiotics are either recalcitrant because they are chemically stable
or their decomposition by catabolism leads to the production of toxic compounds.
Modern research in microbial metabolism in mixed cultures has indicated the possibilityof biotechnology for the decomposition of many of these compounds.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
13/22
6. Biomass For Energy
Renewable Energy potential and achievements for India
Source Approximate
Potential
Status
(as on 31 MARCH1998)
Biogas plants 12 million 2.71 million
Improved wood
Stoves
120 million 28.49 million
Biomass power
and gasifiers
1700 MW 29.5 MW
Biomass based cogeneration 3500 MW 84 MW
Solar photovoltaic 20 MW/km
2
32 MWSolar water heating systems 35 MW/km2
13.3 MW
Wind power 20,000 MW 970 MWSmall hydro power
(up to 16 megawatt)
10,000 MW 155.38 MW
Refer: TERI -ENERGY DATA DIRECTORY AND YEAR BOOK,
1998, p 470
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
14/22
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
15/22
7 Agriculture & Biotechnology: Environmental Benefits
BIOFERTILIZER
o Microbial inoculants, carrier based preparations containing beneficialmicrobes in a viable state intended for seed or soil application.
o Improve soil fertility and help plant growth.o In the root environment, number and biological activity of the desired
microbes are increased which produces plant nutrient nitrogen.
Biofertilizers are microbial inoculant cultures of agronomic value, in nitrogen
fixation, phosphate solubilization and release of plant growth regulators.
In 1930s, lab preparations of RHIZOBIAL inoculants also known as LEGUMEinoculants were tested. Later these became industrial products in U.S., Europe, Australia
and India. Rhizobia are most effective in converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia in
symbiosis with legumes.SPIC Science Foundation has successfully developed technology to produce efficientinoculants of rhizobia for soyabean, chickpea, groundnut, black gram and other pulses.
The carrier material ands nutrient formulation ensures extended shelf life of the microbial
inoculants. The Foundation has also developed specific Azospirillum strains ensuringenhanced productivity.
Azospirilla enhance root biomass and fix nitrogen in associative symbiosis with
cereals, sugar cane and cotton. Carrier based AZOSPIRILLUM and AZOTOBACTERinoculants for non-leguminous crops have become popular in India, in recent times.
Azotobacter inoculants promote seed germination and initial vigour of plants due to
growth substances produced by the organism.
BLUE GREEN ALGAE (cyanobacteria) play a role in the nitrogen economy oftropical rice soils. They can be cultured in open-air tanks and used for rice cultivation.
Algal inoculation of rice fields in India has shown their use as biofertilizer.
ANABAENA, NOSTOC and TOLYPOTHRIX are free-living blue green algae that fixnitrogen under rice cultivation.
Azolla-anabaena symbionts generate about 40 kg N/ ha along with addition of bulk
quantities of organic matter of azolla biomass.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
16/22
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM VAR PHOSPHATICUM cells have capacity to
convert rock phosphate to soluble forms useful to plants.
Sekhar Nautiyal, at National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, identified
bacteria, PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS, which increased crop productivity by 20%
in some crops and produced plant growth hormones. It also helped to make phosphatemore soluble in water. (Business world, p104.Sept.7, 1997)
VAM fungi: [Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza]
Reference Books:
1. Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry by N.S.Subba Rao, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co
New Delhi, (1993)
2. Bio-fertilizers: Instruction cum- Practical Manual for IX and X classes, Rs.25/=N C E R T book: Available from:Business Manager, RPDC, NCERT,
108, 100ft Road, Hasker Halli Extn,
Banashankari, 3rd
Stage,Bangalore.560085
Phone: 6725740
Reference: (General Article): Perspectives of soil fertility management with a focus onfertilizer use for crop productivity Sankaram Ayala and E. V. S. Prakasa Rao
Current Science, Vol. 82, No7, 10, April 2002, pp 797 807.
BOOK: Biotechnology of Bio-fertilizers, Editor: S.Kannaiyan, Narosa PublishingHouse, New
Delhi, 2002 [660.63 95328]
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
17/22
Bioremediation
WHAT IS BIOREMEDIATION?
Remediation is a process to remove
contaminants such as gasoline, kerosene and
fuel oil from soil. Bioremediation uses
naturally occurring microorganisms such asbacteria, fungi, or yeast to decompose
harmful chemicals into less toxic or nontoxic
compounds.
Microorganisms, like all living organisms,need nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphate
and trace metals), carbon and energy to
survive. Microorganisms break down a wide
variety of organic (carbon-containing)compounds found in nature for energy for
their growth. Many species of soil bacteria,
for example, use petroleum hydrocarbons asa food and energy source. This natural
process transforms the petroleum
hydrocarbons into harmless substancesconsisting mainly of carbon dioxide, water
and fatty acids.
WHY BIOREMEDIATION?
In Ohio, over 15,000 underground storagetanks that store petroleum, heating oil and
other materials are leaking. Oil spills and
leaks at industrial sites, feed lots and railyards have resulted in hundreds of tons of
petroleum contaminated soil (PCS)
throughout the state.
Petroleum contaminated soil, unregulated
and left to evaporate into the atmosphere,can release potentially harmful volatile
organic compounds into the atmosphere.
Petroleum products can seep into soil andcontaminate underlying ground water.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
18/22
Runoff from unregulated sites can carry
petroleum contaminants off-site into nearbywaterways.
Ohio EPA considers bioremediation
technology to be one safe solution to thePCS problem. Instead of transferring
contaminants from one environmental areato another (for example, from water to the air
or to land), bioremediation decomposes
petroleum products. Ohio EPA has strictemission standards to ensure permitted
facilities don't negatively impact human
health or the environment.
WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES TO
BIOREMEDIATION?
While there are several treatment methods,
there is no single technology that can beapplied to every PCS site. The remediation
method applied should be most appropriate
for specific site characteristics. All of thefollowing treatment methods are better
options than land filling or leaving the soil
on the ground.
Land farming: This method involvesspreading soil over an open area, allowingcontaminants to be released into the air. If
not properly contained, rainwater runoff
could cause PCS to be carried off-site.
Soil vapor extraction: This method
involves venting air in the soil to removevapors which may be controlled or vented to
the air. As soil is cleaned to acceptable
levels, it normally remains in the ground atthe original location. This process releases
contaminants into the air.
Thermal treatment: Also referred to as
thermal desorption, this method involves
heating soil to 250-700 degrees Fahrenheit.Thermal treatment differs from incineration
because there is no combustion of the soil.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
19/22
Contaminants are separated from the soil and
released into air pollution control equipmentto minimize emissions being released into
the air.
CAN BIOREMEDIATION FACILITIESACCEPT HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES?
Bioremediation facilities are NOT permitted
to accept petroleum contaminated soilscontaining hazardous substances, including
PCBs and pesticides. Bioremediation
facilities are NOT permitted to accept soils
containing hazardous waste.
Petroleum contaminated soil is not
hazardous waste. Petroleum contaminatedsoil is not hazardous to touch or handle.
Lignite and Biotechnology
LocationNeyveli, India
Responsible
organization(s)Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) within the Ministry
of Coal. Situated in the south of India in Tamil Nedu,NLC mines 11MT of lignite annually, of which 9.5 MT
are used for electricity generation. Industrial aspect of
activities is supported by the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO).
Description The project was initiated to facilitate the establishmentof a Lignite Fuel and Energy Research Institute (LERI)
at NLC in order to ensure that Indian lignite is utilised
to its full potential and that environmental problemstemming from its use are minimised. One aspect of the
project is to assist NLC with the industrial aspects of its
work on mine spoil reclamation. The mining operationsat NLC covered a huge area by mine spoil, and the
problem continues to grow. NLC explored ways to
overcome this concern.
The main problem is that the mine spoil is devoid of
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
20/22
both humic substances and micro-organisms and hence
unable to support crop growth. NLC undertook tests to
enrich the sterile mine spoils with additives in order to
transform the spoils into a suitable substrate for plantgrowth. The tested additives include biofertilisers,
humic acid, other organic substances and inorganicfertilizers. These were tested in various combinations ina large variety of plant species including maize, millet,
rice, sugarcane, fruit trees and flowers. The biofertiliser
and the humic acid supplements tested are beingproduced on the pilot scale by NLC, and lignite itself is
one of the raw materials in the production process. The
biofertiliser is produced by growing five strains of
micro-organisms in fomenters. These are harvested andadsorbed onto lignite to produce a jelly-like substance
which is the initial product. The humic acid is currently
produced from lignite by digestion with potassiumhydroxide. This produces an undesirable effluent.
The project provides support towards the developmentof the production processes for the biofertiliser and the
humic acid and a new biotechnology process for
producing humic acid is being developed. In addition toreducing production costs, this will probably also
alleviate the need for the harsh chemicals that are used
in the present production process, and thus reduce theenvironmental impact of the process. It also provides an
elegant solution to an environmental problem; using thematerial extracted from a mining operation, and
biotechnology, to alleviate the environmental problemcaused by the mining. NLC is also investigating
biotechnology solutions to other environmental
problems. These include the biological treatment ofeffluents, including effluent from the lignite briquetting
and coking plant to reduce phenol content, and for
reclamation of the ash pond which now covers morethan 25 hectares. NLC is also monitoring the fate of
residual chemicals in the environment.
Issues
addressedThe operations at NLC had, and continue to have,
considerable environmental impact. The project
supports the above biotechnology approach which maybe able to significantly reduce some of the negative
environmental effects. Many other mining sites in India,
and many other developing countries with miningoperations, face similar environmental problems. There
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
21/22
is thus considerable potential for applying the products
and technologies developed at NLC at other sites both
within and outside of India.
Objectives To assist NLC to develop technologies which will
mitigate the environmental consequences of past andpresent mining and related activities, and which may be
replicable at other sites.
Results
achievedTechnologies have been developed which can
effectively reduce the environment impact of miningactivities.
Lessons
learnedEnvironmental protection technologies are not always
restrictive to industry nor are they necessarily
expensive.
Financing The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany
through the Industrial Development Fund.
Contact Mr. Grant Ramsay, Chemical Industries Branch,UNIDO Vienna International Centre
P.O. Box 400 A-1400 Vienna Austria
Telephone: (+43 1) 21131 - 3774
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, pursues
an effective R & D programme in Environmental Science and Technology
to enable solutions to backlog and future environmental problemsemanating from developmental imperatives in various socio-economic
sectors. The institute while fulfilling its commitment towards the nationaland social missions and CSIR thrust area activities, has made a significantcontribution in the recent past, in the areas of institute's R & D, viz.
Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Biotechnology, Hazardous
Waste Management; Environmental System Design, Modelling andOptimization; Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment; andEnvironmental Policy Analysis.
-
7/28/2019 Environmental Mngmnt Systems Bioprocesses
22/22
The institute has retained its repute in International Scientific
Collaboration by undertaking joint R&D ventures with United NationsEnvironmental Program (UNEP), World Health Organization (WHO), and
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). The institute is
designated as WHO Collaborating Centre on Environmental Health.
Bioinformatics Centre at NEERI aims to serve as a National Information
Resource Centre on Environmental Biotechnology by providing totalcomputer support in the form of information, data processing & analysis in
Biotechnology in general and Environmental Biotechnology in particular.
The need to keep abreast of the latest information on advances anddevelopments in environmental biotechnology has become imperative for
rapid progress in research, production and application. Accordingly, to
cater the needs of the scientific community of the host organization andthe local needs, an Environmental Biotechnology Bibliographic Database
(EBBD), has been developed covering the literature from a large number
of Biotechnology journals available in NEERI Library. EBBD is abibliographic database developed initially on CDS/ISIS and converted to
dBASE IV by a conversion program. Apart from a logical query facility, aretrieval facility on author and keywords is also available for the database.
A database including the data entry , data handling and query software,
named QABIS has been developed for ongoing and closed Biotechnology
projects in NEERI. The query facility for QABIS is available on Lab code,Scientist name and area code. The software is written in dBASE. The
centre has collected the data on biotechnology equipments from 59
biotechnology research organizations from India and a directory databaseon equipment details has been developed with a query software to retrieve
the information on Equipment, Lab name, and city. The database contains
information on 400 equipment details, contact persons and the accessfacilities. HCIS ( Hazardous Chemical Information System) is a software
Package developed at the centre using 'C' programming language for quick
retrieval of information about 276 hazardous chemicals. The user interface
has been designed with a view to enhance the utility of the informationreadily available as ASCII text files which is maintained by USEPA under
Integrated Risk Information System(IRIS). The searches are based on
different chemical names. A directory database on thesis submitted toNagpur University in Life Sciences and Biotechnology is in progress and
the database comprises of 225 thesis submitted during 1987 to 1996.
CD-ROM Databases viz. Ei-Energy and Environment; CCINFO Disc
Series, and AHEAD series have been purchased for the centre and
information retrieval services are provided on demand to the clientele ofthe host institute and other organizations.